Great Pyramid of Cheops. The reign of Pharaoh Cheops. Pyramid of Cheops Dimensions of the Egyptian pyramid of Cheops in meters

) is truly a wonder of the world. From the foot to the top it reaches 137.3 meters, and before it lost the top, its height was 146.7 meters. Just a century and a half ago, it was the tallest building in the world, only in 1880 it was surpassed by two superstructured towers of the Cologne Cathedral (by 20 meters), and in 1889 by the Eiffel Tower. The sides of its base are 230.4 meters, the area is 5.4 hectares. Its initial volume was 2,520,000 cubic meters; now it is about 170,000 cubic meters smaller, because for centuries the pyramid was used as a quarry. About 2,250,000 stone blocks, each with a volume of more than a cubic meter, were used for its construction; this material would be enough to build a city with a population of one hundred thousand. Its weight is 6.5-7 million tons. If it were hollow, it would fit a space rocket launcher. According to experts, even an atomic bomb dropped on Hiroshima would not have destroyed it.

It was built, according to the most common dating, in 2560-2540. BC e., although some scientists give dates about 150 years earlier. Inside the pyramid there are three chambers corresponding to the three stages of its construction. The first chamber is carved into the rock at a depth of about 30 meters below the base of the pyramid and not exactly in the middle of it; its area is 8 x 14 meters, height is 3.5 meters. It remained unfinished, as did the second, which is located in the core of the pyramid, exactly below the top, at a height of about 20 meters above the base; its area is 5.7 x 5.2 meters, the vaulted ceiling reaches a height of 6.7 meters; it was once called the “tomb of the queen.” The third chamber is the king’s tomb; unlike the other two, it is finished; the sarcophagus of Cheops was found in it. It was built at a height of 42.3 meters above the base and slightly south of the axis of the pyramid; its dimensions are 10.4 x 5.2 meters; height – 5.8 meters. It is lined with immaculately polished granite slabs carefully fitted to each other; There are five unloading chambers above the ceiling, the total height of which is 17 meters. They take on the weight of about a million tons of rock mass so that it does not press directly on the burial chamber.

The pharaoh's sarcophagus is wider than the entrance to the chamber. It is hewn from one piece of brown-gray granite, without a date or inscription, and is quite badly damaged. It stands in the western corner of the tomb, right on the floor. It was placed here during construction, and apparently no one has moved it since then. This sarcophagus looks like it was cast from metal. But the body of Cheops himself is not in it.

All three chambers have "hallways" and are all connected by corridors or shafts. Some mines end in a dead end. Two shafts lead out from the royal tomb to the surface of the pyramid, going out approximately in the middle of the northern and southern walls. One of their purposes is to provide ventilation; perhaps there were others.

Discovery: Exploding History. Secrets of the Great Pyramid

The original entrance to the pyramid is located on the north side, 25 meters above the base. Now there is another entrance to the pyramid, made in 820 by the Caliph Mamun, who hoped to discover the countless treasures of the pharaoh, but found nothing. This entrance is located about 15 meters lower than the previous one, almost in the very center of the northern side.

The Great Pyramid was surrounded by equally labor-intensive and expensive buildings. Herodotus, who saw the road leading from the upper (mortuary) temple to the lower one, which was lined with polished slabs and had a width of 18 meters, called its construction a work “almost as huge as the construction of the pyramid itself.” Now only 80 meters of it remain - the road disappeared at the end of the 19th century during the construction of the village of Nazlat es-Simman, now, like Giza, which has become part of Cairo. Somewhere in its place stood a lower temple, 30 meters high, but it probably fell victim to people looking for building material in ancient times.

Of the buildings surrounding the Great Pyramid, only the ruins of the upper (mortuary) temple and three satellite pyramids have survived. Traces of the temple were discovered in 1939 by the Egyptian archaeologist Abu Seif. As usual, it was located to the east of the pyramid, and its pediment had a length of 100 Egyptian cubits (52.5 meters); it was built of Tura limestone, had a courtyard with 38 square granite pillars, 12 of the same pillars stood in the vestibule in front of the small sanctuary. On both sides of it, about 10 meters, during excavations, two “docks” were found hollowed out in the limestone plateau, where the “solar boats” were probably kept; a third such “dock” was discovered to the left of the road to the lower temple. Unfortunately, the “docks” turned out to be empty, but archaeologists were rewarded by the chance discovery of two more such “docks” in 1954. In one of them rested a perfectly preserved boat - the oldest ship in the world. Its length is 36 meters, and it is made of cedar.

The satellite pyramids also stand east of the Great Pyramid, although they were usually built further south. The pyramids are located from north to south “in height”, the side of the square base of the first pyramid is 49.5 meters, the second – 49, the third – 46.9. Each of them had a stone fence, a funeral chapel and a burial chamber, into which a steep shaft led; in addition, next to the first there was a “dock” for the “solar boat”. Most scientists believe that these pyramids belonged to the wives of Khufu, of whom the first (main), according to ancient custom, was probably his sister. The names of the first two are unknown to us, the third was called Henutsen.

All three satellite pyramids are quite well preserved, only they lack external cladding.

Apparently, it was planned to build another, larger one to the east of the first one, but construction was stopped. According to one hypothesis, it was intended for Queen Hetepheres, the wife of the pharaoh Sneferu and Khufu's mother. In the end, Khufu decided to build a secret tomb in the rock for her a little further north. This tomb was actually hidden... until January 1925, when the photographer Reisner's tripod fell into the gap between the camouflage blocks. Then members of the Harvard-Boston expedition carried out treasures for three months: thousands of small gold plaques, pieces of furniture and household utensils; gold and silver bracelets, cosmetic boxes with “shadows” for eyeliner, manicure knives, boxes with the name of the queen, filled with jewelry. Canopic jars with her entrails and an alabaster sarcophagus were found, which, however, turned out to be empty. This is the first tomb of a member of the royal family from the Old Kingdom era to be found intact.

The Great Pyramid was surrounded by a ten-meter stone wall. The ruins of the wall show that it was 3 meters thick and was 10.5 meters away from the pyramid. Near it, in the distance, there were mastabas (tombs) of dignitaries: almost a hundred of them have been preserved on the northern side, more than ten on the southern side, and about forty on the eastern side.

The Pyramid of Cheops was built around 2600 BC.

The pyramids are shrouded in mystery to this day. Many scientists have devoted their entire lives to unraveling the great construction and purpose of these majestic buildings. However, several thousand years, from the first research of Herodotus to the present day, have not brought the expected success. The main questions remained unanswered: who? When? For what? We will tell you about the most reliable assumptions and versions collected by the best scientists over several centuries and related to the history of the Egyptian pyramids.

Already in ancient times, the pyramids were considered one of the main wonders of the world! Their number was about 100, located along the banks of the Nile River. If you look at all the pyramids from above, their location is similar to a star map. The largest, main pyramids are located in Giza. The world-famous sphinxes, as well as temples and tombs of the pharaohs, are also located here. A very important factor of the pyramids is that all their faces are clearly located along the magnetic poles of the Earth! You probably already know the name of the three main pyramids? If not, then be sure to remember - the pyramid of Cheops, Mikerin and Khafre.

The largest pyramid, Cheops, was erected by Khufu, who at that time was a pharaoh. The estimated, most accurate date of construction is 2590 BC. The height of the pyramid is more than 146 meters, the length of each side is more than 241 m. The faces are located in the cardinal directions with amazing accuracy, the angle of inclination is 52 degrees. The Cheops Pyramid covers an area of 5.4 hectares, the base is aligned relative to the horizon with an accuracy of 3 centimeters. The pyramid consists of more than 2,350,000 stone blocks, each weighing about two and a half tons! The pyramid was originally covered with a white sandstone casing to give it an accurate shape and long-lasting durability. Unfortunately, the cladding has not survived to this day.

The entrance to the pyramid is at an altitude of 14 meters. There are no decorations, inscriptions or drawings inside. Therefore, there are three chambers, the lower of which is located at a depth of 30 meters relative to the ground. The room is hewn out of the rock, in order to get to it you need to overcome 120 meters of a narrow corridor (1.1x1.0) at an angle of 27 degrees. After this, the remaining 9 meters, the angle changes to zero relative to the horizon. The tunnel ends with a burial chamber measuring (8.0 x 14.0 x 3.0).

Now the passage to the lower tier is closed, but you can go along the stairs, and then along the 40-meter corridor that leads to the queen’s chamber. The room with dimensions (5.5x5.2x6.3) is located clearly in the middle, at a height of 20 meters from the ground. There are two ventilation shafts in the walls, directed exactly north and south, but not facing the street.

Even higher is the “Grand Gallery” - a corridor more than 48 meters long, with a ceiling height of 8.4 m and an inclination angle of 26 degrees. The walls are lined with polished lime slabs in eight layers. At the end of the corridor there is the main room - the tomb of the pharaoh with dimensions (10.5x5.3x5.8). The chamber is lined with black Aswan granite, each block of which weighs at least thirty tons! Moreover, all the blocks are so well polished and adjusted that even the thinnest knife blade cannot pass between them. The ceiling consists of 9 monoliths, each weighing more than 400 tons. Above them are unloading chambers 17 meters high, designed to preserve the peace of the pharaoh. A gable roof was built above them, made of huge blocks that bear the weight of more than a million tons! We also note that the pharaoh’s sarcophagus is much wider than the entrance to the chamber, and most likely it was hewn right here, from a large block of granite.

There are also ventilation chambers (0.2x0.2) with the exact north-south direction, but unlike the queen’s chamber, here they go outside. In 817, Caliph Mamun was able to enter the tomb of the pharaoh, but found only an empty sarcophagus there; the remains of Cheops were never discovered.

The finds near the pyramid are also interesting. For example, in 1953, during excavations, the oldest ship in the world was discovered - a wooden boat, about 44 meters long, built without nails from cedar. Traces of silt were found on the wooden elements of which, which means that at one time the boat was used for its intended purpose. Ancient writings claim that the pyramid was surrounded by a stone wall, the height of which was 10 meters and the width of 3 meters. Nearby there were two temples - upper and lower. The upper one was east of the pyramid, built from Turkish limestone and contained about 40 granite pillars. The lower temple was used for the first part of the funeral ceremony.

The essence of the entire system of buildings was most likely this - initially the remains of the pharaoh were delivered along the Nile to the lower temple, where, after the necessary preparations, they were sent to the upper temple along a long connecting corridor. In the upper temple, among many columns, funeral services and prayers for the repose of the pharaoh took place. After this, the body was taken to the lower chamber of the pyramid, where the pharaoh was carefully walled up. On the four sides of the pyramid, walled up in the rocks, there were four boats intended for travel in the afterlife. The main pyramid was accompanied by three small satellite pyramids (base length 49 m), located in the same way as the upper temple, in the east. Moreover, each subsequent one (from north to south) is smaller than the previous one. It is believed that the companion pyramids were intended for the wives of the pharaoh.

There are other theories about the purpose of the pyramids. In those distant times, the pharaohs were ruled by a group of priests who possessed unearthly knowledge. This was a separate caste of people who called themselves the chosen ones. They knew mathematics, medicine, astronomy and other sciences very well. The level of education of the priests was many times higher than our understanding of the world. This knowledge was inaccessible to the common man. The priests chose their students themselves, initiating and teaching them in underground rooms located under the pyramids. The teachings assumed a connection with the universe and awareness of the essence of earthly existence. After this, the student was tested in the labyrinths of the pyramids, then in a secret sanctuary, under pain of death, they sought complete obedience and an oath of non-disclosure of secrets. The priests could predict the future thanks to their connection with the higher powers of the universe. Let’s make a reservation right away: later the chosen ones disappeared due to the so-called loss of communication.

Modern scientists have found many confirmations of this - the 33-year duration of Christ, the date of the beginning of the Second World War. Back in 1964, Charles Smith suggested that the pyramids store information for understanding prophecies from the Bible from the beginning of time until the second coming of God.

In 1994, using computer modeling, a discovery was made that explained the location of the three main pyramids, which exactly corresponded to the position of the three stars of Orion's belt, which at that time just crossed the Giza meridian. If this assumption is correct, then the age of the pyramids can be increased to 10,400 BC! The same Sphinx is a confirmation of this theory, because its gaze is directed precisely to the point where this constellation was located.

With the help of modern equipment, hidden tunnels were discovered under the sphinx itself, which, according to legend, should have led to a chamber containing a capsule with a message for all humanity. Indeed, the chamber was found; it contained a sarcophagus made of black granite; unfortunately, it turned out to be empty. Therefore, on the walls of the tunnel leading to the chamber, drawings were discovered that represent predictions of the future of humanity. From there it became known that our civilization would face a series of cosmic cataclysms that would terrorize the “Earth” for several millennia. However, the priests will appear on our planet again and will find a way to salvation by mastering space and restoring a civilization based on the laws of existence.

Cheops pyramid. Device. Puzzles. Pyramids on the map. Dimensions. Photo

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Many articles and books have been written about the Egyptian pyramid of Cheops, considering it from the standpoint of a modern materialistic view, without taking into account that it was built during the period of a previous highly developed civilization, the knowledge of which has not reached us. The Pyramid of Cheops, with its enormous size, involuntarily raises the question of the methods of its construction. The hypotheses put forward in this regard are far from the truth.

The Pyramid of Cheops, built about 4,600 years ago, is located on a rock plateau in the Libyan Desert. The stones for its construction were brought mainly from the quarries of the Makkatim Highlands, which is located east of the Nile River. The construction of the pyramid was carried out under the leadership of the famous architect Khafre over a period of 20 years. According to ancient sources, peasants took part in its construction only three months a year, in their free time from field work, during the Nile flood. But this does not exclude the work of a small number of specialists who prepared the work front for thousands of seasonal peasant builders.

The purpose of building a tomb pyramid.

The word “pyramid” literally translated from Greek means “fire that is inside.” By “fire” here we must understand the presence of an ordered energy flow both inside and outside the pyramid. Similar energy flows can be observed in crystals (quartz, diamond...), in trees, etc. A vertical energy flow is formed above the top of the pyramid (tree...), which is sometimes called a cosmic channel (pillar). In the morning, at dawn, this energy flow can be seen above the top of the pyramid with the naked eye. The energy flows at the top of the Cheops pyramid connect with the energy flows of neighboring pyramids, forming a channel-energy connection with each other. In nature, a similar energy connection is observed in trees of crystals (druze), etc. At the same time, the formation of an additional dome energy shell, a collective aura, is observed above them. Until now, the pyramid was considered as a material body without taking into account its energy properties, just as in medicine the physical body of a person is studied without taking into account his other six subtle bodies.

The pyramid, like the human physical body, is only a material frame for subtle energy systems. Legends say that the pyramid contains the Great Stone, which flew from Space to Earth. He has great energy and magical powers. Similar stones are found in the Kaaba Mosque (Mecca, Saudi Arabia) in the Himalayas, and were previously owned by Emperor Tatzlau in Atlantis, who is buried in Taimyr. These are stones of spiritual centers and centers of civilization.

To create energy vertical columns of cosmic communication (streams) on Earth, humanity has used a variety of technical solutions throughout the millennia. For example, in mountainous regions, the tops of the mountains were built in the form of pyramids, tents, sphinxes and other structures, and under them were tombs. In flat areas, artificial architectural above-ground or underground structures were created (mounds, pyramids, labyrinthine drawings...)

The pyramid has design characteristics to obtain the necessary types of energy flows. The larger the pyramid, the more powerful its energy flow. Above the top of Mount Everest (Himalayas) there is one of the most powerful energy flows on Earth.
The tombs of Ancient Egypt are found both in mountainous areas (near Lake Victoria) and in lowland areas (near the Nile Delta). Their construction was carried out mainly during the heyday of ancient civilization, which had a high technical level of development (air transport (vimanas, chariots), eternal lamps, energy, laser, nuclear, sound weapons, etc.).

Start of construction.

The Pyramid of Cheops has a height of about 150 meters with a base length of one side of 250 meters. It was built on the western bank of the Nile, near the city of Cairo.
The famous architect Khafre did not build this pyramid from scratch. Here were very ancient squat pyramids made of monolithic stone, which were called “remnants” by modern experts. Khafre used one of the ancient pyramids with its energy flows and underground passages (built about 14,000 years ago) for its intended purpose, increasing its height and redesigning the internal passages and rooms. This ancient pyramid had a powerful foundation and special entrances to the dungeons for underground work.

The Cheops pyramid, like the ancient one, is oriented towards spiritual centers (Shambhala in the east, and Thule in the north), since the north pole 12,000 years ago was located in northwestern Canada near the border with America. The geographic North Pole is constantly migrating around the globe.

By using the ancient pyramid as the basis for a new one, the builders achieved a significant reduction in labor and material costs and a reduction in construction time. Now no one remembers the more ancient builders, although more than half the volume of the Cheops pyramid is made up of the stones of the ancient pyramid. The original monolithic pyramid (remnant) had its own burial chamber with other dungeons. During the construction of the pyramid, Khafre made a new redevelopment of the dungeons. Therefore, some voids from the ancient pyramid that do not fit into the new layout do not find a logical explanation among researchers.

The world-famous Egyptian pyramid of Cheops inside is like a “Russian nesting doll” and consists of three pyramids of three pharaohs. The veil of secrecy is lifted over one of the seven wonders of the world. Every creation of human hands has meaning.

“Everything that arises must have some reason for its occurrence, for it is absolutely impossible to arise without a cause.” So said the ancient Greek philosopher and sage Plato in the 4th century BC. e. in his book Timaeus.

All mysteries are overcome by knowledge. Knowledge can be obtained or created. As a “tool for creation,” let’s take our common sense, logic of thinking and knowledge of ancient people who used ideas about the world at that distant time.

“What is comprehended through reflection and reasoning is obviously an eternally identical being; and that which is subject to opinion... arises and dies, but never really exists.” (IV century BC, Plato, Timaeus).

Russian doll

What does it mean that the Cheops pyramid is like a “Russian nesting doll”, containing two more pyramids, one inside the other? To confirm the conclusion about the triplicity of the Cheops pyramid, let's start with the facts and look at the cross-sectional diagram of the pyramid.

Firstly, there are three burial chambers in the Cheops pyramid. Three! From this fact it follows that the pyramid had three owners (three pharaohs) at different times. And everyone had their own separate burial chamber. After all, few living people would think of preparing a tomb for themselves in three “copies.” In addition (as can be seen from the size of the pyramids), their construction is quite labor-intensive even for our time. Besides? Archaeologists have already established that the pharaohs built tomb pyramids separately and of a much smaller size for their wives.

Egyptian historians have established that long before the construction of the pyramids in ancient Egypt in the 4th millennium BC. and earlier pharaohs were buried in structures called mastabas. Below in the picture is the appearance of the ancient crypt (mastaba) of Shepseskaf in Saqqara. It consists of underground and above-ground parts.

The pharaoh's mummy was located deep underground in an underground hall. In the ground part there was a prayer room with a statue of the pharaoh. After death (according to the ancient Egyptian priests), the soul of the deceased pharaoh moved into this statue. The halls in the above-ground mastaba room could be connected to each other (or isolated from each other). Above these underground halls, a low, trapezoidal truncated pyramid was built from stone blocks.

Under the Cheops pyramid there is an underground passage (4) at the end of which there is a vast unfinished underground hall (5). There is also an exit (12) from the hall to the top, which was made according to the burial theory for the passage of the pharaoh’s soul to the above-ground part of the mastaba.

According to the section plan of the Cheops pyramid, we can conclude that if there is an underground hall (5) and there is a passage upward from it (12), then the upper prayer room of the mastaba should be in the center and slightly lower than the middle burial chamber (7). Unless, of course, when the second pharaoh began construction of his pyramid above the mastaba, these premises were not filled with stones, destroyed and preserved to this day.

This conclusion (about the presence of internal mastaba halls in the center of the Cheops pyramid) is confirmed by the observations of French researchers - Gilles Dormayon and Jean-Yves Verdhart. In August 2004, while examining the floor in the middle burial chamber (7) with sensitive gravitational instruments, they discovered an unknown void of impressive size below the floor at a depth of about four meters, the purpose of which at that time they had no versions.

According to the plan of the pyramid's section, a narrow inclined almost vertical shaft (12) goes up from the underground burial pit (5). This passage should connect to the above-ground prayer room of the mastaba. At the exit from the mine, at ground level under the base of the pyramid, there is a small grotto (extension up to 5 meters in length). Apparently, in ancient times, when excavating this grotto, they were already looking for a passage to the inner halls of the mastaba. It has been established that its walls consist of more ancient masonry that does not belong to the Cheops pyramid. The passage rising from the underground hall and the ancient stonework are nothing more than belonging to the first mastaba. From the expansion in the shaft (12) to the center of the pyramid there should be a passage to the ground halls of the mastaba. This passage was most likely walled up by the builders of the second inner pyramid.

By appearance and according to archaeologists, the underground burial chamber (5) remained unfinished. The condition of the prayer rooms in the upper above-ground part of the mastaba (which is the first of three in the Cheops pyramid) remains to be determined by opening a passage through them.

The height of the first internal truncated pyramid (mastaba), according to the pyramid's sectional diagram, should be no more than 15 meters.

The presence of an unfinished burial structure (mastaba), located in the most advantageous place (on the top of a stone plateau in the town of Giza), served as a pretext for the second (before Cheops) unknown pharaoh to use this mastaba to build his pyramid over it.

The fact that the Giza plateau was previously “inhabited” by ancient mastabas is also supported by the fact that the Sphinx was there. The purpose of the “Sphinx” is to serve as a tomb (mastaba) in the form of a lion sculpture. The age of the “Sphinx” (the deity into which, according to theory, the soul of the pharaoh should move) is estimated to be much older than the pyramids (about 5 - 10 thousand years).

In Egypt, by the beginning of the 3rd millennium BC, the Egyptian priests had a new worldview about the place of residence of the soul after death.

In this regard, the burials of the pharaohs in mastabas were replaced by more majestic structures - step pyramids, and later by “smooth” hewn pyramids. According to the ideas of the priests, after death a person’s soul flew to life to stars related to their souls. “Whoever lives the time allotted to him properly will return to the abode of the star named after him.” Plato, Timaeus.

The burial chamber (7), belonging to the second internal pyramid (on the cross-sectional plan) is located above the prayer part of the first mastaba. The corridor ascending to it (6) is laid along the wall of the mastaba, and the horizontal corridor (8) along its roof. Thus, these two corridors to chamber (7) show the approximate overall dimensions of the first ancient internal truncated trapezoidal mastaba pyramid.

Second and third pyramids

This can be judged by the length of two emanating from the chamber (7) in opposite directions, the so-called (in modern terms) “ventilation ducts”. These channels (one to the north and the other to the south) in a cross section of 20 by 25 cm, approximately 10-12 meters do not reach the boundary of the external walls of the third pyramid.

The modern name for ducts as “air ducts” is, of course, incorrect. The deceased pharaoh did not need ventilation ducts. The channels had a completely different purpose. Channels are a pointing path directed to the sky, oriented with great accuracy (up to a degree) to the stars, where, according to the ideas of the ancient Egyptians, the soul of the pharaoh would settle after death.

The northern channel was oriented towards the star Kohab in the constellation Ursa Minor. At that time, due to precession (the displacement of the Earth's axis), "Kokhab" was the "North Star" around which the sky revolved. It was assumed that after death the pharaoh becomes one of the stars in her environment in the northern part of the sky.

The Southern Channel was targeting the Sirius star. In Egyptian mythology, “Sirius” was associated with the name of the goddess Sopdet (the protector and patroness of all the dead).

At the time the second pyramid was built, both channels from the burial chamber (7) reached the edge of the outer walls and were open to the sky. The burial chamber of the pharaoh's second inner pyramid may also have been unfinished (judging by the lack of its interior decoration).

It is possible that the top of the second pyramid was not completely completed (for example, there was a war, the pharaoh was killed, died prematurely from illness, an accident, etc.). But, in any case, the second pyramid was built no lower than the height of the channels (“air ducts”) emanating from the burial chamber (7) to the outer walls.

The second internal pyramid reveals itself not only with tightly closed channels and its own separate burial chamber, but most of all it is revealed outside by the walled-up central entrance (1) to the Cheops pyramid.

Obviously, it immediately catches your eye that the entrance, tightly walled up with huge granite blocks, is buried in the body of the third pyramid (about the same 10-12 meters as the channels from the second burial chamber).

During the construction of the third pyramid of Pharaoh Cheops, there was no point in extending this external entrance to the second pyramid. Therefore, after adding walls along the perimeter of the third pyramid, the entrance turned out to be “recessed” inside.

The entrance gates of all buildings are always made slightly outside the structure, and not buried in the depths of the structure. The Pyramid of Khafre has approximately the same entrance, but moved outside.

Cheops is the third owner of the pyramid

Archaeologists and historians, according to the deciphering of hieroglyphs, have established that the Cheops pyramid was built not by slaves (as previously thought), but by civilian builders, who, of course, had to be paid well for hard work. And since the volume of construction was enormous, it was more profitable for Cheops to take an unfinished pyramid than to build a new one from scratch. The advantageous location of the unfinished second pyramid, which was located at the very top of the plateau, was also important.

Cheops began the construction of the third pyramid by dismantling the central part of the second pyramid. In the resulting “crater” at a height of approximately 40 meters from the ground, an antechamber (11) and the third burial chamber of the pharaoh (10) were built. The passage to the third burial chamber only needed to be extended. The ascending tunnel (6) was continued in the form of a large 8-meter high cone-shaped gallery (9).

The conical shape of the gallery is not similar to the initial part of the ascending narrow passage. This indicates that the tunnel was not made at the same time and under different external conditions.

After the third Cheops pyramid was expanded on the sides, adding 10-12 meters on each side, the outgoing channels of the second pyramid from the chamber (7) were accordingly closed.

If the burial chamber (7) turned out to be empty, then there was no point in extending the old channels for the builders of the third pyramid. Outside, the channels were filled with new rows of wall blocks of the third pyramid, and from the inside in chamber (7), the outgoing channels were also walled up. In the burial chamber (7), walled up channels were discovered by treasure hunters (researchers) by tapping the walls only in 1872.

In September 2010, English and German researchers launched a caterpillar robot into one of the narrow “air ducts” from the second burial chamber (7). Having risen to the end, he rested against a limestone slab 13 cm thick, drilled through it, inserted a video camera into the hole, and on the other side of the slab at a distance of 18 cm, the robot saw another stone barrier. Having reached a dead end, the scientists' search ended in nothing. The stone barrier is nothing more than the blocks of the third pyramid.

The builders of the third pyramid of Cheops from the third burial chamber of the pharaoh laid new channels (10) for the “flight of the soul” to the stars.

If you look closely at the cross-section of the pyramid, the two pairs of channels (to the north and south) from the second and third chambers are not parallel! This is one of the “keys” to solving the mystery of the Cheops pyramid.

The channels of the upper third chamber relative to the channels of the second chamber are rotated clockwise by 5 degrees. The northern pair of channels has inclination angles of 32° and 37° (5° difference). The southern pair of channels, oriented towards the star Sirius, has inclination angles of 45° and 39° (a difference of 6°). Here, an increase of 1 degree can be attributed to the own movement of the planet Sirius in its orbit. The 5-degree discrepancy in channel angles is not accidental. Egyptian priests and builders very accurately recorded the position of the stars in the sky and clearly laid out the direction of the channels to the stars (accurate to minutes and seconds).

Then what's the matter

The point here is that the Earth’s rotation axis shifts by 1 degree every 72 years, and every 25,920 years the Earth’s axis, rotating at an angle like a spinning top, makes a full circle of 360 degrees. This astronomical phenomenon is called precession. Plato called the total rotation time of the Earth's axis 25,920 years - “The Great Year”.

When the Earth's axis shifts by 1 degree over 72 years, then the angle of view in the direction of all stars (including the Sun) also changes by 1 degree. If the displacement of each pair of channels differs by 5 degrees, then we can easily calculate that between the construction of the second pyramid (of the unknown pharaoh) and the third pyramid of Pharaoh Cheops, the difference is 5 x 72 = 360 years.

Egyptian historians say that Pharaoh Cheops (another pronunciation is Khufu) reigned in 2540-2560 BC. By counting “degree” years ago, we can say exactly when the second inner pyramid was built. Thus, the second pyramid was built in 2800-2820 BC.

In the Cheops pyramid, in a single place under the ceiling (on the powerful vaulted granite slabs above the third burial chamber, like a roof), there is a personal hieroglyph made by the workers who left their mark: “Builders, friends of Pharaoh Khufu.” No other mention of the name Cheops (Khufu) or the affiliation of other pharaohs to the pyramid has yet been found.

Most likely, the third pyramid of Cheops was completed and used for its intended purpose. Otherwise, the Cheops pyramid would not have been “sealed”. That is, a plug of several granite cubes would not have been lowered into the ascending passage (6) from above and from the inside along an inclined plane. With these stone cubes, the pyramid was tightly closed to everyone for more than three thousand years (until 820 AD).

The ancient Egyptian name of the Cheops pyramid is read in hieroglyphs as “Horizon of Khufu”. The name has a literal meaning. The angle of inclination of the side face of the pyramid is 51° 50′. This is the angle at which the Sun rose exactly at noon on the days of the autumn-spring equinox. The sun at noon, like a golden “crown,” crowned the pyramid. Throughout the year, the Sun (the ancient Egyptian God - Ra) walks across the sky in summer higher, in winter lower (just like the pharaoh through his domains) and always the Sun (pharaoh) returns to his “home”. Therefore, the angle of inclination of the walls of the pyramid indicates the path to the house of the “Sun God”, to the “house of the pyramid” of Pharaoh Khufu (Cheops) - “son of the Sun God”.

The edges of the walls are arranged at an angle of view towards the Sun not only in this pyramid. In Khafre's pyramid, the angle of inclination of the wall faces is slightly more than 52-53 degrees (it is known that it was built later). In the Mikerin pyramid, the slope of the faces is 51°20′25″ (less than that of Cheops). Until now, historians did not know whether it was built before the Cheops pyramid or later. Now, taking into account the open “degree time” of the Earth’s precession, the smaller angle of inclination of the walls indicates that the pyramid of Mikerinus was built not later, but earlier. In relation to the “degree age scale”, a difference in the slope of the walls of 30 minutes corresponds to 36 years. In later Egyptian pyramids, for example the pyramid of Pharaoh Khafre, the slope of the faces should accordingly be greater.

In Sudan (see in the picture) there are many pyramids, the angle of inclination of the faces of which is much steeper. Sudan is south of Egypt and the Sun stands higher above the horizon there on the day of the spring-autumn equinox. This explains the great steepness of the walls of the Sudanese pyramids.

In 820 A.D. The Baghdad caliph Abu Jafar al-Mamun, in search of the countless treasures of the pharaoh, made a horizontal break (2) at the base of the Cheops pyramid, which tourists use to enter the pyramid today. The breach was made to the beginning of the ascending corridor (6), where they ran into granite cubes, which were bypassed to the right and thus penetrated into the pyramid. But, according to historians, they found nothing but “dust half the size of a palm” inside. If there was anything valuable in the pyramid, then the servants of the caliph took it. And what they left behind was taken away over the next period of time—1200 years.

Judging by the appearance of the gallery (9), 28 pairs of ritual statues stood along its walls in rectangular recesses. However, the exact purpose of the recesses is not known. Two facts indicate that there were statues there. First, the eight-meter height of the gallery made it possible to install statues. Secondly, there were large round peeling imprints on the walls from the mortar that was used to attach the statues to the walls.

I will disappoint those who were determined to find “miracles” in the design of the Egyptian pyramids.

Over a hundred pyramids have been discovered in Egypt today, and they are all different from each other. The pyramids have different angles of inclination of the faces oriented towards the Sun (because they were built at different times), there is a pyramid with a “broken side” at a double angle, there are stone and brick pyramids, smoothly lined and stepped, there are pyramids with a base not square, but rectangular in shape, for example, Pharaoh Djoser.

There is no unity even among the neighboring pyramids at Giza. The pyramid of Mikerin (the smaller of the three) at its base is not oriented strictly to the cardinal points. The exact orientation of the sides is not given importance. In the main pyramid of Cheops, the third (uppermost) burial chamber is not located in the geometric center of the pyramid or even on the axis of the pyramid. In the pyramids of Khafre and Mikerin, the burial chambers are also off-center. If the pyramids had some kind of secret secret, law or knowledge, the “golden ratio” and so on, then all the pyramids would have uniformity. But there is nothing like this in the pyramids. Below are pictures of Egyptian pyramids of different shapes.

The former Minister of Archeology of Egypt and the current main expert on ancient Egyptian pyramids, Zahi Hawass, says: “Like any practitioner, I decided to check the statement that food does not spoil in the pyramid. Divided a kilogram of meat in half. I left one part in the office and the other in the Cheops pyramid. The part in the pyramid deteriorated even faster than in the office.”

What else can you look for in the Cheops pyramid?

Perhaps you can find the above-ground prayer room of the first pyramid - the mastaba. It would be worth drilling down several holes in the floor of the second (7) burial chamber until an internal cavity is discovered below.

Then from the grotto (12) find a walled passage into the halls (or pave it). This will not be detrimental to the pyramid, since there was originally a connecting entrance from the underground burial chamber to the above-ground mastaba room. And you just have to find it. After the discovery of the interior of the mastaba, it may become known about the pharaoh - the owner of the first truncated trapezoidal mastaba pyramid.

The Mastaba Sphinx is also of great interest on the Giza plateau. The stone body of the ancient Sphinx is located from west to east. Funeral burials were also made from west to east. Presumably, the Sphinx is an integral part of an above-ground structure (mastaba) - the tomb of an unknown pharaoh.

Searches in this direction would expand the boundaries of knowledge of the history of ancient Egypt. It is possible that there was an even earlier civilization, for example, the Atlanteans, whom the Egyptians deified, considering them their ancestors, and referred to their ancient ancestors as predecessor gods.

An identification study by American criminologists concluded that the face of the Sphinx does not resemble the faces of the statues of Egyptian pharaohs, but has distinct Negroid features. That is, the ancient ancestors of the Egyptians, including the legendary Atlanteans, had Negroid facial features and African origin.

It should be noted here that the Egyptian legend about the Atlantean ancestors is indirect evidence of proximity to Egypt.

Probably, the burial chamber and mummy of an ancient pharaoh of Negro origin is located under the front paws of the Sphinx, as the American psychic Edgar Cayce said about it. In this case, there should be a passage upward from the underground hall - a path for the relocation of the “soul” of the pharaoh and subsequent life in the body of the Sphinx statue (according to the beliefs of the ancient Egyptians).

The Sphinx is a lion (symbol of royal power) with a human head and the face of a pharaoh. It is possible that the face of the discovered mummy of the pharaoh (after plastic restoration) will turn out to be “two peas in a pod” similar to the face of the Sphinx.

By analogy with the construction (of later pyramids over earlier ones), we can say that many other Egyptian pyramids had more than one owner. In this regard, confusion is revealed with the time of life of the pharaohs and the time of construction of their pyramids.

For example, Pharaoh Mykerinus ruled later than Cheops, but his pyramid, based on the angle of inclination of the walls, in accordance with calculations based on “years of precession,” was started 36 years earlier than Cheops’ pyramid. How can this be? The answer to this question is that the pyramid began to be built earlier (before Mikerin), but it was completed later, when the angle of inclination of the lower walls that had been started could no longer be changed.

There is a large vertical gap on one of the side walls of the Mykerinus pyramid. Getting to the pharaoh's treasures in the burial chamber inside the pyramid, the robbers dismantled part of the wall from top to bottom. In the thus formed “vertical section” of the section of the inner blocks of the pyramid, the following was revealed - from a certain, clearly defined boundary, the upper blocks were not laid tightly and not as neatly as the lower ones. This confirms that the pyramid was being completed and that later builders were not as careful about the quality of laying the internal blocks.

At the same time, judging by the two underground halls under the pyramid of Mikerin (which belong to the burials of the pharaohs during the construction of the mastabas), the burial structure was begun many centuries earlier. This confusion of times suggests that inside the pyramid of Mikerin, as well as in the pyramid of Cheops, there should be above-ground prayer rooms of the original mastaba belonging to the more ancient burial of the pharaoh. And in the body of the pyramid there should also be a chamber-tomb for the later burial of Pharaoh Mikerin.

The “curtain” of the centuries-old secret over the secret of the Egyptian pyramid of Cheops has been lifted. All that remains is to enter the open door.
This requires permission from the Egyptian authorities, which they give to research scientists with great reluctance.
A mystery loses its appeal when it is revealed.

But, despite this, tourists’ interest in the majestic buildings of the ancient world that have survived to this day does not disappear.

How the Cheops Pyramid was built

Another confirmation of the triplicity of the Cheops pyramid. In 2009, the French architect Jean-Pierre Houdin, and later with the support of Egyptologist Bob Brier from the American University of Long Island, observing how roads were built in the mountains, put forward a similar erroneous assumption. about the construction technology of the Egyptian pyramid of Cheops. The fact that stone blocks were transported to the pyramid by dragging around its walls along inclined ramps and corridors, as if along a serpentine mountain road. This is a long and laborious path. Following this, Jean-Pierre Houdin began to look for evidence of his hypothesis.

To substantiate his assumption, he accepted the research of a group of engineers from the French Academy of Sciences, who in 1986 spent several months scanning the internal contents of the Cheops pyramid to detect hidden cavities inside it. French researchers discovered wide stripes along the perimeter of the pyramid at different heights with approximately 15% less density (see above picture of gravimetry of the Cheops pyramid). Areas with a density from 1.85 to 2.3 tons per 1 cubic meter are highlighted in different colors.

French scientists were unable to explain why there are sparse stripes along the walls of the pyramid, and therefore the results of the study did not receive any discussion in the scientific world.

In June 2012, in Russia, engineer Vladimir Garmatyuk revealed the “secret” of the Cheops pyramid. Obvious evidence is provided that the pyramid, like a “Russian nesting doll” inside, consists of three pyramids of three pharaohs of different times. When it became known that inside the Cheops pyramid (the third from the start of construction) there is an older (360 years earlier) second pyramid (see picture - a recessed entrance to the second closed pyramid).

And there is an even more ancient first truncated pyramid (mastaba, which reveals itself in the underground hall under the pyramid and other signs), then the stripes of material with lower density inside the Cheops pyramid found their explanation. The stripes show and confirm the separation of the bodies of the second and third pyramid.

How and with what to explain this

For the strength of the structure, the outer layer of the pyramid was laid out from hewn, tightly packed blocks. Hence the high density of the outer layer of the walls. While the inner rows of the pyramids consist of roughly fitted unhewn blocks. Therefore, the density of the inner rows of the pyramid is less.

See, for example, the picture below - the “insides” of the pyramid of Pepi II from South Saqqara. On the outside of the pyramid there are densely laid hewn blocks, and on the inside there are ordinary stones obtained from horizontal chipping of layered limestone deposits.

It is possible that the same thing happened inside the Cheops pyramid (of course, not in the central part, where the burial chambers of the pharaohs are located); a mound of stones, rubble and sand, delivered to the pyramid in baskets, was used as a volume filler. After all, this significantly reduced the cost and accelerated the construction of the pyramids. A mound of stones easily explains the same vast spaces of rarefied density that were discovered in 2017 by French and Japanese physicists when studying the inside of the pyramid with muon telescopes.

When accurately measuring the plane of the side faces of the Cheops pyramid, it is noticeable that they have some depression inward (to a depth of one meter). After all, over the 4.5 thousand years since the construction of the pyramid, there have been many earthquakes that gradually shook out its contents over and over again. And because of this, the walls (since there is loose material inside the pyramid) fell somewhat inward due to their lower density.

According to gravimetry of the Cheops pyramid (white) stripes along the perimeter of the walls of the second pyramid have a density of 1.85-2.05 tons per cubic meter. This just means that there is an embankment made of stone.

The third (outer visible today) pyramid of Pharaoh Cheops increased the sides and height of the second (inner) pyramid by 10 - 12 meters. The inner unhewn blocks of the third pyramid are laid along the dense, hewn outer walls of the second pyramid. Therefore, in 1986, French gravimetric researchers recorded a difference in the density of the material inside the pyramid; it is this difference (the difference in density) that creates the appearance of a “serpentine”. French researchers noted this circumstance, but could not explain it.

Other arguments by Jean-Pere Houdin and Bob Brier, given to prove the assumption of the “serpentine” construction of the pyramid, each have their own explanation. Researchers in 2009 did not yet know that the Cheops pyramid consists of three different pyramids. For example, longitudinal stripes of stone blocks of the same color on the edges of the Cheops pyramid, which they interpret as “dusty roads” from the transportation of blocks, are explained by the uniform color of the stones, mined in a quarry from one layer of rock.

The third pyramid was built up with stone blocks evenly along the height and perimeter onto the walls of the second pyramid, like “cream on a cake.” The stone was mined in one place, and therefore the blocks are similar in color. The order in which the stone blocks were mined was the order in which they were laid in the walls. When the blocks were taken from another place, their color was slightly different.

Or their other argument is a small pothole-deepening on the edge near the top of the pyramid, which they called a transport corridor. The pothole could have been made after the pyramid was built, for example as a failed attempt to get inside. Or the pothole could be made like:

guardhouse for giving signals,

as a guard post for religious, hermitage, cult or other purposes.

The fact that the Cheops pyramid consists of three different pyramids, separated by hundreds of years in construction time, means that it was built by more than one generation of people, and there was no such great construction “in one breath.”

This significantly mitigates the worrying problem of the labor intensity of building a pyramid, but does not cancel or in any way reduce the grandeur of the undoubtedly greatest structure of the ancient Egyptian civilization in the history of mankind.

The Pyramid of Pharaoh Khufu (in the Greek version of Cheops), or the Great Pyramid, is the greatest of the Egyptian pyramids, the oldest of the seven wonders of the world of antiquity and the only one of them that has survived to our time. For over four thousand years, the pyramid was the largest building in the world.

The Pyramid of Cheops is located in the far suburb of Cairo, Giza. Nearby there are two more pyramids of the pharaohs Khafre and Menkaure (Khefre and Mikerin), according to ancient historians, the sons and successors of Khufu. These are the three largest pyramids in Egypt.

Following ancient authors, most modern historians consider the pyramids to be funerary structures of ancient Egyptian monarchs. Some scientists believe that these were astronomical observatories. There is no direct evidence that pharaohs were buried in the pyramids, but other versions of their purpose are less convincing.

When was the Cheops pyramid built?

Based on ancient “royal lists”, it has been established that Cheops reigned around 2585-2566. BC. Construction of the "Sacred Height" lasted 20 years and ended after the death of Khufu, around 2560 BC.

Other versions of the construction dates, based on astronomical methods, give dates from 2720 to 2577. BC. Radiocarbon dating shows a scatter of 170 years, from 2850 to 2680. BC.

There are also exotic opinions expressed by supporters of theories of aliens visiting the Earth, the existence of ancient civilizations, or adherents of occult movements. They determine the age of the Cheops pyramid from 6-7 to tens of thousands of years.

How the pyramid was built

The Pyramid of Cheops is still the largest stone building on the planet. Its height is 137 m, the length of the base side is 230.38 m, the angle of inclination of the edge is 51°50", the total volume is about 2.5 million cubic meters. At the time of completion, the height was 9.5 m higher, and the base side was 2 m longer, however, over the past centuries, almost all of the cladding of the pyramid was dismantled. Natural factors also did their job - temperature changes and winds from the desert, carrying clouds of sand.

Ancient Greek historians reported that the construction involved the labor of millions of slaves. Modern researchers believe that with the correct organization of work and engineering, the Egyptians would have had enough tens of thousands of workers to build it. Temporary workers were hired to transport materials, the number of whom, according to Herodotus, reached 100 thousand. Modern scientists fully agree with this, as well as with the reality of a 20-year construction period.

The construction of the pyramid was supervised by the head of the royal works, Hemiun. Hemiun's tomb is located next to his creation, and a statue of the architect was discovered in it.

The main material for the construction was gray limestone, which was cut down in nearby quarries or brought from the other bank of the Nile. The pyramid was lined with light sandstone, which is why it literally shone in the sunlight. For interior decoration, granite was used, which was delivered a thousand kilometers away, from the area of present-day Aswan. The structure was crowned with a hewn gilded granite block - a pyramidion.

In total, the construction of the pyramid took about 2.3 million limestone blocks and 115 thousand facing slabs. The total weight of the building, according to modern estimates, is almost 6 million tons.

The sizes of the blocks vary. The largest ones are placed at the base, their height is one and a half meters. The blocks are smaller the higher they are located. The height of the block at the top is 55 cm. The length of the facing slabs ranged from 1.5 to 0.75 m.

The work of the pyramid builders was extremely hard. A lot of time and effort required quarrying stone, cutting blocks and adjusting them to the required size. In those days, neither iron nor bronze was known in Egypt. The tools were made of relatively soft copper, so they were quickly ground down and were very expensive. Tools made of flint - saws, drills, hammers - were widely used. Many of them were found during excavations.

The materials were delivered by river, and the stone was transported to the construction site on wooden sleds or rollers. It was hellish work, because the average weight of one block is 2.5 tons, and some of them weighed up to 50 tons.

A variety of devices were used to lift and install the monoliths, and inclined embankments were erected to drag up the most massive elements that make up the lower rows. Images of construction work have been found in a number of Egyptian temples and tombs.

Recently, an original theory has emerged regarding the construction methods of the Egyptians. Scientists who examined the microstructure of the blocks in order to establish their origin discovered foreign inclusions. According to experts, these are the remains of animal hair and human hair, from which scientists concluded that the limestone at the mining sites was crushed and delivered in crushed form to the construction site. Directly at the laying site, blocks were made from the limestone mass, which were thus a semblance of modern concrete structures, and the traces of tools on the blocks are actually the imprints of the formwork.

Be that as it may, the construction was completed, and the grandiose dimensions of the pyramid fully justify supporters of the theories of Atlanteans and aliens who do not believe in the possibilities of human genius.

What's inside the pyramid

The entrance to the pyramid was made at a height of almost 16 meters in the form of an arch made of granite slabs. It was later sealed with granite plug and covered with cladding. The current entrance, 10 meters below, was made in 831 by order of Caliph Al-Mamun, who hoped to find gold here, but did not find anything valuable.

The main rooms are the Pharaoh's chamber, the queen's chamber, the Great Gallery and the underground chamber. The passage made by Al-Mamun leads to a 105-meter inclined corridor, ending in a chamber carved into the rock below the base of the pyramid. Its dimensions are 14x8 m, height 3.5 m. Work here was not completed for unknown reasons.

At 18 meters from the entrance, an ascending corridor 40 meters long, ending in the Great Gallery, separates from the descending corridor. The Gallery itself is a high (8.5 m) tunnel 46.6 m long, leading to the Pharaoh's chamber. The corridor to the queen's chamber branches off from the Gallery at its very beginning. A rectangular ditch, 60 cm deep and 1 m wide, has been punched into the floor of the Gallery; its purpose is unknown.

The length of the pharaoh's chamber is 10.5 m, width 5.4, height 5.84 m. It is lined with black granite slabs. There is an empty granite sarcophagus here. The queen's chamber is more modest - 5.76 x 5.23 x 6.26 m.

Channels 20-25 cm wide lead from the burial chambers to the surface of the pyramid. The channels of the king’s chamber open at one end into the room, and at the other onto the surface of the pyramid. The channels of the queen's chamber begin 13 cm from the wall and do not reach 12 m to the surface, and both ends of the channels are closed with stone doors with handles. It is assumed that the channels were made to ventilate the premises during work. Another version, associated with the beliefs of the Egyptians, claims that this is the path to the afterlife that the souls of the deceased had to go through.

No less mysterious is another small room, the Grotto, to which an almost vertical passage leads from the beginning of the Great Gallery. The grotto is located at the junction of the base of the pyramid and the hill on which it stands. The walls of the Grotto are reinforced with rather roughly processed stone. It is assumed that this is part of some structure more ancient than the pyramid.

It is necessary to mention one discovery related to the pyramid. In 1954, two stone-lined pits were discovered near the southern edge, in which there were pharaoh's boats made of Lebanese cedar. One of the rooks has been restored and is now in a special pavilion next to the pyramid. Its length is 43.5 m, width 5.6 m.

The study of the Cheops pyramid continues. Research using the latest methods used in exploration of the earth's interior shows with a high degree of probability the existence of unknown caverns inside the pyramid. So it is quite possible that scientists can expect new interesting finds and discoveries.

In the meantime, the Great Pyramid keeps its secrets, standing proudly in the middle of the desert, just like thousands of years ago. After all, as the ancient Arabic proverb states, everything in the world is afraid of time, but time is afraid of the pyramids.

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