Download presentation surface of the Primorsky region. Class hour “Native Primorye” Municipal government educational institution “Secondary school with in-depth study of individual. Cable-stayed bridges in Vladivostok

INTRODUCTION Medicinal plants have been known to man since ancient times. Today, medicinal plants include those plants whose organs or parts contain biologically active substances (BAS) and are used in folk and scientific medicine for medicinal purposes (Planthae medicinales). Pharmacognosy is one of the pharmaceutical sciences that comprehensively and comprehensively studies medicinal plants, medicinal raw materials of plant and animal origin, as well as their primary processing products. pharmacon (Greek) - medicine, poison, gnosis (Roman) - knowledge, teaching, i.e. Pharmacognosy is the study of drugs and poisons.

BAS are substances that affect biological processes in the body of humans and animals. LRs are called official medicinal plants (from the Latin officina - pharmacy), those from which official medicinal plant raw materials are obtained. There are about 300 such plants in Russia. All of them are included in the State Register of Medicines and Medical Products. The most important of the official plants, as a rule, are included in the State Pharmacopoeias. Such plants are called pharmacopoeial.

Pharmacopoeial status is given to those official types of raw materials that have served as a source of effective medicinal products (herbal medicines) for a long time. Medicinal plants serve as a source of medicinal plant raw materials (MPR). Medicinal plant raw materials (MPS) are dried or freshly harvested whole medicinal plants or parts thereof, which are used as medicines or as raw materials for the manufacture of medicines.

A medicinal product (MD) of plant origin is a product that has a certain pharmacological effect, approved in accordance with the established procedure for use for therapeutic, preventive or diagnostic purposes (for herbal medicine and herbal prophylaxis). A medicinal product is a drug in a specific formulation. form. Herbal medicine is a drug of plant origin in a specific dosage form. Medicinal herbal infusions are a mixture of several types of crushed (less often whole) plant materials, sometimes with an admixture of mineral salts and essential oils. Infusions and decoctions are prepared from the collections at home.

Primorsky Krai Federal District: Far Eastern Economic Region: Far Eastern Area: sq. km. population: people car number plate index: 25, 125 Primorsky Krai has been an administrative unit of the Russian Federation since September 20, 1938. In the south and east it is washed by the Sea of ​​Japan, in the north it borders with the Khabarovsk Territory, in the west - with China and North Korea.

The region includes numerous islands: Russky, Popova, Putyatina, Reineke, Rikord, Rimsky-Korsakov, Askold, Petrova and others. The names of many of these islands are given in honor of the Russian navigators who discovered or explored our Far Eastern seas and lands, as well as in honor of the ships on which the voyages were made. In world history, the territory of Primorye occupies a rather modest place.

The northwestern coast of the Sea of ​​Japan did not become a center for the formation and development of a single continuous cultural tradition. This was not facilitated by factors such as geography and climate, and to a large extent, the proximity to the ancient Chinese civilization. Its destiny is to be the periphery of initially East Asian and then European (Slavic) civilizations, a zone of intercultural contacts, migrations, from time to time an administrative outskirts of medieval and modern states, or nominally someone’s vassal territory. However, man settled on the territory of Primorye at least 30 thousand years ago, and even then demonstrated the characteristic feature of a “Primorie” - extensive contacts and very stable connections with neighboring cultures of North-East Asia.

It is located in the southernmost part of the Far East on the shores of the Sea of ​​Japan. The territory of the region is 165.9 thousand km2, which is about 1% (0.97%) of the area of ​​the Russian Federation. Primorsky Krai is one of the medium-sized regions of our country, but nevertheless, in area it is significantly larger than such states as Greece (131.9 thousand km2), or Bulgaria (111 thousand km2), or Iceland (103 thousand . km2); and the area of ​​Belgium, Holland, Denmark and Switzerland taken together is smaller than the area of ​​our region.

The northernmost point of the Primorsky Territory is located near the sources of the Dagda River (a tributary of the Samarga River, and the extreme southern point is at the mouth of the Tumannaya River (Tumangan, Tumenjiang) on ​​the border with the Democratic Republic of Korea. The westernmost point lies near the source of the Novgorodovka River (Khankaisky district) on border with the People's Republic of China, the easternmost point is Cape Zolotoy on the shores of the Sea of ​​Japan.

The distance between the extreme points - northern and southern - is exactly 900 km, between the western and eastern points it is 430 km. Of the total length of the Primorsky Territory's borders of 3,000 km, the maritime borders account for about 1,500 km. The western section - the state border with the People's Republic of China goes in the northwest direction to the Zaozernaya hill (height 167 m), and further to the north, crossing the marshy area. It reaches the peak of Povorotny (height 454 m), and then passes along the ridge of the Black Mountains. Further along the river. Granitnaya, crossing the river. Razdolnaya, overlooks the watershed of the border ridge and goes to the mouth of the river. Tour. Then the state border crosses Lake Khanka in a straight line, reaches the source of the Sungach River flowing from Lake Khanka and follows it until it flows into the Ussuri River, then follows the river to the administrative border between the Primorsky and Khabarovsk Territories.

The geopolitical position of the Primorsky Territory is determined by the fact that the territory of Primorye Russia borders for more than 1000 km with the largest country in the world - China and North Korea (about 30 km), and through the Sea of ​​Japan it reaches the maritime borders of Japan and South Korea, and other Asian countries. -Pacific region (APR). At the same time, Primorye performs a kind of connecting, contact function in the international relations of Russia with many countries of the Asia-Pacific region.

GEOGRAPHY OF PRIMORYE Physico-geographical features of the region of the Far East of the Russian Federation The main large physical and geographical divisions of the Primorye Territory are the Sikhote-Alin (southern half) and East Manchuria (eastern outskirts) mountain regions, as well as the West Primorsky Plain separating them. Along the main watershed, the Sikhote-Alin mountain region is divided into the Sea of ​​Japan (eastern and southern) macroslope and the Ussuri-Khanka (western) macroslope, which differ from each other in the structure of the relief and natural and climatic factors.

In the northern part there are the Samarginskoe and Zevinskoe, and in the southern part there are the Artemovsk basalt plateau. Within their boundaries, flat, table-shaped watersheds are developed, where raised bogs often form in depressions. Large areas are covered with larch forests with peaty, waterlogged soils. The marginal parts of the plateau are cut by narrow river valleys, transverse ridges and river valleys, followed by large fault zones. The Sea of ​​Japan macroslope is divided into a series of independent natural and climatic complexes with sufficient contrast.

The southern Sikhote-Alin is especially colorful for its rugged coastline, rocky cliffs and gently sloping sandy beaches, a wealth of natural monuments, a mild maritime climate, the proximity of an extensive transport network and high economic development with a natural, often undisturbed landscape. All this has made southern Primorye a favorite holiday and tourism destination for residents of the entire Russian Far East and other countries of the Asia-Pacific region.

The Ussuri-Khanka macroslope is morphologically divided into Central and Western Sikhote-Alin. The mountain ranges of Central Sikhote-Alin have a predominantly NNE direction. This part of the mountainous region is home to the most elevated sections of massive middle mountains with absolute elevations of up to 1850 m and exceeding m. The rivers are steep, mountainous with rapids and rifts. Western Sikhote-Alin consists of separate NE-trending ridges, separated by intermountain depressions and dissected by wide transverse river valleys of the rivers Ussuri, Malinovka, B. Ussurka, Bikin, etc. The heights of the mountains rarely exceed 1000 m, the relative elevation is m, and the slopes are gentler , in comparison with Central Sikhote-Alin.

The East Manchurian Highlands extends within the Primorsky Territory of its eastern component and is divided into three parts: Pogranichny, Khasan-Barabashsky mountain regions, as well as the Borisov basalt plateau. The border and Khasan mountain regions are already typical low mountains - hilly areas. The border region is a system of low (absolute elevations m, relative m) mountain ranges, which decrease towards Lake Khasan, turning into a hilly plain.

In the Khasan-Barabash region, absolute elevations (m) and relative elevations (m) are noticeably higher. The main mountain range "Black Mountains" is arched towards the Amur Bay. The valleys of most watercourses are open to southern and southeastern humid sea winds, which leaves a unique imprint on the climate, vegetation and soils. In the inner part of the Western Primorsky Plain region, the total area of ​​which is 20% of the region's area, there is a lake. Hanka. Around it there is a lowland of the same name - swampy flat spaces separated by wide river valleys.

Climate The climatic conditions of the region are largely determined by its geographical location - at the junction of Eurasia and the Pacific Ocean. In summer, southerly winds from the Pacific Ocean predominate, and in winter, northerly winds, bringing cold but clear weather from continental regions. At the same time, the monsoon climate has a “mitigating” effect, especially on coastal areas. Spring is long, cool, with frequent temperature fluctuations. The main feature of summer is heavy rainfall and fog. Summer is the time for typhoons; these tropical cyclones visit the region every year. The average temperature in July is +17C...+26C. The coldest summer in the region is on the coast of the Tatar Strait in the northeast of Primorye. The hottest place is on the Khanka Plain.

Autumn is usually warm, sunny and dry. Winter with little snow, cold and windy. In the central and northern regions of the region the climate is more continental. The total annual precipitation is mm, most of it falls in summer. The cold Primorsky Current runs along the sea coast from north-east to south-west, which causes prolonged fogs. The average January temperature is from 8°C to 18°C ​​on the coast, which, coupled with humidity and winds, reduces it by 2 times, and in mainland areas, with a drier climate, the temperature reaches 38°C.

The warmest winter is in the south of the Khasansky district and in the vicinity of Nakhodka, the coldest is in the mountainous regions of the central and northern part of the region. The absolute minimum is -54°C, recorded in the Krasnoarmeysky district near the village. Deep, associated with temperature inversion in the intermountain basin. Coldest months: January, February, March. The warmest months are July, August, September, October. Growing season days.

Flora and fauna Flora and fauna are distinguished by a combination of southern and northern species. Up to 80% of the territory of the region is occupied by exclusively diverse forests: coniferous, broad-leaved, small-leaved trees and shrubs, many of which are endemic (Manchurian apricot, actinidia, true ginseng, Komarov lotus, etc.).

The animal world is also diverse. It is represented by both hunting and commercial species: Elk, wapiti, roe deer, wild boar, musk deer, squirrel, mink, otter, weasel, sable, ermine, etc., and rare species: Amur tiger, leopard, red wolf, Ussuri sika deer, etc. .

Floristic zones. Far East is a mountainous country, more than 1/4 of its territory has mountainous terrain. Usually the height of the mountains does not exceed 1000 m above sea level. m. The uniqueness of the vegetation of the Far East is determined by a number of factors: the large extent of this region in latitude and longitude, which causes climate change from oceanic to continental, long-term seasonal and permafrost, mountainous terrain, a wide variety of rocks and soil conditions. All this allowed V.L. Komarov to allocate the space east of the Stanovoy Ridge as a special Oceanic flora.

The floras of the Far East are more diverse and richer in the number of species than the floras of the corresponding zonal conditions of the regions of Siberia and the European part. Ancient relict plant species have been preserved here. The floras of the Far East are in direct and very ancient related relationships with the floras of the mountainous regions of the southeastern and central parts of Asia and North America, less clear and more recent connections are made with the floras of the trans-Ural parts of Eurasia. Botanists and florists distinguish four types of floras.

The Manchurian flora, the richest and most diverse, occupies Southern Primorye, the river basin. Ussuri, the coast of the Sea of ​​Japan, the Middle Amur basin and Northeast China. A larger number of heat-loving forest tertiary plant species are represented here, the closest relatives of which are distributed in the subtropics and partly in the tropics of East Asia, as well as in the forests of the corresponding zones of North America.

Characterized by numerous deciduous tree species, from conifers (Korean cedar), which form mixed coniferous-deciduous forests. The Far East occupies a vast territory in the northeastern part of the Asian continent. Such a vast region is characterized by natural contrasts due to its latitudinal elongation, complex mountainous terrain, and the influence of the seas.

A forest is a complex plant community of many different plants, differing in size, structure, reproduction, type of nutrition, closely related to each other and influencing each other. Forest is one of the main types of plant communities, the dominant layer of which is formed by trees of one or more species with closed crowns. Forests are the predominant type of vegetation in the Far East. They cover more than 60% of its territory.

The forest has unique environmental conditions: lighting, temperature, soil composition. The temperature regime varies depending on the time of year: in summer the air temperature in the forest is 8-10° lower, and in winter it is 1-5° higher. Forests delay the movement of air, reduce the force of the wind, i.e., soften the climate. In addition, the forest cleans the air of dust, enriches it with oxygen and absorbs harmful gases, disinfects it from harmful organisms, while releasing volatile substances - phytoncides.

A characteristic form of relationships between forest plant communities is the struggle for existence, competition for light, nutrients and water. The attitude to light determines the tiered arrangement of terrestrial plant organs: the upper tier is formed by the most light-loving trees. They are also dominant or edificatory plants that determine the ecological conditions of a given forest plant community; shade-tolerant plants form the lowest tier.

It is customary to distinguish the following tiers: Woody tier - more than 10 m in height: Mongolian oak, poplar, Manchurian walnut, Amur apricot, velvet, linden, calopanax, birch, aspen. Undergrowth m: Types of bird cherry, hawthorn, willow, alder, viburnum, aralia, rowan. Shrub m: Lespedeza, Eleutherococcus, hazel, rose hips, grapes, raspberries, Securinega, currants. Herbaceous and shrub – cm; Schisandra, black cohosh, dioscorea, lily of the valley, adonis, hellebore, valerian, lure. 5th tier - Moss-lichen cm; The dead remains form the forest floor.

The pearl of Far Eastern vegetation is coniferous-deciduous or cedar-deciduous forests (mixed). Edifiers (dominants) are deciduous trees. Only here such economically valuable and medicinally valuable species as Korean cedar (Korean pine), Amur velvet, Amur linden, whole-leaved fir, Daurian larch, Ayan spruce, Manchurian ash, Manchurian walnut, dimorphant, and valley elm grow in their natural form. , pointed yew, Ussuri pear and many others.

Conditions are favorable for the growth of numerous medicinal and industrial plants, including endemic ones such as ginseng, Aralia Manchurian, Eleutherococcus senticosus, Schisandra chinensis, etc. The forests of the southern part of the Far East, rich in linden, Amur velvet, lespedeza and many other honey plants, are one of the the country's largest honey bases. In general, coniferous species predominate in the Far East. The most common species is larch. The second place in distribution is occupied by spruce and fir, which predominate in Primorye and Sakhalin, but also play an important role in the Khabarovsk Amur region.

In Primorye, the most common dominant deciduous species is Mongolian oak. In addition to oak and birch trees, linden and Manchurian ash are also of great importance. Mixed forests are most often polydominant, i.e. each layer includes several dominant species. The first tier is a tree stand: usually consists of 1-2 types of tree species (Korean cedar, Mongolian and jagged oak, Amur and Manchurian linden, birch (white, Daurian, yellow, Manchurian, ribbed, black), Amur velvet, Korean and Maksimovich poplar , calopanax, Amur apricot, Manchurian walnut) The second tier is the undergrowth: made up of smaller trees (rowan, maple, hawthorn, willow, bird cherry, viburnum, aralia, alder, etc.).

The third tier is represented by shrubs: Manchurian hazel, honeysuckle (golden, Maksimovicha, Maaka, edible), rose hips (Maksimovicha, wrinkled, needle-shaped, Daurian), Amur grapes, Lespedeza bicolor and pennywort, securinega subshrub, Maksimovicha and Manchurian currants, Sakhalin raspberry and hawthorn leaf Naya and etc.). 4th tier - The grass-shrub cover is rich in species: Keiske lily of the valley, Amur and Korean valerian, arcuate aconite, Dahurian hellebore and Maaka, two-leaved maynika, Amur adonis, Dahurian and simple black cohosh, Dioscorea nippon. There is almost always a layer of mosses, but mosses do not form a continuous cover.

In mixed forests, the layering of root systems is well expressed. Tree roots penetrate deep into the soil, and the roots of most grasses lie directly under the litter. Trees and shrubs of mixed forests annually produce a large amount of litter, several times higher than the amount of litter in purely coniferous forests. Litter, as a rule, does not accumulate, reaching greater thicknesses in the fall. During the first half of summer, it almost completely decomposes, which is facilitated by the looseness of the soil, good heating, and a large supply of moisture, until the trees put on leaves. As a result, humus is formed, which can retain soluble decomposition products.

Coniferous forest Forest dominated by conifers (Siberian spruce, bud fir, Korean cedar) occupies up to 30% of the forested area of ​​the Far East. Under the thick and dark canopy of spruce or fir, only shade-tolerant shrubs and herbs are found, such as honeysuckle, grapes, actinidia, honeysuckle, and eleutherococcus. And in the brighter places along the edges, at the site of clearings: aspen, birch, alder.

The grass cover, depending on the lighting conditions, can either be absent or have transitions to dense grass. Common grasses of these forests are wood sorrel, bileaf moss, mosses, and mosses. Amur fern is found in illuminated areas. On screes or along the edges of screes: Pacific bergenia. On rocky hills - lingonberries, Manchurian thyme. In swampy lowlands - blueberries, rarely - blueberries. There is lichen on the branches of spruce and fir trees. There are no pine forests in the Primorsky Territory. Grave pine is found in the south of the region on the sea coast.

Larch forest Larch forests in the Primorsky Territory are found in separate isolated forests. The dominant tree of larch forests is larch. Often larch trees may contain an admixture of oak, birch, aspen, spruce, and fir. Larch trees always have a small density. In the shrub layer there are birch, wild rosemary, meadowsweet, and blueberry. Larches in humid conditions have different moss or lichen covers

Broad-leaved forest Broad-leaved forest is formed from the same trees that are found in mixed groups; there are no conifers in these forests. Common trees include Amur linden, Manchurian ash, valley elm, Amur velvet, Manchurian walnut, Mongolian oak with typical shrubs: hazel, bicolor lespedecia. The grass cover is usually continuous and consists of wormwood, bells, and clematis.

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Middle Ages On the territory of Primorye in the Middle Ages there were three empires, successively replacing each other: Bohai (698-926), Jin (1115-1234), Eastern Xia (1215-1233). This period in the history of the region is characterized by the emergence of inequality and classes, the formation of government bodies beyond the control of the people, which are based on legitimate violence. The economy is characterized by qualitative transformations of the economy (primarily its productive forms, such as agriculture), the development of crafts and trade. Economic development leads to the emergence of the first cities. In the field of culture, the polarization of ideology begins, the division of culture into elite and mass. From the beginning of the 8th century, the territory of the region was part of the state of Bohai (or Parkhe) and at that time was divided into at least two territorial and administrative units: the Shuaibin region, named after the Suifun River (now Razdolnaya), in the valley of which its center was located, and Yan District (Yanzhou), with the center located near the modern village of Kraskino in the Khasansky district. In 926, Bohai was destroyed under the onslaught of the Khitan, after which the unification of part of the Heishui Moeh (Jurchen) tribes began, which culminated in the creation of the state of Jin, which defeated the Khitan Liao Empire in 1125. Later, during the wars with the Chinese Empire, the Song Jin managed to capture all of Northern China and hold it for a century. At the beginning of the 13th century, the territory of East Asia was subjected to Mongol invasions. This led to the loss of the eastern territories of the Jin Empire, which became the independent state of Eastern Xia. At this time, Primorye, which was a distant outskirts, became one of the central regions of the new Jurchen state. However, in 1233, after passing through Goryeo, Mongol troops besieged the southern capital of Eastern Xia, and from that moment on, the state ceased its 19-year existence. The final result of the Mongol invasions was the destruction of ancient civilizations, devastation and devastation of Primorye. As one of the Chinese chroniclers wrote, “in the place where cities stood and bustling life was in full swing, desolation reigned and wild animals grazed.” From the perspective of official Russian historiography, until the advent of Russian pioneers, the region remained untouched and forgotten, which was partly facilitated by the policy of self-isolation carried out in China and Korea in the 17th-19th centuries. This, however, is not confirmed by the testimony of the Russian pioneers themselves, in particular, Erofey Khabarov, who in his “responses” reported to the leadership that “with those people, Dmitry Andreevich and Osip Stepanovich, it is not possible to take possession of that land, because that land is populous and a fiery battle"

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XIX century - early XX century In the middle of the 19th century, Russia began to strengthen its position on the northwestern coast of the Pacific Ocean. In 1856, from the coastal parts of Eastern Siberia, together with Kamchatka, the Primorsky region was formed, from which the Amur region was separated in 1857. In 1858, the Primorsky region included all the space newly acquired under the Aigun Treaty, the space between the right bank of the Amur, the Ussuri River and the Sea of ​​Japan, the city of Nikolaevsk was made the center of administration of the region, where the fleet was transferred from Petropavlovsk, however, this territory was declared at that time in joint economic management of Russia and China. In the same year the village of Khabarovka was founded, and in 1859 Sofiysk was founded. On June 20 (July 2, new style), 1860, Vladivostok was founded as a military post. On November 14 of the same year, the Beijing Treaty was signed, the result of which was the transfer of the southern lands of the Far East under the full jurisdiction of Russia, since then the southern part of Primorye has taken its current shape. At the same time, the resettlement movement began, which was carried out in two ways: forced and voluntary. In the first case, military commands were sent by order, Cossacks were sent by lot, peasants were sent as recruits, administrative installation of state peasants, exile of Cathars, etc. The voluntary method, in contrast to the forced one, was characterized by the free resettlement of those who wished to new lands.

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Revolution and Civil War Immediately after the October Revolution, during which the Bolsheviks came to power, the “Decree on Peace” was announced - Soviet Russia concluded a truce on December 2, 1917 and withdrew from the First World War. On March 15-16, 1918, a military conference of the Entente was held in London, at which the issue of starting an intervention was discussed. On August 1, 1918, British troops landed in Vladivostok. In the Far East, the interventionists held out until 1922. At this time, the border of Primorye was poorly guarded, which allowed thousands of Korean immigrants to cross into Russia, most of whom settled in the Vladivostok district, making up 90% of the population in the Posyetsky district. Chinese immigrants also crossed the border, who, unlike the Koreans, came to Primorye, as a rule, for seasonal work. On April 6, 1920, the Far Eastern Republic (FER) was proclaimed, which included, among other things, the Primorsky region. On November 22, 1920, the Amur region of the Far Eastern Republic was formed from the Iman, Sakhalin, Ud and Khabarovsk districts of the Primorsky region with its center in the city of Khabarovsk. On May 26, 1921, in the southern part of the Primorsky region, as a result of the overthrow of the Bolshevik government, an independent state entity was formed - the Amur Zemsky Territory. In November 1921, a campaign against Khabarovsk and Anuchino began from Vladivostok, which ended in failure.

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Soviet period In the 30s, accelerated industrialization and collectivization of agriculture began. This led to the migration of residents of the western and Siberian regions of the USSR to the Far East. Migration was both voluntary and forced (deportation of Gulag prisoners). At the same time, the Stalinist leadership pursued a policy of ethnic and socio-demographic cleansing, which resulted in the eviction of several tens of thousands of “unreliable” and “socially alien” persons. In 1937 - 1938, 200 thousand residents of Korean (to Kazakhstan and Central Asia) and Chinese (mainly to China) nationalities were forcibly deported. As a result of ethnic deportations, until the end of the 80s of the 20th century, the Chinese and Koreans disappeared from the national composition of the population of Primorye. In the summer of 1938, on the southernmost border of the Primorsky Territory, in the area of ​​​​Lake Khasan, military clashes took place between Manchukuo (a puppet state under Japanese control) and the Soviet Union, which went down in history as the Battles of Khasan. The cause of the conflict was Japan's claims to the territory Lake Khasan and the Tumannaya River, as a result of two-week clashes, the USSR won. The losses of the USSR amounted to 960 dead, 2,752 wounded, the losses of the Japanese side were 650 killed, 2,500 wounded. In the same year, on October 20, by decree of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR, the Primorsky Territory was formed as part of the RSFSR with its center in Vladivostok, which included the Primorsky and Ussuriysk regions of the Far Eastern Territory. On September 18, 1943, the Ussuri region, previously part of the Primorsky Territory, was liquidated. After the end of the Second World War, the Primorsky Territory continued to develop as a large industrial and agricultural region of the Far East, but at the same time retained its specialization in raw materials. Rail and sea transport played a significant role in the economy of the region. On September 15, 1948, the Presidium of the Supreme Council of the RSFSR decided to “Transfer the city of Sovetskaya Gavan along with the suburban area from the Primorsky Territory to the Khabarovsk Territory.” In the mid-60s. In the 20th century, industries that were not previously available in the region were created: chemical, electrical, instrument-making, tools, porcelain, furniture, etc. At the same time, the migration of residents of the European part of Russia and Siberia continued, which led to an increase in the population of the region, with 1381 thousand people in 1959 to 1978 thousand in 1979, while the urban population predominated in the socio-demographic structure of the region.

Primorsky Territory HISTORY OF PRIMORYE The settlement of the territory of modern Primorye began in the Paleolithic era. The first to appear here were gatherers and hunters of wild animals: bison, rhinoceroses, mammoths, elk, etc. At the end of the Stone Age, primitive agriculture began to be cultivated in Primorye, and by the beginning of the first millennium BC. local residents already use bronze tools and weapons. During the Iron Age (800 BC), the first large settlements appeared in the coastal zone, adapted for year-round living. People engage in plant gathering, fishing and cultivation of millet and barley. In the second half of the first millennium BC. e. the western regions of Primorye begin to be inhabited by the Woju tribes, and in the middle of the first millennium AD. e. – Sumo Moeh tribes. In the Middle Ages, three empires were successively located on the territory of Primorye: Bohai (698 - 926), Jin (1115 - 1234) and Eastern Xia (1215 - 1233). During this period, the first cities appeared in Primorye, agriculture, crafts, and trade developed. The Mongol invasion was disastrous for Primorye, which led not only to the collapse of the Eastern Xia Empire - the Mongols destroyed and ravaged cities and generally led to the devastation of Primorye. The first Russian explorers appeared in Primorye in the middle of the 17th century, but intensive Russian colonization of the region began only in the middle of the 19th century. Here in 1856 the Primorsky region was formed. In 1858, the village of Khabarovka was founded, and the following year, Sofiysk was founded. In 1860, Vladivostok was founded as the main military outpost of Russia in the Far East. The settlement of Primorye was carried out both compulsorily and voluntarily. In total, during the period from 1858 to 1914, more than 22 thousand peasant families, mainly from Ukraine and Cossack families, moved to Primorye. According to accurate statistics, from 1861 to 1917, 245,476 peasants moved to Primorye, who founded 342 settlements; By the beginning of the February revolution, the population of Primorye was 307,332 people. In order to further strengthen Russian positions in the Far East, in 1891 the construction of the Trans-Siberian Railway, about 7 thousand km long, began. In 1903, with the acceptance of the CER into permanent operation, regular railway communication was established between St. Petersburg and the ports of Vladivostok and Dalniy. In 1899, the Oriental Institute was founded in Vladivostok - the first higher educational institution in Eastern Siberia and the Far East. During the Civil War, Primorye was the scene of fierce fighting and was finally taken under control by the Bolsheviks only in October 1922. By the mid-20s, the population of Primorye already amounted to 600 thousand people, or almost half of all Far Easterners. The 30s in Primorye, as well as in the country as a whole, were characterized by accelerated industrialization and collectivization of agriculture. These processes were accompanied by the migration of residents of the Siberian and western regions of the USSR to the Far East. The thirties were also marked by the Battles of Khasan (1938) between the USSR and the Japanese puppet state of Manchukuo. During the Second World War, Primorye was a deep rear area that worked entirely for the front. In the post-war period, the socio-economic development of the region continued with the formation of large enterprises in various industries and transport. By 1979, the total population of the region approached two million, with a predominant urban population. With the beginning of “perestroika” (mid-80s), significant economic, political and demographic changes occurred in Primorye. So in 1992, Vladivostok was deprived of the status of a “closed” city; there was a disintegration of large enterprises with the formation of joint-stock, small, and mixed companies on their basis; creation of joint ventures with foreign partners. The collapse of the region's economy led to a decrease in living standards, a decrease in the birth rate and reverse migration of the population to the central regions of Russia and abroad. With the founding of the Far Eastern Federal District in 2000, there has been some improvement in social and economic life in the region. In the fall of 2012, the APEC summit will take place in Primorye, on Russky Island, with which great hopes are pinned for the further development of the Primorsky Territory. Primorsky Krai is a subject of the Russian Federation. It is located in the south of the Far East near the coast of the Sea of ​​Japan. The Primorsky Territory, in addition to the mainland, includes numerous islands: Russky, Popova, Putyatina, Reineke, Ricorda, Rimsky-Korsakov, Askold, Petrova and others. 1 Neighboring subjects of the Russian Federation: in the north - Khabarovsk Territory, in the east, across the Tatar Strait - Sakhalin Region. Neighboring states: in the west, China (Heilongjiang and Jilin (Girin) provinces), in the southwest, North Korea, in the east, across the sea - Japan, the minimum distance to the shores of which is 259 km. 2 Coastline: in the south and east - the Sea of ​​Japan ; the length of its coastline on the territory of the region is 1500 km. The total length of the territory from south to north is 900 km, from west to east - up to 430 km. The region has direct access to international sea routes. 3 Brief information Digital region code - 25 Administrative center - Vladivostok (43 ° 07 "N 131 ° 54" E) Distance from Moscow 9259 km (by rail, branded train No. 002M "Russia" covers this distance in 6 days 3 hours 38 minutes; the Il-62 plane from Domodedovo airport (Moscow) flies to Vladivostok (Knevichi) in 8 hours 35 minutes. it flies to Vladivostok faster than from Vladivostok to Moscow by half an hour. Local time: Moscow +7 hours Area: 164.7 thousand km² Administrative - territorial division: the region is divided into 22 administrative districts (as of January 1, 2007). Large cities population in thousand people (estimated as of January 1, 2010): Vladivostok - 578.2, Nakhodka - 165.7, Ussuriysk - 152.9, Artem - 101.8, Arsenyev - 57.2. Map - diagram of the administrative division of the Primorsky Territory of the Primorsky Territory Maximum height above the level. sea: 1932.8 m (Mount Anik) Climate: temperate, monsoon, humid. In the mountainous part it changes with altitude: temperature drops, humidity rises. In winter, dry, frosty weather prevails, spring comes quite early, summer is humid and foggy. Tropical cyclones - typhoons - often occur. August - September is the most favorable time of the year. The average annual temperature is positive: +4.2 ° C, the average monthly temperature in January is 13 ° C (minimum - 31.4 ° C), the average monthly temperature in August is + 19.4 ° C (maximum +34.1 ° C). Average annual precipitation: 799 mm (record maximum precipitation per day: 243.5 mm) Population: 1 million 982 thousand people. (as of January 1, 2010), city dwellers 75.3% (estimate as of January 1, 2008) Main peoples: Russians 89.9% Ukrainians 4.5% Udege 0.04% Nanais 0.02%, Tazy 0.01% other nationalities 5, 6% (according to the 2002 census) Telephone code: 423 Federal District: Far Eastern (with center in Khabarovsk) Military District: Far Eastern (headquarters in Khabarovsk) Head of Administration - Governor Vladimir Vladimirovich Miklushevsky Official information portal: http://www.primorsky .ru/administration/ Administration of Industry of the Primorsky Territory Distribution of industrial production: mining and processing of polymetallic and tin ores (Dalnegorsk, Kavalerovo village); mechanical engineering and metalworking, including shipbuilding and ship repair, production of ship equipment and accessories, navigation instruments, equipment for the fishing and mining industries, woodworking machines; enterprises of the aviation, radio-electronic industries (Vladivostok, Nakhodka, Arsenyev, Ussuriysk), wood processing (Lesozavodsk, Vladivostok, Dalnerechensk, Artem, Ussuriysk, Terney), chemical, light, food industries, production of building materials. Coal mining is vitally important for the regional economy (Partizansk, Artem). Primorsky Krai is a monopolist in Russia in the production of microbiological agar, fluorspar concentrate, lead concentrate, datolite concentrate, and boric acid. The largest industries: Mechanical engineering and metalworking Company "Marten" (Vladivostok) - supplies of ferrous rolled metal from factories in Russia and Ukraine; sales of rolled metal, as well as metalworking, production and sale of metal structures. Airport in the village of Kavalerovo, Primorsky Territory Ads by Lyrmix Ad Options Woodworking industry JSC Terneyles (Plastun settlement) - timber harvesting, construction of logging roads; reproduction, conservation and protection of assigned and leased forests; complex wood processing, production of lumber, industrial chips; marketing of forest products. Oil production and oil refining Oil and gas company "Kraft" (Vladivostok) - production, processing and sale of oil products, gases, gas equipment. "Transit - DV Group" (Vladivostok) is a holding company that provides a wide range of services in the markets of processing and delivery of energy resources (petroleum products, coal, natural gas), fleet bunkering, and maritime transportation. Food industry company "Technological Equipment" (Vladivostok) - production of equipment for the fishing and food industries. Ussuriysk Poultry Farm LLC (Ussuriysk) - manufactured products: chicken eggs, poultry meat, egg powder. Electric power industry OJSC "Dalenergo" (Vladivostok) - carries out the transmission of electrical energy in the Primorsky Territory, as well as connecting new consumers to the company's electrical distribution networks. Universities of the Primorsky Territory Far Eastern State University Far Eastern State Technical University Vladivostok State University of Economics and Service Vladivostok State Medical University Far Eastern State Technical Fisheries University Maritime State University named after G.I. Nevelskoy Pacific State Economic University Pacific Higher Naval Institute named after Admiral S.O. Makarova Ussuri State Pedagogical Institute Primorsky Railway Institute Institute of Marine Biology Far Eastern Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences Far Eastern State Academy of Arts Newspapers "Vladivostok" Business newspaper "Golden Horn" "Far Eastern Capital" "Pravda Vladivostok" Ussuri newspaper "Kommunar" Vladivostok Times Terney Bulletin Khabarovsk news Television Primorsky television and radio - branch of VGTRK "GTRK "Vladivostok" AU SEC "Telemix" - official website of the television company. Ussuriysk Russian Broadcasting Corporation Russian Broadcasting Corporation Radio Radio Vladivostok.fm Legislation Administration of the Primorsky Territory Legislative Assembly of the Primorsky Territory Youth Assembly of Deputies at the Legislative Assembly of the Primorsky Territory Reverse of the commemorative coin of the Bank of Russia with the image of the coat of arms of the Primorsky Territory election commission of the Primorsky Territory Commissioner for Human Rights in the Primorsky Territory Federation trade unions of the Primorsky Territory Prosecutor's Office of the Primorsky Territory Primorsky Regional Court Office of the Federal Bailiff Service for the Primorsky Territory Office of the Registration Service for the Primorsky Territory Official information Portal of the Primorsky Territory Charter of the Primorsky Territory Primorsky Territory. Portal of the Far Eastern Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences Interactive maps of the Primorsky Territory Portal "My favorite city - Vladivostok" Official website of the city of Nakhodka Internet portal of the city of Artem Official website of the city of Partizansk Internet portal of the city of Lesozavodsk Unofficial website of the city of Fokino Official website of the village of Kavalerovo Official website of the village of Terney Official portal village of Shkotovo Internet - portal of the village of Chernigovka Sights of the Primorsky Territory Historical and cultural Patrol ship "Red Pennant" (formerly "Admiral Zavoiko"), Vladivostok Military historical fortification museum "Vladivostok Fortress" (Vladivostok) - a unique monument of military defensive architecture that has no analogues in the world, including more than a hundred objects. The patrol ship "Red Vympel" (formerly "Admiral Zavoiko") (Vladivostok) is one of the first scientific research ships in the Far East and the first ship of the Soviet Navy in the Pacific Ocean. The Shaiginskoye settlement (Partizansky district, near the village of Sergeevka) is the most famous monument of the Jurchen state, known as the Jing state (XII - XIII centuries) - a rich trading center of that time. Primorsky State United Museum named after V.K. Arsenyev (Vladivostok) - the oldest museum of the Far East and Eastern Siberia, located in the central part of the city, in a building that is an architectural monument of the 19th century, owned by the merchant V.P. Babintsev, manager of the company "Churin and Co", and built in 1904 During the Soviet period, the Pacific Research Institute of Fisheries and Oceanography (TINRO) was located here for a long time, and in 1977 the building was transferred to the museum. Holy Trinity Nicholas Monastery is the oldest monastic monastery in Far Eastern Russia, created at the end of the 19th century. SPNA Sikhote - Alin State Natural Biosphere Reserve Sikhote - Alin State Natural Biosphere Reserve - protection of intact ecosystems of the Sikhote-Alin ridge in all their diversity at the junction of natural zones; as well as rare species of Primorye fauna - primarily the Amur tiger (about half of the entire Russian population) and the goral. State Nature Reserve "Kedrovaya Pad" - protection of undisturbed forests of southern Primorye (primarily black fir), as well as a number of rare and endemic species of flora and fauna for Primorye (more than 50 species); The reserve is the only permanent habitat of the Ussuri leopard. Lazovsky State Nature Reserve named after. L.G. Kaplanova - conservation and study of natural complexes of liana coniferous - broad-leaved and broad-leaved forests of Southern Sikhote - Alin; protection and restoration of populations of rare and valuable animals living here, primarily the goral and sika deer. Far Eastern Marine Biosphere Reserve - preservation of the richest coastal fauna, flora and their natural environment, as well as the island fauna and flora of the Peter the Great Gulf; conducting scientific research work and carrying out educational activities in the field of marine conservation. "Around the World" about the Primorsky Territory Articles April 1981 Taste of autumn rose hips (the Far Eastern marine reserve is located near Vladivostok) January 1983 Twice one flight (16 years later, abeam the Spit of Two Pilots, "Captain Myshevsky" also went adrift...) January 1984 Oars for the ocean (sailing on a simple wooden boat along the route Nikolaevsk-on-Amur - Vladivostok) March 1986 “...Organize an expedition without delay” (about the operations of Vladivostok cruisers during the Russian-Japanese War) July 1986 Two poles of memories (about the difficulties of navigation in the Arctic and Antarctica) Arc de Triomphe in honor of the arrival of Tsarevich Nicholas in Vladivostok June 1995 Each flight is the last. Part II (about the voyages of tankers during the Second World War between the USA and Vladivostok) July 1997 Russia is patronized by Aquarius (about the astrological zodiac theory, according to which each city and country is patronized by a certain zodiac sign. For example, the greatest influence of Aries is felt in Rostov-on-Don , Murom, Tula. Moscow, Saratov, Nizhny Novgorod, Krasnoyarsk, Tambov and Ulyanovsk are associated with Taurus. Suzdal is associated with Gemini, Smolensk is associated with Cancer, Vladimir and Vladivostok are associated with Leo. Kaluga, Novosibirsk, Perm and Penza are under the patronage of the Virgin; Libra - Samara (Kuibyshev), Irkutsk, Pskov; Scorpio - Tver, Bryansk, Voronezh. Velikiye Luki, Magadan, Yaroslavl, Yekaterinburg and Belgorod are influenced by the sign of Sagittarius, and Kozelsk, Stavropol, Khabarovsk and Kostroma are subordinate to Capricorn. Under the sign of Aquarius are Arkhangelsk, Novgorod, Vologda, Kursk, Orel, Ryazan and Omsk; under Pisces - St. Petersburg, Chita and Astrakhan) October 1995 Cold Hunters (140 km swim Nakhodka - Vladivostok) November 2003 Secret voyage (about the voyage of Soviet submarines from Vladivostok through the Panama Canal to the Polar (Northern Fleet) in the fall of 1942) April 2004 The long echo of the fateful voyage (during the development of the Northern Sea Route, the Chelyuskin steamer set off from St. Petersburg to Vladivostok) September 2004 The Iron River of Siberia (about the Trans-Siberian Railway) October 2004 East of the Yenisei (terminal station of the Trans-Siberian Railway - Vladivostok) February 2005 Red Kaoliang (the Russian squadron stationed in Port Arthur was unable to break through to Vladivostok) March 2005 Tsushima defeat (of the 40 ships that made up the Pacific squadron in the battle of Tsushima on May 27 (May 15, old style) 1905, they made their way to the goal of the voyage - to Vladivostok only the cruiser "Almaz" and two destroyers) January 2008 And Russia has an edge (the farthest eastern point of Russia is Vladivostok) TV programs May 4, 2004 Russia. Trans-Siberian (The Trans-Siberian Railway ends at the Vladivostok railway station) Expeditions Route of the yacht “Apostle Andrey” 07/14/2005 “Apostle Andrey” in Russia (after a 400-mile journey from Khokadate the yacht reached Vladivostok) 09/15/2005 A month later at sea. The third round-the-world cruise (the yacht "Apostle Andrey" sailed around Antarctica from Vladivostok)

Filatkina Irina, Filatkina Marina

In this presentation you can find a lot of beautiful and interesting material about the Primorsky Territory (Sikhote-Alin mountains, lotuses, Ussuri tiger, Far Eastern leopard, Ussuri taiga, endemics of Primorye, Khanka Island, Ussuri River). The material can be used both in lessons when studying Primorye, and as a separate project for a class hour as part of the days of Primorye in Russia.

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Primorsky Krai is located in the very south of the Russian Far East, stretching from north to south along the shores of the Sea of ​​Japan. In the west it borders with China, in the very south with Korea, in the north with the Khabarovsk Territory. Its area is 165 thousand square kilometers, which approximately corresponds to the size of the average region of Russia. However, by European standards, the region is huge; countries such as Belgium, Holland, Denmark and Switzerland combined could fit on its territory. The southeastern part of the region is washed by the waters of Peter the Great Bay, dissected off the coast by many bays and bays. Briefly about the region as a whole, we can say that it is a large industrial region of the Far East, the economy of which specializes in the fishing industry, mining and beneficiation of non-ferrous metal ores, forestry and woodworking industries. Agriculturally, it is known as a producer of soybeans, rice, wheat, oats, as well as orchards and vineyards.

Travelers are attracted by the unique nature of the region. Most of its territory is occupied by the Sikhote-Alin mountains. These are mainly ridges with rounded dome-shaped peaks and gentle slopes, the average height of which is 600-700 meters. However, there are also real mountains. The highest mountain here is Oblachnaya – 1855 meters. Mountain ranges stretch parallel to each other, and there are very few lowlands, they exist only along river valleys, near Lake Khanka and along the sea. 80% of the entire territory is hills. The mountainous country of Sikhote-Alin stretches for 1000 kilometers and is 250 kilometers wide. In the south, chains of mountains run parallel to Peter the Great Bay, breaking up into numerous spurs, one of which forms the Muravyov-Amursky Peninsula. The shores of the peninsula are indented by numerous bays and are washed from the west by the waters of the Amur Bay, and from the east by the Ussuri Bay. Here, on the Muravyov-Amursky Peninsula in its southernmost part, the city of Vladivostok is located - the capital of the Primorsky Territory.

Komarov's Lotus is a very beautiful elusive pearl of the Far East, listed in the Red Book. Lotus is a tropical East Asian plant that grows only in the Far East, a representative of the most ancient flowering plants, and has scientific value as a relict of the Gondwanan (first continent) flora that existed more than a hundred million years ago in the Mesozoic era. Our Komarov lotus, which survived glacial invasions and is not afraid of Amur frosts, adorns the reservoirs of the Khabarovsk Territory of the Bikinsky district (lakes in the villages of Lermontovka and Lonchakovo). The great vitality of this relic is amazing. Under unfavorable conditions, lotus seeds do not germinate, but they do not die, but enter the stage of suspended animation. It was possible to germinate seeds discovered in a Manchurian peat bog - their age exceeds 1000 years. Lotus flowers are large, 25-30 cm in diameter, and rise high above the water on a straight peduncle. They have a weak but very pleasant aroma. The leaves, rising above the water, are located on erect petioles, have a funnel shape and are larger than floating ones - up to 50-70 cm in diameter.

The Amur tiger (also known as the Ussuri, Siberian or East Siberian tiger) is one of the smallest subspecies of the tiger, the northernmost tiger. Listed in the Red Book. The tiger's habitat is concentrated in a protected zone in the southeast of Russia, along the banks of the Amur and Ussuri rivers in the Khabarovsk and Primorsky Territories; in total in Russia in 1996 there were about 415-476 individuals. About 10% (40-50 individuals) of the Amur tiger population lives in China (Manchuria). Ussuri tigers are most common in the foothills of the Sikhote-Alin in the Lazovsky district of Primorsky Krai, where every sixth wild Amur tiger lives in a relatively small area (2003).

The Ussuri taiga is an invaluable creation of nature equal in importance to Lake Baikal. Unique flora and fauna: lotus, ginseng, cork tree, rich fossil deposits. The main attraction is the Ussuri tiger, the largest representative of the cat family in the world, a rare subspecies preserved only in Russia.

In the Russian Far East, characterized by a wide variety of forests, the most valuable are cedar-broad-leaved forests, the main species of which is Korean cedar. These forests are a food supply and habitat for various species of game animals and birds, and are distinguished by a unique set of medicinal plants, including lemongrass, ginseng, ginseng, eleutherococcus, etc. Unfortunately, the area of ​​cedar forests is very limited. Forests containing cedar account for only about 3% of the forest area of ​​the Far East. Characterizing the range of Korean pine on the territory of Russia, it should be noted that along the coast of the Sea of ​​Japan and the Tatar Strait it stretches to the northeast, while along the eastern slopes of the Sikhote-Alin, in a strip 40 to 100 km wide, it reaches the Sovetskaya Gavan area

Primorsky Krai is one of the most forested regions of the Russian Federation. Primorye forests are unique in their richness and diversity. About 400 species of trees, shrubs and vines grow in the Primorsky Territory. In total, 2,592 species of vascular plants from 800 genera and 168 families grow in the Primorsky Territory. The territory of Primorye has the highest level of species endemism and flora originality among other regions of the Russian Far East. Endemics make up 3.4% of the total number of vascular plants. Almost 500 vascular plants of the Primorsky Territory are not found in other regions of the Russian Far East. 89 species of vascular plants of the Primorsky Territory are included in the Red Book of the Russian Federation, and 343 species are included in the Red Book of the Primorsky Territory.

It is located between the Kievka and Chernaya rivers in the southern part of Sikhote-Alin (Zapovedny Range). It includes the islands of Petrov and Beltsov in the Sea of ​​Japan. The relief is mountainous, the average height of the mountains is 500-700 m above sea level. m., individual peaks (Nageevskaya, Chernaya) reach 1200-1400 m. The main rocks are shales, sandstones, granites, basalts, andesites and porphyrites. The reserve contains about 1000 species of higher vascular plants, about 250 bryophytes and about 150 species of lichens. Of these, the “Red Book of Russia” includes the pointed yew, the seven-lobed calopanax, the Olgin larch, the hard juniper, the tall zamanikha, ginseng, Schreber brazil and the endemic of the Far East - cross-paired microbiota.

A lake on the border of the Primorsky Territory of Russia and the Heilongjiang Province of China. Khanka is the largest freshwater body of water in the Far East. Area 4070 km² (at average water level), length 95 km, prevailing depths are 1-3 m, the greatest - 10.6 m. 16 rivers flow into the lake, in particular Ilistaya, Melgunovka, Komissarovka; The Sungacha River flows out, a tributary of the Ussuri (Amur basin). The village of Kamen-Rybolov is located on the lake. The international Russian-Chinese Khanka Nature Reserve has been organized on the lake.

a predatory mammal from the cat family, one of the subspecies of leopard. The body length is 107-136 cm. The weight of females is up to 50 kg, males - up to 70 kg. Distributed in the mountain taiga forests of the Far East, near the border of three countries - Russia, China and North Korea. Currently, the Far Eastern leopard is on the verge of extinction. This is the rarest of the subspecies: no more than 30 - 35 individuals have survived in nature. Specimens kept in zoos and nurseries are closely related and their offspring degenerate. In the 20th century, the species was included in the IUCN Red Book, the Red Book of Russia, as well as a number of other protection documents. Leopard hunting has been prohibited since 1956

Bay in Peter the Great Bay of the Sea of ​​Japan. The city of Vladivostok is located on both banks. The bay is a convenient anchorage for ships. There are also trade and fishing ports and ship repair enterprises here. However, it divides the city into two parts, creating obstacles to transport links between them. A cable-stayed bridge across the bay is currently under construction. Completion of construction and commissioning is scheduled for 2011.

Length 897 km, basin area 193,000 km². The sources of the river are on the slopes of Mount Snezhnaya in the Sikhote-Alin mountains; for the most part it is a flat river (only in the middle reaches do spurs of mountains approach the valley, forming rocky steep banks); in many sections of the Ussuri River there are meanders and branches, in the channel there are groups of islands. Opposite the village of Kazakevichevo, Khabarovsk region, it flows into the shallow and low-water channel of Kazakevichevo (channel of the Amur). After this, the new body of water begins to be called the Amur Channel (channel of the Amur). The Amur Channel flows into the Amur opposite the Amur cliff (the center of Khabarovsk). Ussuri is connected to Lake Khanka (height 69 m) by the Sungacha River. The largest island is Kutuzov.

http://trvlworld.net http://images.yandex.ru http://www.primkray.ru http://reka-amur.narod.ru http://ru.wikipedia.org http://www .ecosystema.ru

My city is surrounded by the sea and the greenery of river valleys. It is decorated with lace of hills Under a clear blue sky. My city knows the price of the sea - It is accustomed to severe storms. And as if an artist on stage, his proud disposition often changes. One minute he is gloomy, angry, anxious, When a cyclone is rushing towards him, Then he smiles at passers-by, Suddenly he is scorched by the bright sun. My city stands by the surf, spreading out its streets. And the waves wash the piers with salt, welcoming ships from the sea. They, hardened by the choppy sea, flying joyfully home, are greeted by a sunny smile, my beloved Vladivostok. ***

 

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