History and current state of the Romanian economy. Romania. IV. Industry of Romania Salaries in Romania

ROMANIA (Romвnia), Socialist Republic of Romania (Republica Socialista Romвnia), is a state in the southern part of Europe, mainly in the lower Danube basin. In the east it is washed by the Black Sea. Borders with , . Area 237.5 thousand km2. Population 22.7 million people (1985). The capital is Bucharest. Administratively, Romania is divided into 40 counties and the municipality of Bucharest, equivalent to a county. The official language is Romanian. The monetary unit is leu. Romania is a member of the CMEA (since 1949).

General characteristics of the farm. National income in 1985 amounted to 750.8 billion lei, of which 62.7% came from industry, 15.5% from agriculture and forestry, 7.8% from construction, 14% from other sectors. In the total social product, the share of industry increased from 1938 to 1985 from 39 to 68.7%, which was ensured by the rapid pace of development of mechanical engineering, the chemical industry, non-ferrous metallurgy and light industry.

The share of the mining industry in the total industrial production of Romania is about 5% (1985). Romania participates in the unified energy system of the socialist countries "World", receiving electricity from the CCCP. The length of railways is 11.3 thousand km, roads 72.8 thousand km (1985). The main river ports are Galati and Braila, the main seaport is Constanta.

Romania maintains trade relations with 144 countries (1985), the share of socialist countries in international trade is about 57%, of which the CCCP accounts for 22%.

Nature. A significant part of the territory of Romania is occupied by mountains and hills. In the northern and central regions of Romania there are the Eastern Carpathians (maximum height over 2000 m) and the Southern Carpathians with the highest point of the country - the city of Moldoveanu (2544 m), forming a ring-shaped structure in plan; in the west there are the mid-altitude Western Romanian (Apuseni) mountains. Between them and the Carpathians lies the Transylvanian Plateau. On the outer side, a strip of foothills (hills) stretches along the Carpathians. In the south is the Lower Danube Plain, bounded by the Danube River, in the west is the Western Plain, part of the Middle Danube Plain. To the east of the Siret River is the Moldavian Plateau, in the southeast beyond the Danube is the Dobrudzha Plateau, bounded by the sharply sloping Black Sea coast.

The climate is temperate continental. In the mountains, the average temperature in January is 10°C (in intermountain depressions it is lower), in July it is 5-16°C. On the plains, the average temperature in January is from 0 to -5°C, in July 20-23°C. The amount of precipitation reaches 600-700 mm in the Western Plain, 300-400 mm in the east, in the mountains 800-1500 mm per year. The main river is the Danube.

Geological structure. On the territory of Romania, there are two young folded systems (the Carpathians and Northern Dobrudzha) and platform structures of different ages (the Moldavian, Scythian and Mysian plates). In the structure of the Moldavian Plate, which is part of the East European Platform, there is a granite-gneiss foundation of Svecofeno-Karelian age and a sedimentary cover, including deposits of the Vendian, -, - and. The Scythian plate within Romania is represented by the Pre-Dobroge and Barlad depressions with an upper cover.

The foundation of the Moesian plate is heterogeneous (Baikal in Central Dobruja and on the Lower Danube Plain). The deposits of the cover (thickness up to 7 km) are dominated by clastic Lower Paleozoic, carbonate-evaporite and clastic-evaporite Devonian, clastic-evaporite Triassic, carbonate Jurassic-Cretaceous and clastic Neogene sediments. In the basement of the Moesian plate there are granite and granodiorite intrusions (Paleozoic?), in the cover there are acidic and basic effusives of Permian-Triassic age. North Dobrudzhian Cimmerian orogen, located between the Mysian and Scythian (Pre-Dobrudzhian trough) plates, is composed of Precambrian and Lower Paleozoic metamorphosed strata, Devonian (carbonate and siliceous) and Lower Carboniferous clastic formations, Triassic sedimentary (carbonate and flysch) and Jurassic (clastic carbonate ny) sediments. The main pre-Alpine folding epochs (Caledonian and Hercynian) were accompanied by the introduction of alkaline and granodiorite intrusions. Rifting occurred in the Triassic, accompanied by mafic magmatism. Cimmerian tectogenesis, which led to the formation of tectonic nappes (Machin, Nikulitsel, Tulcea), took place during the Old Cimmerian (Intra-Leassic) and New Cimmerian (Intra-Neocomian) folding epochs. The Cimmerian structures are unconformably overlain by Upper Cretaceous post-tectonic carbonate-clastic formations (Babadag synclinorium). The Carpathian Alpine orogen, which occupies more than 2/3 of the country's territory, has a complex structure. Folded zones (internal - Dacids and external - Moldavids), foredeeps and subsequential magmatic arcs are distinguished here. Dacids (internids) include tectonic nappes with Cretaceous tectogenesis. They are composed of Precambrian and Paleozoic metamorphic formations, intersected by granites, granodiorites, gabbros and Lower Carboniferous-Permian molasse formations, as well as Triassic, Jurassic and Cretaceous sediments of predominantly carbonate composition. Mesozoic ophiolite formations and associated sedimentary deposits (carbonate or flysch type) are exposed in two approximately parallel sutures in the Dacids (the main suture of the Tethys - the southern part of the Apuseni Mountains) and on their margins in the nappes - Chakhleu (in the eastern Carpathians) and Severinsky (in Southern Carpathians). In the north-west of the country stretch the Penids (Peninsky zone), formed during the era of Cretaceous and Miocene tectogenesis and represented by Late Cretaceous and Paleogene sedimentary deposits, which are associated mainly with limestone Jurassic and Cretaceous remnants of the tectonic cover (Lenin klipps). Moldavids (externids) formed in the Miocene and cover the largest part of the covers of the flysch zone of the eastern Carpathians and Ciscarpathians. They are represented by Cretaceous and Paleogene formations of predominantly flysch type and lower and middle Miocene molasse. The Pre-Carpathian foothill trough, located on the outer edge of the Carpathians, is filled with Sarmatian-Pliocene molasse. The Transylvanian Basin and the eastern margin of the Pannonian Basin are Neogene molasse basins superimposed on the Dacids. Alpine igneous arcs formed as a result of subduction. They are represented by intrusive Upper Cretaceous - Paleogene (Southern Carpathians and Apuseni Mountains) and extrusive limestone-alkaline igneous Neogene formations (Eastern Carpathians and Apuseni).

Hydrogeology. The main aquifer complexes in Romania are associated with Pliocene-Quaternary clastic deposits of artesian basins and fractured or karst carbonate strata of hydrogeological folded areas. The artesian basins include the Lower Danube (Romanian) Plain, where aquifer complexes are associated with Upper Pliocene and Pleistocene river and lake sediments several hundred meters thick, consisting of layers of pebbles (tens of meters), alternating with packs of sands and clays. In the internal zones of the basins (at the contact with the Ciscarpathian region), groundwater is located at a depth of 50-200 m and forms 1-2 aquifers of high power and a flow rate of 10-15 l/s. A large aquifer formation in the center and south of the Romanian Plain is represented by the Fretesti strata (Lower Pleistocene). In the Bucharest area, it forms three aquifers (at a depth of 100-250 m) with a specific flow rate from 6-8 to 18-20 l/s (water conductivity 2.10 2 -10.10 2 m 2 /day).

The Pannonian artesian basin with Pliocene-Pleistocene aquifer formations is located in the west of the country. Pleistocene river lake sediments (up to 300-400 m thick) are a multilayer aquifer in which permeable horizons alternate with clay layers. Hydrostatic levels are usually 2-4 m, self-flowing is less common, specific well flow rates are from 1 to 5, in some areas up to 20 l/s. Total mineralization from 0.4 to 0.7 g/l.

In Mesozoic carbonate formations of folded (Apuseni Mountains, Southern Carpathians) or platform areas (Southern Dobrudzha) fractured karst waters are developed. In the Apuseni Mountains (Padurea-Crajului, Bihor, Codru massifs) groundwater flows from Triassic limestones and dolomites reach 100 l/s, in the Southern Carpathians from Upper Jurassic and Lower Cretaceous limestones with a powerful network of cracks and karst voids - 1000-3000 l/s. In Southern Dobruja, limestones and dolomites (Upper Jurassic-Neocomian) are aquiferous.

In a number of structures (Moldavian plateau, Transylvanian depression, Carpathian orogen) groundwater is developed, serving as the main source of water supply. On the territory of Romania there are numerous sources of mineral waters, partly used for balneological purposes. In addition, thermal waters, the surface temperature of which reaches 75-85°C, have been identified mainly within the western lowland part of the country.

Seismicity. Terek of Romania is characterized by increased. The most important epicentral zone is the Vrancea region, located at the bend of the eastern Carpathians. In Vrancea there are zones of crustal (with focal depths up to 40-45 km) and intermediate (from 70-80 km to 180-200 km) earthquakes, between which there is an area of ​​low seismic activity. The area of ​​the highly seismic region is 9000 km2, of which 2300 km2 falls on the epicentral region of intermediate earthquakes. Intermediate earthquakes are characterized by high energy, so they are felt over vast areas of Romania's neighboring countries - Albania, Bulgaria, Hungary, Greece, Poland, Yugoslavia and CCCP (southwest). In 1901-86, more than 10 earthquakes with a magnitude (M) over 6.0 were recorded in Romania (including those with M=7.4 in 1940 and 7.2 in 1977). Their intensity in the epicentral zone reaches 9 points (on the MSK-64 scale), and the horizontal acceleration is 0.3 g (g is the acceleration of gravity).

Earthquakes with foci located at a depth of 5-15 km occur at different intervals along crustal faults and are felt in limited areas.

Deposits of fossil coals (anthracite, hard coal, brown coal), peat and oil shale were formed during the era of Hercynian and Alpine tectogenesis. Skel anthracite deposits have been identified in the southern part of the Vulcan ridge, in the Southern Carpathians. Deposits in the form of lenses (up to 5 m thick) are located at a depth of up to 1000 m in Lower Jurassic deposits. Heat of combustion of anthracite 32-35 MJ/kg, ash content 18.2%, volatile matter yield 1-4%, humidity 10%, sulfur content 1%. Coal deposits are located in the Southern Carpathians, in the Petrosani, Resita and Sirinia basins. The largest deposits of hard coal (partially coking) are associated with Oligocene-Lower Miocene deposits of the Petrosani basin. Coal seams (18-21 in total) with a thickness of 0.5-40 m lie at a depth of 0-1000 m. Heat of combustion 26-34 MJ/kg, ash content 15-31%, volatile matter yield 35-50%, humidity 3- 7%, sulfur content 2-3%. In the Resita and Sirinia basins, coal seams lie at depths from 0 to 1500 m and are associated with deposits of the Upper Carboniferous (5-7 layers with a thickness of up to 8 m, Lupak, Baia Noue deposits) and Lower Jurassic (from 1 to 8 layers with a thickness of 0. 2-6.0 m, Anina, Doman, Kozla deposits). Deposits of brown coal (dull and shiny) form large deposits in the Sarmatian deposits in the Comanesti basin (from 3 to 11 layers with a thickness of 0.3-1.75 m at a depth of 0-500 m), as well as in the Badenian and Sarmatian deposits in the intermountain basins Tsebya-Brad, Mehadia and Bozovich, Upper Oligocene-Aquitanian strata of the Almash-Agrish basin (Surduk, Lupoal, etc. deposits). Heat of combustion 25-30 MJ/kg, ash content 11-25%, volatile matter yield 45-53%, humidity 6-15%, sulfur content 1.7-5.3%. Lignite deposits are confined to the Valakh and Geta depressions. In the Wallachian depression, lignite deposits were identified in deposits of the Maeotic, Pontic (1-3 layers with a thickness of 0.8-2 m), Dacian (2-3 layers with a thickness of 0.5-6 m) and Romanian (1-2 layers with a thickness of 0.1 -1.40 m) tiers located at a depth of 0-800 m. Heat of combustion 23-25 ​​MJ/kg, ash content 20-40%, volatile matter yield 12-35%, humidity 16-43%, sulfur content 0.4 -8%. In the Geta depression, the largest deposits are associated with the strata of the Dacian and lower Romanian stages and are represented by layers (from 1 to 21) with a thickness of 0.2-10.6 m at a depth of 0-400 m (the deposits of Rovinari, Motru, Scitu-Golesti, Husnichoara, etc. .). Heat of combustion 23-25 ​​MJ/kg, ash content 20-40%, volatile matter yield 50-60%, humidity 17-45%, sulfur content 2.2-7%. Lignite deposits are also known in the Sarmatian deposits of the Moldavian basin (Falticeni-Boroaya and others. ; 1-6 layers with a thickness of 0.2-1 m), in the Pannonian basins (Sermetag, Popesti-Voyvozi, Borod-Borozel, etc.) and Baraolt. On the territory of Romania, large peat deposits have been identified in the eastern Carpathians (Pilugani-Poiana-Stampei, Mercurea-Ciuc deposits). Seam thickness 0.1-2.5 m, burial depth 0-10 m. Calorific value of peat 19-23 MJ/kg, ash content 2-45%, volatile matter yield 67-76%, humidity 30-90%, sulfur content 0.08-4.12%. The deposits of carbonaceous shale are genetically related to the Lower Jurassic coal deposits in the Resita (Rankina) basin and the Oligocene ones in the Transylvanian Coas basin. In the Resita basin (Anina and Doman deposits), a horizon of bituminous shale with a thickness of 25-80 m, located at a depth of 0-500 m (heat of combustion 3-5 MJ/kg, ash content 65-85%) was identified in the Lower Jurassic deposits.

The official name is Romania. Located in southeastern Europe. Area 238.4 thousand km2, population 22.4 million people. (2002). The official language is Romanian. The capital is Bucharest (2.1 million people). Public holiday - National Day of Romania on December 1st. The monetary unit is leu.

Member of the UN (since 1955), IAEA (since 1957), FAO (since 1961), IMF (since 1972), WTO (since 1995), associate member of the EU (since 1995), member of the CESST (since 1997).

Sights of Romania

Geography of Romania

It is located between 20°15' and 29°41' east longitude and 43°37' and 48°15' north latitude. In the southeast it is washed by the Black Sea; in the north and east it borders with Ukraine (169 km), Moldova (450 km), in the northwest with Hungary (433 km), in the southwest with Serbia (476 km), in the south with Bulgaria (608 km).

Approximately 1/3 of the territory is occupied by the Carpathian Mountains, which are divided into the Eastern, Southern Carpathians and Western Romanian Mountains. The most elevated part of the Carpathian arc, running from the north through the center to the west of the country, is the Southern Carpathians, where the peaks of Moldoveanu (2544 m), Negoyu (2535 m), Paryngu Mare (2519 m) are located. On the inner and outer sides of the Carpathians there is a chain of sub-Carpathian hills and plateaus (average height 400-700 m). In the west of the country there is the Middle Danube Lowland, in the south - the Lower Danube Plain, with a length of 600 km from the city of Calafat to the city of Galati. The country's rivers belong to the Danube basin, which flows from west to east along the border with Bulgaria at a distance of 1075 km. The main tributaries are Prut (716 km), Siret (598 km), Arges (344 km), Olt (736 km), Timis (383 km), Mures (760 km), etc. There are more than 2 thousand lakes; the largest are the estuaries of the Black Sea (Razelm 415 km2, Sinoye 171 km2). All types of zonal soils are represented: steppe, forest-steppe in the lowlands, brown forest in hilly areas; starting from an altitude of 1400 m - mountain forests. Almost 2/3 of the land used in agriculture has fertile soils (chernozems, chernozems, brown forest soils). Forests occupy 27% of the country's territory. Romania is rich in mineral resources, including oil (industrial reserves 200-300 million tons), natural gas (500-600 billion m3), coal, shale (4.5-5 billion tons of balance reserves), ores of non-ferrous, rare and precious metals . The climate is transitional from temperate oceanic, Western Europe, to continental, Eastern Europe. Average annual temperatures range from +8°C in the north to +11°C in the south of the country. Average annual precipitation is 637 mm (in the northwest - 800-1000 mm, in the southeast - 300-400 mm).

The flora and fauna of Romania is diverse. Forest areas are concentrated mainly in areas above 200 m above sea level. The coniferous forests of the Carpathian Mountains (1800-1900 m above sea level) are of greatest economic value. Hardwoods (beech, hornbeam, oak) are also used in the woodworking industry. Romania occupies a prominent place in Europe in terms of timber reserves and harvesting. The country's fauna is unique. In mountainous areas there are bears, wolves, and roe deer; The fauna of the Danube Delta is unique (marsh and waterfowl, valuable commercial fish).

Population of Romania

Since 1989, the population has decreased by 750 thousand people, or 4%. The share of women is 51.1%, men - 48.9%. The urban population is 54%, rural - 46%. The official language is Romanian. The population's birth rate has fallen from 16‰ in the early 1990s. to 9.8‰ in 2001, mortality increased from 10.7‰ to 11.6‰, infant mortality 20.2 people. per 1000 newborns. Average life expectancy is 69.7 years, incl. women - 73.7 years, men - 66 years. The population is aging; the proportion of people aged 60 years and older rose from 15.5% in 1990 to 17.3% in 2001.

The retirement age for women is 57 years, for men - 62 years; The 2002 law provides for a gradual increase in the age to 60 and 65 years, respectively. Ethnically, Romanians predominate (89%), Hungarians (7%), Roma, Ukrainians, Turks, Greeks, Russians, and Armenians are also represented. From the end 1980s There was an intensive outflow of mainly Hungarians and Germans. Several million Romanians live outside the country's borders.

The leading confessions are Orthodoxy (83% of the population), Catholicism (7%), incl. Greek Catholic, so-called Uniate, Church (Romanians of Transylvania), Roman Catholic (Hungarians, Germans in Transylvania and Banat). Protestants, Lutherans, Calvinists (6%). Muslims, Jews, Old Believers (Russian population in the Danube Delta) are represented.

History of Romania

In the 18th-8th centuries. BC. The territory of Romania was part of the habitat of the Thracian tribes - the Getae, who settled mainly along the lower Danube, and the Dacians (Transylvania, Eastern Wallachia). The first military-political associations of the Geto-Dacian tribes arose at the beginning of the 1st century. BC. led by Tsar Burebista; in the end 1st century AD led by Decebalus, with its center in the city of Sarmisegetusa (Transylvania). In the 2nd-3rd centuries. AD Under Emperor Trajan, the Romans conquered the lands of the Geto-Dacians. The Roman provinces of Dacia (regions of Transylvania, Banat, Oltenia), Moesia, which included Dobrudja, Moldova, Muntenia, were created. Roman colonization had a huge impact on the language and culture of the local population. In the 4th-6th centuries. A great migration of peoples passed through the country. In the 6th century The Slavs settled on the left bank of the Danube and came to Moldova and Muntenia. In the 10th-13th centuries. Political associations of local Romanized and Slavic tribes (“voivodats”, “knezats”) began to form, which became the basis for the creation in the 14th century. Wallachian and Moldavian principalities. Christianity was widespread in them, in the Old Church Slavonic language until the 17th century. state and church documents were written.

Transylvania in the 10th-16th centuries. was part of the Kingdom of Hungary. In the 12th-13th centuries. Immigrants from Saxony (“Saxons”) and an ethnic group of Hungarians, the Sequis, settled on the territory of Transylvania, who served as border guards (the valleys of the Trotusz and Tarnave rivers). In the 16th century The Wallachian and Moldavian principalities became vassals of the Ottoman Empire. Transylvania from con. 18th century until 1919 it was under the rule of the Habsburg Empire. The rulers (“gentlemen”) of Wallachia, Mircea the Old, Mihai the Brave, Moldova, Stefan the Great, and Transylvania, Iancu Hunyadi, became famous for their struggle against foreign yoke.

The weakening of Ottoman rule in the Danube principalities and Moldova was facilitated by the Russian-Turkish wars. After the war of 1828-29, according to the Treaty of Adrianople, the fortresses on the left bank of the Danube were returned to Romania, and mandatory supplies of agricultural goods and timber to Turkey were abolished. General P.D. became the administrator of the Romanian principalities. Kiselev, under whom the Organic Regulations were adopted in 1831-32, the first constitutional act in the history of Wallachia and Moldova, which determined their state, administrative and legal status.

The revolution of 1848, which swept through European countries, found a wide response in Romania. Prominent figures of the country Nicolae Balcescu, Mihail Cogalniceanu, Simon Bernutsi, Avram Iancu came out with demands for bourgeois-democratic reforms. There were revolutionary uprisings of the people.

After the Crimean War of 1853-56, the movement for the unification of the Danube principalities intensified, ending on January 24, 1859 with the election of the Moldavian sovereign Alexander Cuza as the sole ruler of Moldova and Wallachia, and the creation of the state of Romania with its capital in Bucharest. The new state was recognized in 1861 by Turkey, which, however, retained its sovereignty over the Romanian lands. As a result of a conspiracy between representatives of the boyars and the big bourgeoisie (the so-called monstrous coalition), Alexander Cuza, who began to carry out large-scale reforms, was removed from power in 1866. One of the representatives of the Prussian royal house, Karl Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen, was invited to the princely throne, who founded a dynasty that ruled in Romania until 1947.

The independence of Romania was recognized in 1878 by the Treaty of San Stefano after the Russo-Turkish War of 1877-78, in which Romania took part. Romania received northern Dobruja with the port of Constanta, but returned southern Bessarabia to Russia, which had included this province since 1812 according to the Treaty of Bucharest. Transylvania and Banat remained in Austria-Hungary. In March 1881 Romania was proclaimed a kingdom.

After the 1st World War, Romania, which had sided with the Entente since August 1916, had the opportunity to annex Bessarabia and Northern Bukovina after the collapse of Tsarist Russia, from Bulgaria - Southern Dobruja, lost in 1913 after the 2nd Balkan War, as well as Eastern Banat and Transylvania , after the 100,000-strong people's assembly on December 1, 1918 in Alba Iulia demanded reunification with Romania, the Saint-Germain (1919), Trianon (1920) peace treaties officially recognized the change in the borders of Romania, which increased its territory and population by almost 2 times.

With the outbreak of World War II in 1940, Northern Bukovina and Bessarabia went to the USSR, Southern Dobruja to Bulgaria, and the northwestern part of Transylvania to Hungary. In September 1940, after the abdication of Charles II in favor of his son Mihai, power in the country actually passed to Marshal Ion Antonescu, who established allied relations with Nazi Germany. From June 1941 to August 1944, Romania participated in the war on the side of Nazi Germany and occupied the territory of the USSR between the Dniester and the Bug (the so-called Transnistria). After the defeat of the German-Romanian Iasi-Kishinev group in Bucharest on August 20, 1944 by the Soviet army, on August 23 there was an armed uprising of the people against the Antonescu regime. By order of King Michael, he was arrested. Romania declared war on Germany and Horthy Hungary, and began to participate in the battles for the liberation of Transylvania, Hungary, and Czechoslovakia. According to the Paris Peace Treaty of 1947, the northwestern part of Transylvania again became part of Romania.

On March 6, 1945, power passed to a democratic government led by Petre Groza. On December 30, 1947, King Michael abdicated the throne and Romania was proclaimed the People's Republic (PRR).

In March 1948, elections to the Great People's Assembly (GPA), the highest body of state power of the RPR, were held, and in April the first Constitution was adopted, proclaiming the establishment of the power of the people. A radical restructuring of the system of state power, the nationalization of basic means of production, and agricultural cooperation began. The Constitution of 1952 consolidated the leadership of the Romanian Workers' Party (since 1965 the Romanian Communist Party) in all spheres of society. The Secretary General of the RRP G. Georgiu-Dej was elected Chairman of the Presidium of the Supreme Council. In March 1965, the RCP was headed by Nicolae Ceausescu, who became the country's president in 1974. The Constitution of 1965, which was in force until 1989, approved the new name of the country - the Socialist Republic of Romania.

Mass protests of the population under anti-communist slogans that began in December 1989 ended with the fall of the N. Ceausescu regime on December 22 and the formation of the Council of the National Liberation Front (NLF), which declared itself the highest body of state power. The head of the Federal Tax Service was Ion Iliescu, who was in the 1950s-70s. a prominent figure in the RCP. The government was headed by Petre Roman. The decree-law issued on December 31 proclaimed democratic rights and freedoms and political pluralism. Already at the beginning 1990 more than 60 parties were registered in the country, incl. the most influential in pre-war Romania are the so-called. historical parties - National-Tserenist Christian-Democratic and National-Liberal. Two ethnic parties emerged - the Democratic Union of Hungarians and the Party of National Unity of Romanians. In May 1990, presidential and parliamentary elections were held, which were won by Iliescu and the candidates from the Federal Tax Service. In December 1991, a Constitution was adopted in a referendum, declaring Romania a democratic constitutional state with a republican form of government.

Government structure and political system of Romania

Romania is a legal, democratic, social, united, indivisible state with a republican form of government. The Constitution of 1991 is in force, which was amended in 2003. Administratively, the country is divided into 41 counties. The capital is separated into an independent administrative unit. In 2001, the largest cities were: Bucharest, Constanta (348.3 thousand people), Iasi (344.3 thousand people), Timisoara (334.0 thousand people), Cluj-Napoca (328 thousand people). ), Brasov and Galati (324 thousand people each), Craiova (303 thousand).

The public administration system is based on the principle of balance between legislative, executive and judicial powers, political pluralism, and respect for civil rights and freedoms. The highest legislative body is the parliament, consisting of the upper house of the Senate (143 members) and the lower house of deputies (340 seats). The highest executive body is the government, headed by the prime minister, whose candidacy is proposed by the president and approved by parliament. The head of state is the president, who cannot be a member of any party during the execution of his mandate. The President can be elected for two terms.

Supreme and local authorities are formed on the basis of the 1992 election law. Elections take place every four years through universal (from 18 years of age), direct and secret voting. The parliament is formed according to party lists in one round. A 5% threshold has been established for parties and political associations, and an 8% threshold for electoral blocs. Presidential elections may be held in two rounds if none of the candidates receives more than 50% of the votes. The first president of post-communist Romania was Ion Iliescu. Iliescu, re-elected in November 2000, began the process of democratization of public life, market transformation of the national economy, and a course was set for accelerated integration of Romania into the EU and NATO. Since 1991, Iliescu led the Social Democracy Party, which, after merging with the Socialist Party in 2001, became known as the Social Democratic Party (SDP), whose chairman in 2000 was Adrian Năstase. SDP is a member of the International Socialist International.

The public administration of administrative-territorial units operates on the principles of autonomy and decentralization of management. In cities and rural communes, councils and heads of lower units - mayors - are elected. At the county level - councils; heads of counties - prefects are appointed by the government. The prefect is the representative of the government at the local level, responsible for the activities of ministries and other central authorities in the counties, and has the right to suspend or cancel decisions of the county council and local authorities.

The Constitution considers political pluralism as a condition and guarantee of democracy. In November 2000, 43 parties took part in the parliamentary elections, of which only five overcame the electoral threshold, incl. PSD, “Greater Romania”, National Liberal, Democratic, Democratic Union of Hungarians.

Among the organizations of the business community, a prominent role is played by the Confederation of Patronage of Industry of Romania, the National Council of Patronage with Private Capital, the Union of Chambers of Commerce and Industry created by Romania with certain foreign countries, Associations of Exporters and Importers, Agricultural Producers, etc. Professional associations of workers took a significant place in public life (Confederation of Independent Trade Unions “Fratsia”, cartel of independent trade unions “Alpha”, National Bloc of Trade Unions, Federation of Independent Trade Unions “Solidarity-90”).

Domestic policy is based on the constitutional principles of equal rights and freedoms of citizens, regardless of their nationality, religion, or political affiliation. The Constitution guarantees national minorities the preservation and development of their ethnic, cultural, linguistic and religious characteristics.

In foreign policy, Romania has declared its commitment to the principles of good neighborliness and compliance with international law. In January 1995, the Association Agreement between Romania and the EU came into force, integration with which is scheduled for 2007.

In con. In 2002, negotiations began on Romania’s accession to NATO, which required the reorganization of the Armed Forces and the modernization of the technical equipment of the army. The task has been set to transition to a professional army capable of integrating into NATO. By 2001, Romania had already reduced the size of its Armed Forces by almost 2/3 compared to 1989. Military allocations were doubled, amounting to 2.4% of GDP in 2002. In 2002, the pace of military reform was accelerated.

Economy of Romania

In 1990, liberal market reforms began in the country. GDP in 2002 was $46 billion (82% compared to 1990). In terms of GDP per capita (about 2 thousand dollars), Romania is almost 5 times inferior to the EU average. The employed population is 8.5 million people. (78% by 1990); unemployment in 1990-2002 8-10%. Inflation in these years is one of the highest in the region (an increase of 1600 times).

The leading place in the structure of GDP is occupied by the services sector, the share of which rose from 26.5% in 1990 to 46.5% in 2001, the share of industry decreased from 51 to 28%, agriculture - from 22 to 14%. The loss of traditional sales markets in the countries of the former Council for Mutual Economic Assistance, import competition, and compression of domestic demand led to a decrease in the volume of industrial production in 2002 compared to 1990 by almost 2 times. In the process of privatization of property and demonopolization of production, approx. 40 thousand firms and companies, 95% of which have less than 250 employees. The dominant position is occupied by 600-700 medium and large enterprises, producing 80% of production. In the structure of gross output, 4/5 is accounted for by manufacturing industries (food, metallurgy, oil refining, chemical, clothing, textile). Light industry, as a rule, operates on customer-provided raw materials. Production in investment sectors (heavy engineering, machine tool building, electrical engineering), which use 10-15% of available capacity, has sharply decreased. The share of the mining industry is 7% of gross output. In the 1990s. at the insistence of the IMF, during the restructuring of the coal industry, a large number of unprofitable mines were closed; Coal production fell from 66 million to 34 million tons in 2002. Low-calorie lignites and brown coals predominate, which generate 2/5 of the electricity. Oil production, which makes it possible to obtain a high percentage of light petroleum products and mineral oils, decreased during this period from 9 to 7 million tons, natural gas - from 33 to 14.5 billion m3.

Foreign capital is playing an increasingly important role in the development of industry in Romania. Of the $8.94 billion in foreign direct investment, 45% was directed to industry (2002). International concerns have taken a leading place in the automotive industry: Daewoo, General Motors, Renault. Controlling stakes in metallurgical plants in Galati, Hunedoara, Targovishte, and Resita passed into the hands of foreign investors. Steel production fell from 14.4 million tons in 1989 to 6.6 million tons in 2002. More than 650 joint ventures have been created for mining in Romania.

Agrarian reform, begun in 1990, transferred 86% of agricultural land to private ownership. Individual, small-scale farms became the leading type of land use. In 2002, there were 4.2 million of them, the average allotment per farm was 2.6 hectares. In place of the liquidated cooperative farms, share cooperatives and family associations arose. State farms have been transformed into joint stock companies.

The area of ​​farmland is 14.8 million hectares, incl. 65% is occupied by arable land, 32% by natural pastures and hayfields, 3% by vineyards and orchards. Almost 40% of the economically active population is concentrated in agriculture (1990 - 28%). The diversity of soil and climatic conditions contributed to the formation of a diversified complex. The leading role is played by grain farming (winter wheat, corn, barley); Up to 2/3 of the arable land is allocated for grain crops. The plantings of industrial crops are significant (10%), including sunflower and sugar beets. Industrial vegetable growing is common in suburban areas and floodplains. In the foothills and hilly areas, gardening and viticulture have been developed since ancient times. The products of the “podmountains”, wine-growing regions of Moldova (Cotnari, Iasi, Xush), Dobrudja (Murfatlar, Niculitsel), Oltenia (Sadova, Segarcea), and the Transylvanian plateau (Mures, Tarnave) are widely known. Due to a decrease in the level of intensification of production, crop yields fluctuate noticeably. In 2001-02, cereal production was approx. 14 million tons, grapes - 800 thousand tons, fruits - approx. 1 million tons. Livestock in the 1990s. decreased by almost half. In 2002, there were 3.2 million cattle, 10 million sheep, and 8 million pigs. In the 1990s. The share of imports in the country's food supply grew (up to 50-60%).

Romania is located at the crossroads of major European highways. All types of land, water and air transport are developed. The length of the railways is approx. 12 thousand km (2000), highways - 80 thousand km, the share of national roads is no more than 20%. Road transport accounts for up to 60% of passenger traffic and up to 80% of freight traffic. The country's largest transport hub is Bucharest, through which the most important national highways and 8 railway lines pass, incl. connecting Romania with the capitals of several European countries. River navigation occurs mainly along the Danube. Sea vessels with a draft of more than 7 m can reach upstream the river up to the town of Brăila. Other important ports on the Danube are Galati and Giurgiu. The fleet consists of 568 dry cargo ships with a displacement of 165-170 thousand tons. The largest seaport is Constanta, through which up to 60% of the country's foreign trade turnover passes. There are 17 airports. Due to foreign loans, intensive modernization of the railway and highway networks, airports in Brasov, Galati, Alba Iulia is underway, expansion of the capacity of the port of Constanta-South, and the aircraft fleet is being updated.

Tourism plays a significant role in the Romanian economy. The wealth of natural landscapes and cultural monuments opens up wide opportunities for recreation, treatment and travel. There are almost 1,700 mineral springs and lakes of therapeutic value. In the Carpathians, a network of resorts has been created on thermal waters (Baile Felix, Baile Herculane, Joadzha), mud lakes (Sovata, Vatra Dornei). Popular mineral springs are Borsec, Buzias, Kovasny, Lipovy. At an altitude of 800-1400 m above sea level there are famous ski resorts (Sinaia, Predeal, Poiana Brasovului, Peltinis). A unique nature reserve arose in the Danube Delta. Resorts on the Black Sea coast (Mamaia, Neptune, Eforia) have received international recognition.

Social and economic policy is based on the principles of the so-called. The Washington Consensus, a memorandum of accession to which Romania signed in 1993. Provides for the priority of private property, the free market, the withdrawal of the state from the economy, a tight budget policy, and the openness of the national economy to the world market. In 2002, more than 62% of GDP was created in the private sector, private entrepreneurship accounted for 90% of retail trade and more than 50% of foreign trade. In 2003, the privatization process ends: only the most strategically important objects in mechanical engineering, the defense complex, nuclear power plants, and the pipeline network will remain in the hands of the state.

Macroeconomic policy priorities are largely formed under the influence of the process of adaptation to EU criteria and standards, the requirements of the IMF, and the World Bank, which provide significant loans to Romania. The country's budget in the 1990s. was reduced to a deficit, which in 2002 amounted to 3% of GDP. External borrowing plays a major role in covering the deficit. In 2001, by attracting funds from the global financial market, 78% was covered, in 2002 - 60% of the missing resources.

The problem of filling the budget is largely related to increasing collection rates and bringing taxes out of the shadows. The level of fiscality in Romania is relatively moderate (32% of GDP), but the total number of direct and indirect taxes, various payments and fees to extra-budgetary funds is quite significant. In 2002, Romania modernized its tax legislation in accordance with EU standards.

Monetary policy is aimed at suppressing inflation, which leads to a compression of the money supply, consumer demand, and the emergence of significant accounts payable and receivable. The volume of non-payments in 2001-02 was 40% of GDP. The lack of credit resources largely reflected the incomplete development of the banking system. The issuing authority is the central bank. The main savings of the population (up to 2/3) are concentrated in the Savings Bank, the main shareholder of which remains the state. 40 commercial banks with private and private-public capital have been created. Non-resident banks have equal rights with national institutions. In 2002, up to 40% of bank capital belonged to non-residents. Branches of foreign banks in France, USA, Holland, Greece, Italy, etc. were opened.

Since 1991, Romania has introduced partial convertibility of the national currency, a floating, partially regulated exchange rate of the leu against the US dollar. Since 1998, transactions of non-residents on current payments have been liberalized, since 2002 - on the transfer of loans received by foreign borrowers from Romanian legal entities and individuals.

The shortage of government financial resources led to an increase in external debt from $170 million in 1989 to $15.5 billion in 2002 (34% of GDP). State medium- and long-term borrowings accounted for 2/3 of the external debt, private companies under state guarantees accounted for 1/3 of foreign loans. In 2002, 19% of exports were used to service external debt. The volume of the state's internal debt increased to 15% of GDP. The country's stock market is in its infancy. The capitalization of the Bucharest Stock Exchange in 2002 did not exceed $3 billion. Foreign portfolio investors account for 1/3 of transactions with shares of enterprises. In 2002, non-residents were granted the right to purchase government securities.

According to the UN, Romania was in 79th place among 175 states (1998) in terms of basic indicators of the level and quality of life. In 2002, wages were $120/month. According to official data, almost 40% of the population (about 10 million people) have incomes at or below the subsistence level, among pensioners - 90%. The share of the poor and extremely poor population (incomes of $2 a day or less) rose from 4% in 1989 to 34%. There is a process of income differentiation and social stratification. Categories of the population with incomes below average include the peasantry, pensioners, and the unemployed.

In the 1990s. The nature of the country's foreign economic relations has changed significantly under the influence of the openness of the national economy and the liberalization of the exchange mechanism with the world market. After 1990, imports exceeded exports, which led to a foreign trade deficit. In 2002, exports amounted to $13.7 billion, imports - $16.4 billion. EU countries accounted for more than 67% of exports, incl. for Italy 25%, for Germany 15.8%, for France 8%. Exports are dominated by 5 product groups, accounting for 70% of supplies: textiles, knitwear and clothing, leather and footwear, machinery and electrical equipment, metal products, mineral raw materials. The main imports to Romania also come from EU countries, incl. from Italy (25%), from Germany (15%), from France (6%), from Hungary (4%). In the commodity structure of imports, the leading place is occupied by machinery and equipment, fabrics, clothing, mineral raw materials, chemical products, and metallurgical products.

Romania, which signed the European Association Treaty with the EU in 1995, was included in 1999 among the countries recommended to begin negotiations on accession to the EU. A special Ministry of European Integration and other national bodies have been created, the main task of which is to adapt Romanian legislative acts in economic and other spheres of public life to EU standards. The most difficult process of coordinating positions is on issues of free movement of goods, services, capital, people, and the creation of a competitive environment in the agricultural sector. Until the end 2003 it is planned to adapt 245 laws to European standards. Romania's accession to the EU is scheduled for 2007.

Romania's trade turnover with the Russian Federation in 2002 was $1.33 billion; Russian exports - $1.3 billion, Romanian exports - $40 million. The bulk of Russian Federation supplies to Romania were oil and gas.

In 2002, the Romania-Russia Foreign Trade Association was created in Bucharest, the purpose of which is to facilitate the conditions for establishing direct ties between entrepreneurs, promote the creation of mixed enterprises, and eliminate administrative and customs barriers to economic cooperation between the two states. In October 2002, at a meeting of the Intergovernmental Russian-Romanian Commission on Economic, Scientific and Technical Cooperation, a decision was made on the further development of interaction in the gas, oil, metallurgical and electric power industries.

Science and culture of Romania

The Romanian Academy was created in 1879, has 14 branches and 3 regional centers in Cluj-Napoca, Iasi, Timisoara. A network of research institutes and scientific societies has been created. Scientific schools in the fields of geology, biology, chemistry, medicine, and agronomy are developed.

The secondary education system consists of preschool (3-7 years), secondary (1st stage - 9 years of study, 2nd stage, which gives the right to enter higher educational institutions, - 10-12 years and 10-13 years). There is a system of vocational training institutions (2-4 years), vocational schools (1-3 years) that train qualified specialists for various sectors of the economy. Along with state educational institutions, there are private ones created on a cooperative basis. In 2002, Romania had 49 public and 6 private universities: major centers of university education are Bucharest, Iasi, Cluj-Napoca, Craiova, Galati, Timisoara.

The formation of national culture took place under the strong influence of the complex historical process of creating the Romanian state and the cultural characteristics of the peoples living on the territory of Romania. In the monasteries in the north of Moldova (Voronet, Moldovitsa, etc.) Byzantine frescoes (16th century) have been preserved. In Iasi in the 17th century. the Slavic-Greek-Latin Academy was created; in Wallachia in the 17th and 18th centuries. Under the rule of Constantin Brâncoveanu, a special architectural style (“Brâncovenesque”) arose, which combined the influence of the Italian Renaissance, Baroque and the East. Painting schools opened in the 2nd half. 19th century in Iasi and Bucharest, had close ties with the French school in Barbizon. The artists Nikolai Grigorescu (1838-1907), Ion Andreescu (1850-82), Theodor Aman (1831-91) became widely famous. During the interwar period, Stefan Lucian, Alexandru Ciucurencu, Corneliu Baba, and the famous sculptor Constantin Brâncuşi created their works.

The work of the country's greatest poet, Mihai Eminescu (1850-89), is multifaceted. Revolutionary and romantic motifs were heard in the poems and dramas of Vasile Alexandri (1821-90). The social theme formed the basis of many works by Mihai Sadoveanu (1880-1961), Liviu Rebreanu (1895-1944), Camil Petrescu (1894-1957).

The works of Ion Creangă (1837-80) are closely related to folk art. The country's largest playwright, Jon Luca Caragiale (1852-1912), left a great dramatic and journalistic legacy. In the 2nd half. 20th century prose writers Marin Preda (1922-81), August Buzura (1938), poets Nikita Stanescu (1933-83), Ana Blandiana, Nina Casian worked.

Professional drama theaters began to be created in the 19th century, among them the National Theater named after. I.L. Caragiale in Bucharest. Prominent figures of the theater were Lucia Sturdza-Bulandra, Gheorghe Vraca, Grigore Vasiliu Birlik, Silvia Popovic, Radu Beligan, Victor Rebenchuk and others.

Romania has a developed musical culture, represented by folk ensembles, professional opera and philharmonic groups. The violinist, composer, and conductor Jorge Enescu (1881-1955) gained worldwide fame. A strong school of vocalists has emerged (Elena Cernei, Nicolae Herlea, Dan Iordachescu, Mariana Nicolesco, Angela Gheorghiu, etc.).

Introduction. 2

1.Housekeeping. 4

2. Social and economic development of Romania. 5

Conclusion. 10

Bibliography. eleven

Introduction

Romania is located in southeastern Europe, in the lower Danube basin. This is a relatively young European country that appeared on the political map of the world in the 2nd half. XIX century

The country has a wide variety of natural landscapes, from alpine meadows and forests to arid steppes with salt marshes and sand dunes.

The Carpathian mountain system stands out for its mineral wealth, large reserves of water energy, and vast forests. The greatest value for the country's economy are deposits of minerals of sedimentary origin: natural gas, oil, bituminous shale, table salt, hard and brown coal, limestone, as well as bauxite, gypsum, and manganese ores. Most of these deposits are concentrated in the foothills and hilly areas adjacent to the Carpathian Mountains both from the inside (Transylvanian Plateau) and from the outside. The second group of minerals is associated with past volcanic activity and is represented by numerous deposits of lead-zinc, copper, gold-silver and iron ores. Outcrops of ancient crystalline rocks - granite and andesite - contain valuable non-metallic minerals (graphite, mica, talc, barite).

The climate of Romania is generally temperate continental. The Carpathian mountain ranges cause significant differences in the distribution of temperatures and precipitation between individual parts of Romania, and primarily between the plains and the Carpathian mountain system. On the plains, winter is short, with little snow and relatively warm, but northeastern and northern winds sometimes bring frosty air here and temperatures drop sharply. Spring begins early and is accompanied by heavy rains; summers are hot and dry, and the long autumn is usually warm, clear and windless. The climatic conditions of the plains are favorable for the cultivation of most cultivated plants of the temperate zone, as well as more heat-loving ones (grapes, corn, soybeans). In the mountains, winter is long and cold.

The country's population is 22.4 million people. Romanians make up 88.1% (19 million people). Of the national minorities, the most numerous are Hungarians (1.7 million people), Germans (0.4 million) and Roma (0.2 million); Ukrainians, Russians, Serbs, and Jews each number several tens of thousands of people. Turks, Tatars, Bulgarians, Slovaks, Czechs, Poles and Greeks also live here. Orthodox Christians predominate among believers (90%). There are Catholics (mainly Hungarians) and Protestants (Germans).

1. Housekeeping.

Modern Romania belongs to the industrial-agrarian countries with a transition economy. Mechanical engineering and the chemical industry occupy a leading place in Romanian industry. They produce equipment for oil fields, power plants, cement plants, the chemical industry, as well as freight cars, cars, tractors, diesel and electric motors, metalworking machines and electrical products. In recent years, special attention has been paid to the development of electronics, precision mechanics and complex machine tool construction. The material base of mechanical engineering is ferrous and non-ferrous metallurgy.

Another important industry is the chemical industry, which has a sufficient raw material base in the form of oil reserves, natural gas, rock salt, sulfur-containing raw materials, and wood. The leading role in the development of this industry belongs to petrochemistry, where the production of polymers (plastics, synthetic rubber and fibers, detergents and various intermediate products) is concentrated in large plants. The production of mineral fertilizers has been developed, especially nitrogen fertilizers, in the production of which natural gas is widely used, and inorganic chemicals, chlorine and soda products. Romania exports nitrogen fertilizers, synthetic rubber, rubber products, soda, varnishes, paints and other products to other countries.

The woodworking industry, once primarily a lumber producer, now produces plywood, flooring, wood-based panels, furniture, prefabricated homes, sporting goods and musical instruments that are in demand in global markets. Legprom exports garments, shoes, knitwear, carpets and other consumer goods; food - canned food, grape wines, salt, vegetable oil, cheeses and meat products.

Agricultural lands occupy 3/5 of the country's territory (15 million hectares), arable lands predominate. The leading branch of crop production is grain farming. The main grains: wheat is the most important food crop (occupies mainly the more fertile chernozem soils in the lowlands) and corn is the main feed crop (widespread in agricultural areas).

Among other grains, barley is sown in significant quantities, and oats and rye are sown in small quantities in mountainous regions. A new crop is rice, cultivated in the south in the floodplains. The most notable industrial crops are sunflower, for which Romania ranks third in the world in harvests, and sugar beets.

Among the various mineral resources, there are reserves of natural gas - methane, which lies in the depths of the Transylvanian Plateau. Large deposits of rock salt are also found here. There are many deposits of non-ferrous metals in the spurs of the mountains.

2. Social and economic development of Romania.

After the events of 1989 and the overthrow of the Nicolae Ceausescu regime in Romania, reformers came to power, united in a party - the National Salvation Front, led by Ion Iliescu. When the new leadership of the country came to power, the first thing they did was cancel a number of unpopular decrees of the previous regime. The length of the working day has been shortened, restrictions on the consumption of electricity and gas by the population and enterprises have been lifted, and restrictions on the press have been lifted. A number of reforms in the agricultural sector increased the popularity of the Federal Tax Service in rural areas and allowed its representatives to win the parliamentary elections of May 1990 with a large margin. The candidate from the Federal Tax Service, as a representative of the moderate party, I. Iliescu won the presidential election with a large margin. In 1992 in the elections, in the second round, I. Iliescu was again elected president of the country

This was followed by years of economic decline and political instability in the country; The government teams of liberals and centrists changed each other almost every year and in the end were forced to admit their inability to carry out economic reforms. In 2000 In the presidential elections, I. Iliescu is elected president of the country for the third time and the Social Democratic government led by Prime Minister A. Nastase comes to power. The beginning of some economic growth in the country after 2000, in conditions of relative political and economic stability, is associated by many in Romania with the coming to power of the Social Democrats, who this year widely celebrated the second anniversary of their rule.

According to European experts, Romania is still far from complete socio-economic stability and sustainable economic growth, and today in many economic parameters it is in many ways reminiscent of Russia before 1998. It is no coincidence that consideration of the issue of its accession to the EU was postponed until 2007. Romania's problems remain more complex than those in other Eastern European countries.

Indicators of socio-economic development of Romania for 16 years (1990-2006)
1990 1993 1996 2000 2006
Real GDP growth, % -4,8 -1,2 1,8 5,3 4,7
Budget deficit, % of GDP -4,4 -2,1 -3,8 -3,5 -3
Balance of payments, % of GDP -7,1 -4,2 -3,7 -1,3 -1,2
- in million euros -2637 -1382 -1477 -959 -945
External debt, % of exports 84,2 86,8 58,6 51,9 60,5
- in million euros 7346 8315 8960 7059 7158
Direct foreign investment, % of GDP 4,9 3 2,8 3 3,5
- million euros 1804 980 1114 1194 1392
Unemployment 3 6,8 11 10,6 8
Average annual inflation 59,1 45,8 45,7 46,2 27,4

According to official statistics, overall economic growth was 4.7% (GDP growth). The level of consumption in the domestic market increased by 3.8%. At the official level, it is often emphasized that such growth rates turned out to be almost the highest among European countries, often forgetting that in recent years of economic stagnation, an 18% gap in GDP growth has accumulated. The share of industry, construction and services in GDP creation remained virtually unchanged - about 80%.

According to an analysis carried out by experts from the European Commission, over the past three years, Romania's GDP has decreased by 18% and growth has only begun since 2000.

According to the National Institute of Statistics, GDP growth in 2002 amounted to 4.9% compared to 2001. The share of GDP per capita calculated according to European purchasing power standards (SPA) remains one of the lowest among Eastern European countries and since 1998. did not rise above 25% of the average European level.

Over the year, the volume of industrial production increased by 6%. The growth was achieved due to the processing industry, the volume of which increased by 7.2%, while the volume of production in mining, electric and thermal energy generation, and gas production decreased by 2.6% and 1.3%. The production of durable goods increased by 12% and consumer goods by 9.2%. Basic energy resources in terms of crude oil amounted to 31,166 thousand tons, incl. 20.528 thousand tons own production.

Production of main products in Romania
Unit. 2000 2001 2002 02/01, %
Coal million tons 29,3 33,3 30,3 91
Oil million tons 6 6,02 5,84 97
Natural gas billion m 13,5 14,2 12,7 89,3
Vegetable oil thousand tons 251,1 293,4 218,2 74,5
Meat at slaughter weight thousand tons 257 231,4 219,9 95%
Meat products thousand tons 123,1 135,7 123,6 91,1
Milk million hl 0,89 0,96 1,05 109,2
Butter thousand tons 6 6,1 5,8 95,9
Fabrics (all types) million m 203,6 193,1 15.Jul 102,4
Knitwear million pieces 35,7 35,9 33,3 92,8
Shoes million pairs 33 35 37,2 106,3
Timber million m 1,3 0,96 1,04 108,5
Metallurgical coke million tons 1,5 1,4 1,8 128,4
Petrol million tons 3,13 3,41 4,47 131,1
Diesel fuel million tons 3,36 3,89 4,37 112,3
Fuel oil million tons 1,5 1,8 2,04 113,3
Chemical fertilizers thousand tons 1040 932,8 916,2 98,2
Cement million tons 8,2 8,6 5,7 66
Steel, smelting million tons 4,7 4,9 5,5 112,1
Hot-rolled metal million tons 3,7 3,6 4,6 129,1
Steel sheet, cold-rolled strip thousand tons 429,8 415 724,6 174,7
Aluminum incl. rental thousand tons 203,1 205,4 212,1 103,2
Bearings million pieces 85,5 90,4 73,7 81,5
Tractors thousand pieces 5,4 5,3 5,5 103,9
Freight cars PC. 1212 1589 1429 89,9
Electricity billion kWh 51,5 53,5 54,74 102,3

An important economic event of the year can be called the holding of an agricultural census in the country on December 5-20. 2002 According to the census results, there are 2.7 million individual households in Romania, or 54.6% of all households in rural areas. To support agriculture in 2002. 300 million dollars were allocated. According to the Trade Register, there are 941,700 private enterprises in Romania, one enterprise for every 23 inhabitants of the country.

Romania is considered an agrarian-industrial country, which is distinguished (compared to other members of the European community) by a lower level of economy. However, compared to many countries of the former socialist camp, Romania has come quite far from its poor economic past under the Ceausescu rule.

At the moment, the Romanian economy is considered the 11th country in terms of gross domestic product per capita in the EU countries, while Romania's GDP level does not reach half the European average and hovers at around 46%.

But even such indicators indicate a Romanian breakthrough, if we remember what a poor power this country was at the end of the socialist era in 1989. In the seventies of the last century, Romania significantly exhausted oil reserves on its territory and began to borrow money from Western powers. Oil in Romania was previously the main source of income, so the external debt grew rapidly, and in the early 80s of the twentieth century Ceausescu ordered to stop borrowing and begin to repay debts at any cost.

The country plunged into austerity mode, there was almost no electricity, there was a food crisis, even food cards appeared, while the personal bins of the ruler himself only increased and swelled. All this led not only to the outflow of Hungarians and Germans who lived on the territory of Romania in Transylvania, but also to a socio-political explosion, which ended with the 1989 revolution. By the way, for every German who traveled abroad, Ceausescu demanded 5 thousand francs from Germany, many compared this to the slave trade. Ceausescu paid off a huge foreign debt, but the people could no longer live beyond the poverty line. Although the revolution that took place was called the Velvet Revolution, 1040 people died during the days of the coup, and the dictator himself and his wife were executed.

So, Romania began to build a new power, while the construction was and is not always easy; according to experts, up to a quarter of the population of Romania is still on the verge of a poverty-stricken existence, but welfare is gradually improving, despite the general economic crisis in the world. At the same time, the standard of living of Romanians varies, depending on their belonging to different regions. The highest level of GDP is observed in Bucharest, which is understandable, since the largest amount of Romanian money circulates in the capital.

Industry, Romanian enterprises, banks

Romanian industry is closely linked to the oil and gas industries. Gasoline in Romania is quite affordable in price when compared with neighboring countries that do not have oil, and the cost of a liter does not exceed fifty cents. Natural gas deposits are located at the foot of the Carpathians, as well as on the Transylvanian plateau. Bauxite, coal, and manganese ore are mined in Romania.

The processing industry is closely connected with the mining industry, as oil refineries are located in the cities of Brasov, Ploiesti and others, and shipbuilding plants are located near the Danube Delta. The main ports of Romania (Sulina, Constanta) are also located on the Danube and the Black Sea.

Most of the gross domestic product comes from the service sector, but the business sector (Romanian banks) accounts for about 20.5% of GDP. The tourism industry continues to develop, with hotels, restaurants, and transport accounting for about 18% of GDP. But this figure is not final and is constantly changing upward. Other areas, including enterprises closely related to folk crafts, occupy about 21.7%. Romania's exports include products from the textile industry, mechanical engineering, and metallurgy products.

The monetary unit of Romania, the leu, continues to remain stable and is largely supported by the European community. The currency of Romania is quite an interesting banknote, made using a special technology, with a high degree of protection, which allows it not to wrinkle, practically not tear and remain in its original form for a long time. It was changed to its modern form in 2005 as a result of a reform that made it possible to denominate the country's inflated monetary unit by 10 thousand times.

The Dacia car is famous in Romania; the automobile production of the same name has been part of the Renault company since 1998. In 2005, the model range was updated and Dacia (Dacia) cars began to be in high demand in Romania. Many people like these modern sedans at a fairly affordable price.

The country has a high unemployment rate - 47%, which indicates insufficient use of internal reserves for the development of the country's economy.

Agriculture in Romania

70% of the arable land is occupied by wheat and corn, which are the main cereal crops of the country. Romanians also plant potatoes, sunflowers, and sugar beets everywhere. Transylvania and the Carpathians are famous for their luscious vineyards, and orchards are generously spread at the foot of the Carpathians. Pears, apple trees, and delicious plums grow to the delight of local residents. Cattle breeding is popular in Romania, in particular sheep breeding is more developed in the southeast, and pig raising is more developed in the south of Romania.

Romania continues to maintain a clear balance, remaining a country where industry and agriculture coexist well. This allows you to provide yourself with good and inexpensive food, as well as enjoy the benefits of industrial enterprises. Membership in the European Union also provides many bonuses that the country uses to its advantage.

What do Russian people associate Romania with? With Transylvania and vampires, with Count Dracula. With furniture that was so popular in the vastness of the Soviet Union. With gypsies, and therefore a little thieving, cunning people. With anything, but not with a strong economy. There is also this stereotype: Romania is an extremely poor country, with an undeveloped agricultural economy. Perhaps 20 years ago this thesis could have been considered true, but is Romania’s economy really in such a deplorable state now? Let's try to figure it out.

Brief summary of the country

Romania is a country with its capital in the city of Bucharest, located in Eastern Europe, in the Balkans. Its territory of 238 thousand km 2 is home to 19.5 million people, of which 90% are Romanians. About 87% of the population are Orthodox. The entire territory of the country is divided into 42 administrative units. Romania borders on Moldova and Ukraine in the northeast, Hungary and Serbia in the west, and Bulgaria in the south. The country also has access to the Black Sea.

It is a unitary state headed by a president (Klaus Iohannis since 2014). Legislative power is exercised by a bicameral parliament. The economy of Romania is considered to be industrial-agrarian, although recently there has been a tendency to increase the share of the service sector. The currency is the Romanian leu (1 dollar equals approximately 4 lei). The country has a high human development index of 0.81, thereby ranking 50th in the world.

An excursion into the history of economic development

The state became independent in 1878. From then on, the Romanian economy followed a fairly successful path until the Second World War. The break between the two wars was particularly productive for the Romanian economy. After World War I, the country carried out a successful agricultural reform, which by 1934 allowed Romania to become one of the main suppliers of food, especially grain, to European countries. Stable economic growth was facilitated by the sale of oil to Europe in large quantities: more than 7 million tons in 1937. By 1938, industrial production volumes had doubled compared to 1923. Economic growth ended in Romania when World War II began. Many industrial and agricultural centers of the country were destroyed during the bombing.

Since 1950, the process of industrialization began, which by 1960 increased the volume of industrial production 40 times. At the same time, hydroelectric power stations and various industrial and production facilities were being built. In the 1970s The country's economic growth continues. Resort centers are being formed on the Black Sea coast, designed mainly for foreign consumers. They could be used to purchase scarce goods produced in Western Europe or the USA. The economy and standard of living in Romania are growing rapidly at this time. Oil production volumes were also actively increasing and oil refining production was developing. At the same time, the country faces certain problems, such as fluctuations in oil prices and a lack of markets for its products.

The 1980s were marked by serious problems for the Romanian economy. The depletion of oil reserves and the obligation to make early payments on loans forced the government, represented by N. Ceausescu, to switch to unpopular measures and austerity. Thus, in Romania, food cards and a limit on the use of electricity were introduced, and all manufactured goods began to be exported. Tough measures did help pay off external debts, but the country by the end of the 1980s. was on the verge of economic collapse. In 1989, the president was overthrown, and the new government began to rebuild the Romanian economy from a command economy to a market economy.

Main economic indicators

As of 2017, Romania's total GDP is $210 billion. This is 11th place in the European Union. GDP per capita, compared to other EU countries, is quite small and amounts to only 9.5 thousand dollars (about half of the European total). Romania's GDP growth rate is impressive: in 2017 it grew by 5.6%, which makes the Romanian economy one of the fastest growing in the EU. The Romanian economy was able to completely stabilize after joining the EU. This was also facilitated by the economic reforms of the early 2000s. Thus, in 2007, Romania was symbolically dubbed the “Balkan Tiger”, drawing an analogy between a rapid leap and a leap in economic growth.

The country has a very low level of inflation (1.1%) and unemployment (as of 2018, only 4.3%). However, despite the high level of employment, about 23% of Romanians are below the poverty line. The reason for this is low wages - about 320 euros per month (across the EU, wages are lower only in Bulgaria). The Gini coefficient is 0.36 units, which indicates a more or less equal distribution of income among the citizens of the country. Romania's external debt is not large and amounts to 39% of GDP.

Romania ranks 40th in the world in terms of exports and imports. In 2016, the country exported products worth almost $65 billion. The main export items were: auto parts, automobile products and tires, wheat, insulated copper wire. The largest share of exports went to Germany ($13 billion), Italy and France ($7 and $4.3 billion respectively).

Romania imported goods worth $72 billion in 2016, that is, the country purchased 7 billion more than it sold. This indicates a negative trade balance. The country buys mostly auto parts ($3 billion), medicines ($2.5 billion), cars and crude oil ($2 billion each). Romania's main trading partners are Germany, Italy and France.

Agriculture and industry of Romania

In the first stages of its development, the extractive industry was extremely important for the country. For a long time, almost the only product that was exported was oil. Romania in the 20th century consisted mainly of mining and manufacturing industries. Precious metals, ores, oil and gas are still mined in the country to this day. However, the produced gas is no longer enough even to meet its own needs, and there is quite a bit of oil left in the ground (no more than 80 million tons). Therefore, Romanian industry is currently represented by mechanical engineering. Dacia has been the country's most influential car manufacturer since 1966, contributing €4.5 billion to the Romanian economy annually.

Agriculture in Romania is represented by corn and wheat plantations - about 70% of all arable land is sown with them. Potatoes and beets are also grown. The following fruits are grown in the Carpathians: pears, apples, plums. There are also many grape plantations near the mountains and in Transylvania. Cattle breeding in the country is mainly represented by the breeding of sheep and pigs. The agricultural sector is quite successful in meeting the demand for products among the Romanian population.

Romania's economic difficulties

One of the main problems facing the Romanian economy is the high level of corruption. As investigations by the Council of Europe show, the fight against it is slow and not particularly effective. Public discontent is also associated with corruption. In Romania, people are massively opposed to the state of affairs in the country. This could be seen in the protests that broke out in 2017-2018. due to relaxations in anti-corruption legislation.

Romania also suffers from logistical problems. The country has very poor railways and roads, which rank 128 out of 138 in the world road ranking. The situation with external debt is also alarming. Despite the fact that it is quite small, its growth rate is only increasing.

General conclusion

Speaking briefly about the Romanian economy, we can say that, having gone through a long and thorny path of development and diversification, it is now quite successful. Naturally, the country still needs to grow to European wages and living standards, but this growth is really visible. The Romanian economy had a beneficial effect on joining the EU, which opened a common market to the eastern state and helps the region materially and financially. is growing at a tremendous pace, faster than any other EU country. Export and import volumes are increasing. Industry and agriculture are developing. Gradually, Romania is ceasing to play the role of only an energy supplier to Western Europe.

 

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