Daily routine on a hike for children. The daily routine on the hike and its implementation. Daily load diagram. Personal time. Winter walking day

Incorrect pace of movement of a tourist group is one of the most common reasons for unsuccessful mountain climbs and hikes. The pursuit of speed and uncalculated expenditure of force, as well as incorrect distribution of load over time, are the main shortcomings that are most often found among novice climbers. When walking in the mountains, you need to pay special attention to your step technique. The leg should rest completely on the foot, and it is necessary to take the utmost care in choosing a place to place the leg, the feet should be placed parallel to each other, the climber should always know what is under his feet, so he simply must look under them regularly. It is worth noting that the foot should be placed on the entire foot not only on the plain, but also when moving on an incline. You need to transfer your weight from foot to foot very smoothly; this will help save your strength and significantly reduce the possibility of slipping. Your step should not be too wide, it should be soft, and your gait as a whole should be a little springy; excessive swaying will definitely waste precious energy. The overall pace of movement depends entirely on the strength of the group as a whole, and for this reason precise instructions cannot be given here. But one thing is certain - you always have to focus on the less experienced and hardy member of the group, because... tourists never abandon theirs.

In any case, it can be noted that the pace should be as uniform as possible, so that the group does not feel even the slightest need for frequent halts. That is why you need to be equal to the weakest walker; racing to get ahead in mountain hiking conditions is unacceptable.

A common mistake in hiking is when the pace is slow, that is, the first ones in the morning run forward with all their might, and by the evening they can barely move, and they need frequent stops, since in the morning all their strength was wasted thoughtlessly and irrationally. And the qualities of any walker are manifested in no case not in the first, but in the last hours of walking.

Also extremely important when climbing is to maintain the correct pace. It is necessary to walk in such a way that you do not feel a lack of air and do not have to speed up your breathing; the work of the heart muscle should normalize after some time of stable walking at a certain pace. Increasing and continuing increases in the activity of the heart muscle indicate a very fast pace, which is simply unacceptable for you.

The pace of movement can and should be monitored and adjusted by heart rate. In no case should the pulse be different in frequency (permissible acceleration does not exceed 150-200%) in comparison with the normal pulse rate of a given person at a given altitude. And most importantly, the pulse rate should quickly calm down; normal pulse should be achieved within 10-15 minutes after the stop was made. Sudden movements and jerks that disrupt the stable functioning of the heart muscle should be avoided. During the ascent, special attention must be paid to breathing and its regularity, as well as to ensure that it is consistent with the movements of your body. Talking, singing, and shouting are unacceptable, because they reduce breathing. In addition to the work of the heart muscle, the breathing rate is also used to control the pace: it should not be excessively frequent.

In addition, the frequency of stops also depends on the climber’s level of training. Climbers who are well trained can walk for several hours without rest, but in a normal, average mode when overcoming an easy path, they should count a 10-minute stop after each hour of travel. As the difficulty of the climb increases, stops are organized more and more often. During hiking work of high difficulty - trampling a trail in the snow, cutting ice or snow steps, moving at high altitudes - it is recommended to take short breaks (without sitting down) to organize a short rest every 10 minutes of movement.

If during the ascent, when you need to overcome gravity, the heart muscle is subjected to a high level of load, then during the descent, when gravity, on the contrary, makes the work easier, the heart muscle has to experience a lighter load. However, during the descent, the main load falls on the muscles of your legs, and the pace of movement is determined by their work. In the absence of training, you should not descend too quickly, however, it is quite easy to strain your muscles and, which poses the greatest danger, chafe your legs.

To overcome the easy path, we strongly recommend that you set out as early as possible - at 5-6 o'clock in the morning. A huge number of our mountainous regions are located in the south, and the heat of the day can take away a huge amount of energy, which can cause you to lose valuable time. For this reason, in the hottest time of the day - from 12 to 14 o'clock - it would be nice to organize a large halt, and by 18-19 o'clock it is time to plan the organization of a bivouac for an overnight stay. When moving through difficult sections of terrain, you need to set off after dawn, waiting for good visibility, and on sections of terrain where labor-intensive technical work is required, you should not set out earlier than 7-8 hours, for the simple reason that the cold makes progress significantly difficult groups; Climbing on icy rocks is especially difficult and dangerous. When crossing avalanche-prone sections of the path, you have to organize an exit a little earlier.

Immediately after leaving, you should not rush, first take a slightly slower pace, during such a smooth warm-up the body will be able to gradually get involved in the load, and after 10-15 minutes after you exit, it will be useful to organize a stop, which will serve to bring in order and uniform. In the morning, you should go out in warm clothes in order to remove excess clothing as the ambient temperature rises, so as not to freeze at the beginning and not feel the heat while moving. Excessive lightness of clothing is generally not permissible for abuse, for the simple reason that the cold takes away most of the strength, and muscles that have cooled show worse work results.

To be honest, I find it difficult to indicate absolute standards for mountain trekking on foot: they depend on the person’s fitness level, the load experienced and the condition of the path. Climbers with a high level of training make 60 - 70 km of transitions per day along an easy road, while a transition of average length should be considered 30 km, under normal load. When climbing a slope of low difficulty, the average norm can be considered a height gain of 1000 to 1500 m per day.

After 3-4 hiking days, it is recommended to organize a day for a thorough rest; after the ascent, two to three days of rest are required. During the rest period, you should not completely remove the load on your body and heart - this can take you out of “shape”, which will complicate the descent, return and subsequent advancement. A good option for maintaining tone is a regular light walk or jog.

While hiking, you need to carefully monitor your feet, especially this advice applies to novice climbers who are absolutely not accustomed to long treks and wearing mountain shoes. We strongly recommend using several pairs of socks at the same time, which will ensure that the foot fits snugly in the boot. As for the boot itself, it should be laced fairly tightly at the instep of the leg. During rest stops, we strongly recommend that you remove them to wash your feet with cold water, dry your socks if they have absorbed moisture, after which they are put on again, but on clean and dry feet. If the first signs of abrasion are detected, it is necessary to take all necessary measures as quickly as possible: cover with a plaster or bandage the area where the abrasion occurred, adjust the boot on the foot to achieve a comfortable fit.

The place for organizing a halt should be chosen in such a way that the group’s rest is provided with the best conditions possible - during the heat it is worth organizing a halt in a shaded place, in cold weather - in a sunny place to warm up. Under no circumstances should you take a break in the wind, especially after work of a high level of difficulty has been completed, for the simple reason that this threatens you and your group mates with a cold. If you cannot find a closed place or it is inaccessible for various reasons, you should use rain jackets or warm clothes. In no case should you settle for a halt somehow, it’s better to be patient, spending a little energy on walking the extra distance, but choose a place where you can sit as comfortably as possible - half-sitting, or better yet, lying down to give your muscles a rest. It is not customary to take off during short breaks; during breaks that are longer, you must take off your clothes, or you must take a sitting position so that you can lean on something, this way you will be able to relieve your shoulders (the latter option is most recommended for the wind when your back is sweaty). If your legs feel very tired, it is useful to place them a little higher, for example, put them on the shoulders or place them on a stone. During the rest period, you should not sit completely still; it is recommended to get up from time to time to warm up, this is most important in the case when the climber was forced to cope with a very heavy backpack.

Not worth it in no case sit without any bedding directly on the cold snow (if you manage to find a warm one, sit well!). During severe frosts and a high level of fatigue of the group, it is undesirable to arrange rest stops - it will be easy for weakened climbers to get frostbite.

Before going out, you must definitely eat, it is best if it is hot food, at least if the food was not hot, it should be washed down with a hot drink. The morning meal should be rich in calories and vitamins, contain a full range of nutrients (proteins, fats and carbohydrates), but at the same time it should be easily digestible: chocolate, dry fruits, concentrates, sugar, cocoa. It is extremely useful during hikes to have lump sugar, prunes, dried apricots, and sour candies in your pockets, which are guaranteed to come in handy during rest stops for refreshments. During ascents, you should generally fuel your body with food as much as possible, but you should only consume small portions. At a long halt, if such an opportunity is presented, it is necessary to organize the preparation of hot food and boil tea; in the case when a difficult further trek is planned for this day, it is best to move the most dense meal to the evening. After eating a large portion of food, it is best to rest for an hour.

When organizing large (long) halts, you can drink as much as you like, especially in the evening, after, while covering a large section of the path, the climber had to lose a huge amount of moisture during the day through evaporation. But at a time when fate finally gave the climber a chance to quench the thirst that tormented him, he cannot drink in one gulp. Thirst should be quenched smoothly, you need to drink gradually, taking small portions of liquid, so you can avoid overloading your heart muscle. During the journey, it is best not to drink at all, the maximum that is possible is no more than 2-3 small sips of water, but the most rational solution to the issues of thirst and a dry throat is periodic rinsing of the mouth and throat. It is difficult to quench your thirst with cold water; warm tea without sugar, ayran and cool milk are better suited for this purpose. Glacial water is too fresh due to the lack of salts in its composition and it will not quench your thirst, so you need to add cranberry extract or a pinch of kitchen salt to it. Under no circumstances should you eat or swallow snow, as this will only increase your thirst and irritate your mouth and lips.

The maximum weight of the backpack that a climber carries is, first of all, determined by the physical qualities and training of a particular climber. However, for each climber, this limit largely depends on the height to which the climb is planned, as well as on the nature of the path to be taken and, of course, on the difficulties along it.

Written based on materials from the site outdoorukraine.com

Early morning. Rare, seemingly timid trills of birds, drops of dew on the grass and tents. Fog spreads low over the ground; The fiery ball of the sun slowly rises above the horizon...

The alarm clock rang in one of the tents, and there was a stir there. Quietly, trying not to wake the others, the attendants crawl out. Yes, I don’t want to wake up when it’s not even five o’clock. But later you get up, later you leave. It’s better to get up early and move “in the cold”... At 5.30, when breakfast is almost ready, it’s time for the general rise. At the “table” the commander reminds travelers of what awaits travelers today and advises them on how to dress. At 7.00 the backpacks are already packed, the resting place is cleared. The leader asked everyone about their well-being and determined the order of movement. And the tourists moved along the route...

But soon, after 15-20 minutes, the commander arranged a halt - a “fitting” one. One immediately shifted the backpack that was chafing his back, another laced his tight boots, the third took off his sweater - in a word, each one eliminated what was preventing him from walking. (Experienced tourists often do not make such a stop.)

Let me note: the duration of any stop on a tourist trip is counted “according to the last one,” otherwise those who are left behind will not have time to rest. 1-2 minutes before its end (after 10-15 minutes of rest), it’s worth warning about this: “There’s a minute left!” Tourists get themselves in order, take off the extra clothes they used to “warm themselves” at the rest stop so as not to get too cold, and put their things in their backpacks. They are put on only on command, when everyone is ready. Otherwise, someone will have to stand with a load, waiting for the others to gather.

The next rests after the “adjustment” are after 45-50 minutes of movement. But on a difficult path (in particular, on steep, long climbs) or with poor physical fitness, travelers can be there in 30 minutes. But it is undesirable to significantly increase the transition time, more than an hour. It is the correct alternation of rest and exercise that allows you to go all day without much fatigue. It is not necessary to maintain the transition time to the minute, especially if a suitable place for a halt was found a little earlier. Relaxing in the sun will not restore strength.

It's approaching one o'clock in the afternoon, most of the day's journey is behind us. It's time to stop for lunch. It’s more convenient over there, in the shade of the trees, not far from the stream. The tourists refreshed themselves, rested, waited out the hottest time (everything from 1.5 to 3 hours), and at four o'clock in the afternoon - forward again! Two or three more crossings, and then, no later than 19:00, stop for the night.

This daily routine also has a scientific basis.. Medical scientist L. Ya. Glybin established that the human body experiences five physiological “rises” during the day - about 1, 6, 12, 17, 21 hours (summer time) and the same number of “downs” - about 3 , 10, 15, 19, 23 o'clock. At 6 o'clock there is the most significant physiological rise, which we usually wake up. A person is most productive before 2 p.m., and the best time to sleep is from 11 p.m. to 6 a.m. Of course, it is advisable to use the “ups” of activity for movement, and the “downs” for rest. However, it is not possible to strictly follow all the recommendations - and you don’t want to walk in the heat, and you still have three meals a day, not four, as L. Ya. Glybin advises. However, the above mode is closest to the optimal one.

And don’t let such an unusually early rise bother you. This is exactly the routine that people have followed since ancient times (and they still do in villages). Only urbanization, which dramatically changed the way of life, led to the fact that city residents began to live contrary to their natural biorhythm. Everyone can check that if you go to bed between 22-23 hours, then getting up at 5-6 hours in the morning is not at all difficult. It’s even easier than at 9-10 o’clock. Getting up early contributes to higher performance and better well-being throughout the day.

But we had to worry about getting ready in the morning (we waited a long time for the attendants to wash the buckets), and then walked through the heat. Therefore, we moved more slowly and reached the planned lunch stop late. Since we were behind schedule, we had to cut down our rest, although we were very tired... So, starting the route late, as well as other violations of the schedule (even staying by the fire until late at night!) lead to additional fatigue, which can turn into overwork. Then a day's work won't always help.

In any case, sleep should be at least 7-8 hours. Only for those on duty it is shorter. But everyone is not on duty on a hike often. (We have to admit that lovers of songs around the fire often disturb the rest of their companions. This is not comradely!)

Even during the day, don’t delay getting up and having breakfast. Otherwise, it will go in vain - you won’t do the things you planned, and you won’t really rest.

Sergei Mendelevich

CHAPTER 3. REGIME AND ROUTINE OF THE MARKING DAY

Hiking day mode

When hiking overnight, you should follow the multi-day hiking regime. It should provide the necessary rhythm in the alternation of loads and rest. The transition mode usually consists of 40-50 minutes of movement and 5-10 minutes of rest at small rest stops.

Although the mode of travel depends significantly on the area of travel, season and other factors, the first half of the day usually accounts for up to two-thirds of the day's journey, which takes from 3 to 5 walking hours. It is recommended to set out on the route earlier and stop for the night earlier. In the middle of the day, tourists need a long rest and a hot lunch. In cold or rainy weather, the lunch break can be replaced with a short snack, but with warm tea from a thermos.

Tourist daily routine

Tourist daily routineprovides for such an alternation of activities of tourists on a hike that ensures the achievement of the set goal.

Sample daily routine:

7.00-8.00 – getting up, exercising, washing, bathing, cleaning the place to stay for the night.

8.00-8.30 – breakfast, preparation for the transition.

8.30-12.30 – transition along the route,

12.30-16.00 – big break (lunch, rest, socially useful work, outdoor games).

16.00-18.00 – transition along the route.

18.00-20.00 – preparation for overnight stay, dinner.

20.00-22.00 – free time.

22.00-7.00 – sleep.

Lights out- a signal after which all participants must lie down in tents and stop talking must be given no later than 22:00.

If the camp is located near a road or populated area, you can assign a 1.5-2 hour shift at night to monitor order. The sequence of duty should be determined in the evening, so that each duty officer knows the hours of his duty and the place where the next person he must wake up sleeps. With a large group, two people can be on duty. Those on duty must have a watch and an electric flashlight.

The last person on duty in the morning wakes up those on duty in the kitchen, who, in order not to delay their comrades with breakfast, must get up an hour before the general rise.

The tourist's breakfast should be hearty - after breakfast the main day's trek.

Movement while hiking

You can’t start moving right after breakfast; you should rest for 40-45 minutes. During this time, you can slowly remove the dry, ventilated tents and clean the camp area. The remaining firewood and tent pegs should be carefully placed in one place - they may be useful to other tourists. The fire must be filled with water.

It is better to set off on the road at dawn. It’s easier to walk in the morning and the body gets less tired. In hot weather, most of the route will be covered in the morning cool.
In winter or in the off-season you should also go out early, when the snow has not yet begun to melt, there is less avalanche danger.

Before leaving, having formed a group, the leader checks the packing of backpacks, and the duty officer checks the camp area. Before you start, you can briefly remind the hikers of the route and the approximate distance to be covered.

If a group is walking, the pace of movement is determined by the leader. It is advisable for the weakest to go second, and one of the physically strong people to come up behind. His main task is to ensure that no one gets lost, to help those lagging behind, and to warn of danger. It is advisable for everyone to have their own permanent place in the ranks, then tourists will immediately notice if one of their neighbors is missing.

It's good to lead someone written timing- when you got up in the morning, set out on the route, passed some landmark or obstacle, how much time you spent on it, what time you stopped for a rest and moved on. This will allow you to determine the distance and where the group is wasting time (usually during long gatherings or extended rests). Timing, like a diary with a brief description of the route, will provide an invaluable service later, when you need to talk about the trip or write a report.

Pace, rhythm and intensity of movement during the hike

The pace of the walking group. It is usually determined by terrain and weather conditions and allows you to travel 3.5-4.5 km per hour. In a group of beginner tourists, the trek leader should set the pace based on rules : matching the pace of the weakest . If the group is heterogeneous in its composition (which is, in principle, undesirable), we must try to equalize the strength of tourists by varying the loading of backpacks, as well as periodically sending more prepared participants forward for orientation, reconnaissance or choosing a resting place.

Rhythm of movement– one of the main means of preserving the strength of tourists and increasing their performance. On a good road, rhythm is expressed in a constant speed, and in rough terrain - in a constant number of steps over equal periods of time (pace of movement). To maintain the rhythm of the body’s work, the tourist’s stride is lengthened on easy descents, and shortened on difficult sections and climbs. In this case, the usual speed of pedestrians on descents will increase to 5-6 km per hour or decrease on climbs to 1.5-2 km per hour.

You need to change the rhythm smoothly, gradually picking up speed at the beginning of the movement and slowing it down 3-5 minutes before the end. In case of unforeseen sudden stops, it is useful to “tread water” for a minute or two at a steady pace in order to gradually relieve the load on the heart and respiratory organs.

Traffic intensity and the associated energy costs are determined by the pace of movement, and also determine the total amount of load on the tourist’s body. Table 11 shows four movement rates - slow, normal, accelerated and forced. The group leader can use this data to choose the right pace of movement and bring the group to a given goal. The figures given in the table are indicated for the route along paths or slopes convenient for movement, on the flat surface of glaciers and firn fields at altitudes up to 4,000 m and with normal weight of backpacks. Deterioration in the quality of the path, excessive burden, movement at high altitudes, as well as insufficient acclimatization sharply reduce the pace of movement.

To calculate the speed of movement, you can use the following formula: a person walks in 1 hour as many kilometers as he takes steps in 3 seconds (with a step width of 0.83 cm).

At an altitude of 2,500-3,500 m above sea level, the speed of movement decreases by approximately 25-30%, at an altitude above 3,500 m - by 50-60%.

When moving through a meadow with thorns and virgin soil with a thick cover of grass - by 25%, in rain and snowstorms - by 10-15%, and with a strong headwind - by 50%.

In muddy conditions, the speed of movement is reduced by 50%.

Table 11

Movement speed

Pace	Horizontal movement km/h	Vertical ascent and descent, m/h	The ratio of movement and rest time,	Note
Delayed	2-3	200-400	40/20 or 45/15	At the beginning of the hike; with severe fatigue; when there are sick people in the group.
Normal	4-5	300-500	50/10	In the normal state of the group.
Accelerated		400-600	50/10	If the group is in excellent condition; if necessary, gain time on the descents.
Forced	up to 8 and more	and more	Rest for 5-10 minutes if necessary	On short sections where speed is required for safety reasons; in case of possible violation of the specified deadline; during rescue operations.

CHAPTER 4. ORGANIZATION OF RESTS AND OVERNIGHTS SELECTION OF LOCATION

Small stops

Place for a small rest

It is selected on fairly flat and dry areas, in clearings, forest edges or on the side of a road or trail. It is advisable that there is a source of drinking water nearby - a spring or a clean stream. In windy weather, the resting place should be sheltered from gusts of wind by a strip of forest, bushes, a hillock or a coastal slope. However, where there are mosquitoes and midges, it is recommended to choose windward areas of the terrain for stopping. In winter, it is good to rest in sunny places, and in the summer in the south - in the shade.

Having found a suitable site and stopped the tourists, the leader distributes responsibilities between individual group members. Usually it is enough to give one of the tourists sandwiches, sour candies or vitamins, and the other to go get drinking water. Everyone else, having removed their backpacks, sits down for a 10-minute rest on stumps, fallen trees or dry ground. Tired people are allowed to lie down on some kind of mat and raise their legs up (for example, put them on a backpack). It is useful to do a little warm-up.

Making fires

Fire making technique

Mastering the technique of making a fire is very important for tourists. You often see how several newspapers are burned, and not a single box of matches is wasted, trying to light damp or rotten branches. A real tourist should be able to light a fire in any weather with one match.

You can start training during the lunch break.

The technique of making fires consists of the following steps:

1) choice of location;

2) preparing a place to light a fire;

3) procurement of firewood and kindling;

4) laying the material for ignition;

5) ignition;

6) placing flammable material;

7) choosing the type of fire.

It is better to collect kindling on the way, and not at a parking lot (rest stop), where it may not be available.

Starting a fire begins with lighting the kindling.

Kindling – some kind of material capable of producing a flame large enough for a short time to ignite very thin dry branches as thick as a match.

Then thicker branches are placed, approaching the thickness of a pencil. When these ones flare up, add the next ones, the thickness of a finger. So, gradually, thicker and thicker wood is put into the fire. It is clear that all firewood must be dry.

Kindling is usually paper, less often birch bark. You just need to remember that it is unacceptable to remove birch bark from birch trees growing near the bivouac for kindling. Birch bark is usually stored for future use when a rotten or fallen tree is found during the transition. Experienced tourists often do without paper or birch bark. As kindling, they use either a very thin splinter (almost shavings), which is taken from the middle of a dry log, split lengthwise, or what tourists call cobweb , – small dry spruce twigs. They can almost always be found on large spruce trees if you look under the hanging branches near the trunk.

The kindling is usually laid directly on the ground, and twigs or splinters from the first batch of fuel are placed on top of it, but not all of the prepared cobwebs or splinters, but only part of them, so that the kindling does not end up littered with them.

The kindling should be set on fire from below - then it will burn all the way to the end. If you light the kindling from above, then often only the upper part burns out, and then the flame goes out: the fire spreads downwards very poorly. It is better to ignite kindling in the form of bundles of cobwebs or splinters while holding it suspended. The thinner the torch or twigs, the easier they ignite, but the faster they burn out. Those of them that are used for kindling or for the first batch of fuel are comparable in thickness to a match and very often burn no longer than a match. Therefore, for the first two or three minutes, you need to very quickly add more and more fuel to the fire. At the same time, you cannot throw it into the fire at random. It is necessary to place fuel in the fire in such a way that there are gaps between the branches, splinters or logs necessary for air access. Then the fire will burn well.

When the web has flared up, you need to use the rest of the web supply. Several branches from the next batch of fuel (say, the thickness of a pencil) are placed on the flared web. Once ignited, they will serve as a fuse for the entire batch of firewood.

This way the thickness of the branches and logs placed in the fire gradually increases.

A fire can be quickly lit by placing paper (rag) soaked in fat or diesel fuel in an empty tin can, lined with branches in the form of a pyramid, and setting it on fire.

Using gasoline for kindling is dangerous and ineffective - it ignites instantly, like an explosion, and quickly burns out without having time to dry and ignite the wood.

Until the flame flares up, shelter it from rain and wind - let, for example, someone hold a tent awning or a raincoat on top, make a wall of stones or sticks. The fire from the kindling should touch the wood chips that are not yet burning. Then gradually add thicker wood. Do not rush to place a large log - it will not catch fire and will put out the fire. Do not pile up firewood, but place it at intervals so that there is air access to the flame.

The most popular types of fires.

“Hut” (Fig. 19, a) is usually used for kindling, cooking food in one container, or in the rain. “Well”, “taiga”, “star” (Fig. 19, b, c, f) give good heat and form quite a few coals; it is convenient to cook food on them in 2-3 buckets at the same time. “Nodya” (Fig. 20) or “three logs” burns with an equal hot flame for several hours without additional fuel (with a log diameter of 25-40 cm - all night), and you can also use “fireplace” and “Polynesian” (Fig. 19 , d, e). It is most often used for heating when spending the night without tents. The easiest way to arrange a “node” is in the following way. First, numerous notches are made with an ax on three straight, branchless logs. Then they rake along the already burning fire or coals, put brushwood, small logs there and, when they ignite, two logs prepared at an acute angle to the direction of the wind at a distance of about half their diameter, so that the coals are mainly between the logs. After they flare up, place a third one on top. People are located on the windward side. As the logs burn out, they are turned (for example, using two axes stuck at the ends of the log) so that they again evenly fit each other. to friend.

a B C D E F

Rice. 19. Types of fires: a – “hut”; b – “well”;

c – “taiga”; g – “fireplace”; d – “Polynesian”;

e – “star”.

Rice. 20. Nodya fire and reflector barrier.

To make a fire in the snow, you need to chop 6-7 raw perches 8-10 cm thick and 1.5 m long. At the right place, the snow is compacted and the perches are laid on it close to each other. They make a fire on them. This method can be used for short-term stops.

AND COLLECTION

Types and Types of Tents

A tent used by tourists for sleeping, relaxing and sheltering from bad weather.

Tents may vary:

1) By design tents are divided into frame, semi-frame and frameless:

– in frame tents the structural basis is a rigid frame onto which the tent canvas is stretched (Fig. 22, a-e);

– in semi-framework – the canvas is tensioned partly due to the frame, partly with the help of stretch marks (Fig. 22, f);

– in frameless ones, the panel is stretched over central posts (sometimes 1 post) or between natural supports (for example, trees) using guy wires (Fig. 22, g).

The tent canvas is usually made of durable waterproof material, for example, thin tarpaulin, calendered nylon, percale; frame elements are made of aluminum alloys (carbon plastics and other materials).

2) According to the form vaults are distinguished:

– 2-, 3-, 4-slope tents (Fig. 22, d, e);

– tent-type (Fig. 23, a, b);

– dome-shaped (Fig. 23, c, d).

The entrance to the tent can be with or without a vestibule, with a flat canopy or with a tube (the so-called sleeve entrance).

There are tents: stationary, camping, universal (all-season), winter and special. The material, design and shape of tents are largely determined by their purpose and the so-called consumer properties inherent in this type of tent. The most important consumer properties of a tent include: specific gravity (weight of the tent, taking into account the equipment, per person), capacity, comfort, moisture and wind resistance, vapor permeability, wind resistance, protection from midges and blowing snow, ease of installation and dismantling, ease of transportation. For different types of tents, the importance (significance) of certain consumer properties is different. For example, specific gravity, which is of secondary importance for stationary tents (since they are not part of the load being carried), is the most important parameter for hiking tents, determining the suitability of their use on the route; waterproofness, which is not essential for winter tents, becomes one of the most important characteristics of tents for summer hikes; The large floor area and height of the tent, which determine the comfort of stationary tents, limit the possibility of using such tents in camping conditions due to their large mass and low wind resistance.

Stationary tents according to the conditions of use, they are universal, installed at tourist centers, during tourist competitions, rallies and other public events, when organizing a tourist camp for a long holiday in one place or with rare relocation. Their main consumer properties are capacity, comfort, moisture and wind resistance. The most common are stationary tents with 4-6 places; There are tents for 10-12 people (the so-called camping ones). As a rule, stationary tents are made with 2 and 3 pitches, with a vestibule, canopy, attached canopy, often with an autonomous awning (Fig. 22, d, e).

Rice. 22. Frames of tourist tents: a – hipped with straight edges; b – tent-shaped with “broken” edges;

c – dome-shaped; g – gable with U-shaped racks; d – gable with L-shaped racks;

e – half-frame; g – frameless; 1 – frame elements;

2 – stretch marks; 3 – fastening pegs; 4 – tent panel.

Hiking tents are part of the cargo carried by tourists, so they the main characteristics are specific gravity, capacity, resistance to wind loads, ease of transportation, ease of installation and dismantling. For simple hikes, the best option is a 3-4 person tent. Its height is of great importance for the comfort of a tent. However, the higher the tent, the greater its weight and windage, so on long and difficult hikes, tents no higher than 140-150 cm are usually used. To increase the comfort of the tent, pockets are sewn onto its vertical walls on the inside, in which it is convenient to store fragile items (glasses , camera, compass, etc.).

To dry the equipment under the “ridge” of the tent, pull the cord, securing it to the “ridge” after 30-50 cm; the same cord is also used for hanging a lantern, candle, and light equipment.

When using a stove inside a tent, a rigid sheet of non-flammable material (for example, aluminum) with a hole for the pipe is sewn into the slope. Reducing the specific gravity of camping tents is achieved mainly by reducing the number of frame elements and their weight, and the use of panels made of durable, lightweight materials, among which the most common are nylon fabrics, since they are durable, light, do not get wet and do not rot.

Versatile camping tentsThey protect equally well from both rain and snow, and are suitable for all types of tourism. Their slopes are usually made from calendered nylon, thin tarpaulin, rubberized percale and other moisture-proof materials. A tent made of ordinary nylon and other synthetic woven materials is usually equipped with a waterproof awning (for example, made of polyethylene film), which well protects the tent from rain during summer hikes and from cold piercing winds and snow in winter. During a winter camping trip, the same awning can be placed under a tent for better thermal insulation from snow.

The most common are universal half-frame and frameless 2-slope tents (Fig. 22, f, g). They are quite spacious, easy to use, and have an awning for protection from rain. Often, tents are equipped with a sewn or fastened vestibule, extending the slopes from the entrance wall by 0.5-1.5 m, usually without vertical walls, lowering the vestibule panel to the ground. Fastening the vestibule with ties (clasps) is preferable, since it allows you to carry the vestibule separately from the tent during a hike. The vestibule creates additional conveniences, for example, you can place part of your camping cargo in it, or cook on a primus stove in bad weather or gas stove food, change clothes or change shoes.

Rice. 23. Tents and dome-shaped tents: a – “chum” type; b – “winter” type; c – “igloo” type; g – “yurt” type;

1 – tent panel; 2 – frame elements; 3 – guy rope pegs; 4 – entrance.

Sometimes tents are placed with entrances facing each other and connected by a common vestibule. The entrance to a 2-slope tent is made with a flat canopy (with fasteners, buttons, zippers) or with a tube (the latter is used mainly in tents intended for winter hikes). The sleeve entrance (tube) reliably protects the tent from snow, wind and midges, and is used in tents of any type. The sleeve entrance can be round or oval with a vertical size of about 1 m and a length of 120-150 cm. For cargo and equipment placed in tents, a special luggage compartment is often made in the form of an apse at the end of the tent opposite from the entrance, replacing the vertical wall with an inclined one three or more edges.

However, 2-pitch tents have significant disadvantages due to their shape: large windage and the possibility of snow accumulation on the roof. To reduce the wind impact on the tent, shock-absorbing inserts are used in tent guy lines. The inserts are secured to the guy so that in the absence of wind, the part of the guy covered by the insert sag slightly. During heavy snowfalls, the snow that accumulates on the roof of the tent has to be constantly cleared off, since it is almost impossible to shake it off from inside the tent.

Winter tentsUnlike universal ones, they do not need protection from rain and therefore are usually made from waterproof but lightweight materials. In addition, winter tents are characterized by increased capacity; It’s better if one tent can accommodate the entire group and its equipment, including a camp kitchen. An increase in the capacity of a tent inevitably leads to an increase in its floor area and the weight of the entire tent, but its specific gravity decreases.

Sometimes, to make a tent lighter, they make it without a bottom, replacing it with plastic film or some other waterproof material. The entrance to the tent is sleeve (through a tube). To improve thermal insulation, winter tents are made with two layers; the inner layer follows the shape of the tent, the gap between it and the outer wall is 5-10 cm. For ease of use, the inner layer is usually removable with ties, buttons or snaps.

For simple winter hikes within the forest zone, mainly universal 2-slope tents are used; on long and difficult hikes (including in treeless areas), tents and dome-shaped tents are most often used. Tent tents come with straight edges (slopes) of the “chum” type and broken edges of the “winter” type (Fig. 23, a, b). The most rational are 6-10-sided tents with edges breaking at a height of 70-120 cm from the floor. Compared to straight-sided tents, such tents have a larger useful volume of the lower part of the tent, which allows you to place more people and cargo in the same area. Tents of the “winter” type are widespread; they do not have a standard (inventory) frame; they are replaced by skis and poles, which significantly reduces the camping weight of the tent.

Dome-shaped tents, compared to tent-shaped tents with the same area, have a larger capacity, lower specific gravity and higher wind resistance (Fig. 23, c, d). In shape they resemble an Eskimo igloo. A two-layer frame tent in the shape of a yurt is considered convenient for winter hiking. When setting up a tent, only its base is attached to the site. Tent capacity 5-7 people. In mountain tourism, “Pamirka” tents are also used - a 2-slope, single-layer frameless tent. The roof of the “pamirka” is made of a single-layer rubberized percale with an aluminum coating (for example, silver), the floor is made of the same material in 2 layers, the side and end walls are made of non-rubberized percale to ensure the necessary ventilation. The capacity of this tent is 2-3 people. It is compact, light weight and quick to install.

Special tents They are used in tourism extremely rarely, mainly during mountain hikes, when it is necessary to set up a bivouac on a steep slope, limited area or vertical wall. They are usually designed to accommodate 1, sometimes 2 people. Often, to relax on a steep slope or on a vertical wall, a bivouac bag is used instead of a tent. In addition to the consumer properties common to all tents, special tents have their own characteristics: increased strength of the material, eliminating the possibility of tearing under the weight of the tourist’s body, and reinforced fastening, reliably ensuring the stability of the tent in strong winds.

Setting up and assembling tents

Before teaching young tourists how to set up a tent, you should familiarize them with its structure (Fig. 24). Tell us how much the tent weighs, what it is made of, how important it is to be able to quickly and correctly set it up during a hike.

To install one gable tent (house type) you need an axe, 10-12 pegs 25-30 cm long and two stakes up to 150 cm.

Rice. 24. The main elements of a camping gable tent:

1 – walls (end and side); 2 – roof slopes;

3 – “ridge” of the roof; 4 – ridge extension; 5 – lateral stretch marks; 6 – racks; 7 – entrance; 8 – flat canopy; 9 – floor (bottom); 10 – guy rope pegs; 11 – window (fine mesh); 12 – “wings” of the roof.

When showing the sequence of operations, when setting up a tent, you need to draw the children’s attention to the precise and accurate execution of each operation.

To set up a tent, you must choose a flat and dry area. The tent unfolds so that its floor lies on the ground. Using four pegs, the floor is stretched using the corner braces so that there are no folds on it. After this, large stakes are attached to the front and back guy wires coming from the “ridge”. The most convenient way is to place them not inside the tent in the special holes made for this, but outside, placing stakes under the “ridge” of the tent at the beginning of the guy line or tying it with a guy rope at the required height. Large stakes do not become sharp or clog. After securing the stakes, the front and back guys are pulled tight and tied to pegs driven into the ground at an angle of 50-60 degrees. When set up correctly, the front and back pegs, guy ropes, and tent ridge should all be in line.

Next operation- tensioning the side braces, front and rear. It is better if they are tightened at the same time. Guys should be directed diagonally at an angle of 45°, and attached to driven pegs. When installing, the entrance to the tent must be zipped, otherwise it will be difficult to zip it up after stretching. The tent should be pulled tight, without wrinkles. However, tourists should be warned against using excessive force when setting up, as the tent can easily be torn. If wrinkles have formed and the tent is somewhat skewed, then by lowering some guys and tightening others, this defect can be quickly eliminated. The pegs that secure the guy lines are driven into the ground at an angle, otherwise the tension of the guy line will pull them out of the ground.

During the installation of tents on your own, the manager can help with advice and show once again how the operations are carried out.

It is also necessary to be trained in how to properly remove and lay down tents.

To remove the tent, you need to untie the guy ropes, remove and put the pegs in one place, and shake out the trash from the tent. Two folding tents take one hand on the “ridge” at the front and rear guys, and with the other hand on the corner guys of the roof on one side. Having folded both sides of the roof, tourists take hold of the corner braces of the floor and fold them at the “ridge”. Thus, the outside of the folded tent has a more durable floor that is not afraid of damage. When laying, the ropes are removed inside the tent along with the front and back walls. If the tent is carried in a cover, then it is laid out on the ground and then rolled up.

It is imperative to warn everyone that you cannot lay down and store a rolled up wet tent with wet ropes for a long time - this will quickly render it inoperable. As soon as possible, a wet tent should be unrolled and thoroughly dried.

When the group has firmly mastered the skills of setting up a tent, a competition can be held to determine the speed and best quality of setting up and taking down the tent. Such competitions are lively and interesting, allowing you to properly evaluate your skills.

CARE AND DRYING OF CLOTHES AND FOOTWEAR

Personal hygiene while hiking

Personal hygiene of tourists– the most important means of preventing diseases, maintaining vigor and good mood. Each participant in the hike must be well aware of the sanitary and hygienic rules and comply with them.

A pedestrian tourist must constantly take care of the cleanliness of his feet, wash them more often with cold water, make sure that the socks are clean and dry, and do not bunch up - otherwise, when walking, abrasion will form, and the tourist will be a burden for the team. At rest, inspect the skin of your feet, treat cracks, scratches, abrasions with iodine or brilliant green, repeating the procedure the next day. In this regard, you should pay serious attention to drying shoes. Before going on a hike, your feet should be treated for several days with liquids designed to prevent sweating. These include “formidron” (a mixture of formaldehyde with alcohol or cologne). For the same purpose, use a powder consisting of 3 parts salicylic acid, 10 parts boric acid and 8 parts talc. The feet and spaces between the toes need to be treated especially carefully. After a day's trek, wash your feet with soap and put on clean socks.

Trim your fingernails and toenails regularly. To avoid pustular diseases, wash your body with soap and water at an evening rest and put on clean underwear.

If you find scuffed areas on your feet, immediately apply adhesive tape to where your shoes are rubbing. If a blister appears, carefully prick it at the base with a sterile needle and squeeze out the resulting fluid, then apply a sterile bandage.

If calluses appear on your feet, you should remember that they appear most often where folds and holes have formed on the socks or in places where rough darning has occurred. Therefore, changing socks from one foot to the other will somewhat alleviate your condition. The socks are smoother on the outside than on the inside. Therefore, by turning them inside out, you give your feet the opportunity to come into contact with a smoother surface, and, therefore, reduce the likelihood of blisters during a difficult and long trek.

To prevent “water bubbles” and calluses from appearing on your hands from working with a shovel or other tools with a wooden handle, you need to lightly burn the handle of the tool over a fire (until it darkens).

To keep the skin on your hands soft and not cracked while traveling, many tourists themselves prepare a special ointment for their hands. Its composition: glycerin – 50%, hydrogen peroxide solution – 20%, ethyl alcohol – 20%, ammonia solution – 10%. You can add a little cologne to the prepared mixture.

During the hike, you must follow the basic rules of personal hygiene - wash your hands before eating, brush your teeth in the morning and evening. Visit your dentist before going.

You need to be careful when sunbathing while hiking so as not to overheat in the sun. It should be explained that you need to tan gradually and only after tanning can you go on a sunny day in shorts and a T-shirt. On a hot day, your head should be covered with a light-colored Panama hat or hat to avoid sunstroke.

During transitions, the backpack straps cut into your shoulders, sometimes your arms become numb, your back and legs get tired. In order for the muscles to rest faster and more actively during the rest, upon arrival at the rest, taking off your backpacks, you should do several exercises for the muscles of the arms, shoulder girdle, and for the muscles of the torso - bending back, to the sides, swinging your arms up, to the sides with a turn of the torso. You can recommend leg swings and relaxation exercises. The exercises are repeated 3-4 times and last no more than 2 minutes, otherwise, instead of rest, they can cause fatigue.

The leader, especially during summer hikes, must carefully monitor compliance with sanitary rules - violation of them can lead to gastric diseases in the children.

Unboiled water can only be drunk from springs; the place where water is taken for preparing food should be located above the camp, above the place of washing and bathing. It is necessary to warn everyone against eating unwashed fruits and vegetables, as well as their excessive consumption. Tourists should know which mushrooms and berries are edible - otherwise severe poisoning is possible. Poisoning is also possible when preparing and storing food in galvanized buckets, jars, etc., or when eating spoiled foods - sausages, fish, canned food, etc.

Care and drying of clothes and shoes

On large daytime stops, systematically wash your laundry and clean your outerwear, freeing it from dust. Monitor the condition of your shoes and insoles.

Spruce and pine resin is extremely difficult to wash off your hands. When collecting dead wood, breaking off branches that interfere with passage, and building a shelter out of them, it is easy to get your hands dirty with resin. Soap is powerless in front of her. Only turpentine will help rid your hands and clothes of irritating stickiness. If you don’t have turpentine, you need to rub your hands with fine sand or earth for a long time.

In camping conditions, wet or damp clothes (shoes) can be dried in different ways (Fig. 25). In summer, when the weather is good, drying in the sun is most effective. Clothes are hung on stretched ropes, branches, tent guy lines, or laid out on dry (not covered with moss) stones, periodically turning over so that both sides are evenly illuminated by the sun.

Rice. 25. Drying things by the fire.

In cloudy, cold weather, you have to make a fire to dry things. The area around it is covered with ropes or covered with poles, pegs are driven in and wet things are hung on them.

The daily regimen on a hike is a rather original phenomenon, which each group leader interprets differently. Some organizations have very strict rules regarding daily routines, while others have no rules at all. Of course, only those hiking clubs that organize very easy hikes can afford to have no daily routine. During difficult mountain hikes, a daily routine is mandatory, otherwise the group simply will not complete the planned distance.

The importance of a daily routine while hiking

The daily routine refers to basic discipline. If it is not there, then everything else is unlikely to be debugged. There is no need to come up with a complicated daily routine; everything should be simple, understandable and easy to remember. Obviously, in the hot summer, the best time for a day hike is early morning, especially if the area you are walking on lacks natural shade. In addition, if some events are planned during the trip, then without a clear daily routine they simply will not be allowed to take place. Tourists in a group always have something to do: swim in the river, go look at “that big mountain over there,” explore the canyon, or play “crocodile.”

In order for the group to recognize the daily routine, the leader must have a certain authority. Many people simply will not get up at six in the morning if they know that they can sleep peacefully until nine. This does not mean that it is necessary to introduce “repression” and educational conversations. It’s just that everyone in the group must understand: we are part of a single organism, and our active recreation will be more productive if we adhere to certain rules. Instilling this idea in all members of the group without shouting and fighting is the main task of the leader.

You need to understand that each person has his own view of what the optimal daily routine should be. Imagine that part of the group went swimming at the lake, and the rest decided to sit by the fire while the cook prepared food. Then the swimmers returned, told how nice it was on the lake, and those who were sitting by the fire also decided to move on to water procedures, asking the cook to hold lunch. But those who came from the lake are hungry, they will not be satisfied with the wait. What's a cook to do? You will still have to blame someone! The easiest way is to say: “The food will be available by 14:00, those who don’t have time will have to eat cold!” This is how maintaining a daily routine resolves conflicts before they even start.

It’s worth creating a daily routine based on the complexity of the hike, its goals, specifics and weather conditions. There is no universal daily routine for all types of hikes. Moreover, the daily routine for the same route in summer and late autumn can differ significantly. Only experience can help you develop a daily routine during a hike. And we invite all tourists who are interested in hiking with a clear and well-established daily routine to participate in one of the events organized by the “Unknown World” Club.

(S. N. Boldyrev)

The distance covered by tourists per day, as well as the weight load, is difficult to accurately pre-standardize. It is determined primarily by the difficulty of the route and the weight of the backpack.

Healthy people with medium-weight backpacks walk 20-25 km across the plain in a day. In the first days of traveling with heavy backpacks, they overcome 15-18 km a day in mountain valleys, on the approaches to passes, in the taiga, over rough terrain - about 12 km. With lightweight backpacks in the mountains and taiga, tourists drawn into the hiking life walk 18-20 km, and on the descents along the trails up to 30 km. In one-day hikes with light backpacks, beginners walk 15-20 km, and trained tourists - up to 30 km.

The duration and distribution of walking time during the day are of great importance for creating rhythm in the alternation of stress and rest.

The movement takes place at the least hot time - at the beginning and end of the day, and the greater walking load should fall on the first half of the day. Sufficient rest is provided in the middle of the day.

It is necessary to set up an evening bivouac before dark in the summer. It is better to get up earlier than to go to bed later, since there is more light and coolness in the morning.

On hikes of average difficulty, food intake, rest and walking time are distributed approximately as follows: rise - at 7 o'clock (at 5-6 o'clock)*; toilet, exercise, breakfast - up to 9 hours (up to 7-8 hours); movement - up to 13 hours (up to 11-12 hours); lunch, rest, getting ready - until 15.30 (until 16 hours); movement - until 19 hours (until 18-19 hours); setting up a bivouac, dinner - until 22 hours (until 20-21 hours).

* Time in parentheses is given on hot days.

On mountain hikes, the approximate daily routine is as follows: rise at 5-6 o’clock (at 3-4 o’clock)**; toilet, exercise, breakfast - up to 6-7 hours (up to 4-5 hours); movement - up to 11-12 hours (up to 9-10 hours or until the dangerous section on the pass or approaches to it is passed); lunch, rest, getting ready - until 13.30-14.30 (when crossing the pass - depending on the circumstances); movement until 18-19 hours (preferably until 19-20 hours), lights out - at 20-21 hours (at 19 hours).

** The time given in brackets is subject to crossing the pass.

Every 50 minutes of movement is followed by a 10-minute rest. After the third transition, rest for 20 minutes. At the beginning of the movement the pace is somewhat slow. 15-20 minutes after you start moving, it is useful to stop for 5 minutes to finally put your equipment in order.

In the mountains, on climbs, the load is reduced by slowing down the speed. If the slope is particularly steep, rest can be prescribed after 20, 30 and 40 minutes of movement (depending on the difficulty of the path and the physical condition of the participants).

In the presence of serious obstacles that require significant time to overcome (high mountain zones and taiga), the normal rhythm in alternating work and rest may be disrupted: in such cases, the passage of rock-dangerous places will have to begin at dawn and even at night, and the movement will continue even in the hottest hours day. Sometimes no more than 1 or 1.5 hours are allocated for lunch.

For trained tourists, forced disruption of rhythm and temporary overload of the body do not threaten any serious consequences and are compensated by additional rest.

To make up for the possible lack of rest, when drawing up a route, days are usually planned: the first - 3 days after the start of the hike, the second - in the second half of it.

If there are less trained tourists in the group, days are scheduled every 3 days. In general, the entire camp life of the team must be built based on the capabilities of the weakest. There is no harm in this. It is only necessary to distribute all the loads according to the strengths of each and ensure comradely mutual assistance in the team.

It might be useful to read: