Detailed map of the depths of the Kostroma reservoir. Kostroma River (Kostroma)* - left tributary of the Volga. When is it more profitable to fly? Chip flights
The Kostroma Reservoir, which the local population calls “the sea” out of respect, arose in 1955-56; Kostroma was blocked by a dam at Kunikovo, forming the Kostroma Reservoir. The area of the new reservoir was 175 square kilometers, the length was more than 25 km, the width was about 15. Most of the reservoir was quite shallow, with average depths from 4 to 6 meters. From the north, several rivers flow into the reservoir - Kast, Sot, Kostroma, Meza, Prost, feeding the freshwater “sea” with their waters. In the vastness of the reservoir there are a large number of large and small islands. The river is navigable from the mouth to the town of Bui.
The mouth of the Kast and Vopsha rivers is a shallow bay of the Kostroma Reservoir with prevailing depths of up to three meters. There is no clearly defined channel, but there are mounds and holes. There are a lot of large perch and pike up to one and a half kilograms. Travel by personal transport to the village of Bukhalovo. Next - by rowing boats along the Kast River.
You can plot a route for your car by entering the name of the place from where you want to leave and where to get there. Enter the names of points in the nominative case and in full, with the name of the city or region separated by a comma. Otherwise, the online route map may show the wrong path.
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Nearest hotels (hotels, hostels, apartments, guest houses)
View all hotels in the area on the map
Five nearby hotels are shown above. Among them there are both regular hotels and hotels with several stars, as well as cheap accommodation - hostels, apartments and guest houses. These are usually private economy class mini-hotels. The hostel is a modern hostel. An apartment is a private apartment for daily rent, and a guest house is a large private house, where the owners themselves usually live and rent out rooms for guests. You can rent a guest house with an all-inclusive service, a bathhouse and other attributes of a good holiday. Check with the owners for details here.
Usually hotels are located closer to the city center, including inexpensive ones, near the metro or train station. But if this is a resort area, then the best mini-hotels, on the contrary, are located further from the center - on the seashore or river bank.
Nearest airports
When is it more profitable to fly? Chip flights.
You can choose one of the nearest airports and buy a plane ticket without leaving your seat. The search for the cheapest air tickets takes place online and the best offers are displayed to you, including for direct flights. As a rule, these are electronic tickets for a promotion or discount from many airlines. Having selected the appropriate date and price, click on it and you will be taken to the company’s official website, where you can book and buy the required ticket.
Nearest bus stations, railway stations, bus stops.
| Name | Type | Transport | Distance | Schedule |
| Trohachi | pier | water | 14 km. |
Fishing in the Kostroma region makes you come back here again and again; the region is a rather fertile land with numerous reservoirs and rivers.
The Volga is the main river artery, and the largest lakes in the Kostroma region are Galichskoye and Chukhlomskoye; in addition, the Gorky Reservoir is of particular interest to fishermen.
It is worth saying that in addition to the listed reservoirs, the Kostroma region has hundreds of small lakes and rivers.
More than 70 species of fish live in the reservoirs of the Kostroma region. The most common species are sabrefish, carp, crucian carp, perch, bream, and pike. Sinks, burbot and pike perch are also not uncommon.
In the spring, the main target of fishermen is roach, which reaches quite large sizes.
What equipment is needed for fishing in the Kostroma region? Experienced fishermen prefer light or medium spinning rods. If you plan to hunt predatory species, it is also worth considering a spare reel.
For comfortable fishing in this area, you also need to have mosquito nets and mosquito repellent.
Ways to increase your catch!
Having 13 years of fishing experience, I have learned many ways to return home with a rich catch. Here are the most effective:
- Bite activator. This additive with pheromones causes a wild appetite even in well-fed and passive fish, attracting them to the fishing spot from long distances. The Fish Hungry bite activator has proven itself to be excellent -
- Gear with increased sensitivity. You should first familiarize yourself with the features of using a particular type.
- Pheromone lures. They attract the attention of fish, stimulate hunger and cause a schooling reflex, which allows you to collect a lot of fish in one place.
You can get the rest of the secrets of successful fishing for free by reading my other materials on the site.
The Kostroma region offers its guests numerous recreation centers. “Romanov Les” and “Fisherman’s House” deserve the greatest attention from fishermen, providing the most comfortable conditions for recreation and fishing.
For independent fishing, you can highlight the mouth of Mera and Lake Chukhloma, which are famous for the abundance of asp and perch. It is worth saying that in many rivers of the region there are also crayfish, which can be lured with fragrant fish or meat.
: Central, Zavolzhsky, Factory
Kostroma- a city in the Russian Federation on the Volga River, the administrative center of the Kostroma region, a huge river port. The permanent population is 269,711 people (2010). The area of the city is 144.5 km. In 2011, the territorial and administrative division of the city into 3 districts was restored: Central, Fabrichny and Zavolzhsky.
Kostroma was founded in the 12th century, and in the 13th century it became the center of an appanage principality. The historical center of the city has primarily preserved an exemplary ensemble of its kind from the classicism era of the late 18th-19th centuries. Of the monuments of the pre-Petrine era, the most interesting are the complexes of the Ipatiev and Epiphany-Anastasia monasteries. The city is included in the list of settlements that have the official status of “historical”, and is usually included in the “Golden Ring of the Russian Federation”.
City Day in Kostroma is usually celebrated on the last Saturday of August along with the celebration of the Feast of the Theodore Icon of the Mother of God, August 29.
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Physiographic feature
Geographical position
Kostroma is located on the Kostroma Lowland, on both banks of the Volga, at the old mouth of the Kostroma River - 65 km from Yaroslavl, 105 km from Ivanovo and 301 km northeast of Moscow. Distance from MKAD by road ( M8"Kholmogory", subsequently that A113) - 306 km. The public area of the area within the city is 144.5 km.
Timezone
Kostroma and the Kostroma region, like neighboring regions, belong to the capital time zone (Moscow Time Zone, MSK/MSD). The offset from UTC is +4:00 (MSD).
Climate
The climate is moderate continental, with a strong moderating influence of the Atlantic Ocean. The average annual temperature is +4.2 C°, the average annual wind speed is 3.1 m/s, the average annual air humidity is 79%.
| Climate of Kostroma | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Index | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | But I | Dec | G. |
| Absolute maximum, °C | 6,6 | 6,5 | 17,9 | 27,6 | 31,9 | 32,6 | 37,1 | 37,3 | 30,2 | 22,9 | 12,4 | 9,4 | 37,3 |
| Average maximum, °C | 6,2 | 5,5 | 0,8 | 9,9 | 17,8 | 21,5 | 24,0 | 21,2 | 15,0 | 7,5 | 0,7 | 4,7 | 8,4 |
| Average temperature, °C | 9,4 | 9 | 3 | 4,9 | 12,0 | 16,2 | 18,7 | 16,0 | 10,4 | 4,2 | 3,1 | 7,5 | 4,2 |
| Average minimum, °C | 12,5 | 12,2 | 6,4 | 0,9 | 7,0 | 11,5 | 13,9 | 11,8 | 6,8 | 1,6 | 5,4 | 10,3 | 0,6 |
| Absolute minimum, °C | 46,4 | 39,3 | 31,1 | 19 | 5,5 | 2,7 | 3,7 | 1,4 | 5,8 | 18,5 | 28,8 | 44,4 | 46,4 |
| Precipitation rate, miles. | 42 | 30 | 29 | 33 | 46 | 77 | 73 | 75 | 61 | 64 | 49 | 46 | 625 |
| Source: Weather and Climate | |||||||||||||
Hydrology
Ipatiev Monastery (view from the opposite bank of the old bed of the Kostroma River)
The main rivers of Kostroma are the Volga (Gorky Reservoir) and its left tributary Kostroma, the level of which is raised by the backwater of the Nizhny Novgorod hydroelectric station. Kostroma is located on both banks at 597-603 km from the source of the Volga (Upper Volga), here the river changes its direction and turns to the southeast. The right bank of the Volga is high and steep, the left bank is low. The width of the Volga within the city is about 600 meters.
Within the city limits, near the Ipatiev Monastery, there is the old bed of the Kostroma River, at the moment it is an additional ship passage leading to the ship repair plant and the settling and repair station of the port of Kostroma. The bed of the Kostroma River was blocked by a dam within the city in 1955-1956, which led to the creation of the Kostroma Reservoir (expansion of the Gorky Reservoir). The new artificially created mouth of the Kostroma River is located 12 km upstream near the village of Samet.
In the area of the city, a certain number of rivers and streams flow into the Volga and Kostroma (the bulk of them are enclosed in pipes along important lengths): the most important of them are Zaprudnya, Sula (an underground channel in the center of the city) and the Black River.
The average water flow of the Volga near Kostroma is 1110 m/sec, the average long-term value of the level of the Gorky Reservoir near Kostroma is 84.28 m3.
The Volga River is the main source of water supply for the city. According to the chemical composition, the water in the Volga River is characterized as soft, low-mineralized, with a low content of chlorides and sulfates. Chloride content 26-30 mg/l (MPC 350 mg/l), sulfates 6.0-7.2 mg/l (MPC 500 mg/l), hardness 2.6-2.8 mol/l (MPC 7, 0 mol/l), public mineralization 137.0-164 mg/l (MPC 1000 mg/l). In general, Volga water is characterized by high color (color varies from 28 to 70 degrees, average 46 degrees), high organic content (permanganate oxidation 9-18 mg O 2 /l, COD - up to 60 mg O 2 /l), low turbidity (3-7 mg/l, during the spring flood, well, almost at the end of winter it can briefly increase to 20 mg/l). Most of the features of anthropogenic pollution (content of pesticides, heavy metals, petroleum products, etc.) are within the accepted standards for drinking water. However, in terms of the content of phytoplankton in the summer months and, periodically, in terms of the level of microbiological pollution, the water quality becomes heavier, which requires additional stages of purification. Along with the surface source, underground deposits located in the north of the city (Bashutino) are used. The explored capacity of the deposit is, according to various sources, 24-33 thousand meters per day. The water in the source meets drinking standards in all respects, except for iron content (1-2 mg/l.)
City symbols
Main articles: Coat of arms of Kostroma,Flag of KostromaThe city of Kostroma, in accordance with federal legislation and heraldic rules, has official symbols - a coat of arms, a flag, an anthem, reflecting historical, cultural, national and other local traditions and originalities (Article 4 of the Charter of the city of Kostroma).
The historical coat of arms of Kostroma was approved on October 24, 1767, restored on July 5, 1878, restored for the second time on October 7, 1992. The coat of arms of Kostroma is the first city coat of arms in the history of the Russian Federation.
Depicts the galley "Tver", on which Empress Catherine II arrived in Kostroma.
In an azure field, sailing to the left on azure waves with silver crests is a golden galley with silver sails and 10 golden oarsmen; on the mast is the Imperial standard.
The flag of Kostroma was created on the basis of the symbols of the coat of arms. There is no officially approved Kostroma anthem.
Story
Main article: History of KostromaCentime.. more: History of the Kostroma region
Origin of the name
There is no single scientifically based view on the origin of the city’s name. Undoubtedly, this is a hydronym: the name is derived from the river on which it stands. “Kostra” (or “kostrika”) in East Slavic dialects means straw for burning. In Vasmer's dictionary, this toponym is associated with an East Slavic ritual character, who was a straw doll, which was symbolically burned during the summer ritual cycle - on Semik or Peter's Day (“funeral of Kostroma”). There is also a version of the Finno-Ugric origin of the name: Finn. kosto - revenge, Finnish. maa - land, “Land of retribution”. However, formant extraction -ma in some cases it is controversial, and the base bonfire is atypical for the pre-Russian hydronymy of this region.
Foundation of the city
Archaeological excavations in the center of the modern city have revealed scattered finds of Fatyanovo axes - it is likely that they come from a destroyed Bronze Age burial ground. Molded ceramics from the mid-2nd half of the 1st millennium (that is, the period preceding Slavic colonization) were found, indicating a Finno-Ugric settlement.
Monument to the founder of the city, Grand Duke Yuri Dolgoruky
The founding date of Kostroma is officially considered to be 1152. This date was proposed by historian V.N. Tatishchev, linking this event with the activities of Yuri Dolgoruky in the northeast of Rus'. There are no reliable indications of this, just as other existing hypotheses do not have serious scientific support.
Available archaeological finds indicate the existence in the 11th-12th centuries. fortress and trade and craft settlement on the left bank of the Volga at the confluence of the Sula River.
Kostroma in the XIII-XVII centuries.
The first chronicle mention of the existence of Kostroma dates back to 1213, it is associated with strife between the offspring of the Grand Duke of Vladimir Vsevolod the Very Big Nest. This year, the Rostov prince Konstantin burned Kostroma, which supported his brother, the Vladimir prince Yuri: “and I will burn everything, and the inhabitants of our planet will be confiscated”. In the aftermath of the victory, Constantine in 1216 -1217 transferred Kostroma to his own young son Vasily.
The fate of Kostroma during Batu’s invasion in 1238 is not known for certain: the invaders “they captured everything on the Volga up to Galich Mersky” .
In the aftermath of 1239, Kostroma was restored by the Grand Duke of Vladimir Yaroslav Vsevolodovich, who built a church made of wood in the city in honor of the patron saint Theodore Stratilates, whose name he bore in baptism. In 1246, the city came into the appanage ownership of Vasily’s young son. In the same year, Kostroma became the capital of the Kostroma appanage principality, which separated from Vladimir-Suzdal Rus'
In 1272, Vasily Yaroslavich became the Grand Duke of Vladimir - the head of all the appanage principalities of North-Eastern Rus'. He did not go to the capital Vladimir, but remained in the appanage Kostroma, thereby making the city the capital of North-Eastern Rus' until his death in 1276.
In the XIII-XIV centuries, fortified monasteries appeared around Kostroma, protecting the approaches to the city: Ipatievsky and Nikolo-Babaevsky.
In 1364, Kostroma became part of the Capital Principality, since then its history has been inseparable from the development and culture of the all-Russian country. The city made of Wood at the mouth of the Sula was often subjected to predatory attacks by the Ushkuiniki, as a result of which in 1419 it was moved to a new elevated place, which became clear as the Kostroma Kremlin. The first stone building in the city, the Assumption Cathedral, was built directly there.
Church of the Resurrection on Debra, photo 1910, S. Mtr. Prokudin-Gorsky
During the Time of Troubles, Kostroma was twice taken by troops of the Polish lord Lisovsky and suffered terrible devastation; in 1609, the Kostroma militia played a necessary role in the fight against the Polish intervention, expelling the supporters of False Dmitry II who had taken refuge there from the Ipatiev Monastery. Kostroma detachments joined the people's militia of Minin and Pozharsky. In the Ipatiev Monastery in 1613, Misha Fedorovich Romanov was called to the throne, and thus Kostroma became the “cradle” of the royal and imperial Romanov dynasty.
In the aftermath of the Time of Troubles, the defensive fortifications of the Kremlin were rebuilt in Kostroma, and a wide trade and craft settlement and settlements spread around. By the middle of the 17th century. Kostroma, in terms of its economic development and number of inhabitants, becomes the third after Moscow and Yaroslavl, a significant craft city of Capital Rus' with developed textile, leather, soap, silver and icon-painting production. Blacksmithing, pottery, and construction trades were developed. At the same time, a huge shopping center appeared in Kostroma, and an English trading post was established in the city. In the 2nd half of the 17th century, an outstanding school of fresco and icon painting was formed in Kostroma.
Provincial city
As a result of Peter's reforms, Kostroma in 1708 became a provincial city of the Capital Province. On July 16, 1744, the Kostroma diocese was established.
Galley "Tver", 1879
(painter A.K. Beggrov)
In 1767, Catherine II organized the coat of arms of Kostroma with the image of the Tver galley, on which she arrived in Kostroma. In the aftermath of the fire of 1773, the Kremlin and nearby neighborhoods were most likely rebuilt, and a new Gostiny Dvor was built. By the end of the century, the cathedral bell tower was completed, which rose above the surrounding buildings, thereby organizing the spatial environment of the city. Since 1778, Kostroma became the center of the Kostroma governorship. In 1781, Catherine II approved the general plan for the construction of Kostroma, according to which defensive ditches were filled in, earthworks were torn down, and construction of the city with shopping arcades and civil buildings began.
From the middle of the 18th century, the development of Kostroma as a textile center began: in 1751, the merchant I. D. Uglechaninov built the first linen factory. In terms of the volume of linen fabrics produced, Kostroma quickly took first place in the Russian Federation. There were still 12 tanneries and 18 brick factories, 6 cloth factories, a bell foundry, a tile factory and other factories operating here. Kostroma became a huge trading port on the Volga transit route.
In December 1796, by decree of ruler Paul I, the city became the center of the established Kostroma province. In 1797, Paul I visited Kostroma.
The city owes the visit of Nicholas I to Kostroma in 1835 by renaming the central Yekaterinoslavskaya Square to Susaninskaya and by decree on the erection of a monument to Tsar Misha Fedorovich and the peasant Ivan Susanin (opened on March 14, 1851). Since 1838, the first periodical publication, the newspaper Kostroma Provincial Gazette, began to be published once a week.
In 1858, Ruler Alexander II and Empress Maria Alexandrovna came to Kostroma, and in the summer of 1881, Ruler Alexander III with Empress Maria Feodorovna and heir Nicholas.
General view of the provincial agricultural, handicraft and industrial exhibition with a social and cultural department, 1913. Photo by K. Bulla
In 1870, the first water supply system was built in Kostroma, and in 1891 the Museum of Antiquities was opened. In 1894, there were 36 churches in Kostroma. In 1895, the first five-story building was built in Kostroma (dormitory for workers and employees of the Novo-Kostroma Linen Manufactory Partnership).
The beginning of the 20th century was marked by a revival of social and economic activity in the city. In 1905, the 2nd (subsequently Ivanovo-Voznesensk) Council of Workers' Deputies in the Russian Federation was created in Kostroma. In 1913, the 300th anniversary of the Romanov dynasty was widely celebrated in Kostroma: Ruler Nicholas II and his family visited the city. For this event, a power station was built, the 2nd stage of the water pipeline was opened, the center was landscaped, the foundation monolith of the grandiose monument to the 300th anniversary of the Romanov dynasty was laid, a number of civil structures were built, including the Romanov Museum and the Romanov Hospital.
Russian period
Sculpture of V. I. Lenin on the pedestal of the monument in honor of the 300th anniversary of the House of Romanov
On January 14, 1929, by resolution of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee of the USSR, the Kostroma province was abolished. Kostroma loses its status as a provincial city and is included in the composition of first the Ivanovo, and later the Yaroslavl region.
Industrialization was expressed in the accelerated development of companies in the textile, light and wood processing industries, as well as textile engineering. In 1932, the construction of the railway bridge across the Volga was completed. According to the design of engineer I.D. Zvorykin, a flax factory was being built, in which labor-intensive processes were mechanized. The construction of production buildings and residential buildings for workers was completed in 1935, and equipment installation work was carried out in 1936-1938. By the end of the 1930s, the population literally doubled due to the influx of labor from farmers. In 1932, the Textile Institute was created, and in 1939, the Teachers' Institute.
In the 1930s, a huge number of churches were destroyed or rebuilt in the city. More clear is the destruction of the Kostroma Kremlin in 1934, churches and chapels in the center. Even earlier, in September 1918, Susaninskaya Square was renamed Revolution Square, and the destruction of the monument to the feat of Ivan Susanin began (almost completely dismantled by 1934).
During the Great Patriotic War, hospitals, military schools and the civilian population were evacuated to Kostroma. Near Kostroma in the fall of 1941, the Yaroslavl Communist Division was formed. Thousands of Kostroma residents were awarded orders and medals for their exploits at the front and home front, 29 of them were awarded the title of Hero of the Russian Union.
On August 13, 1944, the city of Kostroma became the administrative center of the newly formed Kostroma region.
In the 1950-1980s. in Kostroma, in addition to the textile and woodworking industries, new promising industries are intensively developing: energy, mechanical engineering and metalworking, radio electronics and instrument making.
View of the Volga near the pedestrian bridge
At this time, intensive industrial and residential construction was carried out: industrial zones and residential neighborhoods were formed. New social infrastructure facilities are appearing and existing ones are being modernized (the medical building of the regional hospital (1981), the ambulance station (1982), the circus (1984), the archive building of the Kostroma region (1984), the Philharmonic (1988), etc.).
The tourist infrastructure was developed; in 1958, on the basis of the Ipatiev Monastery, a historical and construction museum-reserve was organized, behind the southern wall of the monastery along the left bank of the Igumenka River in the 1960s. a museum complex made of wood architecture is being formed. In 1970, traffic was opened on a pedestrian bridge across the Volga River; trolleybus service began in 1972; in 1986, a pedestrian bridge across the Kostroma River connected the area of Ipatievskaya Sloboda with the central part of the city. The Volga hotel complex was built on the left bank of the Volga (1977). In 1987, a holiday was held in Kostroma for the first time - City Day, which coincided with its 835th anniversary.
Dynamics of changes in the city's population:
Authorities
The Government Building is the seat of the city administration and Duma.
Centime.. more: Mayors of Kostroma and the Duma of the city of Kostroma
Every day the representative body of local government of the city has been working since 1994, the Duma of the city of Kostroma, elected for a term of 5 years. In October 2010, the Duma of the fifth convocation was elected, which included 35 deputies. Chairman of the Duma of the city of Kostroma - Yuri Valerievich Zhurin.
The highest official of the city is the head of the city of Kostroma. In 2008, changes were made to the Tired City of Kostroma, abolishing the popular election of the head of the city, establishing the procedure for electing the head of the city from among the members of the Duma of the city of Kostroma and introducing the position of head of the city administration (city manager), hired on a competitive basis. On February 24, 2011, Yuri Valerievich Zhurin was elected head of the city for the period of the Duma of the 5th convocation; the administration of Kostroma was headed by A. V. Shadrichev. On February 16, 2012, the city Duma accepted the resignation of Shadrichev, and B. A. Satuev was appointed acting head of the administration
Economy
General state
In 2010, goods of own production were shipped, works and services were performed in-house, manufacturing industries - 21.0 billion rubles.
City budget
Industry
Kostroma is an ancient center of the textile industry (mainly linen). More famous are the flax mill named after I. D. Zvorykin, the Bolshaya Kostroma Linen Manufactory, and the Belt Braid factory.
Mechanical engineering is represented by the following plants: "Motordetal", ship mechanical, ventilation, heating and energy-saving equipment "Concern Bear", heater, textile engineering, excavator, dyeing and finishing equipment, production of commercial refrigeration equipment Brandford and others. The creation of heat and electrical energy is carried out by Kostroma CHPP-1 and Kostroma CHPP-2.
10 rubles (2002) - commemorative coin from the cycle Ancient Cities of the Russian Federation
Developed wood processing (plywood mill "Fanplit", furniture factory "Kostromamebel", furniture factory "Takos"), polymer (plant "Remstroyplast"), printing (SI IPP "Kostroma"), food industry (FL FSUE "Kostroma Distillery ", a distillery, a food processing plant "Merengue", a plant for the production of frozen cutlets, the creation of bottled water "Holy Source", bakeries, dairy plants, bakeries and others), the creation of building materials (silicate plant, roofing materials plant) and consumer goods (plant "Kvarts", the enterprise "FEST" and others).
Kostroma is famous for its jewelry making; there are a number of jewelry manufacturing companies operating in the city: the Kostroma Jewelry Factory, as well as the jewelry companies Altmaster, Alkor, Topaz, Egret, and Delta.
Banking and trade
There are 12 financial and credit institutions in the city (primarily branches, but there are also local banks, for example, Aksonbank, Sovcombank).
The city has a developed retail trade, there are supermarkets, shops and shopping centers, including those belonging to federal retail chains: AI, SPAR, Akson, Euroset, Magnit, M.Video, Svyaznoy, Tekhnosila, "Eldorado".
Connection
The main operators of communication services (landline telephone communication and provision of Internet access) in the city are OJSC CenterTelecom (Verkhnevolzhsky branch) and OJSC KGTS (Kostroma city telephone network). Wired Internet access and IP telephony services are still provided by several providers: Beeline, PROSTOR Telecom (Kvantum CJSC), Logos, etc.
Mobile telephone communications are represented by 4 GSM operators: MegaFon, MTS, Beeline, TELE2 and one CDMA operator - SkyLink.
Tourism
Tourism is considered as a necessary direction for the development of the city's economy. Kostroma is usually included in the tourist route “Golden Ring of the Russian Federation” and cruises on the Volga. The role of business tourism is gradually growing, a number of socio-political forums and cultural events of an all-Russian and international nature are being held.
The number of tourists and excursionists visiting the city every year does not exceed 400 thousand people. The hospitality infrastructure is generally underdeveloped. The bulk of tourists visit the city as part of a day excursion.
At the end of 2010, there were 15 hotels in the city, including: hotel complexes "Volga" and "Snegurochka", hotels "Business Hotel", "Azimut Kostroma", "Golden Ring", "Aristocrat", "ShelestoFF", "Premier" ", "Comfort", hotel and health complex "Troy" and others.
Local and regional authorities are developing a number of tourism brands, such as “Kostroma - the pearl of the Golden Ring”, “Kostroma God-protected”, “Kostroma - the cheese capital of Central Russia”, “Kostroma - the flax capital of Russia”, “Kostroma and the Berendeevo kingdom - the birthplace of the Snow Maiden " and others .
Logo of the program “Kostroma - the soul of Russia” (2010)
In July 2010, a comprehensive program to increase the tourist and investment attractiveness of the city of Kostroma and the Kostroma region “Kostroma - the soul of Russia” was presented. The long-term program provides for the creation in Kostroma of a “National Center for History, Culture and Spirituality” based on the principles of public-private partnership and assigning the corresponding official status to the city of Kostroma.
Within the framework of the program, it is planned to carry out the reconstruction and construction of cultural and historical objects, the reconstruction of churches and monasteries, the modernization of housing, communal and transport infrastructure (including the construction of a river station), the improvement of the city, the development of the hospitality sector (training, adaptation of the urban environment for people with disabilities, development and promotion of the city brand, etc.), holding events aimed at preserving the historical and cultural heritage of the country and spiritual and moral education of society. These events will be implemented in preparation for the celebration of the 400th anniversary of the restoration of Russian statehood and the accession of the Romanov dynasty in 2013.
Transport
Intracity public transport
City traffic along Rossiyskaya Street
City transport is represented by bus, trolleybus and minibus. There are 58 operating city routes in Kostroma with a length of more than 600 km.
At the end of 2010, 89 units of urban transport were involved in the transportation process every day - large-capacity buses and trolleybuses, as well as about 540 transport units of private carriers.
Currently, public transport in Kostroma is in deep decline, associated, in particular, with ineffective management and with a reduction in the number of city buses of enormous capacity. At the end of the 1990s, there were 2 urban transport companies operating in the city: PATP-1 (about 150 Ikarus and LiAZ buses) and PATP-4 (91 Mercedes buses). In 2004, PATP-1 was liquidated, 14 Ikarus buses were transferred to PATP-4. In March 2011, PATP-4 was recognized as zero, and some of the Mercedes were written off.
In August 2011, the largest renewal of the vehicle fleet in recent years took place: 33 PAZ and LiAZ buses equipped with the GLONASS system were purchased for the new city transport enterprise Kostromagortrans through leasing. The new buses are planned to be equipped with external and interior electronic displays, a video recording system and a validator. At the same time, the price for travel in Kostroma public transport remains the same - 10 rubles.
Automatic transport
Kostroma is connected to the cities of Yaroslavl, Ivanovo and Vladimir by a federal highway A113. The federal highway “St. Petersburg - Yekaterinburg” (via Vologda - Kirov - Perm) that is under construction passes through the city. An important congestion of transit and urban traffic flows occurs on the only automobile and pedestrian bridge across the Volga, located near the city center. The long-term development plan for Kostroma provides for the construction of a bypass road and a second automatic bridge downstream outside the city limits.
Aqua transport
There is a river port in Kostroma, but systematic passenger service is limited: the movement of high-speed ships was stopped in the late 1990s, local transportation is carried out by a motor ship of the "Moscow" type. During the summer, the port receives a certain number of cruise ships every day.
Air Transport
Sokerkino Airport serves a small number of local flights. Between their flights:
- Kostroma - Sharya - Bogovarovo on An-2 planes
- Kostroma - Kineshma - Yuryevets by Mi-2 helicopters (from April to September on Friday and Sunday).
On April 14, 2009, air traffic with Moscow was resumed, and since 2010 - with Yuryevets, Anapa and St. Petersburg.
Railway transport
Kostroma station, 1st decade of the 20th century
In 1887, a railway was connected to Kostroma from Yaroslavl. The Kostroma station, built on the right bank of the Volga (currently not used for passenger transportation), did not have a bridge connection with the central left bank part of the city. In 1932, the construction of the railway bridge and Kostroma-Novaya station with a station in the constructivist style was completed.
Kostroma-Novaya station station
The city has access to the main railways: an electrified single-track section Kostroma - Yaroslavl and a single-track diesel locomotive section Kostroma - Galich (Northern Trans-Siberian). Due to different electrification systems (3 kV, direct current in Yaroslavl and Kostroma and 25 kV, alternating current, in Galich) and the unprofitability of constructing an additional connecting station, the movement of transit trains through Kostroma is limited. The bulk of trains go around the regional center through Danilov and Bui.
Kostroma is connected by daily direct communication with Moscow (branded train "Kostroma") and St. Petersburg (trailer direct carriages). Every year passenger trains run Moscow - Khabarovsk, and in the summer - Moscow - Vladivostok, Kostroma - Anapa (via Ryazan) and Kostroma - Adler (via Lipetsk).
Suburban communication is carried out by electric trains to Nerekhta and Yaroslavl: electric trains run every day with all stops (travel time to Yaroslavl is about 3 hours) and additional express trains (travel time about 2 hours). There is also a daily commuter train Kostroma - Galich (travel time 3.5 hours).
Until 1985, there was a suburban service between Kostroma (5 km junction) and Miskovo along a narrow-gauge metal road. Currently, the railway of the Miskovsky peat enterprise is dismantled.
In the mid-1970s, a commuter train Kostroma - Ivanovo ran every day, as well as a local train Kostroma - Kirov with direct carriages Kostroma - Vologda and Kostroma - Malekhankoe Ramenye, providing convenient and reliable communication between Kostroma and the largest regional centers and neighboring regional centers. The Kostroma - Gorky carriage ran with the Kostroma - Moscow train. In 2010, the route of the local train Kostroma - Svecha (a shortened version of the Kostroma - Kirov train) was eliminated.
Social sphere
Education
Main article: Education in KostromaThe building of the men's classical gymnasium on Vsekhsvyatskaya Street. Beginning of the 20th century ()
The first educational institution in Kostroma - the “Digital School” - was opened in 1722, in 1747 the Kostroma Theological Seminary was created, in 1786 - the Basic Public School, in 1805 a district school was opened in Kostroma, and in 1814 - a parish school .
In 1804, in the provincial Kostroma, the Basic Public School was transformed into a four-class men's gymnasium, located at the beginning of Vsekhsvyatskaya Street. In the fall of 1834, Nicholas I, while staying in Kostroma, ordered the governor’s house nearby (currently the main building of KSTU) to be transferred to the gymnasium. Later the gymnasium was transformed into an eight-grade school with a preparatory class. In 1840, graduates of the Kostroma gymnasium received the right to enter the Imperial Universities without entrance exams. In 1896, due to an increase in the number of students, a 3rd floor was added to the building. In various years, the familiar writers A.F. Pisemsky, ethnographer S.V. Maksimov, philosopher V.V. Rozanov, critic and publicist N.K. Mikhailovsky, economist N.D. Kondratiev, historians F.I. . Uspensky and E. E. Golubinsky, sinologist S. Mtr. Georgievsky, metallurgist K.P. Polenov, polar explorer A.N. Zhokhov, church figures: Archimandrite Macarius (Glukharev), Bishop Porfiry (Uspensky), Metropolitan Arseny (Moskvin) and almost all other figures of science and culture.
Regional administration building (formerly Kostroma Diocesan Women's School)
The history of women's education in the Russian Federation is connected with Kostroma: on August 25, 1857, the “Grigorov School of the 1st category for girls of all classes” was opened, funded by the real state councilor A. N. Grigorov. In 1859, he acquired a plot of land for the school with an L-shaped house and other buildings on Pyatnitskaya Street. In the aftermath of Grigorov's death on May 24, 1870, the school was transformed into the Grigorov Women's Gymnasium, the first in the Russian Federation.
The diocesan girls' school for training teachers of parochial schools was built in 1899-1904. thanks to a lucky chance: an employee of the men's gymnasium P.I. Sergeev won a very huge amount of money in the lottery and donated it to the city (currently the administration building of the Kostroma region).
Kostroma owes the development of vocational education to F.V. Chizhov, according to whose will 2 vocational schools were opened in Kostroma. Chizhov schools had first-class equipment, and teachers were recruited from graduates of the capital's higher educational institutions; the best students were sent for internships abroad.
In 1913, during the celebration of the 300th anniversary of the Romanov dynasty, a decision was made to establish the first higher educational institution in Kostroma - the Teachers' Institute. However, the true history of Kostroma higher education began with the opening on November 7, 1918 of the “Kostroma City Workers’ and Peasants’ University in memory of the October Revolution of 1917.”
Reading room of the Scientific Library of KSU named after N. A. Nekrasov (formerly Assembly Hall of the Grigorov Women's Gymnasium)
Currently, there are 4 city universities in the city - Kostroma City University named after N. A. Nekrasov, Kostroma City Technological University, Kostroma City Agricultural Academy and Military Academy of Radiation, Chemical and Bioprotection and Engineering Troops named after Marshal of the Russian Union S. K. Timoshenko .
There are branches and representative offices of city and non-state universities, secondary vocational educational institutions (music school, medical university named after Hero of the Russian Union S.A. Bogomolov, school of culture, highway university, consumer service university, forestry university, mechanical engineering college, technological college, polytechnic university , construction technical school, trade and economic university, energy technical school named after F.V. Chizhov), institutions of primary vocational education (colleges and schools), planetarium.
The city administration includes institutions of general education (lyceums, gymnasiums, schools, boarding schools, evening shift schools), institutions of additional education for children and preschool educational institutions (kindergartens). 6 children's music schools and two art schools provide basic music and art education.
Culture
Romanov Museum building
The building of the Drama Theater named after. A. N. Ostrovsky
Theaters and concert and entertainment institutions: one of the oldest in the Russian Federation, the Kostroma City Drama Theater named after A. N. Ostrovsky (since 1808), the Kostroma Regional Puppet Theater (since 1936), the Kostroma Chamber Drama Theater (1998), the concert and exhibition center " Gubernsky", city philharmonic of the Kostroma region. There are 2 cinemas in the city that keep up with the times: “Friendship XXI Century” (2 halls) and “Five Stars” (6 halls).
The main museum institutions of Kostroma: historical, construction and art museum-reserve, museum-reserve of wooden architecture "Kostromskaya Sloboda", literary museum, nature museum, theater costume museum, art gallery. There are private museums: the museum-estate of flax and birch bark, the art gallery “Perpetuum Art” and others.
The centralized library system of Kostroma unites 20 libraries with a total collection of about 1.5 million volumes, including the Kostroma Regional Universal Scientific Library and the Kostroma Regional Children's Library named after Arkady Gaidar, and university libraries.
At the beginning of the 21st century, there are 4 city creative groups operating in the city (city symphony orchestra; city choral academic chapel; music, song and dance ensemble “Volga-Volga”; city harmonica ensemble “Makhonya”). The Russian Municipal Ballet “Kostroma” is widely known. Since 1998, an open city festival-competition of children's, youth and youth creative societies and performers “Spring Kostroma” (originally “Autumn Kostroma”) has been held in Kostroma, in which more than 3 thousand participants take part every year. Kostroma hosts the annual regional festival of children's and youth creativity "Freestyle". The winners take part in the big gala concert “Freestyle”, which takes place at the end of January.
In 2008-2011, a number of important cultural and entertainment events were implemented in Kostroma, including the “Constellation” festival, an exhibition of Faberge products, an outdoor stage performance of the operas “Boris Godunov” and “Khovanshchina” and others.
In preparation for the celebration of the 400th anniversary of the House of Romanov, the Romanov Festival has been held since 2010 in January-March. The purpose of the festival is the revival of spiritual and moral traditions and values of Russian society and the development of tourism in the region, in particular the popularization of the tourist brand “Royal Kostroma”. The program of the Romanov Festival 2011 included exhibitions, concerts, scientific readings, forums, competitions and theatrical performances. Among them are the festival "Star of Bethlehem", the exhibition "Watercolors of Grand Duchess Olga Alexandrovna", the youth educational forum "Patriot-2011", the sled dog race "Northern Hope", Romanov readings, the theatrical performance "Historical Day", the exhibition "The Time of Faberge" ", trophy-raid "Susanin-trophy".
Healthcare
The city has a developed system of regional and city medical institutions, including an ambulance station, a network of hospitals and clinics (including children's). There are a number of specialized institutions - medical dispensaries, a blood transfusion station, a certain number of dental clinics, a center for psychotherapy and practical psychology, ladies' consultations, maternity hospitals. Private medicine has developed extensively.
Media
Kostroma presents central and local (city and regional) printed and electronic media information.
Print mass-media
- Official media: “Kostroma Vedomosti” - a body of the city administration, a weekly newspaper; “Northern Truth” is the organ of the administration of the Kostroma region (published 3 times a week).
- Independent publication: newspaper “My City - Kostroma” (since June 2011).
- Local publications: “Youth Line”, “New Kostroma Vedomosti”, “Kostroma Fair”, “Kostroma Courier” and others.
- Regional issues of online publications: “Expert”, “Chronometer-Kostroma”, “Komsomolskaya Pravda”, “From Hand to Hand”, “Apartment” and others.
The media holding "People's Media Group" publishes 6 printed publications, including: "Kostroma People's Newspaper", "Voice of the People - Kostroma", "MK in Kostroma", "Middle Class - Kostroma".
Electronic media
The transmission of television and radio broadcasting signals in the city is provided by the Kostroma branch of the Federal State Unitary Enterprise RTRS. On Myasnitskaya Street there is a regional radio and television transmission center (ORTPC) with a tower 100 meters high (put into operation in 1958)
Throughout the city, on-air reception of 11 television programs is provided: Channel 1, Nasha Otchizna 1, Nasha Otchizna-K (“Culture”), NTV, Channel 5, TVC, etc.
Kostroma television broadcasts began in 1992. Currently, programs are being broadcast by local television studios: State Television and Radio Broadcasting Company "Kostroma", OTRK "Rus", "Kostroma Information Channel", "Logos". A certain number of operators provide coverage of city districts with cable television, broadcasting dozens of Russian and foreign channels.
At the beginning of 2011, the city provided broadcasting of 12 all-Russian and local radio stations in the VHF OIRT (since 1960) and VHF CCIR bands.
Religion
Feodorovskaya Icon of the Mother of God
The most representative religious association was and remains the Kostroma diocese of the Russian Orthodox Church of the Capital Patriarchate, founded on July 16, 1744. Within the city there are about 2-10 Orthodox churches, as well as the men's Holy Trinity Ipatievsky, ladies' Epiphany-Anastasiin and Znamensky monasteries. Since 1747 (with a break from 1918-1990), the Kostroma Theological Seminary has been operating in the city.
In the Epiphany Cathedral there is the Feodorovskaya Icon of the Mother of God - the miraculous icon of the Mother of God revered by the Russian Orthodox Church. The icon is known as one of the shrines of the Romanov dynasty, since tradition connects it with the calling to the kingdom of the founder of the dynasty, Tsar Misha Fedorovich, in the Ipatiev Monastery in 1613.
Kostroma is a familiar center of the Old Believers, the first cathedral city of the Kostroma and Yaroslavl diocese of the Russian Orthodox Old Believers Church. In the Trans-Volga part of the city there is the Cathedral of the Transfiguration of the Old Believers.
Other branches of Christianity are represented primarily by areas of Protestantism: religious communities of Evangelical Christians-Baptists, Seventh-day Adventists, Christians of the Evangelical faith - Pentecostals, a group of Lutherans and some others.
As in almost all cities of the Upper Volga, Muslims professing Sunni Islam, primarily the Volga Tatars, have lived in Kostroma since ancient times.
The first information about the Jewish religious community of Kostroma dates back to 1858. In 1903-1907, at the expense of the community, a two-story wooden synagogue building was built in Senny Lane. In 1930, the building was requisitioned; later it housed a kindergarten and any organizations. The building was preserved, and in April 1998, by decision of the city administration, it was almost completely transferred to the ownership of the Jewish community. Currently there are a religious community, community, charity and educational centers.
Urban planning and architecture
“Plan for the provincial city of Kostroma” (1781)
The city of Kostroma is an ordinary and unique monument of Russian urban planning of the 16th-19th centuries with valuable monuments of architecture and history, one of the Russian cities that have preserved, in general, a unique and ordinary building appearance.
Planning, urban planning
The city historically developed on the rugged terrain of the left bank of the Volga. In the old part of the city, the planning structure given by the general plan of 1781 has been preserved. The basis of the radial semi-circular layout is a slender and developed grid of streets, fanning out from the central square. The three-ray system of Eleninskaya (Lenin St.), Pavlovskaya (Mira Ave.) and Maryinskaya (Shagova St.) streets was supplemented by several more streets connecting the city center with its outskirts. The entire system of radial highways was crossed by 3 semi-rings of streets with a broken layout.
Fire tower on Susaninskaya Square - a symbol of Kostroma
In the process of bringing the construction plan to fruition. XVIII - 1st half. XIX century The building ensemble of the center of Kostroma was formed, which still determines the artistic identity of the city.
In the middle of the 19th century, an industrial zone was formed in the area adjacent to the Kostroma River and its tributary Zaprudna, opposite the Ipatiev Monastery. Its base consisted, primarily, of complexes of huge textile factories (A.V. Bryukhanov (1853), Zotov brothers (1859), Tretyakov brothers and V.D. Konshin (1866)). Brick two- and three-story production buildings with elegantly decorated technological towers and high chimneys formed a system of courtyards and intra-factory streets. In One And Also Time, workers’ settlements began to form around factories, which, along with residential buildings, included any charitable, educational, medical, and cultural and educational institutions.
In Russian times, the Trans-Volga side of Kostroma became part of the city: the villages of Gorodishche and Selishche, which were dacha areas in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, were included in the city in 1932. Their layout still retains medieval features and makes them one of the most colorful areas of Kostroma. In 1940, the Trans-Volga village of Malyshkovo became part of the city. Located across the Kostroma River, the Bogoslovskaya and Andreevskaya settlements, familiar from the 16th-17th centuries, were included in the number of urban areas in 1931. They have very well preserved their layout and construction, which constitutes the historical environment for the ensemble of the Ipatiev Monastery.
Formation of the Kostroma area in the XII-XVIII centuries.
During the years of industrialization of the country, intensive industrial construction began in Kostroma, which entailed the construction of residential buildings and workers' settlements, buildings for cultural and social purposes. These buildings, built in the style of constructivism and similar stylistic trends, largely changed the appearance of the city, giving it a new scale. More ideas for new architecture were embodied in the construction of a flax mill under I. D. Zvorykin’s system and a factory village in the mid-1930s. In the post-war years, the volume of construction work on housing and public buildings increased. Comprehensive construction of the territories has been carried out since the late 1950s. The construction of residential buildings according to standard series began to develop. In the 1970-1980s. Intensive construction of new industrial zones and residential neighborhoods took place around the outer border of the old city: Davydovskie, Panovo, Yubileiny, Yakimanikha, Malyshkovo, Pervomaisky.
In 2003-2010 A large-scale campaign to improve the city was carried out. Among other things, a pedestrian zone was organized along the Volga embankment, Susaninskaya Square, Mira Square and the boulevard part of Mira Avenue were reconstructed, monuments and sculptures were installed.
In 2008-2009 The City Duma approved the General Plan of the city of Kostroma.
Build styles
Trinity Cathedral of the Ipatiev Monastery
The architectural heritage is very diverse: monuments of ancient Russian architecture (primarily religious buildings); samples of folk architecture made of wood; monuments of the Baroque and Classical eras (including Empire style). A large group of architectural monuments represents the so-called. "Russian" style of the late 19th - early 20th centuries. The architecture of Russian times is represented by individual buildings in the style of constructivism and neoclassicism of the 1950s. and stylistic trends close to them.
Between the architectural monuments there are a number of huge historical and architectural complexes, monasteries, churches, chapels, monuments of civil and industrial architecture (administrative buildings, educational institutions, theaters, factory buildings, retail premises, hospitals, etc.), landscape art , there are more numerous monuments of residential architecture (residential buildings with outbuildings, estates). Monumental art in the city is represented by sculptural compositions, monuments and busts, as well as a significant number of wall paintings and iconostases.
In the post-revolutionary decades, Kostroma's construction landscape suffered great losses; most of the churches were destroyed, the cathedral ensemble was blown up, and the city lost its high-rise landmarks. At the same time, all the main structures of civil architecture, an important part of the residential construction, survived.
Churches and monasteries
Santim.. also: Kostroma Kremlin, List of temples in Kostroma, Ipatiev Monastery and Epiphany-Anastasia MonasteryOf greater excitement are the ensembles of the Ipatiev and Epiphany-Anastasia Monasteries (XVI-XIX centuries), as well as the churches of the 17th century: the Resurrection on Debra, the Ascension on Debra (reconstructed), the Nativity of Christ on the Settlement, St. John the Evangelist in the Ipatievskaya Sloboda, the Transfiguration beyond the Volga.
Kostroma suffered almost more than other cities of the Golden Ring during Russian times. With the exception of the Church of St. John Chrysostom and the Church of the Resurrection on Debra, all the parish churches of pre-Petrine times were demolished in the city center, including the Assumption Cathedral and such a pearl of ornamentation as the two-pillar Trinity Church (1650). As in Yaroslavl, the Kremlin territory was transformed into wasteland. For this reason, the historical and construction museum-reserve in Russian times was occupied by the Ipatiev Monastery, located away from the city center.
In addition to Ipatievsky, another huge monastery survived in the city (albeit with significant losses) - Epiphany-Anastasiin, where, along with buildings of unsightly architecture, stands the Epiphany Cathedral, which was common for Grozny times. The remains of the cathedral's 17th-century frescoes were destroyed by fire in 1982.
Building ensemble of the historical center
Centime.. more: Susaninskaya Square and Trading Rows (Kostroma)Petty shopping arcades and the Church of the Savior in the Red Trading Rows
The central part of the city is a complete, exemplary building ensemble of the late 18th-19th centuries. Monuments of provincial classicism constitute the main pride of Kostroma. Between the buildings of the time of Alexander I, the ensemble of Susaninskaya Square is noteworthy: the buildings of the guardhouse and fire tower (designer P.I. Fursov) and the Public Places (architects A.D. Zakharov, N.I. Metlin), the house of S.S. Borshchov (designer N. . I. Metlin).
In the center are symmetrically located: Very Large Flour (1789-1793) and Red Trading Rows (1789-1800) (designer S. A. Vorotilov, the initial project belongs to the provincial designer K. von Kler). The buildings are surrounded by open vaulted galleries. Each arch had a separate merchant's shop with its own entrance and display window, an office on the second floor and a warehouse in the basement. On the southern side of the Red Rows the Church of the Savior in Rows with a bell tower was built, in the courtyard there are Melochny Rows (1831-1832). Also built around are the elegant Vegetable (Tobacco) rows (1819-1822) (designer V.P. Stasov), Butter rows - a two-story house with adjacent arcade galleries (1809, designer N.I. Metlin), and Gingerbread rows with 2 chapels (late 18th - early 19th centuries), and lower down the slope along Molochnaya Gora Street - Fish Rows (1840-1850) and the ceremonial entrance from the Volga - Capital Outpost (1823, designer P.I. Fursov).
At the beginning of Pavlovskaya Street (currently Mira Avenue), the building in the neo-Russian style of the Romanov Museum (1909-1911, designer N.I. Gorlitsyn) presents excitement. Next are magnificent examples of civil architecture: the three-story building of the Noble Assembly (1837-1838, designer Mtr. Mtr. Prave) with 2 halls: Big White and Small Golden (Ekaterininsky) and the building of the Drama Theater (1863).
Sights of the Russian period
"Ostrovsky's gazebo" on the Volga embankment (1956)
Among the buildings of the Russian period, the best known are the new monument to Ivan Susanin (1967) (the previous one was destroyed in 1918-1928), the buildings of the communication house (1934), the factory-kitchen and the Kostroma Novaya station built in the constructivist style (rebuilt in the late 1990s). XX years), Exhibition of Achievements of the National Economy.
In 1955-1958 In the Ipatievskaya Sloboda, behind the southern wall of the monastery, a museum of architecture made of wood was created from samples of residential and religious architecture of the 16th-19th centuries. from the area of the Kostroma region. A more valuable exhibit of this open-air museum - the church from the village of Vyruchil-Vezhi (built in 1713) - burned down in September 2002.
Monuments of monumental art
Santim.. more: Monuments of KostromaOn the streets and squares of Kostroma there are monuments dedicated to personalities and historical events, among which: monuments to Ivan Susanin (1967) on Susaninskaya Square, Yuri Dolgoruky (2003) on Rossiyskaya (Voskresenskaya) Square, V. I. Lenin on the site of the former Kostroma Kremlin , A. A. Zinoviev (2009) in the park of KSU named after N. A. Nekrasov, St. Theodore Stratilates in the Epiphany-Anastasia Monastery, the Monument of Glory on Peace Square, the monument to home front workers (“Tear”) (2006) in front of the Gubernsky concert and exhibition center, “Alley of Recognition” (2009) on Mira Avenue and others.
Disputes about the benefits for the national economy and the harm caused to nature of hydroelectric power plants that have already been built and are still under construction will never subside. State district power plants provide for the creation of reservoirs, which also cause a lot of criticism. Actually, the conflict that arises when trying to solve the problems of industrial and economic development of the country and preserving its historical and cultural heritage is eternal. The Kostroma Sea, which is a bay of the Gorky Reservoir, is no exception. The Gorky Reservoir itself is called the “mountain sea”. The expression clearly illustrates the fact that there are plenty of opponents at reservoirs.
Vast expanses of water
A huge lake-type reservoir located in the lower reaches belongs to both the Kostroma and Yaroslavl regions. It is shallow (the greatest depth is eight meters, the total is four), the coastline has a complex shape. The Kostroma Sea itself has unique hydrological and physical-geographical features.
In what areas is the wide Kostroma reservoir located? These lowlands with large lakes and swamps were sung by N. A. Nekrasov. The area occupied by the Kostroma Sea approximately reaches dimensions of 40 x 20 km (according to some sources, the occupied area ranges from 176 to 250 sq. km), which is why it is called not a lake, but a sea, and its fame has long stepped beyond those named regions.
The finally flooded country of Grandfather Mazai
The rivers Kast (west), Sot (north), and Idolomka (east) flowed through the territory of the lost country of Mazai’s grandfather, flooded 60 years ago. All of them, merging, formed the Uzaksu River, which, before the construction of the reservoir, was a tributary of the Kostroma, which flowed to the east of all these rivers.
Now the Uzaksa, like the lower reaches of the Kostroma, are canals connecting the Kostroma Sea and the Volga channel section of the Gorky Reservoir. This bay is connected to the Gorky Reservoir by the former Sezeia River and the Sametskaya Ravine. Just between them is the large and beautiful Mokhovoy Island. Kostroma Bay arose on the site of dozens of lakes. The most notable of them were Bolshoye Lake, Swan Lake, Botvino Lake and others.
Flooded beauty
All areas now occupied by this reservoir, from the village of Glazova, located on the Sot River, in the Yaroslavl region, to the Ipatiev Monastery and from the village of Pribrezhny to the village of Bukhalov, were flooded with melt water from mid-March to mid-May.
In the surviving photographs you can see that all the houses, services and churches in the flooded villages were built on high wooden piles. Surrounded by trees, they look very picturesque. Kostroma land has always been a symbol of patriarchal Russia.
Kostroma Sloboda
In total, 20 settlements had to be evacuated, among which there were quite large ones, such as Miskovo with 500 households, Kunikovo and Zharki with 450 households each. It’s always a pity when something disappears from the face of the earth without a trace, but in fairness it should be noted that amazing exhibits of wooden architecture were preserved and moved to another place.
In 1955, behind the southern wall of the Ipatiev Monastery, an extraordinary open-air museum was created - Kostroma Sloboda. Churches were moved here, including the Transfiguration Church from the village of Spas-Vezhi, the Church of the Cathedral of the Blessed Virgin Mary from the village of Kholm, and the Church of the All-Merciful Savior from the village of Fominskoye. An ethnic village has been created in the museum from houses removed from areas subject to flooding. The village of Spas-Vezhi, flooded during the creation of the Kostroma Bay, as well as the city of Mologa, absorbed, became symbols of irretrievably lost Russia.
Idolom Dam
The history of the formation of the Kostroma Sea dates back to the 50s of the last century. In 1956, simultaneously with the launch of the Gorky (Nizhny Novgorod) hydroelectric power station, which was the fourth stage of the Volga cascade of hydroelectric power stations, the Kostroma River was blocked. Its flow was stopped by the Idolomskaya dam, which starts from the shipyard in the city of Kostroma and ends at the village of Pribrezhny. The fifty-kilometer dam serves as a barrier against flooding in agricultural areas.
Functions of the Kostroma reservoir
What is the Kostroma Sea like (photos posted in the article) now? Its main purpose is to regulate the water level in the Gorky Reservoir, associated with the operation of the Rybinsk Hydroelectric Power Station.
In addition, the Kostroma Bay is famous for the fact that it is where fish reproduce and feed, which then ends up in the Gorky storage facility. Recently, tens of thousands of carp fry were released into the waters of the Kostroma Sea. They are also trying to reproduce sterlet, which is listed in the Red Book, on an industrial scale.
Holidays at sea
The nature surrounding the Kostroma Sea makes a holiday on its shores unforgettable. Moreover, along the shores of the storage facility itself and on its islands there are dozens of magnificent tourist centers and recreation centers for every taste and income - from the eco-hotel "Romanov Les" to various fishermen's huts, delighting with comfort and affordable prices. The recreation centers are surrounded by beautiful forests full of game, mushrooms and berries. There is comprehensive information in the media about such vacation spots as Familyhotel-RU, Astashevo, Belkina Griva (named after the island of the same name), Bely Yar, Vetluga and many, many others. And although the shores of the sea itself are swampy, there are quite decent beaches on the dam. The recreation center "Pribrezhny", located 20 km from Kostroma, is located right on the shore of the sea of the same name.
Fabulous fishing and reservoir location
Fishing on the Kostroma Sea deserves special mention. Some reviews have data that in a few hours you can catch up to 30-50 pike perch in the reservoir floods. Very often you come across pike weighing up to 15-18 kg, tench, bream and asp - up to 3 kg.
Winter fishing is also excellent here, and the bases, available in large quantities, are comfortable and affordable. It is worth adding that the beauty of the numerous islands of the Kostroma Reservoir, as well as the shores, is extraordinary. One of them, put up for sale, was included in the list of the 10 best in the world in this category. For those who don’t know where the Kostroma Sea is, we’ll give you a hint. Kostroma itself, the cradle of the Romanov dynasty, is located 344.5 km from Moscow along the Yaroslavskoye Highway and the Kholmogory M8 highway. The Kostroma Sea, as noted above, overflowed 20 km from it.
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