Forest with ravines is impassable terrain. From the history of the well. Bwindi National Park in Uganda

Caused by the runoff of scattered streams of water, gully erosion occurs when these streams are concentrated into relatively powerful water flows. This concentration occurs when water flows from the slopes of the catchment into a natural hydrographic network or into an artificial depression. Such hollows are formed as a result of plowing along the borders of fields, as well as along arable furrows and road ditches. A water flow, if it has a sufficiently large destructive force given the existing slopes of the earth's surface, washes the channel along the bottom of a hollow or beam, and carries soil and soil into rivers and seas. Since the surface runoff of melt or storm water is periodically repeated, the ravines continue to grow in depth, length and width every year. Hence, a ravine is a negative landform formed relatively recently by periodically flowing water flow. In the ravine it is necessary to distinguish top, mouth, cone removal, bottom, edge And slopes.

On the left is a diagram of the ravine. Designations: a - top; b - screwdrivers; c - edge; g - thalweg; d - slopes; g - alluvial cone; g - beam edge.
On the right are types of ravines. Designations: b - primary coastal and secondary; c - apical; d - bottom; g - beam; a - watershed line; g - hollow; g - field boundary; arrows - water flow.

The ravines are confined to the hydrographic network. Each link of this network has a bottom, banks and slopes of a drainage area. By origin, ravines are divided into primary And secondary. Primary include ravines that first cut through new surfaces of the earth, secondary include ravines that deepen the existing hydrographic network.

Primary gullies, as a rule, are formed as a result of the concentration of water flow through artificial hollows on the slopes of the catchment area of some element (beams, etc.). A concentrated flow of water, rushing through such a hollow down the slope, ultimately breaks through to the shore of a gully or river valley and erodes it. Here the primary ravine begins its development. Therefore, primary ravines are also called coastal ravines. Since these ravines subsequently, as they develop, penetrate into the adjacent slope of the drainage basin, they are also called slope ravines. More precisely, they should be called primary slope ravines.

Secondary gullies are formed as a result of erosion and deepening of the bottom of the hydrographic network, which is why they are also called bottom gullies.

Gullies growing along the bottom of hollows located at the tops of gullies and hollows are called summit gullies. In addition, it is necessary to highlight the ravines growing along the bottom of the side hollows. They begin their development on the bank of the gully and then move up along the water-supply hollow, dismembering the slope of the gully's catchment area. These ravines can be called secondary slope ravines.

The rate at which a ravine grows in depth is determined by the kinetic energy of the water flow and the resistance of the soil to erosion by water. When these forces are balanced, the growth of the ravine in depth stops. All other things being equal, this can happen either when the mass of flowing water decreases, or when the flow speed decreases due to a decrease in the longitudinal slope of the channel bottom.

Let us consider the reasons for the formation and characteristics of the growth of primary ravines. The most typical case is the formation of a primary ravine along the border of a field or road that is not laid correctly relative to the slope. Along such a boundary, as a result of plowing, an artificial depression is formed, which intercepts small streams of scattered runoff from the overlying slope and concentrates them into a more powerful water flow. This water flow reaches the shore of the gully (hollow), where the surface slope increases sharply. At the same time, the speed of the flow and its destructive power increase, resulting in soil erosion. A ravine is formed on the bank of the ravine, which grows annually down its bank and up the slope.

The place where four villages are located is rich in ravines and tracts. Each of them has its own legend and popular name associated with a person, natural phenomena, and incidents. The names of some ravines and tracts are not translated into Russian. In 1966, archaeologists from Kazan conducted excavations near the village of Almenevo and found ancient memorial signs from the time of the Gorodets culture.

The Bolshoy Tsivil River flows near the village of Almenevo. Previously, numerous water creatures were active on the river. Viburnum, currants, rose hips, alder, willow, and blackberries grew along the banks of the river. There were many pools here. Each of them had its own name, such as “whistle pool”, “snake pool”, “Senterov pool”. The Bolshoi and Maly Tsivil rivers merge, flowing near the city of Tsivilsk into the Tsivil River. This river is a right tributary of the Volga River and flows into it below the city of Novocheboksarsk.

A river flows along the bottom of the “Aba-Sirma” (Upa ҫyrmi) ravine, a tributary of the Bolshoi Tsivil River. According to legend, a long time ago, near the village of Karachura, a centuries-old forest rustled. A huge bear lived there; the peasants were afraid to even approach the forest. One day people angered the beast. The bear growled throughout the forest, tore up the ground around his den with his claws, tore up bushes by the roots and uprooted trees. Suddenly, a small stream began to flow from under a small oak tree. The water was clear, like a tear. She grew larger every day, looked for her own way and ran towards the Big Civil River. People called this river “Upa Yyrmi”.

Kivi ҫӑva - the site of the old churchyard is located north-west of the village of Ermoshkino.

Kherlyo gyrma (Red ravine) - this ravine is rich in large deposits of red clay. Peasants used it for household needs: they made bricks, dishes, and children's toys. One day an accident happened in a ravine, a landslide occurred and covered several people, people could not find one of them. After this, the residents stopped taking clay from there.

Aslo Kiremet ҫrmi - centuries-old trees stood near the ravine, the pagan Chuvash came here, made sacrifices and worshiped their God, the elder Kiremet.

Yone khori ҫyrmi - cow's tail. Here shepherds tended their flock. When it rained, the small ravine filled with water and expanded. One day, before the rain, the cows crossed to the other side of the ravine and grazed peacefully. The shepherd began to drive the flock back. The animals did not listen and tried to run away. One cow was especially stubborn. Then the shepherd, to teach the animal a little lesson, cracked his long whip. The force of the whip tip was such that it tore off the cow's tail. The shepherd got scared and threw his tail into the ravine. Since then, the ravine has had this name.

Mӑn ҫyrma is a large ravine, but it is known for the fact that it ends in a large mound more than 1.5 arshins high. Residents say that during the Pugachev uprising there was a guard post here.

Acha ҫӑва ҫырми - children died there, and the ravine was called the “Children’s Cemetery.”

Setene ҫyrmi, Ayluli ҫyrmi - the main road to other villages was laid near the ravine. The steep ravine filled with water and slush in the fall. One evening the wedding horse cart was returning home. Everyone was having fun and singing songs. The road was slippery. One tipsy coachman drove up close to the shore, and the carriage, along with the wedding women, capsized into a ravine. People were screaming, heavy clothes were being pulled down. The two women, knowing that they would die, sang a wedding song. They couldn't be saved. People say that there, on dark nights, you can hear a song with the words “Ay-lu-li.”

Kiv ҫurt ҫyrmi - there was once a settlement on this place. But for some unknown reason, people no longer moved there. Time passed, the inhabitants of the settlement died. Only the empty house stood for a long time on the edge of the ravine, scaring people. Since then, this ravine has been called the Ravine of the Old House.

Kachchӑ ҫyrmi - a long time ago, a young handsome forester lived near a forest ravine. He worked tirelessly. He loved his forest, where there were many clean springs. People respected the forester, went to the forest with him to pick berries and mushrooms, prepared firewood, and looked after the forest with him. This young man fell in love with a girl from the village of Oslaba. Every evening he went to meet his beloved girl, returning in the morning, singing songs loudly. One day, on the road, he was met by fugitives and killed. They buried a young forester in the forest, near a ravine, next to a spring. Since then, this place has been called the Young Guy’s Ravine.

Larmis Ermi ҫyrmi - once the family of Eremey Larmis separated from the village and settled to live near this ravine. One year the whole family died of fever. Since then, the ravine has been named after Eremey Larmis.

Shashko mayri ҫyrmi - the name of this ravine reminds us of the great love of a Chuvash guy and a Russian girl. But their life together was short-lived. His beautiful wife died of typhus and was buried near this ravine. Now the ravine is called Shashka's wife's ravine.

Sal pyr gyrmi - an ash plant was located near a ravine and a small river.

Kulti ҫul ҫyrmi - a harsh forest rustled in this place. The peasants cut down the forest for household needs, and abandoned the road because it was no longer needed. Over time, a ravine formed on the former forest road, which was called the Upper Road ravine.

Urtem somsi - the plot of land of the peasant Artyom was surrounded on both sides by ravines, which expanded every year. Soon only a piece of land in the shape of a nose remained, and since then this area has been called Artyom’s Nose.

Kiremet somsi is a hillside where peasants gave tribute to God “Kiremet”. Below, two small pits were dug for the sacrifice ceremony. Then the slope turned out to be in the form of a nose, which was called the Nose of Kiremet.

Karachom khurami - in the ravine “Man ҫyrma” near the village of Pogankasi there stood a lonely elm. In winter, a traveler from the village of Almenevo, Gerasim, died near a tree. That’s why the area is called “Gerasimov Elm”.

Khur uri - in the old days, young people gathered at this place on summer evenings. They played, danced, sang and danced. One day, a young girl broke her leg, and since then the ravine has been called Maiden's Legs.

Crucian var - this beam where crucian carp were found.

Ukulalvar - The October Revolution scared the rich peasants, and they hid a lot of wealth in pots somewhere in this ravine. Time passed, people died, but the wealth and money remained in the same place, and the area began to be called Bogataya Balka.

Sakkul ҫyrmi - the ravine is named after the peasant Sakkul, whose plot of arable land was located near this ravine.

Ermi ҫyrmi - old Eremey mowed the grass here every year, and nearby was his allotment of land.

Ahrit ҫyrmi - in the old days the ravine was very deep and treacherous, the water there swirled and seethed. Many people and animals met their death there. One day, the son of a peasant, Ahrit, drowned. After the funeral, a sacrifice ceremony was held at this place. After some thought, other village residents began to use this ravine to perform the ritual. The name Akhrit stuck to the ravine.

Petyuk ҫyrmi - Peter was the name of the owner of the land near this ravine.

Val ҫyrmi - comes from the Russian word “val”, “to bring down”. Previously, during floods and rains, the water in the ravine destroyed the banks and drowned the fields of the peasants, i.e. knocked down everything that came in her way.

Chashma gyrmi - during floods and heavy rains, the water in the ravine seemed to be boiling, groaning and making a “bowl-bowl” noise.

Shӗshkӗ ҫyrmi - impenetrable hazel used to grow there.

Pilesh gyrmi - curly rowan trees grew near the ravine.

Mur ҫyrmi is a swampy area where people often died. Over time, villagers there began to bury livestock that had died from various diseases. People stopped going there unnecessarily, and the tragedies stopped. People call it "Devil's Ravine".

Shur yrma is a swampy area where white birches grew, and in the middle of the swamp there was a small lake. Suddenly the lake disappeared, but after a while it appeared in another place. People called him "Teni Kolli". Due to the lack of water, the swamp dried up, people cut down the birch trees and planted flax in the place of the old lake. Under Soviet rule, peat was mined there, and the quarries were filled with water again, where children swim and fish in the summer. The place is called the White Ravine.

Keҫtepi ҫyrmi - in the old days there was a road near the ravine. One day, robbers attacked a wedding and killed a girl named Keҫtepi who did not submit to them. Since then, the ravine bears her name.

In addition, around these four villages there are many fields that have specific names. The field near the village of Munyaly, where the old house of the peasant Mussa was located, has the name “Mus hurchi”, i.e. Moussa's house. The Tsivil River used to be wide and deep. In one place it flowed with a whistle, so people called the field near this river “Shӑkhӑra-kan avor uyo.” Another field was famous for its abundance of lush grass. There people grazed cattle, mowed grass, and it is called “Ҫӗrtme kurӑk uyo”. Wild hops and sorrel grew in the next field, so the name “Khamla-sӗret uyo” remained behind it. Not far from him, a harsh oak and elm forest rustled. Even today, strong oaks and elms stand alone in the field, and the area is called “Hurama uyo”. On the field “Tatok ҫӑka uyo” “Cossack karti uyo”. Next - Kiv ҫul (Old Road), Kӑkshӑm ulӑkhӗ (Kukshumsky meadow), Laptӑk ulӑkh (Flat Meadow), Pӗchӗk ulakh (Small Meadow), Kaska uyo (Snort Field), Karachura uyo (Karachura Field), Khura Kul (Black Lake) . Chalosh tӑvaykki (Crooked slope), Chalosh khurama (Crooked Elm), Hup arman (Closed mill), Ҫӑka kuche (Bottom of the linden tree), Vӑrmankas tӑvaikki (Vurmankasinsky slope), Eruk karti (Erukov hedge), Val pyryo (Mouth of the river), Sar hӑva (Yellow willow), Nuros shoshki (Norusovsky hazel). there was a lonely linden tree, which was struck by lightning every year. One day, lightning pinched off half of the tree, but it did not die. The old-timer bloomed for a long time, attracting bees. The historical field where the Cossacks stood during the peasant revolt of 1842 is called

The ravines were indeed the eternal enemy of the peasant farmer, taking away his arable land, disfiguring the fields and making them unsuitable for any use. But forest ravines served our ancestors to mark the border lines between principalities and individual fiefs, and sometimes became a natural refuge during the invasions of real enemies. Probably, few people can imagine that there are ravines whose age is estimated at many centuries, and they are contemporaneous with the events of the distant Middle Ages. There are such natural objects in our Vladimir region.

Debrishin's enemy

According to legend, it was the ravines that saved the squad of Prince Ivan Vsevolodovich Starodubsky and the residents of the city of Starodub on Klyazma in the winter of 1237-1238, when the hordes of Batu Khan attacked Vladimir-Suzdal Rus'. When a large detachment of the Mongol army approached the fortress, its defenders, having repelled the first assault, went through the back gate into the forest at night through one of the ravines on the slope of the steep Klyazma bank. And in the morning the enemies again rushed to storm the abandoned walls and were left without booty, since the Starodubians took everything of any value with them.

Another ravine - Debrishin, or Kondrovsky - is located about a couple of kilometers north of the village of the Krestnikovo station of the Gorky railway. He is mentioned as “the enemy of Debrishin” in the spiritual letter (will) of Prince Ivan Vasilyevich Romodanovsky, most likely written at the end of the 15th century.

The name “Debrishin Enemy” comes from the toponym “Debri”, which designated the forest region north of this ravine. There, even now, at the beginning of the 21st century, in some places impassable and impassable wilds have been preserved, and the forest churchyard with an abandoned stone church located above the ravine is designated as Nikolo-Debri or simply Wilds.

Black Valley

Another old ravine, the remains of which can still be seen, was called “Petrushinsky” and began approximately at the western border of the Kovrovsky district, south of the current M7 Volga highway. It goes almost strictly from south to north in the direction of the village of Rusino and eventually reaches the right bank of the Klyazma. According to a legend recorded in the middle of the 19th century, near this ravine during the events of the Great Troubles of the 1600s. local peasants killed a detachment of Polish interventionists, whom the remaining unknown guide, like the famous Ivan Susanin, lured into a pre-arranged ambush. The grave of the conquerors under a low mound could be seen in the forest near the Petrushinsky ravine during the reign of Emperor Nicholas I.

Sometimes a large ravine eventually became a valley and was called a valley. Near Kovrov, Black Dol is well known to the townspeople. In the old days, this place was notorious - robbers hid there in the dark dense forests and attacked travelers along the postal route. Since about the 1960s. Black Dol became a place for mass celebrations of Kovrov residents, skiing and skiing from steep slopes in winter.

Gone River

Sometimes the riverbeds of rivers that disappeared or went underground due to karst phenomena became ravines. An example of this is the multi-kilometer Kolp ravine, which leaves the forest southeast of the village of Krasny Mayak in the Kovrovsky district to the Sudogodsky district. According to previously recorded testimonies of old-timers, the Kolp there has gone underground since the end of the 19th century, eroding the soil, and now the “Kolp ravine” in the place of its former bed is indicated on all topographic maps.

The presence of large ravines was sometimes reflected even in the names of settlements. For example, in the Vladimir province two villages are known at once, which were called Krutoy ravine and Krutoy dol. The first of them was hiding in the forests on the border of Sudogodsky and Vyaznikovsky districts between the Ilyinsky churchyard and the large village of Butorlino. Krutoy Dol belonged to the former Pokrovsky district and was located about ten kilometers northeast of the present city of Petushki. Both of these villages turned into tracts in the last quarter of the last century, but are still indicated on maps.

The territory of the present Melenkovsky district near the bank of the Oka River abounds in deep ravines. So, near the villages of Voyutino and Okshovo there are not even ravines, but entire canyons covered with forest, with streams flowing along the bottom. Near Okshovo, along one of these formations there is a road to the bank of the Oka, since a huge ravine cut through an almost 20-meter steep bank and became a natural “highway” convenient for people. But another deep and narrow ravine near the same village divides a vast field in two with an almost insurmountable barrier, which even pedestrians can only cross with difficulty along a narrow bridge and ladders, and any equipment is forced to take a detour for several kilometers.

To the point:

Mysterious ravines of Russia

Located next to Kolomenskoye. They say that it is under it that one of the faults of the East European Plate passes. They say that in the mid-1990s, scientists from the Institute of General Physics worked in this place. According to their data, electromagnetic radiation in the ravine was 12 times higher than background radiation. There are also two large boulders on the territory of the ravine, near which the excess was 27 times.

Chertov (Pskov region)

Has a bad reputation. Allegedly, in 1928, seven people disappeared there at once - a team of lumberjacks. In 1931, there was another case when nine people died in a ravine. In 1974, a group of mushroom pickers from Leningrad allegedly disappeared in the Devil’s Ravine. Two of them were found a week later. Exhausted, they could not say anything about the fate of their comrades.

Sivinskie (Mordovia)

Since the beginning of the 18th century, the Sivinsky ravines became famous as a real nest of robbers. Bandits robbed and killed travelers and hid treasures here. In the 1870s, according to Krasnoslobodsk local historians, Sivinsky robbers robbed a convoy carrying several years' worth of soldiers' wages to Siberia - 20 barrels of gold coins! The robbers did not divide the loot, they killed each other, and the gold disappeared somewhere in a ravine.

Sosnov (Ulyanovsk region)

There is a spring there. According to legend, the remnants of Razin’s army, defeated on the Kandaratka River, stopped at this spring. The Razins lived here for a short time. Fleeing from persecution, they went further north and took refuge in a tract known as Melovatka, and further - in the Pomaevsky forests. Even today you can see the remains of a fortified Tatar settlement, which was used by the Razins, and one of the hollows in the Pomaevsky forest is called Stepan Razin’s ravine.

Ovda-korem (Mari-El)

Translated as “river witches.” It was here, according to legend, that ovds lived - forest creatures covered with hair and with their feet turned back. They say that relatively recently - in the 50s of the last century - round, about half a meter in diameter, entrances to the underground dwellings of the police were found at the bottom of the ravine, and at the very beginning of the 60s the widows moved from here, went away from civilization, into the forest wilds Kirov region.

"Hunting and game management No. 5", 1991

HUNTING TRAILS

Spring. The snow has cleared up and in some places has completely melted. In the forest, in the clearings there are bald patches where the first green grass is visible. Darya's day has long passed, and there is almost no snow in the fields; there is a whole water field on the roads and in the ravines. Many streams, with the noise of murmuring, run towards the river; Under the rays of an unusually bright sun, puddles sparkle like a mirror, and fresh thawed mud crunches under your feet. The larks are ringing loudly in the sky.

April. In the old days, in hunting terms, this time was called spray. During the long winter, the hunter's soul yearns for the forest, for the wide field, for the ringing rut. Hunters loved to go with their hounds to chase through the spray and chase greyhounds in the fields; for greyhounds this is the hardest path, but it is possible to chase, only the dog often slides: soft on top and hard on the bottom. In hunting terms, such a trail was called a siding. It is difficult to catch a greyhound on the move, but at this time the hare is light and playful. But these fields were very pleasant after a long hunting post. And in the forest with hounds you can’t catch up much, your instincts are flooded. After a long separation from the beast, the hounds often break down, drive dirty and dull, and through the spray, a rare hound skillfully and viscously “holds” the beast. The ancient hunter-hounds loved to drive. Nowadays you rarely hear this word dear to the hunting heart - “spray”.

Following the splashes, when the hollow water had passed and the ground had dried out a little, the time of fire-baiting began. This was the shortest time before sowing spring grain. “In the fire” the hare runs briskly and quickly grows away from the dogs. After hunting by fire, hunting stopped until the fall.

Autumn was coming. The leaves were flying around. The meadows and fields were empty, only the greenery of winter crops was a colorful carpet. As if through a sieve, fine rain drizzled. The sky is gloomy, low and inhospitable. All living things huddled and hid in anticipation of the first frosts and thin ice. All around is withering, deafness, desolation. One word - blacktrope, black in the forest. The leaf was caked on the trail, it was time to hunt.

In the past, many Russian hunting writers especially loved this time. Thus, Yegor Eduardovich Dryansky wrote in the story “Amazon”: “Only the hunter cherishes this depressing day. Only he can hear a special aroma in the musty smell of rotting bark, rotting leaves, wet straw.”

Lev Nikolayevich Tolstoy in the novel “War and Peace”, in a languid premonition of good luck, described the autumn hunting field: “The peaks and forests, which at the end of August were still green between the black fields of winter crops and stubble, became golden and bright red islands among the bright green winter crops. The hare was already half worn out (molted), the fox litters were beginning to disperse and the young wolves were larger than the dogs. It was the best hunting time."

This time in central Russia falls in October, when the forest is not harsh, moderately damp and the voices of hounds play especially melodiously and brightly. Conditions are considered bad and difficult when the leaves fall at the beginning of autumn, when the weather is warm, the forest is dry, the hare is especially hidden and often dies. A fallen beast is difficult to motivate a hound. In order for the hunt to be prey, you need sensitive, viscous dogs, and the amateur racer must be able to choose a hole and stand on it dead quiet. So, all experienced, efficient hunters advised to occupy a hole on the animal trail. A well-known writer and expert on hunting in the past, V.V. Deconnor, pointed out that any animal, be it a hare or a fox, always follows its own paths. He wrote: “A path is the path along which an animal makes its transitions in the island itself or leaves it to get food for itself.”

There is a distinction between a hunting trail, that is, the condition of the ground cover, and an animal trail. The path along which the animal makes transitions is easier to find in a strong place. Chopped, crushed grass, a rumpled leaf are signs of an animal trail. A dry leaf that has fallen from a tree is noticeable on the path, as it lies on top; If you carefully examine the path, you will clearly see a well-trodden path - this is the beast’s sure hole.

The progress of the animal depends on the condition of the hunting trail, the age of the animal, and the time of year. Although the animal leads dogs in circles along different hunting paths, its course is incorrect and the size of the circle is different. Thus, in deep snow, the white hare makes smaller circles than along the black trail. The most unfavorable weather for rutting is when there is no snow yet, and the frost grabs the ground with a thin crust of ice; in the fields, the hound drives along the ice crust like knives. An efficient hunter will not make a mistake on such a trail. The best conditions for rutting are when the black trail is moderately humid and the fallen leaves are tightly packed with rain; soft trail - it’s time to throw the hounds into the small things where the white hare lies densely.

Deciduous October gives way to cold November. Frosts have frozen the ground. There was no snow for a long time. And then at the end of November the first fragile, delicate fluff fell. They lie on the blacktrope easily and silently. By evening the snow is falling in heavy flakes. Winter fell with white powder. She is the first and therefore the most long-awaited. In the forest, on the roads, clearings and ravines, pure powder, white as a tablecloth, was spread. Then there will be more powders, printed ones, when the traces are especially clearly visible, but this first one is the most expensive.

The old Russian word “powder” sounds light, fresh, and for a hunter, like the call of a horn. But the white hare will never get up to fat after the first powder. He is afraid of the first snow with his scythe. He will lie down for a day or two, pamper himself, and at night, in the fresh snow, along the white path, he will fatten, feed, which means he will confuse his tracks: double, triple, tinker with his own discounts and savvy.
Good mornings after the first powder! The first winter covered the ground tightly with a white carpet. Everything around is covered in white fluff, only in the distance the roofs of neighboring villages loom as dark dots - Vlasyevo, Gorodna, Ilyasovo. The sky is wide and high, rare clouds cast blue. Nice day! And there is not a single trace in the forest. He is hiding with a scythe, he is afraid of the first snow. “Dead powder,” say the hunters, “is of no use in motivating a white hare in the forest.”

In the hunting sense, powder is snow that fell in the evening or at night and stopped in the morning, so only fresh traces of animals (maliks, naryskis) and birds (nabrody) remain on the surface. Powders can be long, short, fine, deep, dead printed, blind. If the hare's front paws are imprinted on the snow no deeper than the lower joint, such powder is fine. With deep powder, the snow falls from 8 to 10 cm, with dead powder - 18-20 cm thick. Such powder is also called printed powder. In warm weather, if it snowed for a short time, the powder is long. When the snow is short, the snow stops by morning, as a result of which the animal leaves a short trail along which it is good to follow.

The condition of the white trail greatly influences the rutting of the dogs and the speed of the animal's movement; this determines the success of the hunt.

The white trail is fickle. It’s bad when there is no snowfall for a long time, as the trail is covered with a dense network of footprints. It is difficult for a hound to motivate an animal and even more difficult to understand the tricks of a hare. Such a trail is called a single track. Even worse, when frost hits after a thaw, an ice crust forms, which holds the hare or fox well, and the hound constantly falls through and cuts its legs - it chases as if it is suffering. The dogs are working in a gloomy way along the motley path, when in some places the snow melts during the thaw or partially covers the ground in the forest, bald patches form in the fields, and then suddenly the soil is covered with frost - it’s a real disaster. Dogs should not be allowed along such a path, especially in the field. The hounds also do not work well in deep, loose snow, and in severe frost it is even worse - the snow covers the track.

During thaws and closer to spring, crust often forms. Canine hunters hunted the animal on the crust if the snow held the horse. Usually during the crust, hunting with hounds stops, since the crust often keeps the dog in the field, and in the forest the hound falls through and cuts its legs. A very dirty rut during heavy frost, especially when it falls from the trees, and in late autumn it will cover the black trail with a shaggy blanket. Often, many racers explain the dirty work of their hounds by the poor condition of the trail: sometimes the hound’s senses are flooded, sometimes it’s dry, so such a “messenger” drives in a rough, dirty, weak and stingy manner.

However, there are master hounds who work in any weather. About such messengers in his book “Notes of a canine hunter of the Simbirsk province” P. M. Machevarianov wrote: “Which hound, while still on the bow under the island, can smell the animal far away, i.e.: as soon as it is released from the bow, then straight will climb where the animal lies, and, having pushed from the den, will rush (drive), and then will drive with the upper sense (raising the sense upward): which cannot have a fallen, isolated, remote beast as a hound, which will not fall off and climb past the beast, if it escapes even across the river or runs through wet and rocky places, ravines, then falls on a large stone - such a hound is a master.” The signs of a “working” messenger are a faithful and viscous race in dry times along a dusty road, across arable land, or in a swamp. Hounds are especially valued, as they will always motivate a hare that has fallen in love and has made a fuss. I had the opportunity to see the excellent work of the Russian survivor Dobor L.A. Titov at the Pushkin field trials. A white hare, trying to knock down a dog, followed the trail of a herd that had just passed, climbed out onto the road, doubled up and set fire. Despite these tricks, after a quarter of an hour Dobor caught the white hare and chased it off.

There are hounds that especially love to drive along the white trail. The best trail is when the temperature is just above zero and freshly fallen snow covers the old maliks (footprints).

It's good to have powder early with a bow of hounds to hunt for whites! The boundless snow shines and sparkles. Blue shadows lie along the ravines and slopes. And here are the first small marks - hare tracks in the snow. In a small forest island a hare was feeding. Why hare? Because the hare’s paw is larger and rounder, and its print on the snow is wider than that of the hare, whose paw is narrower, which means the print is more elongated. The trail of a hare cannot be confused with the tracks of other animals. The hare places its hind legs parallel and carries them out at the same time, so they are always imprinted in front, and places its front legs one after the other. “He made money with his scythe,” say the hunters. To motivate the hare, you need to find the exit trail from the fat to the bed. On the fat, the prints between the front and hind paws are small, sometimes they almost merge. Before lying down, the hare begins to confuse the trail (cross its old trail), meander, then it doubles or lines up, that is, it passes the same trail twice or three times - it makes a “two” or “three,” as hunters say. While following the trail of a hare, you suddenly saw an oncoming trail, don’t go any further, look at the discount - sweep this two away to the side. This tracking is called tracking by hunters. A deuce usually means that the hare has followed his trail back, and this double trail back and forth is called a “deuce” by hunters. If the hare returned back along the “two” and laid a third trail in the same place where it doubled, then this trail is already a “three”. The hare doesn’t always “trip”, but it “doubles” before it goes to bed, all the time. “Twos” and “threes” are a sure sign of the proximity of a sunken animal.

In addition, during the rut, trying to confuse the dog, the hare also doubles its tracks. A skilled and instinctive hound never follows these tracks, but immediately looks for a discount. Sometimes you are simply amazed how our messengers are able to unravel such tricks of the hare, which sometimes remain a mystery even to an experienced hound.

Smetka (discount), or, as in the old days, “smet,” means that the hare jumps far to the side from a double track, leaving, as it were, one large paw-hole in the snow. Smet comes from the word “sweep away” - to throw aside, that is, to show intelligence - natural intelligence.

As a rule, after several discounts, the hare lies down in a secluded place, under a fallen tree, under a fir tree, etc.

In the old days, canine hunters called the trail of only arrived hares, late leaf fallers - very small ones - malik. The word “malik” is derived from the word “small” - a small footprint of a hare. The trail of early hares, arrived ones - nastoviks, born on crust, and seasoned canine hunters called the “hare trail”.

Nowadays, all hunters call hare tracks in the snow maliks.

For the first time in hunting literature, we encounter the word “malik” in S. T. Aksakov’s “Essay on a Winter Day”: “Russian maliks flashed before my eyes.”

Time changes hunting terminology. Nowadays they don’t ask: “How many bows do you have in the bow?”, because rarely does anyone hold a hound bow. The expression, sometimes used even by experts, “the hare has gone” is unfortunate. Hares never walk, but jump. In the old days they said “they blow” or “flow away,” leaving an odorous trail that the hounds drain.

Previously, canine hunters also called the trail of the motivating hare “pudak”. These traces differ from the fatty night traces in that the line of the trace is more straight and is also indicated by prints alternately - two side by side and two directly in the direction of the trace, but spaced at a greater distance from each other. The word “pudak” is formed from the verb “to frighten off”, to frighten away. Another thing is fox tracks in the snow - fox tracks.

For a true racer, fox hunting is especially tempting. Like blue beads on a straight thread they play in the rays of the bright sun, then the even chain glitters with a scarlet reflection, going into an unknown distance, then with bluish colors, then suddenly it breaks off on a shiny road driven by a sleigh and again the fox runs away for many kilometers to the threshing floors, ravines and copses. search

In the past, canine hunters called fox tracks only fox tracks that were poorly visible in the snow, and then they said: “I saw one track.” This meant that he did not move off the fox (did not poison him). If the prints of the fox's paws were clearly visible in the snow and it was possible to follow the animal's trail, then the canine hunters said that they had seen a fox's trail. All this has been forgotten and lost by us, like an unnecessary thing. Therefore, all hunters consider animal tracks in the snow to be tracks.

If fox tracks in front of the bedding area intersect with each other in different directions, this pattern in the old days was called crosses.

The fox trail always evokes a secret, long-standing anxiety in me. It happened to me when I was young, when I found myself alone far from home, in a frosty field before sunset, I would attack the hounds on these hunts. The dogs will pick up this pattern in the snow and they will be good to go. A thread of cunning tracks will slide towards the ravine along the slope, twist around the frozen hummocks of the winter crop and then run on - winding through the frozen fields to some Semenkovo or Gorenki. Winter twilight is quickly melting, the frost stings, as if warning of trouble. I had to blow the horn more than once until my lips hurt, trying to remove the hounds. Where there! The dogs got excited. The rush went from hearing miles into an unfamiliar distance. The fox knows all the meadows, islands, copses and has led the dogs... Sometimes he is lucky enough to hear the longing echo of the rut in the distance. Joy will swell in your soul: maybe he’ll turn around? No, it's quiet all around. The hunter is oppressed by this frosty silence of the approaching night. It happened for weeks, until you were stupefied, looking for dogs in villages and villages. And what happiness if you managed to find your favorite hound, more often than not, as the hound owners say, “with both ends”. That’s why I don’t like these fox tracks in the foggy frosty darkness, when the dogs disappear in the scorched sunset of the forest and you are left alone in a clean white field with an empty dog in your hands. To this day, my memory preserves good memories of those matings of master hounds who left forever along the distant sparkling tracks.

There were days when a fox, excited by a walking hound, circled exactly on hearing. Then the successful hunter will freeze on the animal trail and sometimes wait until his hands hurt for the cunning gossip to get the right shot. Happy field to you, lucky hunter!..

Reading and re-reading the yellowed pages of old hunting publications, it seems that no hunt in the world had such a precise, popular language, such glorious traditions as Russian hunting.

Good evening, dear readers of the Sprint-Answer website. The TV game “Field of Miracles” is on on Channel One, because today is Friday. On the site you can find all the answers to the game "Field of Miracles" for October 27, 2017. And in this article you can learn more about the task for the final round, as well as find out the correct answer to the question in the final round. And the Super Game is ahead!

What did they call a forest with ravines and impassable terrain in the old days?

There are answers to this question on the Internet, because this question is often found in crossword puzzles and various quizzes. Rus' has always been famous for its forests and thickets. And the forests were impenetrable and dense. If a person ended up in the forest, then not everyone came out of it. In the old days they said about an impenetrable forest "infection" . Here's what you can find out about the word "Infection" on Wikipedia.

Infection is a polysemantic term.
An infection is a pathogen spread by microorganisms.
Zaraza is a drink made from fruit juice in Mexico.
Zaraza is a locality in Venezuela.
Contagion is a geographical appellative denoting a difficult place. This is how the name of the city in the Moscow region - Zaraysk - is usually explained.

Here are the possible origins of the name of the city of Zaraysk.

The name of the city comes from the Old Russian word “zaraz”, meaning “river bank cliff”.
The name “Zaraisk” comes from the word “cassock” (swamp): the city, relative to Ryazan, was located behind the swamps, or “beyond the duckweeds”.
The name comes from the place in the city where, during epidemics of cholera and plague, the dead were buried.
According to historian M.N. Tikhomirov, the name of the city comes from the word “infection” (impenetrable, reserved forest).
The name of the city comes from the word “to infect” in its Old Russian meaning “to kill, strike to death.” According to legend, in 1237, Eupraxia, the wife of Prince Fyodor Yuryevich, in order to avoid Tatar captivity, threw herself from her tower and thus killed herself, that is, she became “infected.”

The correct answer to the final round question is: Infection(6 letters).

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