Recreational areas of foreign Europe. Analysis of tourism resources of Western European countries. Methods for assessing tourism resources

Results of tourism development in Europe for 2002.:

· Tourist arrivals - 411 million people - 58%. Positive growth in tourism. arrivals are 2.4%.
· The most significant increase:
- § Bulgaria - 8%
- § Croatia - 6%
· Reduced in
§ Poland by 5%
§ Portugal by 4%
· Average income per arrival: 580 $, 650 euros. In the world for one arrival - $670.
· The leading European subregions are: Southern Europe, Western Europe (19%).

Europe is the leading region of the world.

Factors for the development of tourism in Europe:

o High level of economic development;
o High level of income of the population;
o Social structure of the population (dominance of the middle class);
o High level of urbanization (75%);
o Complete stability;
o Simplification of border and customs formalities;
o Europe is the birthplace of modern tourism in the 40s. XIX century

Characteristics of recreational resources in Europe:

o About 40 sovereign states + 1 trust territory of Gibraltar (UK);
o 11 European countries have a territory of less than 50 thousand km 2 (Vatican City, Malta, Andorra, Monaco, Luxembourg, etc.);
o Only 2 countries have an area of more than 500 thousand km 2 (France, Italy);
o The total population of Europe is about 500 million people (the population of no country exceeds 100 million people).

Features of the recreational and geographical position:

o Coastal location;
o The coast is very rugged;
o Proximity to the African and Middle Eastern regions;
o Position close to busy international trade routes;
o Intra-neighbor position.

Natural and recreational resources:

v Relief. The relief is varied: plains (Germany, Poland); abundance of rivers, mountains (Alps, length more than 4000 km);
v Climate. Europe lies in the temperate zone. Summer is mild (+16C 0), winter is warm (-2C 0 - +1C 0). The warm Gulf Stream is in the north. Precipitation occurs mainly in winter. The far north is in the subarctic field.
v Landscape. Landscape - 3%, natural, undisturbed (mainly in Norway, Sweden, Finland).

Europe ranks first in terms of tourist arrivals: in terms of tourism income and tourism expenses.

Tourism in Europe has a pronounced intraregional character.

75% - intraregional.
25% - interregional (most often in the USA).

Meridional tours predominate. trips. From Northern European countries to Mediterranean countries (Spain, Greece, France, Croatia)

Of the 10 countries in the world that lead in tourism income, 6 are European (France, Germany, Italy, Spain, Austria, Great Britain).

Of the 10 countries in the world that lead in tourism spending, 6 are in Europe (Germany, Great Britain, France, Italy, the Netherlands, Austria).

Characterized by high tourist activity.

Tourist activity is the number of arrivals/departures per 100 people (residents of the country).

In terms of arrivals, Southern and Western Europe are leading (100 people - 60 arrivals).

Northern Europe leads in terms of departures (100 people - 70 departures).

The most visited country in the world is France.

The very first countries: Germany, Belgium, the Netherlands.

Over the past 10 years, countries have become stronger in the tourism market: Czech Republic, Slovakia, Croatia, Poland, Hungary.

Main types of tourism:

Hungary

Germany

Bulgaria

Business tourism

o Germany
o UK
o France
o Netherlands
o Sweden
o Switzerland
o Belgium
o Spain
o Italy

Religious tourism

Largest centers:

· Vatican
· Rome
· Turin
Bruges (Belgium)
· Paris
· Fatima (Portugal)
· Lourdes
Montserrat (Spain)

Sports and health tourism (mainly ski tourism):

· Austria
· Switzerland
· France
· Italy
Germany
· Carpathians
· Sudetenland

Cruise tourism: Several recreational areas have formed within Europe:

1. Mediterranean region

Characteristic: linear form of recreational development - elongation along the coast.

Leading countries:

o France (Côte d'Azur)
o Italy (Italian Riviera)
o Greece (Aegean islands)
o Spain (Galicia, Baliary, Canary Islands)
2. Black Sea coast: Romania and Bulgaria
3. Baltic coast
· Poland
Germany
Lithuania
· Latvia
· Estonia
4. alpine (ski recreation)
5. Lake recreation:

Balaton (Hungary)

Mecklenburg Lake District (Northern Germany)

Lake District (southeast Finland)

Main cruise rivers:

· Seine
· Laura
· Rhine

France: World leader in the number of tourist arrivals. In 2002, it was visited by more than 75 million people - this is 11% of the total tourist flow in the world.

France ranks third in tourism income - 34 billion euros (4.7% of world income).

The development of tourism began here after World War II.

France is the first country that, in 1946, proclaimed an “open door policy,” that is, it opened up to world capital. In relation to tourism, this policy provided for the following:

· Visas are canceled (first for the USA);
· The hotel industry is being restored;
· Educational institutions for training personnel for tourism are opening;
· Construction and reconstruction of highways;
· Introduction of a tourist foreign currency exchange rate.

More than 80% of the French population spends their holidays within the country. At the same time, there are clearly defined peaks in vacation periods:

1. July-August (school holidays, industrial holidays);
2. Christmas holidays;
3. February (school holidays);
4. Easter.

In summer, 50% of vacationers spend their holidays on the coast, 25% in rural areas, 17% in the mountains.

In winter, 40% are mountains, 25% are rural areas, 17% are coastal.

International tourism revenues account for 11% of the country's exports, but they are declining.

Reasons for the decrease in income:

1. reduction in costs per trip - $400 per trip;
2. reduction in tourist flows into the country;
3. the predominance of short-term trips and the growth of the excursion travel sector.

The geography of tourist arrivals is distributed as follows:

1. Germany - more than 20%
2. UK
3. Italy
4. Netherlands

The most income comes from the Swiss - $3,300 per trip; in second and third place are the Japanese ($2000) and Americans ($1700)

The French themselves mainly travel to the following countries:

1. Spain - 20%
2. Italy - 12%
3. UK - 5%
4. Germany - 1%

Interregional trips of the French:

1. Former French colonies (Algeria, Tunisia);
2. Overseas departments (Mortinique, Guadeloupe, French Polynesia, New Caledonia, Reunion Island).

The average French tourist spends ~$1000 on a trip. They travel throughout Europe mainly by road (80%) or air transport (6%).

Capital: Paris - 2158 thousand people. (1992).Area: Including the island of Corsica - 543965 sq. km.

Population: About 58,027,000 people.

Administrative division: 96 departments.

Language: French (national), Breton (in Brittany), Basque, Catalan (both in the Pyrenees), German dialects (in Lorraine).

Currency: French franc: 10 FRF = 1.31532 USD. French franc = 100 centimes.

Time: 1 hour behind Kyiv.

Geographical location: State in Western Europe. In the northeast it borders with Belgium, Luxembourg and Germany, in the east - with Germany, Switzerland and Italy, in the southeast - with Monaco, in the south - with Spain and Andorra. In the north it is washed by the North Sea, the Pas de Calais Strait and the English Channel, in the southeast by the Mediterranean Sea, and in the west by the Bay of Biscay.

Government structure: Parliamentary republic. The head of state is the president. The President is elected by popular vote. He appoints the prime minister and the government, which determine the direction of state policy. The President is the commander-in-chief of the French army.

Climate: The climate is temperate and changeable. In the north of the country there is high humidity and quite cool. In the south there is more sun and the climate is milder. In mountainous regions the climate is dry, and in the western part of the country rainfall is most typical. In summer, temperatures reach 30 degrees Celsius or more, making it very humid and stuffy. Autumn (October-November) is mild. In November fogs and heavy rains begin. Winter by Russian standards is warm: on average from -2 to +5 degrees Celsius. Sometimes a light snow falls. More often, on the contrary, the air warms up to +15. Winters, however, are quite cold due to high humidity.

Attractions: France is a country that has given the world so many beautiful works of art, fashion and champagne, cognac and perfume. The birthplace of Napoleon and Edith Piaf, musketeers and troubadours, great ideas and fine cuisine. In France, man first left the Earth and flew in a hot air balloon, the first film of the Lumière brothers appeared, and the first Gothic cathedrals rose to the sky.

The appearance of many cities in the world was created under the influence of ideas born in this great country. France is a real reserve of historical and cultural monuments of various eras and civilizations. The cave dwellings of ancient people of the Paleolithic era, roads, viaducts, triumphal arches and arenas (Nîmes, Avignon, Arles and Orange), representing Gallo-Roman architecture of the 1st century AD, numerous monuments of Romanesque architecture (monasteries in Citeaux and Cluny, church in Mont Saint Michel, etc.). The Ile-de-France region became the birthplace of the Gothic style, which developed from the Romanesque style. Gothic style is represented by such famous buildings as the Saint-Chapelle chapel and Notre-Dame Cathedral in Paris, cathedrals in Chartres, Orleans, Le Mans, as well as in Strasbourg, etc. The Renaissance that came from Italy in the 16th century left behind such masterpieces of architecture as numerous castles of the Loire, the palaces of Fontainebleau and Versailles. In France you can see such masterpieces of the Napoleonic era (neoclassicism) as the Arc de Triomphe, the Vendôme Column and the Church of the Madeleine in Paris, magnificent buildings of the eclectic 19th century - the Grand Opera Theater, the city hall of the Hotel de Ville and the Grand Palace, the famous Eiffel Tower . The twentieth century brought to the architecture of French cities a variety of buildings in the Art Nouveau style and such modern structures as the Center. Pompidou, the Louvre pyramid and a complex of buildings in the La Défense district of Paris. The cultural life of the country is represented by numerous theaters and museums, including such world-famous ones as the Louvre and the Musee d'Orsay in Paris, various music, theater and film festivals (including Cannes). In recent years, EuroDisneyland has become a kind of Mecca for tourists from all over the world French fine arts, literature and diverse musical culture are widely known throughout the world.

The main centers of tourism are the capital of the country, Paris, with its numerous museums and monuments, the Loire Valley, where magnificent medieval castles and palaces have been preserved (Blois, Cheverny, Chambord, Chaumont-sur-Loire, Amboise, Chenonceau, Langeais, Azay-le-Rideau, Villandry, Houssay, Valencey, Chinon and Angers), the Côte d'Azur with its world-famous resorts (Cannes, Nice, etc.), Alpine and Pyrenean mountain and ski resorts, the island of Corsica with its warm sea and almost untouched landscapes, the Basque country with its distinctive culture and Atlantic resorts (Biarritz, etc.), the regions of Normandy, Brittany, Burgundy, Languedoc, Provence and the picturesque Rhone Valley. Balneological resorts based on healing mineral waters, which are especially numerous in the southern and central parts of the country, are also of particular interest for tourism and recreation.

Spain: The development of tourism in this country dates back to the late 50s. Spain ranks first in terms of tourist income - 50 million people (7% of the world tourist flow). The growth rate of tourist flow is 3%.

In terms of tourism income, Spain ranks second - 37 billion euros.

Spanish tourism accounts for 33% of foreign exchange earnings.

10% of the Spanish population is employed in tourism.

The main suppliers of tourists are Great Britain (14 million people) and Germany (11 million people).

Every tourist who comes to Spain spends here on average ~$660.

For the Spaniards themselves, outbound tourism is not typical - it accounts for only 5% of those living in Spain.

The average length of stay of tourists in Spain is 9 days.

General information.

Capital: Madrid - 2962 thousand people. (1994).

Area: 504750 sq. km.

Population: About 39,276,000 people.

Admin. division: 50 provinces.

Language: The official language is Spanish. German, French, and Italian are also used.

Currency: Spanish pesetas: 1000 ESP = 5.18565 USD.

Geographical position: A state in southwestern Europe, occupying most of the Iberian Peninsula. In the north it borders with France and Andorra, in the west - with Portugal. In the north it is washed by the Bay of Biscay, in the east - the Mediterranean Sea, in the south - the Mediterranean Sea and the Atlantic Ocean, in the west - the Atlantic Ocean.

Government structure: From 1978 to the present, Spain has been a constitutional monarchy. The head of state is King Juan Carlo I. The highest executive body is the government. The legislative body is the Cortes General, consisting of two chambers: the Senate and the Congress of Deputies.

Climate: Mediterranean, dry and quite hot. Winter is mild.

Attractions: Spain remains a mysterious and semi-mystical country. Fiesta and flamenco seduce not only with their brightness, but also with their undeniable exoticism, in which the influence of Europe can be traced.

Spain is a country with a long history that has seen the rise and fall of several powerful states. The most ancient cultural monuments in Spain date back to the Paleolithic era. These are cave paintings on the walls of the Altamira cave. From the architecture of the Iberians (ancient tribes that inhabited the Iberian Peninsula in the 1st millennium BC), the ruins of gigantic stone walls in Tarragona remain. The Romans in Spain are mainly reminiscent of civil buildings - aqueducts, bridges, aqueducts, amphitheaters, arches. One of the Roman bridges - Alcantara on the Tagus River - is perfectly preserved. The bridge has six arches and a triumphal arch in the middle. The ruins of Roman amphitheaters in Merida and Sagunto for 6,000 spectators and the arches in Medisanelli and Bara, built in 107-102 BC, are majestic. The Arabs had a great influence on the development of medieval Spanish art and architecture. The Alhambra palace-fortress in Granada, the mosque in Cordoba, and the La Giralda minaret in Seville became world famous. The mosque-cathedral in Cordoba (VIII-X centuries) is the largest mosque in the world after the famous Kaaba in Mecca. Its 19 naves with 32 arches occupy a significant area (175x140 m). The double monument - a mosque and a cathedral - testifies to the attempt of the Christian state to get rid of even a hint of Muslim influence. In 1236, after the city was captured by Christians and Muslims fled to North Africa, King Ferdinand III ordered it to be turned into a Christian temple. 19 doors facing the courtyard were closed, chapels were built along the internal walls of the building, and the minaret was turned into a bell tower. The Alhambra (Arabic for "red"), a 13th-century fortress-palace, is a marvel of Muslim architecture.

Depending on the lighting, its walls and towers change color throughout the day. The Lviv courtyard is especially beautiful, surrounded by white marble columns. There is a fountain in the middle of the courtyard. Its huge marble bowl rests on 12 lions. The palace has several magnificent halls: the Hall of Ambassadors with a huge dome made of cedar wood, the Royal Hall with golden lace arches in the form of stalactites, the Hall of Secrets with amazing acoustic effects. La Giralda is a former mosque minaret built by the Arabs in the 12th century.

The mosque was not preserved, and the minaret was turned into a cathedral bell tower. This is the most famous monument in Seville. Its silhouette is amazingly graceful. If you climb the bell tower, to a height of 97 m, you will see a beautiful view of the city from there. Numerous medieval castles - paradors - have been preserved in Spain. They are usually located in picturesque, quiet and cozy corners and provide excellent opportunities for both relaxation and work. Now it is a whole complex of buildings and structures that combine strict architectural lines with a modern interior of the rooms. The rooms are heated and air conditioned and come with a TV, telephone and minibar. For lovers of active recreation, such buildings must include a swimming pool, tennis courts, and gyms.

Madrid - Prado National Museum of Painting and Sculpture, Museums of Modern Art and Natural Sciences, Archaeological and Ethnographic, of the Spanish People. Royal Palace 18th century. and the Sabatini Gardens, the Church of San Francisco el Grande of the 18th century, the Bueno Petiro Park with a zoo and the Botanical Garden, the residence of the monarch Zarzuela, the monasteries of El Esprial, the Valley of the Fallen - a memorial to the victims of the civil war. Barcelona - Maritime and Archaeological Museums, Museums of Catalan Art and Pablo Picasso, Montjuic Fortress, Sagrada Familia, Church of San Pablo del Campo - 914, Gothic Cathedral of Santa Junania. Zaragoza - La Seo Cathedral 12-16th centuries, El Pilar Cathedral 17th century, residence of the Aragonese kings Castillo de la Aliaferiz. Toledo - architecture of the Moorish period, Alcazar castle 13-18 centuries, Gothic church of San Juan delos Rees, synagogue 14 century, place of burning of heretics - Plaza del Zoco. Granada - the ruins of the Alhambra fortress, the cathedral of the 16th-18th centuries, the chapel where Ferdinand V and Isabella I are buried, the Generalife gardens. Cordoba - Moorish mosque, ruins of a palace-fortress, a 16-arch bridge from the Roman period, the largest mosque in Europe, rebuilt in 1236 into a Christian temple. Seville - royal palace 1181, Giralda tower 12th century - former minaret, Moorish architecture, cathedral 13th century, Moorish castle Alcazar 12-16th centuries, Church of Santa Catalina. Palma de Mallorca (on the Balearic Islands) - Gothic cathedral from 1230, chapel with vaults by Antonio Gaudi, church of St. Francis 13th century, Almudaina Palace, Belvedere Castle 14th century.

Spain is considered the largest hunting country in Europe. The largest game reserve - Sakha (177 thousand hectares) occupies almost the entire eastern half of the province of Santander in the Cantabrian Mountains (north of the country). In the beech and oak forests of this reserve they hunt bear, wild boar, roe deer, wolf, chamois, and among birds - partridge and snipe. One of the most beautiful and richest game reserves in Spain in terms of flora and fauna, Somiedo (88 thousand hectares) is located in the mountains of the northern province of Oviedo. Its forests consist of a wide variety of broadleaf species. Here you can find bear, wolf, fox, wild boar, roe deer, chamois, ferret, marten, hare, and birds - wood grouse, partridge, snipe, wild pigeon, quail. In Spain, the Sierra de Cazorla mountains, crossed by the Guadalquivir River, are considered a real miracle of nature due to the richness of species and beauty of landscapes. On its right bank, in the lower reaches, is the Coto Doñana nature reserve. The landscape of marisma is protected here - brackish-water coastal swamps of the southern type (reminiscent of the lower reaches of the Volga) with exceptionally rich flora and fauna. Colonies of waterfowl are especially numerous: ducks, geese, flamingos, and white storks. A huge colony of herons lives here. The semi-desert southeastern regions of Spain are considered one of the most convenient places to study the life of scorpions and tarantulas. Chameleons live in the south of the country.

Great Britain: The official name is the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland.

Capital London.

Territory -- 244,820 sq. km.

Population: 59.1 million people. National composition: English - 81.5%, Scots - 9.6%, Irish 2.4%, Welsh 1.9%, people from the West Indies, India, Pakistan, etc. - 2.8%.

Languages: English, Welsh (about a quarter of the population of Wales speaks it), Scottish Gaelic (about 60 thousand people in Scotland).

Religion - Anglicans - 27 million, Catholics - 9 million, Muslims - 1 million, Presbyterians - 800 thousand, Methodists - 760 thousand, Sikhs - 400 thousand, Hindus - 350 thousand ., Judaists - 300 thousand.

The largest cities are London (7 million 640 thousand), Birmingham (2 million 270 thousand), Manchester (2 million 250 thousand), Glasgow (680 thousand).

Administrative division - 47 counties, 7 metropolitan counties, 26 districts, 9 regions, 3 island regions.

The form of government is a constitutional monarchy.

The head of state is Queen Elizabeth II. The head of government is Prime Minister Tony Blair.

The currency is the British pound sterling.

Climate: The climate is temperate oceanic, humid, with mild winters and cool summers (influenced by the Gulf Stream).

In summer, even the sunniest days can end in rain. In autumn, the weather can change suddenly during the day. In winter, severe frosts only occur in northern Scotland.

Great Britain is the birthplace of commercial tourism. It originated in the 40s of the 19th century.

History of tourism development: Already in the 16th century. Outbound tourism developed in England - Grandgur - a trip of aristocratic youth to Europe for 2-3 years with long-term residence in Italy and France for the purpose of education.

In the 17th century A fashion has emerged to travel from England to resorts in France, Italy, and Germany. The development of tourism in Great Britain was facilitated by the formation of a powerful colonial empire (almost 1/2 of the globe).

The development of transport also contributed to the development of tourism, because it was in Great Britain that the first railway was built, and the first steamship set off.

England retained its leading role in international outbound tourism until World War II. At the end of the 40s, ~1 million people left the UK, but the USA takes first place.

Currently, the UK ranks third in tourism spending ($37 billion) and third in the number of departures (after the USA and Germany).

The countries most visited by the British are:

· Spain
· Italy
· France
Germany
· Greece

Mainly (2/3 of tourists) road transport.

The launch of the Channel Tunnel has led to an increase in travel to France.

On average, a tourist spends about $1,000 on one trip.

About 25 million tourists visit the UK every year; tourism income in 2001 amounted to about $20 billion.

Geography of outbound tourism.

The largest outbound tourism market in

· USA (15%)
· Canada
· Australia
· India
Japan (3%)
· France
Germany

Main purposes of the visit

1. More than 40% are educational and entertaining recreation.
2. 20% are business tourists, mainly from European countries.
3. 10% - ethnic tourism (visiting relatives).

Cultural attractions: Among the many diverse cultural and historical monuments in London, the most famous are Westminster Abbey (XIII - XVIII centuries), St. Paul's Cathedral (XVII-XVIII centuries) - the main Protestant cathedral of the capital, Tower Castle (XI - XIV centuries) - a medieval fortress , which served as a place of imprisonment for political criminals. In London there are about 80 theaters, more than 30 museums (British, Victoria and Albert Museum, natural history, history of London, history of imperial wars, children's toys, wax figures of Madame Tussauds, Tate Gallery, National Gallery, etc.). The undoubted attraction of the city is the oldest metro in Europe, which began operating in 1863. The capital amazes with the abundance of parks, the most famous of which are Hyde Park, Regent's Park with a zoo, Kew Gardens with a greenhouse, an aquarium and the Butterfly House. Trafalgar Square is the main square of London, from where distances to all parts of the country are measured. In Glasgow, visit St. Mungo's Cathedral (1136 - mid-15th century), the Glasgow Museum, art gallery, botanical garden and zoo. Edinburgh is famous for the castle of the same name, St. Margaret's Church (11th century), Castle Rock Castle, and the royal residence in Scotland (Holyrod Palace). The Church of St. Gilles (15th century), the building of the Scottish Parliament (1639), and the house of the Protestant reformer of the 16th century are very picturesque. John Nonce. Art lovers are always welcome at the National Gallery of Scotland and the Portrait Gallery. The Royal Museum, museums of modern history and the history of Scotland will also be of interest. There are several resorts in the country: Bath, Cheltenham, Weston-super-Mere (seaside with mineral springs), Leamington, Llandrindod-Wales, Builth-Wales, Llanurtyd-Wales, Harrogate (balneological), Buxton (balneological).

Natural attractions: The territory of Great Britain has been thoroughly populated for a long time, transformed by industry and agriculture, however, there are still many corners of almost virgin nature that are of great interest to tourists, especially for those who can appreciate the discreet and harsh beauty of these places. Loch Ness in Scotland is famous primarily as the abode of the famous Nessie - a semi-mythical monster (either a descendant of dinosaurs, or even a fabulous beast), which, according to legend and according to the testimony of rare and not very reliable eyewitnesses, lives in the depths of the lake, sometimes appearing on the surface. But even if you don’t have a lucky chance to see Nessie (and even if the monster doesn’t exist at all), the picturesque steep banks and green hills surrounding the blue surface of the lake are unlikely to leave anyone indifferent. Fans of mountain tourism, alpine skiing and rock climbing will be attracted by the mountains of Scotland: the Ilond Hills (a favorite place for walks of Walter Scott), the Cairngorms, the Pennines, especially the Peak District at their southern tip on the border of England and Wales. Lovers of lakes and water recreation should definitely visit the Lake District (Lancashire and Cumbria), where England's largest national park is located. The steep coastal cliffs of the Hebrides Islands, cut by fjords, are attractive, the most beautiful of them is the island of Iona. The Orkney Islands are also worth a visit, including the bird sanctuary on the "bird island" of Bass Rock.

Eastern Europe: The WTO forecasts that European tourism will double over the next 20 years, with Central and Eastern Europe replacing Western Europe as the tourism leader.

International tourism in Eastern Europe in 1999 (million people)

International arrivals in Europe are forecast to rise from 386 million last year to 717 million by 2020, an average increase of about 3 per year. The arrival of tourists to Russia, the Czech Republic and other countries of Central and Eastern Europe will increase significantly: the annual increase will be 4.6. By 2020, the number of arrivals in these countries will be 223 million, and in Western and Southern Europe 185 and 177 million respectively.

The largest increase in tourists is expected in Russia (+8.5), Croatia (+8.4), Slovenia (+6.2), Turkey (+5.5) and Bulgaria (+5.2).

Receipts from international tourism in Eastern Europe ($, billion)

Poland: Capital: Warsaw.

Area: 312,685 sq. km.

Population: 38,646,023 people.

Admin. division: Republic consisting of 16 voivodeships.

Language: Polish.

Currency: Zloty (100 groszy).

Geographical location: Poland is located in the central part of the North European Plain, north of the Carpathian and Sudeten Mountains. It borders Russia, Lithuania, Belarus, Ukraine, Slovakia, the Czech Republic and Germany. From the north, Poland is washed by the Baltic Sea.

Government structure: Poland is a parliamentary republic. The country has a constitution adopted by the Sejm of the Polish People's Republic on July 22, 1952.

In December 1989, the Sejm introduced a number of significant changes to it: a new official name of the state was approved - the Republic of Poland, provisions that proclaimed the socialist nature of the socio-political and economic system of Poland were eliminated. A new draft constitution is being developed. The President signed the Small Constitution in 1992.

The head of state is the president, elected for a term of 5 years through general and direct elections by secret ballot.

Legislative power is exercised by a bicameral parliament (National Assembly), consisting of the Sejm and the Senate.

Deputies and senators are elected for 4 years on the basis of universal, equal and direct suffrage by secret ballot.

Climate: The climate is temperate, with continental features. Average temperatures in January are from -1 C to -5 C (in the mountains up to -8 C), in July from 17 C to 19 C (in the mountains up to 10 C). Precipitation on the plain is from 500 to 600 mm per year, in the mountains in some places over 1000 mm per year.

Poland is a country ideal for tourism. It is rare to find such a variety of landscapes in Europe when moving from north to south: here are the golden beaches of the Baltic Sea, the Great Masurian Lakes, the Tatra mountain peaks, and the wild Beskid mountain ranges. Particularly noteworthy are the Bialowieza National Park on the border with Belarus, the sandy beaches of the Baltic coast, and the ski resorts of Bielsko-Biala (season - from December to mid-March).

In Warsaw, tourists can visit many museums. For example, the national, technical, state archaeological museums, as well as the Museum of Natural History, the Museum of the Polish Army and about 30 other museums. Architectural monuments include the Royal Castle, the Old Town, the Barbican (medieval walls and towers), Lazienki (the summer palace of King Stanislaus II and the rose garden). The Gothic St. John's Cathedral (14th century) and the Church of the Holy Cross (16th century) can make a deep impression. Both children and adults will find it interesting to stroll around the zoo.

The main attractions of Krakow are Wawel Castle (13th century), St. Stanislaus Cathedral (1359), St. Mary's Church (1223) and the Dragon's Cave. In the city you can see the Wawel State Art Collection.

In Gdansk, the most interesting are the Polish Maritime Museum, the Church of St. Mary (1343 - 1505), the Gothic-style town hall, the stock exchange building (1379) and the Old Town.

The Memorial Museum of the Victims of Fascism and Auschwitz (Auschwitz) are located near Lodz. In the city itself there is a museum of archeology and ethnography.

In Bialystok, be sure to visit the modern White Church and the Orthodox Cathedral, and in Poznan - the Gothic Cathedral and the 16th-century Town Hall. and Old Town.

Toruń, the city of Nicolaus Copernicus, can be proud of its 14th-century Gothic town hall, a real architectural gem. Torun is famous for the remains of the castle of the Teutonic Knights (1231), Gothic and Baroque mansions, the town hall (XIII - XIV centuries) and its Old Town.

There are several churches in Szczecin, including the Church of St. Peter and Paul (1124).

Church of St. John the Baptist (1158), Church of St. Elizabeth (XIII century), Church of the Holy Cross (XIII - XIV centuries), Church of the Virgin Mary (XIV century), Gothic town hall (XIII century), former royal palace - all these memorable places are located in Wroclaw.

In the city of Czestochowa, called the Polish Lourdes, you can admire the eternal temple of the Pauline monastery on Jasna Góra, where the miraculous image of the Mother of God of Czestochowa is kept.

In the city of Gniezno, the first capital of Poland, the cathedral attracts attention with the magnificent 12th century gate with relief decoration - a masterpiece of decorative art.

It is also worth visiting Wieliczka and seeing the salt mines, which date back to the Middle Ages.

Bulgaria: Capital: Sofia - 1116 thousand people. (1995).

Area: 110912 sq. km.

Population: 8887000 people.

Admin. division: 9 regions.

Language: The official language is Bulgarian, for most Bulgarians Russian is the second spoken language, many speak French, English, and German.

Currency: Bulgarian Lev: 1 BGL = 0.441501 USD.

Time: Time is one hour behind Moscow.

Geographical location: Bulgaria is located in South-Eastern Europe on the Balkan Peninsula, bordered on the north by Romania, on the west by Yugoslavia and Macedonia, on the south on Greece and Turkey, and on the east by the Black Sea separating it from Russia and Ukraine. The relief of Bulgaria is very diverse - there are vast plains, hilly areas and valleys, mountain ranges and massifs, of which the most famous are the Balkan Mountains (Stara Planina), Rhodopes, Rila and Pirin. Almost a third of the territory of Bulgaria is occupied by mountains with rocky peaks and forested slopes, with glades covered with flowers in summer and sparkling snow in winter.

Government structure: According to the 1991 Constitution, the People's Republic of Bulgaria is a republic with parliamentary government. Its official name is the People's Republic of Bulgaria. The head of state is the president, and the permanent supreme body of legislative power is the unicameral People's Assembly.

Climate: Bulgaria has a continental climate. In general it is cooler than other places in Europe at the same latitude. For example, unlike the Black Sea coast of the Krasnodar Territory, there are no subtropics in Bulgaria. The average temperature in January in Sofia: 4 - 2 degrees C, in July: 16 - 27 degrees C. In Varna, the average temperature in January: 1 - 6 degrees C, July: 19 - 30 degrees C.

Bulgaria is the country of roses, traditionally known for its beautiful Black Sea coast, existing for 13 centuries in the middle of South-Eastern Europe. Resort complexes in Bulgaria with beautiful romantic names - Golden Sands, Sunny Beach, Albena, Duni - meet all the requirements of modern tourism. Bulgarian resorts are isolated from the hustle and bustle of the city and the stress of everyday life in large cities, but they are all located close to interesting tourist sites, which provides opportunities for excursions and educational tourism.

The Bulgarian Black Sea coast has a great advantage for holidaymakers in that the length of the beach strip here is very long. It reaches 384 kilometers. The Black Sea is tidal and its water has low salinity (16% salt).

"Golden Sands" The resort is located on the territory of the Golden Sands National Park, 18 km northeast of Varna. The length of the beach strip is about 3.5 km, width - from 50 to 100 m. Several hills, covered with dense forest, in which hotels of the 2nd and 3rd lines are located, seem to rest on it.

The sand here is fine-grained and of very high quality, which, however, cannot always be said about its purity. In this, local beaches are quite inferior, for example, to Albena.

The average air temperature in July and August is 27 degrees C, and the water temperature is 24 degrees C. There are also mineral springs on the resort territory.

The resort's hotel fund: 70 hotels, 10 villas and a campsite for 200 places. There are also 6 outdoor and indoor mineral pools, 10 tennis courts, volleyball and basketball courts. A wide range of water sports is available.

Golden Sands is: more than 100 restaurants offering dishes of Bulgarian and European cuisine, discos, cafe-bars, night bars, the most famous restaurants on the Bulgarian coast with folklore and variety shows: “Kosharata”, “Vodenitsata”, “Konen Pitnik”, "Mecha Polyana", yachts, water skis, surfing, catamarans, ring balloon, tennis courts, mini golf courses, horse base, pier "St. Constantine and Helena"

Vast parks with oak, pine, spruce and cypress trees, a kingdom of peace and tranquility, and clean air turn this resort into a real paradise for vacationers.

This small complex located between Varna and Golden Sands is the oldest on the Bulgarian Black Sea coast.

A natural park with cypress and fig trees in a wooded area, a relief seashore, small quiet bays, peace and tranquility, healing mineral springs, a magical combination of the sea breeze at an altitude of 25 m above sea level with the coolness of the forest and the aroma of centuries-old trees. There are so many mineral springs that some of them flow directly into the sea, this makes its coast warm and welcoming even in winter. And the feathered guests who fly in to rest on their way to the south remain to live here all winter.

The main hotel stock consists of the hotels "Grand Hotel", "Prostor Lebed", "Rubin", "Rositsa", "Fr. Joliot Curie" and the holiday village "Grand Hotel". The largest "Grand Hotel Varna".

The resort is famous for its balneo-therapeutic center, which is distinguished by the high healing qualities of mineral water and natural springs. Numerous restaurants, cafes and attractions provide wonderful relaxation and entertainment.

The beaches are located in small cozy sandy bays among rocky cliffs - a true paradise for fishermen and underwater sports enthusiasts.

Sofia- one of the youngest capitals in Europe (became the capital only in 1879). However, archaeological excavations have shown that two thousand years ago there was a Thracian settlement on the site of modern Sofia. The history of the Bulgarian capital goes back thousands of years - the first settlements in this territory date back to the Neolithic era. Already in the 7th century BC. on this site there was a city called Serdica. The Byzantines called this city Triaditsa, and the Slavs called it Sredets. The city was named by its current name - Sofia, which means wisdom in Greek - in the 14th century.

The first acquaintance with Sofia leaves an ambivalent feeling, familiar to those who have visited the capitals of other former socialist countries. Faceless concrete high-rise buildings surround the center on all sides. And the center, where all the main attractions are concentrated, has something calming about it.

Monuments tell the story of the changing history of the city, public gardens and cafes invite you to relax and have a snack. The rich cultural life of the Bulgarian capital offers guests a choice for all tastes. Sofia is famous for its museums telling the history of the country and private galleries of contemporary art reflecting the life of the new Bulgaria of the 90s.

To this day, many archaeological monuments have been preserved in Sofia, testifying to the rich and varied history of the city - the fortress gates and towers of Serdika, public buildings and streets of a thousand years ago.

The city has many interesting architectural monuments, among which stand out the ancient Church of St. Sophia (V-VI centuries), the majestic Alexander Nevsky Cathedral (1904-1912), the buildings of Sofia University. Kliment Ohridski (1888) and the People's Theater named after. Ivan Vazov.

The Rotunda of St. George, built of red brick, is the oldest church in Sofia. It is located in the middle of the ruins of ancient Serdica; during restoration, three layers of frescoes were discovered in the temple, the earliest of which date back to the 10th century. Currently there is a museum in the temple.

Hagia Sophia is the oldest Orthodox church in the city. The building, a cruciform basilica with three altars, was built during the reign of the Byzantine Emperor Justinian, between 527 and 565. In the 14th century the temple gave its name to the city. During Turkish rule, minarets were added to the temple and it functioned as a mosque until two earthquakes in the 19th century, when one of the minarets was destroyed and the mosque was closed. The largest Orthodox church in the Balkans and one of the most revered Orthodox churches in Europe is the Alexandronevsky Lavra located in Sofia. It represents a material expression of the gratitude of the Bulgarian people to two hundred thousand Russian soldiers who, at the cost of their blood and lives, broke the chains of almost five centuries of Turkish rule during the Russian-Turkish War of 1877-1878.

The Ivan Vazov National Theater, built in the Baroque style, is located in the city park. The building is decorated with reliefs with mythological scenes and sculptures of the goddess Nike - the temple of art truly resembles ancient temples.

Another majestic building in the Baroque style is the Klimenta Ohridski Sofia University. On both sides of the main entrance there are statues of two brothers - Hristo and Evlodzhi Georgiev, who allocated land and money for the construction of the university.

The most famous temple in Sofia, the Alexander Nevsky Cathedral, was erected in memory of Russian soldiers who died in the battles for the liberation of Bulgaria from the Ottoman yoke. The construction was carried out with donations from the Bulgarian people. The cathedral was built by Russian architects Pomerantsev and Bogomolov from 1882 to 1912.

A unique architectural monument of Sofia is the central synagogue, built in pseudo-Moorish style in 1909 by the Viennese architect Friedrich Grünanger. This synagogue is one of the largest in the Balkans and has recently been restored.

Church of Sveta Nedelya (Resurrection) was built in the 19th century. on the foundations of older buildings. This impressive building is located exactly on the site of the center of ancient Serdica.

Vitosha Boulevard, the busiest thoroughfare in Sofia, starts from here. A significant part of it has been turned into a pedestrian zone. Vitosha Boulevard is the largest shopping street in the city. There are countless shops, banks, cafes and bars. At the beginning of the boulevard there are two beautiful buildings. On the left side is the Theological Academy, and directly opposite it is the National Historical Museum, located in a former courthouse. This is the richest museum in the country, and any tour of Sofia should include a visit to it.

Course work
Tourist and recreational areas of Foreign Europe

Moscow
2013

Introduction

Since recreational resources are distributed extremely unevenly on the planet, an increasing number of people go on trips for recreational purposes and motives. These recreational trips (therapeutic, health-improving, educational, sports) became the basis for the development of recreational tourism. Recreational aspects are always present in business types of tourism (business tourism, congress tourism, shopping tourism).
The implementation of a tourism business in market conditions can be carried out in the presence of four main components: capital, technology, personnel, and recreational resources. This means that, without having enough capital, one can acquire personnel, technology and engage in tourism. To do this, it is necessary to select a place where recreational resources are available, and if there is no such place, then create it. This is one of the specific features of the tourism business in market conditions. Since the fourth component - recreational resources - is the cheapest, this generally determines the high profitability of the tourism business. If tourism is associated with the creation of a tourist resource, then the cost of the tourism product increases sharply.

Foreign Europe continues to be the main tourist and recreational region of the world with a clearly expressed progressive growth in tourist arrivals: in 1970 it was visited by 113 million people, in 1980 - 190 million, in 1990 - 275 million, in 2000 - 393 million, and in 2010 – 480 million. Of the 20 leading countries in the world in terms of inbound tourism, 11 are European. Of the same top twenty countries in terms of tourism receipts, there are also 11 European countries. All this indicates that the tourism boom in foreign Europe continues.

1. Natural factors favorable to the development of international tourism in the region

Firstly, the development of international tourism in the region is favored by natural factors: rich and diverse natural and recreational resources, extremely rugged coastline and the presence of a large number of bays, gulfs, inland seas, thousands of kilometers of sea beaches, a dense river network, mosaic landscapes and a combination of neighboring areas of coastal and mountain landscapes.
Secondly, cultural and historical factors are also very favorable for Europe: a wealth of various historical and architectural monuments, a high level of spiritual and material culture, a mosaic of the national and religious composition of the population, a high level of education, long traditions of cultural and other ties both within the region, The same is true for other major regions of the world.
Thirdly, the development of tourism in foreign Europe is favorably influenced by such socio-economic and economic-geographical factors as a high level of general economic development, growing incomes of the population, the presence of the necessary transport and social infrastructure, close proximity of the countries of the region, as well as relative (in conditions of the “transport revolution”) their proximity to other tourist regions of the world.

2. Types of tourism in Foreign Europe

In foreign Europe, almost all possible types of tourism have developed - educational, recreational, scientific, business, religious, environmental. The same can be said about the types of transport used in it, although automobiles noticeably predominate among them. Here, to a greater extent than in any other tourist macroregion in the world, intraregional tourism is expressed: approximately 9/10 of all foreign tourists are Europeans and only 1/10 are visitors from other regions of the world.
The distribution of arrivals of foreign citizens between individual countries of foreign Europe is shown in the figure in the appendix. It follows from this that inbound tourism is led by the “big three” classic tourist countries of France, Spain and Italy, where the number of arrivals exceeds 40 million per year. In the “second tier” (from 10 million to 30 million per year) are Great Britain, Germany, Austria, Poland, Andorra, Greece, Portugal, and the Netherlands. The remaining countries form the “third echelon”. The main suppliers of foreign tourists are the countries of Central and Northern Europe, while in the countries of Southern Europe the influx of tourists significantly exceeds their outflow. It is in these countries that income from international tourism is especially high. And in most microstates in Europe, a kind of tourism monoculture has even developed. That is why the main flows of tourists in the region are from North to South.

3. Tourist and recreational zoning

The basis for the tourist and recreational zoning of foreign Europe is usually its generally accepted four-member zoning. The World Tourism Organization (WTO) distinguishes four large regions within this region - Southern, Western, Central-Eastern and Northern; in this order they follow the size of attracting tourists. Yu. D. Dmitrevsky proceeds from a similar division, but within four large subregions (zones) he also identifies macro-regions.

	Microdistrict	Countries
South Europe	Adriatic	Former SFRY and Albania
	Iberian	Spain, Portugal, Andorra
	Apennine-Maltese	Most of Italy, Vatican City, San Marino, Malta
	Southern French
Western Europe	British	UK, Ireland
	Alpine	Switzerland, Austria, Liechtenstein, parts of France And Italy
	German and countries Benelux	Germany, Belgium, Netherlands, Luxembourg
	French	Most of France
Eastern Europe	Baltic	Lithuania, Latvia, Estonia
	Polish	Poland
	Central	Czech Republic, Slovakia, Hungary
	Black Sea	Romania, Bulgaria
Northern Europe		Denmark, Sweden, Norway, Iceland, Finland

The zoning scheme proposed by Yu. D. Dmitrevsky is generally logical, but not sufficiently unified. For example, in the Northern European zone, each country actually acts as a macro-region, while in the formation of other zones a slightly different approach is used. In the Southern zone, it is proposed to identify not only macro-districts, but also tourist areas in each of them, although similar areas are not allocated in other zones.
A different approach can be used as the basis for the tourist and recreational zoning of foreign Europe - with the allocation of areas and centers of coastal, mountain, lake and river tourism.
Let's start with the characteristics of coastal tourist and recreational areas as the most widespread. In fact, judging by the figure in the appendix, a significant part of the entire sea coast of the region is used for this purpose. But first of all we are talking, of course, about the Mediterranean.
The Mediterranean is the main tourist area not only in Europe, but also in the world. In terms of tourism and recreation development, it ranks first in the world, even ahead of the vast Asia-Pacific region. According to available data, in 2005 the number of foreign tourists visiting the area reached 220 million people, with most of them concentrated in the European Mediterranean. Specific features of this area of marine tourism: the predominance of a linear form of tourist and recreational development of the territory (along the sea coast), the large role of islands, a pronounced seasonality of tourist flows with a multiple advantage of the summer (swimming) season, the creation of predominantly large complexes with a strong concentration of tourists and vacationers. This trend only began in the 1980s. was replaced by a transition to the formation of small-sized tourist centers that are more in line with the needs of modern active tourism and better fit into the surrounding natural environment.
For a long time, France and Italy competed in Mediterranean tourism.
The main Mediterranean tourist and recreational region of France is called the French Riviera or Côte d'Azur. This is a stretch of coastline stretching 230 km from Toulon in the west to Menton on the French-Italian border. Here, on the Côte d'Azur, protected from the northern winds by the Alpes-Maritimes, the number of fine days per year reaches 300. The average annual air temperature is +20 °C, and even in winter it does not fall below +8 °C. Accordingly, the swimming season here is quite long. The “capital” of the French Riviera is the resort city of Nice, where tourism employs half of the population. Other resort towns are Cannes, famous for its annual film festivals, Antibes, Menton, and several smaller ones.
The French Riviera became a favorite seaside holiday destination back in the 19th century. Balzac, Flaubert, and Maupassant rested and worked here. Already in the 20th century. American writers Ernest Hemingway and Scott Fitzgerald left vivid descriptions of the Riviera. Russians also discovered the Riviera back in the 19th century. F. I. Tyutchev, N. V. Gogol, A. I. Kuprin, A. P. Chekhov, I. A. Bunin, V. V. Mayakovsky, F. I. Shalyapin, S. P. lived and worked here. Diaghilev.
Recently, for tourism and recreational purposes, the development of the western part of the Mediterranean coast of France, located between the mouth of the Rhone and the Pyrenees (Languedoc - Roussillon), has begun.
In Italy, the main area of Mediterranean tourism and recreation is the Italian Riviera, which is a continuation of the French. It was also mastered by the European aristocracy back in the 19th century. Among its resort towns, the most famous are San Remo, Rapallo, and Portofino. But in fact, the entire coastal strip of not only the Ligurian, but also the Tyrrhenian Sea, with such centers as Naples, Sorrento and many smaller ones in Calabria and Sicily, has a specialization in coastal tourism. And on the Adriatic Sea this is primarily the Venetian Riviera.
The third country of the “Big Three” – Spain – was much less accessible to foreign citizens during the long years of General Franco’s rule. But after his death in 1975, it opened up to the rest of the world. Here, too, a tourist boom began, and one that soon brought this country to first place not only in Europe, but throughout the world for quite a long time. The unprecedented tourist boom in Spain is explained primarily by the presence of rich natural and recreational resources and historical and architectural attractions, the proximity of the Western European tourist market, the creation of a first-class material and technical base for tourism and the relative cheapness of tourist services. But we must also take into account the change in the political situation in the country after the passing of the Franco regime. The following figures speak about the importance and level of development of tourism in Spain: in terms of absolute income from tourism, Spain ranks among the first in the world; 10% of the total active population is employed in the tourism sector; There are about 10 thousand hotels in the country with almost 900 thousand beds. Only in 1992 did Spain become the venue for such mass events as EXPO 92 in Seville and the Olympic Games in Barcelona.
I will add that, according to D.L. Lopatnikov, over time the tourist profile of Spain itself also began to change. At the first stage of the tourism boom, this country acted as one of the world's most famous centers of mass, cheap tourism, but after joining the European Union it is increasingly becoming a vacation area for wealthy Europeans. As a result, the Mediterranean coast of Spain has actually turned into a continuous chain of seaside resorts, subdividing it into the Harsh Coast, Gold Coast, Cote d'Azur, White Coast, and Sunny Coast. The Balearic Islands, located 100 km from the eastern coast of the Iberian Peninsula, have long become a popular holiday destination. Frederic Chopin, who visited the main of these islands, Mallorca, a century and a half ago, wrote: “Life here is amazing.”
The Adriatic coast of Croatia has long become one of the most important tourist and recreational areas of the Mediterranean. Its length in a straight line is 700 km, but together with numerous islands, of which there are more than 1.2 thousand (Dalmatian type of sea coast), peninsulas, bays and straits, it increases to 6000 km. This increases the tourist and recreational capacity of the area, which until the early 1990s. hosted about 1 million people at the same time. Here are such famous seaside resorts as Dubrovnik, Opatija, Split, etc.
In Greece, on the Aegean coast, there are also many seaside resorts, especially on the islands. And on the western coast of the Black Sea, in fact, their continuation is the popular seaside resorts of Bulgaria and Romania. Large resort complexes predominate here: in Romania - Mamaia, Eforia in the vicinity of Constanta, in Bulgaria - Golden Sands, Druzhba, Albena in the vicinity of Varna, Sunny Beach, Nessebar in the vicinity of Burgas. However, the holiday season here lasts only for four to five warm months.
The resorts of the Romanian and Bulgarian Black Sea coast offer vacationers a harmonious combination of warm sea, rich forest vegetation and favorable climate, and sometimes balneological springs. Among vacationers here, representatives of Germany predominate, followed by tourists from the CIS countries, Scandinavian countries, and Great Britain. This is predominantly a family tourism area, providing accommodation for tourists in 2-3-star hotels, campsites and motels.
But seaside tourism in foreign Europe is not limited to the Mediterranean. Judging by the figure in the appendix, it has become a specialization of the coastal zone of the Atlantic Ocean, as well as the North and Baltic seas. Dozens of seaside resorts also operate successfully here, such as Bayonne in Spain, Saint-Malo in France, Ostend in Belgium, Brighton and Bournemouth in the UK, and Sopot in Poland. The Canary Islands, which belong to Spain, located in the Atlantic at a distance of 1,150 km from the mainland, have recently become especially popular.
Among mountain tourism regions, Alpine takes the unrivaled first place. Every year it is visited by 80 to 150 million people. Tourist development of the Alps began in the first half of the 19th century. and has expanded rapidly since then.
Nowadays, the Alps are a typical area of year-round tourism: at altitudes up to 500 m hiking predominates, from 1000 to 2000 m - ski tourism, and from 2000 to 3000 m - skiing and mountaineering. The development of international tourism in the Alps is also facilitated by their favorable transport and geographical location. If we conventionally consider the threshold of transport accessibility for places of mass tourism to be the distance that can be covered in 12 hours by car, then the Alps turn out to be accessible to residents of large industrial and urban agglomerations in most countries of foreign Europe.
The main receiving countries for tourists in the Alpine region were and remain Austria and Switzerland. But this category of countries also includes France, Italy, Germany, Liechtenstein, and Slovenia. Examples of the most popular mountain climatic and mountain sports centers include Chamonix in France, Davos in Switzerland, Boromio in Italy, Garmisch-Partenkirchen in Germany. However, recently, so-called rural tourism has begun to become increasingly widespread in the Alps.
The material and technical base of alpine tourism today has reached a very high level. The total number of tourist accommodation places has already exceeded 3 million. There are 12 thousand lifts and 40 thousand ski slopes. However, such a tourist boom has also led to many negative consequences. This is a general deterioration of the environmental situation, overpopulation of many mountain valleys, difficulties with transport during periods of a particularly large influx of tourists, a decrease in agricultural areas, etc. Therefore, the Alpine countries signed a long-term agreement on environmental protection over an area of almost 200 thousand km 2.
The second major mountain tourism region covers the mid-altitude mountains of Central Europe, the Sudetes, the Carpathians and the Rila-Rhodope Mountains. It is known for its international-class mountain resorts - such as Oberhof and Oberwiesenthal in Germany, Zakopane in Poland, Strbske Pleso in Slovakia, Sinaia and Predeal in Romania, Borovets and Pamporovo in Bulgaria. It is also known for its healing mineral springs and mud, which gave birth to such resorts as Baden-Baden, Bad Elter in Germany, Karlovy Vary, Marianske Lazne in the Czech Republic, Krynica, Iwonicz, Szczawnica in Poland. The mountains of Eastern and South-Eastern Europe are also famous for their caves (Macocha, Postojna, Aggtelek, Magura). They are widely used for skiing and mountaineering. The most visited mountain region is the High Tatras, located on the border of Poland and Slovakia; At least 7–8 million tourists visit here every year.
The main areas of lake tourism in foreign Europe are the Lake District in central Finland, the Kashubian and Masurian Lake Districts in Poland, the Mecklenburg Lake District in Germany, Lake Balaton in Hungary and Lake Maggiore in Italy.
River tourism has received the greatest development on the Danube, on the rivers and canals of France and some other countries.
A few words about river tourism in various European countries.

Spain.
Currently, a large number of tour operators work with Mediterranean countries. The most popular seaside resorts in Spain
Spain is a mosaic country. Its island and mainland parts, provinces and coasts have completely different appearance and character. Even nearby resort towns may differ: one is built on the shore of the bay and will delight you with a palm-lined embankment and wide beaches; another looks into the sea from high cliffs, climbing the slopes with steep staircase streets; the third has been turned into an elegant yacht club with fashionable hotels and restaurants. Therefore, in Spain you can spend a holiday to suit every taste.
In 1998, for the first time in the entire tourist history of Spain, 4,774,200 tourist arrivals were registered here, which brought it to an honorable second place in
etc.................

Foreign Europe is the main region of international tourism

Foreign Europe has been and remains the main region of international tourism. Along with other countries, tourists and vacationers are attracted by the “old stones of Europe” - the sights of its cities. In 2000, the number of foreign tourists reached 400 million. All types of tourism have developed here, and the “tourism industry” has reached a very high level. Europe accounts for more than 2/3 of foreign tourists! Europe ranks uncompetitively first among the regions of the world. Serving tourists has become the main or one of the main sources of income for most of the population of specialized tourist areas.

Types of tourist areas

In foreign Europe, tourism and recreational areas of two types are most widely represented - coastal and mountainous. Nowadays, sea cruise tourism areas are also becoming popular.

Cruise tourism

In the areas of sea cruise tourism, various types are combined, including travel on a comfortable ship, relaxation on the beaches, excursion and educational programs, usually covering several countries. The Mediterranean is one of the main areas of cruise tourism, which is facilitated by good natural conditions.

Mountain tourism

There is practically only one classic large ski tourism area in the world - the Alps. On the territory of the Alpine countries (primarily Switzerland and Austria) a powerful network of well-equipped ski slopes, many ski lifts, hotels, etc. has been created. The lower zone of the mountains is used mainly for treatment and hiking, the middle for skiing, and the upper for mountaineering. The Alps are visited by 100 million people annually. All other areas cannot provide any serious competition to the Alps.

Seaside resorts

The most famous and most visited are the seaside resorts. The main area of coastal tourism is the Mediterranean, which is visited annually by 220 million people. Particularly popular are the coast of the Ligurian Sea, where the Côte d'Azur (Riviera) is protected from the north by the Alps with its center in Nice, the Adriatic coast in Croatia, the coast of Spain, and the Balearic Islands.

Leading countries

France, Spain, and Italy invariably act as leading countries in international tourism in Europe. The most popular countries attracting tourists also include Great Britain, Germany, Austria, Switzerland, Greece, Portugal, the Czech Republic, and Hungary. And in such microstates as Andorra, San Marino, Monaco, there are one hundred tourists for every resident.

Paris, Rome, and Madrid became a kind of “tourist Mecca”. Many tourists also visit London, Amsterdam, Vienna, Dresden, Prague, Venice, Naples and Athens.

France

France is one of the world leaders in the number of tourists received. France is the only country in Western Europe that has a variety of recreational resources. It can be considered Central European, Mediterranean, and Alpine. Despite the long-standing well-developed and extensive network of hotels, France lags far behind Switzerland and Austria in terms of the number of hotel beds per 1000 inhabitants (49 beds). The Alpine part of the country is dominated by winter sports centers financed from Paris. The tourism industry here is increasingly located in small or very small buildings.

Italy

Italy is a classic tourism country in the center of the main international tourist flows. Despite the huge number of tourists arriving annually from abroad, the country’s hotel stock is relatively small (73 beds per 1000 inhabitants). The main flow of tourists - almost 80% - goes to coastal areas and cities with their historical and architectural monuments. Italy has the most visited cities in the world by tourists.

In Italy there are more than 200 ski stations (mostly in the Alps), equipped with funiculars and lifts. It is dominated by medium and small ski centers, chaotically located and consisting of cheap hotels.

Switzerland

Switzerland, having a very advantageous geographical location, ranks one of the first places in the world in terms of tourism intensity. Thus, per 1,000 residents there are 168 beds in hotels and other accommodation facilities.
Health resorts, ski tourism, mountaineering, and summer recreation are widely developed here.
Switzerland is the birthplace of highly organized mountain tourism. It has become an important element of the national economy here.
Switzerland occupies a prominent place in the world in terms of congress tourism.

Austria

Being at the center of the intersection of the most important land and air routes, Austria has become an important transit center in Europe. This, along with very favorable natural and climatic conditions, predetermined its wide participation in the development of international tourism. Thus, there are 158 hotel beds per 1,000 residents. Approximately 75% of tourists are German citizens. More than 80% of tourists arriving here are autotourists.

As in Switzerland, there are many vacationers here not only in summer, but also in winter (ski tourism). There is a large network of sanatorium and medical institutions. Small boarding houses and hotels predominate. There is also a chain of large hotels managed by international companies.

Problems of recreational resources

Despite the highly organized tourist holidays, there are also problems in Foreign Europe. The most environmentally vulnerable areas suffer first. In Western Europe these are mountain valleys and sea coasts. In some cases they degrade.
Particular problems are associated with the transport movement of tourists. Because Almost 2/3 of tourists travel by car; environmental pollution in these areas reaches dangerous levels. According to scientists, lead dust falling from the exhaust gases of vehicles pollutes up to 50 hectares of agriculture. lands.
An important task was planning for road transport, and in some areas even stopping it.
Exacerbation of problems related to mountain nature protection.
In mountain recreational areas, the most intense impact on the natural environment occurs during the construction of tourist and recreational complexes. This is due to the creation of complex engineering structures carried out in conditions of easily vulnerable natural mountain landscapes.

…

Problems are also increasingly becoming: unemployment during seasons of weakening tourist flows; decline in other sectors of the economy that are less profitable compared to serving tourists; costs associated with the “monoculture” of tourism; exacerbation of social problems - decline in morals of the local population, increase in crime, etc.

Regarding the environmental situation, significant measures have been taken to protect the environment. These measures include multiple circulation of certain types of natural resources, primarily water (Germany, France), conservation of recreational resources (Switzerland, Austria), successful land reclamation (Germany). There have been encouraging changes showing the possibility of solving complex environmental problems and really improving the state of recreational resources and the overall environmental situation in certain areas, including Western Europe.

LLC Training Center

"PROFESSIONAL"

Abstract on the discipline:

« Economic and social geography of foreign countries. Methodology for teaching a course in secondary school »

On this topic:

« Characteristics of tourism resources of foreign European countries. Tourist zoning of Foreign Europe. »

Executor:

Gladysheva Alexandra Nikolaevna

Moscow 2016

Content

Introduction. . . . . . . . . . 3

Theoretical concepts about tourist resources. . . . 5

Tourist zoning of Foreign Europe. . . 8

General characteristics of the countries of Foreign Europe. . . 8
Tourist areas of Foreign Europe. . . . 10

Conclusion. . . . . . . . . 16

List of used literature. . . . . 17

Appendix No. 1. . . . . . . . . 18

Introduction.

Tourism in the 21st century. has become a social and political phenomenon that significantly influences the world order and the economy of many countries and entire regions. World tourism has achieved particular success over the past 30 years, when the number of international tourists increased by 3.8 times, and foreign exchange earnings from it increased by 25 times. .

Tourism in people's perception is associated with restoration of strength, relaxation, and new impressions. It has firmly entered the life of man with his natural desire to discover and learn about unexplored lands, monuments of nature, history and culture, customs and traditions of different peoples.A number of important geographical, economic, political and cultural preconditions contribute to the fact that Europe has been and remains the most developed region in terms of international tourism.

Foreign Europe is the “cradle” of world civilization, the birthplace of great geographical discoveries, industrial revolutions, urban agglomerations, and international economic integration. Europe is home to about 40 sovereign states, linked by common historical destinies and close political, economic and cultural relations. This region still occupies a very important place in world politics and economics today. Despite its small territory, the role of this region of the world in the world economy is very great. Foreign European countries produce 50% of the world's industrial output. The region ranks first in mechanical engineering and second in the production of chemical products. In addition, Foreign Europe has been and remains one of the main regions of international tourism.

The relevance of the chosen topic is due to the fact that Foreign Europe attracts a huge tourist flow every year. The object of the study is Foreign Europe. The subject of the study is the tourism resources of Foreign Europe. The purpose of this work: to study and analyze the tourist and recreational resources of Foreign Europe from the point of view of their attractiveness for tourists, to reveal and show current trends in the development of tourism in Europe.

To achieve our goal, the following tasks were identified:

1. Study of scientific, popular science and scientific-methodological literature on the topic of interest;

2. Consideration of the concepts of “tourist resources”;

3. Familiarization with the zoning of Foreign Europe;

The methodological and theoretical basis for writing the work was provided by special educational and periodical literature on the problem under study, as well as statistical information. Among the authors used to write the abstract, special mention should be made of the works of Alexandrova A.Yu., Voronkova L.P., Glushko A.A., Dmitrevsky Yu.D., Kvartalnov V.A., Maksakovsky V.P. and others.

Theoretical concepts about tourism resources

Tourism is currently an actively developing area of the economy. And for the development of any sphere of the economy, a certain set of resources is always required that will ensure the achievement of tactical and strategic business goals. Tourism as a field of economic activity is based on the targeted and reasonable use of resources that are potentially attractive to potential travelers.

According to , the concept of “tourist resources” means natural, historical, socio-cultural objects, including objects of tourist display, as well as other objects that can satisfy the spiritual and other needs of tourists, help maintain their livelihoods, restore and develop their physical strength.

Many authors (Bystrov S.A., Vorontsova M.G., Zhukova M.A., Lukyanova N.S., etc.) are increasingly considering the combined concept of “tourist and recreational resources” as specific properties of the natural environment, and also their combinations, manifestations of human activity, natural, historical, socio-cultural objects that are objects of interest to tourists, stimulate them to travel, and are able to satisfy their needs for the restoration and development of physical, emotional and intellectual strength. A resource is not only a landscape or a landmark, but also silence, clean air, the hospitality of residents, the availability of entertainment, etc.

The presence of certain tourist resources in the region determines the specifics of tourism development in a given area (region), in addition, tourist resources are the initial basis for the production of a certain tourist product.

There are several ways to classify resources in the tourism sector. Tourism resources can be considered by belonging to certain components of the natural environment (climatic, water, forest); according to their functional purpose (health-improving, educational, sports); according to the degree of study.

The World Tourism Organization proposed dividing all resources into seven large groups , namely: natural resources; energy wealth; human factors (in terms of demographics and cultural aspects); institutional, political, legal and administrative aspects; social aspects, features of the social structure, level and traditions in the field of education, health care and recreation; various benefits and services, transport, communications, recreation and entertainment infrastructure; economic and financial activities.

In addition to the above grouping, other methods of systematizing tourist resources can be used. One of these classifications is presented in Fig. 1. (Appendix No. 1)

Such groupings of resources allow the most rational and comprehensive approach to the formation and evaluation of tourism products at different levels, including national, regional and local.

Competitiveness of many countriesVThe field of international tourism is directly related to the availability of natural resources, which include land, seas, lakes, rivers, landscapes, climate, flora, fauna. They characterize the location of the country and are decisive for the formation of tourist flows. Thus, the presence of excellent sea beaches and a warm climate in Mediterranean countries encourage tourists from such developed countries as Austria, Great Britain, Germany, Japan to visit these resorts.

Thus, when considering any region, and in particular Foreign Europe, from the point of view of tourism development, an accurate analysis of its tourist resources and a study of their recreational potential are necessary. Moreover, this region has a huge number of favorable natural factors.

2. Tourist zoning of Foreign Europe.

2.1 General characteristics of the countries of Foreign Europe.

Europe occupies the western part of the Eurasian continent. Territory area 10.8 million km 2 . The border of Europe with Asia runs along the eastern foot of the Urals, the Elbe, Kuma, Manych rivers, the Caspian, Azov, and Black seas. Most European countries have access to the Atlantic and Arctic Oceans and their seas, which facilitates the development of tourism ties with other countries. The bulk of Europe is flat or hilly. The largest plains are the East European, Central European, Middle and Lower Danube, and the Paris Basin. Mountains occupy 17% of the territory. The main mountain systems are the Alps, Carpathians, Apennines, Pyrenees, Carpathians, part of the Caucasus.

In most of the territory the climate is temperate. In the west it is oceanic, in the east it is continental. On the northern islands the climate is subarctic and arctic, in southern Europe it is Mediterranean. Much of Northern Europe is covered by modern glaciers. On many islands in Iceland, Spitsbergen, Novaya Zemlya there is cover glaciation, and in the Alps there is mountain glaciation.

Occupying a small portion of the Earth (4% of the land area), Europe is one of the most densely populated regions of the world. 786 million people live here. The ethnic map of the modern European continent is quite colorful.

The economic and geographical position of the countries of Foreign Europe is determined by two main features. Firstly, the neighboring position of these countries in relation to each other. With a relatively small territory, its small “depth” and good transport “passability”, these countries either directly border or are separated by short distances. In addition, their borders run primarily along natural boundaries that do not create significant obstacles to transport connections. Secondly, the coastal position of the vast majority of countries, many of which are located close to the busiest sea routes. In the western part of the region there is no place more than 480 km from the sea, in the eastern part - 600 km. The whole life of Great Britain, the Netherlands, Denmark, Norway, Iceland, Portugal, Spain, Italy, Greece has been closely connected with the sea since ancient times.

Political map of the region throughout the 20th century. has undergone major changes three times: after the first and second world wars and in recent years (the unification of Germany, the acquisition of independence by the Baltic countries, the collapse of Yugoslavia, Czechoslovakia, changes in the social system in Eastern Europe).

In Foreign Europe there are both republics and monarchies, both unitary and federal states.

Recently, a rather difficult demographic situation has been developing in foreign Europe. In some countries there is even a natural population decline. At the same time, the age composition of the population is changing, and the proportion of older people is growing. The influx of migrants has increased.

In terms of national composition, the population of foreign Europe is relatively homogeneous: the vast majority of the 62 peoples of the region belong to the Indo-European language family. However, the ethnic map of the region, which has evolved over thousands of years, is not so simple. Along with single-national ones, there are many states with a complex national composition, in which there has recently been an aggravation of interethnic relations; Yugoslavia can serve as an example of this kind.

In all countries of Foreign Europe, the dominant religion is Christianity. In Southern Europe, Catholicism sharply predominates, in Northern Europe - Protestantism; and in the Middle they are in different proportions. The world center of Catholicism is located in Rome - the Vatican.

Foreign Europe is one of the most densely populated regions of the world. Moreover, the distribution of the population in it is primarily determined by the geography of cities. The total number of cities is measured in many thousands, and their network is very dense. Gradually, over thousands of years, a Western European type of city emerged, the roots of which go back to the times of the Roman Empire and the Middle Ages.

A characteristic feature of the urbanization of Foreign Europe is the very high concentration of the population in large cities and urban agglomerations, of which there are more here than in the USA and Japan combined. The largest of them are London, Paris and Rhine-Ruhr. In the 70s After a period of rapid growth of cities and agglomerations, an outflow of population began from their centers (nuclei), first to near and far suburbs, and then to more distant small towns and rural areas (“green wave”). As a result, the number of residents in the central areas of London, Paris, Hamburg, Vienna, Milan and many other cities either stabilized or even began to decline. This process is called suburbanization in science.

2.2 Tourist areas of Foreign Europe.

Tourist zoning - identifying areas in order to systematize geographic information about tourismAndidentifying territorial patterns of its development.

As a basistourist and recreational zoningforeign Europe usually takes its generally accepted four-member regionalization. The World Tourism Organization (WTO) distinguishes four large regions within this region: Southern, Western, Central-Eastern and Northern. It is in this order that they follow in terms of the size of attracting tourists.

Southern region or Southern Europe is a very important tourist area. Situated on three southern European peninsulas (Iberian, Apennine, Balkan) and adjacent territories, this area is distinguished by the attractiveness of the Mediterranean coast, Mediterranean climate, subtropical vegetation and, last but not least, a very complex history that left many cultural and architectural monuments in this area. The ethnic and religious composition of the population here is also diverse. So we can say that the attractiveness of the zone is quite great. It is no coincidence that the European shores of the Mediterranean Sea attract 100 million recreational tourists every year.

Within the zone, tourist macro-regions are quite clearly distinguished: Adriatic, Pyrenees, Apennine-Maltese, Southern France. This region of Europe occupies 1315 thousand km 2 and includes 12 countries: Italy, Spain, Portugal, Malta, Greece, Slovenia, Serbia, Montenegro, Croatia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Macedonia, Albania. Mountainous terrain and a subtropical climate with dry summers prevail here, which creates unique conditions for the formation of a river network.

Within the zone, four categories of tourist areas can be distinguished: resorts of the Adriatic coast, mountain and ski centers, other inland areas with climatic resorts, resorts with thermal mineral springs.

Among the seaside resort centers are Dubrovnik, Opatija, Portoroz, Pula, Split, Rijeka; among lake resorts - Bled, Ohrid; Among the mineral spring resorts is Vrijačka Banya. Among the cities that attract representatives of educational tourism are the capital of Yugoslavia Belgrade, the capital of Croatia Zagreb, the capital of Slovenia Ljubljana.

Spain is especially popular, where you can travel through the high Pyrenees, and through the arid Aragon, through Old and New Castile in the center of the country, through Andalusia in the south, relax and enjoy the benefits of the sea on the coasts.

In Southern Europe, the coastline from Marseille to the French border with Italy is especially famous for its favorable conditions for recreation and treatment. This is the French Riviera. The sixty-kilometer stretch from Cannes to Menton is remarkable - the Côte d'Azur, protected from the northern winds by the Maritime Alps. This entire coastline has long been popular with tourists from around the world. Representatives of the Russian aristocracy before the revolution, and representatives of the Russian emigration after it, and now - representatives of the “new Russians” lived here often and for a long time. .

Near the very border with Italy is the Principality of Monaco, famous for its wonderful oceanographic museum, but even more so for the world-famous casino in Monte Carlo, to which many Russian and foreign writers have dedicated their stories and short stories.

Western European zone occupies an area of 1108 thousand.km 2 and is one of the most popular tourist areas in Europe. It includes 7 countries: Germany, France, Belgium, the Netherlands, Luxembourg, Switzerland, Austria. It attracts tourists with its very diverse nature and many historical, cultural, historical and architectural sites. At the same time, it has a well-developed infrastructure, reflecting the generally high level of labor in Western European countries. It is this circumstance and a largely common, albeit contradictory history that unites this zone, despite natural contrasts, into one whole. At the same time, within the zone there are such great differences in natural conditions that they primarily determine the division of the zone into macro-regions: British, Alpine, Germany and Benelux countries, French region.

Western Europe is characterized by the following main features:

The predominance of educational tourism (especially for Ireland,hostlarge flows of “transit travelers” from North America);

Weak development of resort tourism, which is explained by unfavorable climatic conditions for this purpose;

An important place in the flow of cruise travelers making sea trips around Europe, along the Atlantic, etc.;

The predominance of air transport of domestic and foreign tourists over road transport."

In general, the Alpine region (which includes the “dwarf” state of Liechtenstein) is distinguished by a well-developed tourist infrastructure, which uses the slightest reason to attract tourists to this or that region, to this or that point of the Alps. It is no coincidence that the Alps are visited by more than 60 million tourists a year. A special tourist macro-region of the Western European zone is represented by Germany and its adjacent Benelux countries (Belgium, the Netherlands, Luxembourg). The area has attractive natural conditions. In the south there are medium-high mountains, then there is a descent to the north to the North and partly the Baltic Seas. Some lowlands (in the Netherlands) are located below sea level and are protected by dams and dikes. The climate also changes from south to north. It is most favorable for recreation in the valleys of southern Germany, which led to the development of resorts there, including those using healing waters. There are, of course, seaside resorts. But the areas attract tourists not only for their nature: in four countries that have experienced many historical ups and downs, a large number of cultural monuments from different eras have been preserved. Thus, the area appears as an example of integrated tourism.

The French macroregion includes the territory of France without its Alpine regions and the Mediterranean coast.

Flat over most of its territory, a region of medium altitude in the French Massif Central, cut through by the large river arteries Seine, Rhone, Loire, Garonne with their tributaries and numerous picturesque river valleys, facing the Atlantic in its western part and possessing a huge number of historical monuments and museums of various eras (from ancient times to the present day), the French region is one of the most attractive not only in Europe, but throughout the world, as evidenced by the number of tourists arriving here every year.

Central-Eastern region is the smallest in area among other districts and occupies 782 thousand.km 2 . This zone includes the following countries: Ukraine, Belarus, Moldova, Poland, Czech Republic, Slovakia, Hungary, Romania and Bulgaria. Three denominations predominate in the zone: Catholic (Poland, Hungary, Slovenia), Protestant (various types), Orthodox (Romania, Bulgaria). The same confessions are also characteristic of the Baltic countries, which until recently were part of the USSR.

As for natural conditions, they change greatly from north to south. A tourist moving from the Baltic countries to Bulgaria sees a gradual change in landscapes - from forest in the north and center, steppe in western Romania and Hungary to subtropical in southern Bulgaria. So the natural attractiveness in this tourist area is undoubtedly higher in the south, where, moreover, there is the Black Sea with its excellent beaches in Bulgaria and Romania.

Analyzing the historical and cultural attractiveness, we can say that here, as they say, every country has something to boast about: after all, all the states in this zone have an interesting history, the traces and monuments of which are the most interesting tourist sites.

The Black Sea region of Bulgaria contains a large number of seaside resorts, famous all over the world. Tourists are attracted by the sea, beaches, and well-developed infrastructure. There are also objects of educational tourism, including ancient monuments. There are also exotic natural and archaeological sites.

The capital of the country, Sofia, is an important area of educational tourism (temples, monuments, interesting buildings of civil architecture). Near the city there is a tourist complex Vitosha massif and some other objects .

Northern Europe Zone includes a group of Scandinavian countries united by the proximity of history and languages (Sweden, Norway, Denmark and its possession of Greenland, Iceland), as well as Finland, which is historically and territorially close to them. This is the largest of the above areas (1809 thousand km 2 ).

Northern Europe is distinguished by its natural attractiveness, and of a special kind: the natural environment of the Northern European countries is unique, although, by ordinary standards, it is very harsh; it (the environment), in comparison with other regions of Europe, has retained its virgin, pristine character to a greater extent (although, of course, not everywhere).

The Nordic countries as a whole are more of a supplier of tourists, but are still constantly striving to increase the influx of tourists into their tourist area.

Thus, tourist flows are mainly directed to recreation centers in Western and Southern Europe (France, Spain, Italy). This concentration is the result of the habit of summer beach holidays. The UK is known for educational tourism, while Northern Europe (Scandinavia and Ireland) specialize in eco-tourism. Europe will be remembered for a long time for its landscapes, beautiful hotels and warm sea. There are many places in Europe where you can go: Ski resorts in the Czech Republic and Switzerland, excursions to cities such as Paris, Rome, Venice.

Conclusion

Traditionally, Europe has been and remains the region of greatest attraction for tourists. This is facilitated by the high level of economic development of most countries, the income of the population and its social structure (the predominance of the middle class), which makes it possible to realize the need for recreation outside their countries. As in other parts of the world, intraregional tourism predominates in foreign Europe, i.e. The exchange of tourist flows between European countries is higher than between Europe and other continents.

Based on the facts presented in this work, we can say that the tourism boom in foreign Europe continues. This can be explained by the following reasons.Firstly , the development of international tourism in the region is favored bynatural factors:rich and diverse natural and recreational resources, extremely rugged coastline and the presence of inland seas, thousands of kilometers of sea beaches, a dense river network, a combination of coastal and mountain landscapes in neighboring territories.Secondly , very favorable for Europe andcultural and historical factors:wealth of various historical and architectural monuments, high level of spiritual and material culture, mosaic national and religious composition of the population.Third , the development of tourism in foreign Europe is favorably influencedsocio-economicAndeconomic and geographical factors (high level of general economic development, growing incomes of the population, high urbanization, developed transport and social infrastructure, close proximity to most countries in the region). Finally,fourthly , you need to take into accountpolitical factors. PFirst of all, a long period of peaceful development, deepening the processes of economic and political integration.

Bibliography:

Dmitrievsky Yu.D. "Tourist areas of the world": textbook. manual, - St. Petersburg, 2001;

Zhukova M.A. Management in the tourism business: a textbook. Bryansk: KnoRus Publishing House, 2010 -191с

Kuskov A.S., Kozyreva O.N., Astashkina M.V., Saninskaya A.A.Geography of tourism.Publishing house "Infra-M", 432 pages

Lukyanova N.S. Geography of tourism: tourist regions of the world and Russia. Workshop. Ed.3, stereotypical. Publishing house "KnoRus", 2016

Maksakovsky V.P. Geographical picture of the world. Book I-II: General characteristics of the world. M.: Bustard, 2008

Malskaya M.P. International tourism and the service sector. Access mode

Okladnikova E.A. International tourism. Geography of tourism resources of the world. Ed. “Teacher and Student”, 2002, 384 pages

Zhukova M.A. Management in the tourism business: a textbook. Bryansk: KnoRus Publishing House, 2010

Bystrov S.A., Vorontsova M.G. Tourism: macroeconomics and microeconomics. – St. Petersburg: “Gerda Publishing House”, 2007

Birzhakov, M.B. Introduction to tourism: Textbook. – 7th edition, revised and expanded. – St. Petersburg: “Nevsky House Gerda”, 2004.

Bystrov S.A., Vorontsova M.G. Tourism: macroeconomics and microeconomics. – St. Petersburg: “Gerda Publishing House”, 2007.

Lesson objectives:

Educational: to develop among students scientific views on the relationship between nature and society, on the spatial features of this relationship;
Educational: contribute to satisfying the interests and needs of a developing personality through the educational subject of geography: curiosity, independence, activity, mutual assistance, etc.
Educational: promote the moral education of students;

the formation of love for the Motherland with a broad view of the world and other peoples. Equipment:

atlas, textbook, wall map “Foreign Europe”, outline maps, teacher and student presentations.

DURING THE CLASSES (I. Teacher's opening speech: Annex 1
. Slides: 1-4) The tourism boom that has swept the entire planet in recent decades is attracting a lot of attention. In addition to economic benefits, tourism, satisfying simple human curiosity, contributes to the rapprochement of different peoples, strengthens trust between peoples not through political methods, but through so-called public diplomacy.
Tourism is a healthy lifestyle, and recreational resources - resources for recreation, tourism, a healthy lifestyle - are the property of all humanity.

The epigraph of our lesson is the words of N.M. Przhevalsky: “And life is beautiful because you can travel.”

Lesson plan.
What is tourism?
Factors influencing the development of tourism.
The importance of tourism for the development of the world economy.
Types of tourism.
Spatial structure of international tourism.

1. (I. Teacher's opening speech: Foreign Europe is the main tourist center of the world.

. Slide 5.) What does the word “tourism” mean? Tourism (French) touriste . From tour
– walk, trip), travel (trip, hike) in free time, one of the types of active recreation. (Encyclopedic Dictionary). I. Teacher's opening speech: International tourism is one of the leading, highly profitable and most dynamic sectors of the world economy (
Due to the exceptionally high growth rates of this sector of the economy, it is often called a phenomenon of the second half of the 20th century. In 2000, the World Tourism Organization (WTO) recorded over 700 million international tourist arrivals worldwide, 28 times more than in 1950. ( Annex 1 . Slide 9).

2. Factors influencing the development of international tourism were studied in detail by N.S.Mironenko, Yu.D.Dmitrevsky, A.Yu.Alexandrova and other economic geographers.

Factors influencing the development of tourism ( I. Teacher's opening speech: . Slide 10)

– socio-economic factors(I. Teacher's opening speech: . Slide 11)

The general level of development of the country, the structure of its economy, quality of life, social and professional composition of society, its educational level, degree of urbanization and mobility of the population, political stability in the region, etc.

– recreational and resource potential of the territory(I. Teacher's opening speech: . Slide 12)

The quantity and quality of natural, cultural and historical resources, including World Heritage Sites.

– infrastructure factor(Annex 1 . Slide 13)

Level of development of production and social infrastructure.

– tourist infrastructure(Annex 1 . Slide 14)

Accommodation facilities – hotels, campsites, tourist centers, etc.

– geographical location factor(I. Teacher's opening speech: . Slide 15)

– subjective factors(Annex 1 . Slide 16)

These are changes that occur in a person’s psychology, his attitude towards his personality, towards other people and their social groups, as well as towards the environment.

3. For its part, international tourism makes a significant contribution, growing every year, to the development of the world economy. Its significance is not limited to the direct economic effect. It goes beyond the tourism sector, having a noticeable impact on the entire economic organism and often acting as a catalyst for socio-economic development in the region. It accounts for 7% of total investment, 11% of global consumer spending, 5% of all tax revenues and a third of global trade in services.

The importance of tourism for the development of the world economy (I. Teacher's opening speech: . Slide 17)

– development of the world economy (Annex 1 . Slide 18)

In the 1950-1960s. global annual receipts from tourism did not exceed $10 billion, in 2000 - $476 billion, and in 2006 reached $730 billion. This means that they constitute a fairly significant share of total world exports and thus more export of services.

– tourism sector is a major employer(I. Teacher's opening speech: . Slide 19)

It employs every tenth worker in the world. In developed countries such as the USA, Germany, France, Great Britain, more people work in this sector of the economy than in the automobile, electronics, textile and agriculture industries combined.

4. (I. Teacher's opening speech: . Slide 8). Thanks to the efforts of specialists of various scientific profiles, including geographers (from domestic scientists - N.S. Mironenko, I.V. Zorin, V.A. Kvartalny, V.S. Preobrazhensky), as well as WTO staff, many complex terminological and Classification issues of tourism issues have been resolved to one degree or another. However, the question of types of tourism still remains confusing; There are various interpretations of it. One of them is presented to your attention.

5. (I. Teacher's opening speech: . Slide 21). The regional distribution of international tourist flows in its main features has been established for a long time. From the beginning of mass tourist exchanges to the present time, Europe stands out noticeably in the global tourism market. This region is very popular among Europeans themselves, as well as residents of the USA and Canada. The second position has been firmly held by America for many years. Europe and America, especially North America, are key tourist regions. They account for four-fifths of all arrivals worldwide. In the 21st century, the territorial structure of the MT will change while maintaining previous development trends. According to WTO forecasts for 2020, Europe will maintain a dominant position in the tourism market with 717 million arrivals. The Asia-Pacific region will come in second place (438 million arrivals). America, having moved one step lower, will close the top three (284 million arrivals).

6. (I. Teacher's opening speech: . Slide 22) Foreign Europe is the main tourist center of Europe.

Europe's share in international tourism exceeds 60%. The most visited tourist country in Europe and the world is France. It receives every fifth holidaymaker on the old continent, mainly from EU countries. The most intense tourist exchange exists with Germany, Great Britain and the Benelux countries. Apart from France, the main receiving countries in Europe are Spain and Italy. Together they annually register over 80 million arrivals, mainly for the swimming and beach season. The bulk of tourist flows in Europe are generated by Germany and the UK. To a lesser extent, but also active are the French and Danes. The USA is the only non-European country among the top ten tourist generating countries for Europe.

(I. Teacher's opening speech: . Slide 23) This high level of tourism development can be explained by a number of prerequisites:

1. (I. Teacher's opening speech: . Slide 24) Favorable natural and recreational conditions. These include:

– favorable climate;
– rugged coastline;
– dense river network;
– mosaic landscapes;
– a varied combination of landscapes;

2. (I. Teacher's opening speech: . Slide 25) Rich history, high level of culture, education, mosaic of national and religious composition.

3. (I. Teacher's opening speech: . Slide 26) Countries of high socio-economic level of development:

– growing incomes of the population;
– high urbanization;
– availability of infrastructure.

4. (I. Teacher's opening speech: . Slide 27) Peaceful situation in the region.

(I. Teacher's opening speech: . Slides 28-29) Let's analyze the statistics showing the income of countries in international tourism and expenditure on international tourism.

Now let’s look at international tourist flows in Europe ( I. Teacher's opening speech: . Slide 30).
Intraregional tourism in Europe accounts for the vast majority of all tourist arrivals - about 90%, and only 10% comes from tourist arrivals to Europe from other regions of the world.

The intraregional nature of tourism in Europe is more pronounced than in other regions of the world. A large number of states in a relatively small territory, between which there are close economic and ethnic ties, an excellent network of land transport communications, simplified tourist formalities with a wide variety of natural recreational resources and cultural and historical attractions and developed infrastructure - all this contributes to intensive intra-European tourist exchange. It accounts for more than half of all arrivals in Europe. (I. Teacher's opening speech: Main types of tourism in Europe

1. (I. Teacher's opening speech: . Slide 31) . Slide 32)

Seaside type of tourism:

A) Mediterranean.

The main tourist center of Europe, which receives the largest number of tourists.
– Cote d'Azur (Nice, Cannes, etc.);
– Coast of the Aegean Sea (Greece);

– Italian Riviera;

B) Black Sea coast of Bulgaria and Romania (Golden Sands, Varna, Sunny Beach).

B) Coast of the Baltic Sea:
– Sopot (Poland);
– Kulunborg (Germany);
– Saint-Malo (France);

– Brighton (UK). (Annex 1 2. Mountain tourism

. Slide 33)

Among the mountain tourism areas in Europe and the world, the first place undoubtedly belongs to the Alps, which are visited annually by 100-150 million people. First of all, this is, of course, a winter skiing area, but many tourists also come here in the summer. Countries in this region receive income from tourism, which accounts for up to 12% of the GDP of these countries.
– Carpathians;
– Sudetes;

– Rhodope Mountains. Annex 1 3. “Old stones of Europe.” (

European countries attract tourists with the sights of their cities. In terms of the number of World Cultural Heritage sites, foreign Europe ranks first among the regions of the world. The largest number of them are located in countries such as Italy, France, Spain, Great Britain, Austria, Greece, the Czech Republic, and Slovakia. ( Annex 1 . Slide 35)

II. Homework:

1). Write a description of the tourist route as desired (orally or in the form of presentations, in groups).
2). Mark the recreational zones of the world on a contour map (symbols on the map are arbitrary).

It might be useful to read:

Recreational areas of foreign Europe. Analysis of tourism resources of Western European countries. Methods for assessing tourism resources

Introduction

1. Natural factors favorable to the development of international tourism in the region

2. Types of tourism in Foreign Europe

3. Tourist and recreational zoning

Foreign Europe is the main region of international tourism

Types of tourist areas

In foreign Europe, tourism and recreational areas of two types are most widely represented - coastal and mountainous. Nowadays, sea cruise tourism areas are also becoming popular.

Cruise tourism

Mountain tourism

Seaside resorts

Leading countries

Paris, Rome, and Madrid became a kind of “tourist Mecca”. Many tourists also visit London, Amsterdam, Vienna, Dresden, Prague, Venice, Naples and Athens.

France

Italy

In Italy there are more than 200 ski stations (mostly in the Alps), equipped with funiculars and lifts. It is dominated by medium and small ski centers, chaotically located and consisting of cheap hotels.

Switzerland

Switzerland, having a very advantageous geographical location, ranks one of the first places in the world in terms of tourism intensity. Thus, per 1,000 residents there are 168 beds in hotels and other accommodation facilities.

Health resorts, ski tourism, mountaineering, and summer recreation are widely developed here.

Switzerland is the birthplace of highly organized mountain tourism. It has become an important element of the national economy here.

Switzerland occupies a prominent place in the world in terms of congress tourism.

Austria

As in Switzerland, there are many vacationers here not only in summer, but also in winter (ski tourism). There is a large network of sanatorium and medical institutions. Small boarding houses and hotels predominate. There is also a chain of large hotels managed by international companies.

Problems of recreational resources

Despite the highly organized tourist holidays, there are also problems in Foreign Europe. The most environmentally vulnerable areas suffer first. In Western Europe these are mountain valleys and sea coasts. In some cases they degrade.

An important task was planning for road transport, and in some areas even stopping it.

Exacerbation of problems related to mountain nature protection.

In mountain recreational areas, the most intense impact on the natural environment occurs during the construction of tourist and recreational complexes. This is due to the creation of complex engineering structures carried out in conditions of easily vulnerable natural mountain landscapes.

…