The name of a two-masted sailing and rowing vessel. Types of ships: names with photos. single-masted sailing ships

Currently, the phrase “sailing ship” is used to refer to any vessel that has at least one sail, but from a technical point of view, a sailing vessel is a ship that uses wind energy converted by sails to propel it.

Types sailing ships have been varied at all times. In addition to the original design, the sailboat could undergo changes at the request of the owner, depending on sailing conditions or local traditions. As a rule, such reconstructions were created with the aim of improving seaworthiness, using a smaller crew. Until mid-19th century sailing ships were the main means of maritime transport and warfare at sea. Currently, they are used only as training, sports and pleasure vessels. Due to rising fuel prices and stricter environmental protection requirements, a number of countries have begun the development and construction of experimental sailing ships equipped with modern sailing rigs. The voyage of sailing ships can take from one day to several months, but long voyages require careful planning with calls at ports to replenish supplies.

There are different types of sailing ships, but they all share the same basic characteristics. Every sailing vessel must have a hull, spar, rigging, and at least one sail.

Spar - a system of masts, yards, gaffs and other structures designed to accommodate sails, signal lights, observation posts, etc. The spar can be fixed (masts, topmasts, bowsprit) and movable (yards, gaffs, booms).

Rigging - all the gear of a sailing ship, represents tensioned cables. The rigging is divided into standing and running. The standing rigging serves to hold the spar in place and plays the role of guy wires. Standing rigging cables on modern sailing ships are usually made of galvanized steel. Running rigging is designed to control the sails - raising them, retracting them, etc.

The sail - the propulsion device of a sailing ship - is a part of fabric, on modern sailboats - synthetic, which is attached to the spar using rigging, which allows you to transform wind energy into the movement of the vessel. Sails are divided into straight and oblique. Straight sails have the shape of an isosceles trapezoid, oblique sails have the shape of a triangle or unequal trapezoid. Using rake sails allows a sailing vessel to sail steeply into the wind.

CLASSIFICATION OF SAILING SHIPS AND VESSELS

The most common classification of sailing ships is by type and number of masts. This is where the name of the type of sailing ship comes from. Thus, all sailing ships can carry on their masts Various types sails in varying quantities, but they are all divided into the following categories:

single-masted sailing ships

yal- light ratite sailing boat (dinghy). The yawl has one mast, often removable, and is called the foremast.

kat- a sailing vessel characterized by the presence of one mast placed far forward, that is, near the bow of the boat.

sloop- a single-mast sea sailing vessel.

tender- a single-masted sea sailing vessel with three types of sails on the mast - staysail, trysail and topsail.

cutter- a sailing vessel that has one mast with an oblique, usually gaff, rig and two staysails.

two-masted sailing ships

yol- a two-masted vessel, in which the mizzen mast is located in the stern near the rudder head, and has an oblique sail rig.

ketch- a two-masted sailing ship, differing from the iola by a slightly larger mizzen mast. In addition, the sail area of the aft mast is about 20 percent of the total sail area of the sailboat. This feature provides advantages in controllability in strong winds.

schooner (Bermudian schooner)- a sea sailing vessel with two masts with oblique sails.

brigantine- a two-masted sailing vessel with a combined sailing rig, having a straight sail rig on the foremast and oblique sails on the mainmast.

brig- a two-masted sailing vessel with a straight rig.

three-masted sailing ships (multi-masted sailing ships)

caravel- has three masts with straight and oblique sails.

schooner- a type of sea sailing vessel that has at least two masts with forward sails. According to the type of sailing rig, schooners are divided into: gaff, Bermudian, jib, topsails And front-sail. A topsail schooner differs from a topsail schooner by the presence of a topmast and another additional straight sail - a topsail. At the same time, in a number of cases, Marseille and top two-masted schooners, especially with a briefock, can be confused with a brigantine. Regardless of the type of slanting sails - gaff or Bermuda, a schooner can also be topsail (topsail). The schooners have a shallow draft, which allows them to enter even shallow waters.

barque- a large sailing vessel with three or more masts, having direct sails on all masts, except for the stern mast, which is equipped with forward sails.

barquentine (barque schooner)- as a rule, this is a sailing vessel with three or more masts with a mixed sailing rig, and has direct sails only on the foremast; the remaining masts have oblique sails.

frigate- a sailing vessel with three or more masts with straight sails on all masts.

In addition to the above types of sailing ships in the history of navigation, there were a large number of other names, many of which disappeared over time, but thanks to enthusiasts, some ships have survived to this day in the form of fully functional copies or replicas: corvette, flute, galleon, lugger, clipper, xebec, karakka, windjammer.

CLASSIFICATION OF SPORTS SAILING VESSELS

Sailing originated in countries that have always been famous for sailing - England and the Netherlands. Its origins are closely connected with professional sailing on small sailing ships, where the advantage in speed made it possible to successfully compete, for example, in fishing or pilotage service. The sporting interest that arose as a result of the improvement in the performance of such sailing vessels, as well as the holding of races between them, led to the emergence of special vessels intended exclusively for amateur sailing, which began to be called yachts. This name comes from the Dutch word “jagie” - this is how small high-speed single-masted ships were called in the Netherlands in the 17th century. The widespread use of exciting water competitions has also led classifiers to divide sport sailing yachts into types.

Classification of sailing sports vessels (yachts)- this is the division of sailing, sports, vessels into classes depending on the sizes and their ratios, affecting the performance and seaworthiness of these sailing vessels. There are four main classes of sailing and sports vessels (yachts): free classes; formula classes; monotypes And handicap classes.

Classes of sailing vessels (yachts) are constantly being improved and changed and can be national and international. International classes of sailing vessels attracted to Olympic regattas are called “Olympic”. As of 2012, there are six classes of monohull racing yachts: Finn class boats, 470 class boats, 49er class boats, 49erFX class boats, Laser-Standard class boats, Laser-Radial class boats.

Stands out separately from the group class of multihull sports boats, called Nacra 17. And also competitions on surfboards with sails (windsurfing) have their own class - RS:X.

In addition to the above, there is the concept of sailing-motor vessels - these are vessels with sailing weapons and an auxiliary diesel power plant used for the movement of the vessel in calm conditions, entering (exiting) ports, passing narrows (straits, canals) and the like. Most sailing and motor vessels are small fishing, educational and pleasure craft.

A mast is a structure that stands vertically on a ship and is supported by shrouds. It is a component of the sailing equipment of yachts and ships (sailboats). There are ships with straight and oblique types of sails. There are the following ships with 3 letter oblique sails:

Iol is a relatively small two-masted ship with oblique sails.
A brigantine is a two-masted ship with a slanting sail.
A ketch is a sailing vessel with two masts with slanting sails.

Types of a two-masted sailing ship with oblique sails

Iol is an oblique type of sailing weapon. Thus, a two-masted ship is equipped with a mainmast located in the front part of the ship and a mizzen mast, which is located in the rear part. The mizzen area of the total sailing equipment of the ship is equal to 8-10%. Until a certain time, this type of ship was used in the North Sea, but it was not necessarily equipped with an ice.
A ketch is a type of two-masted sailboat. This type of vessel also has a mainmast and a mizzenmast. The answer to the question of how to distinguish an iol from a ketch is quite easy to give. In a ketch, the head of the rudder stock is located behind the mizzenmast. If the vessel is equipped with a ketch, the area of the rear mast must be at least 15% of the area of the ship. The same name is borne by a sailing ship, which began to be armed with a ketch in the 19th century. According to certain characteristics, a characteristic is added to the name, for example, Baltic ketch.
A brigantine is a two-masted ship that is armed with mixed sailing equipment, that is, straight sails are located on the former part of the ship, and oblique sails are located on the rear. Interestingly, from the very beginning, brigantines were propelled by oars. In the 16th-19th centuries, two-masted sailing ships were used by pirates and robbers, hence the name - brigantine, translated from Italian, meaning “pirate”. The brigantine was armed with no less than twenty cannons.

Today, brigantines are equipped with a foremast and a mainmast with oblique sails.

What are the masts of a two-masted sailing ship?

In ancient times, masts were made from solid wood, which was installed as a post and attached to a deck socket. The mast was supported by guy wires - stays and shrouds.

Naturally, with an increase in the number of sails, the mast should be more complex. So, at the time of the invention of the heat engine, its shape began to resemble a tripod, an openwork or hollow metal tower. It is important to know that the top of the mast is called the top, and the bottom is called the spur. The part connecting the mast to the base of the ship was called the lower mast. Since ancient masts were made from a whole tree trunk, they were called single-staff masts.

To build the mast, fir, pine, and other resinous woods were often used. Preference was given to these breeds due to their lightness.

Of course, today on sailing ships (including sailing yachts) wood is no longer used to build the mast. The same lightweight but artificial materials are used. For example, plastics, metals with hollow structure, etc.

When starting out in the shipping business, there are a number of factors you should pay attention to. First you need to contact maritime dictionary, for even if you go with the captain, you will want to understand the commands he gives. So, in the first stages this will be enough. If you rent a yacht for a party or romantic walk, you should remember that in the event of a disaster, navigational knowledge will also be useful to you.

Currently, a ship is called a warship. Tankers, bulk carriers, bulk carriers, passenger liners, container ships, icebreakers and other representatives of the technical fleet of civil or merchant fleets are not included in this category. But once upon a time, at the dawn of shipping, when humanity was still filling the white spaces on sailing directions with the vague outlines of new islands and even continents, any sailing ship was considered a ship. Each of them had guns on board, and the crew consisted of desperate young men who were ready to do anything for the sake of profit and the romance of distant travels. Then, in these turbulent centuries, a division into types of ships occurred. The list, taking into account modern additions, would be very long, so it’s worth focusing on sailboats. Well, maybe we can add some rowing ships.

Galleys

Getting into them is an unenviable lot. In ancient times, such punishment awaited inveterate criminals. And in Ancient Egypt, both in Fincia and in Hellas they were already there. Over time, other types of ships appeared, but galleys were used until the Middle Ages. The main driving force was those same convicts, but they were sometimes assisted by sails, straight or triangular, mounted on two or three masts. By modern standards, these ships were not large, their displacement was only 30-70 tons, and their length rarely exceeded 30 meters, but in those distant times the size of the ships was not gigantic at all. The rowers sat in rows, according to historians, in no more than three horizontal tiers. The armament of galleys consists of ballistae and bow rams; in later centuries, these weapons were supplemented by artillery. The progress, that is, the speed of movement, was controlled by the overseers, setting the rhythm with special tambourines, and, if necessary, with a whip.

Barki

So, a barque (the name of the species comes from the Flemish word “bark”) is a ship with a number of masts from three to five. All its sails are straight, with the exception of the mizzen (stern mast) rigging. Barks are quite large vessels, for example, the Kruzenshtern has a length of about 115 meters, a width of 14 m, and a crew of 70 people. Since it was built in 1926, when steam engines were already widespread, its design also includes an auxiliary power plant with a capacity of almost one and a half thousand kilowatts, loaded in two constant steps. The speed of the vessel even today does not seem low; under sail, the speed of this barque reaches 17 knots. The purpose of the type, in general, was common for the merchant fleet of the 19th century - delivery of mixed cargo, mail and passengers along sea lines.

Brigantine raises sails

In fact, the same barques, but with two masts, are called brigantines. All differ in their purpose and navigability. Brigantines stand out for their speed and lightness. The sailing rig is mixed, with straight sails on the foresail (front mast) and oblique sails on the mainsail. Favorite ship of pirates of all seas. Historical sources mention brigantines with the so-called “Bermuda mainsail”, that is, a triangular sail stretched between the luff line and the luff, but none of the surviving representatives of the species can boast of it. However, these nuances are of interest only to specialists.

Frigates

As the fleet developed, some types of warships appeared, others disappeared, and still others acquired a different meaning. An example would be a frigate. This concept survived later types such as ironclads, dreadnoughts and even battleships. True, a modern frigate roughly corresponds to the Soviet concept of a large anti-submarine ship, but it sounds shorter and somehow more beautiful. In its original sense, it means a three-masted ship with one artillery deck for 20-30 guns. Beginning in the 17th century, the adjective “Dunkirk” was added to the word “frigate” for a long time, meaning its predominant use in a separate zone of the naval theater of operations adjacent to the Pas-de-Calais. This type was distinguished by its speed. Then, as the range of autonomy increased, they began to be called simply frigates. Displacement is average for that time, approximately. The most famous Russian frigate was called "Pallada", on which a glorious expedition to the shores was undertaken in 1855 East Asia under the command of Admiral E.V. Putyatin.

Caravels

“She passed like a caravel...” is sung in a famous pop song. It doesn't hurt to study the types of sailing ships before composing lyrics for future hits. The compliment turned out to be somewhat ambiguous. Not every girl wants to be compared to a lifting, large and rather heavy vessel. In addition, the caravel’s nose is raised high, which can also be seen as an undesirable hint.

However, in general this type certainly has good seaworthiness. It is most famous for the fact that Columbus made his expedition to the shores of the New World on three caravels (“Santa Maria”, “Pinta” and “Nina”). Externally, they can be distinguished by the mentioned raised tanks (bow superstructures), as well as by sailing equipment. There are three masts, a foresail with straight sails, and the rest with lateen (oblique) sails.

Purpose: long-distance sea and transoceanic voyages.

The Russian word “ship” is morphologically derived from the word “caravel”. It gave the name to the famous French passenger airliner, which was very beautiful.

Clippers

All types of ships are created for fast sailing and are not always remembered, but there are exceptions. Someone will say the word “cruiser”, and immediately everyone around will think something - some “Aurora”, others “Varyag”. Regarding clippers, there is only one option - “Cutty Sark”. This ship with a long and narrow hull went down in history for several reasons, but its main and most important quality was speed. Delivering tea from China, quickly bringing mail to distant colonies and carrying out especially delicate orders from the queen was the lot of clipper ships and their crews. And these ships carried out their work until the advent of steamships, and in some cases even later.

Galleons

Looking through the ancient types of warships, one cannot help but recall the Great Armada, which competed with the British fleet in the 16th century. The main unit of this formidable force was the Spanish galleon. No sailing ship of that time could compare with it in perfection. At its core, this is an improved caravel, with a reduced tank superstructure (that same “raised nose” has practically disappeared) and an elongated hull. As a result, ancient Spanish shipbuilders achieved increased stability, reduced wave resistance and, as a result, increased speed. Maneuverability has also improved. Other types of warships of the 16th century looked shorter and too tall next to the galleon (this was a disadvantage, such a target was easier to hit). The outline of the poop (stern superstructure) acquired a rectangular shape, and the crew’s conditions became more comfortable. It was on galleons that the first latrines (latrines) appeared, hence the origin of this word.

The displacement of these “16th century battleships” ranged from 500 to 2 thousand tons. Finally, they were very beautiful, they were decorated with skillful carvings, and the nose was crowned with a majestic sculpture.

Schooners

There are types large ships, which have become “workhorses” designed to transport a wide variety of cargo. Schooners occupy a special place among them. These are multi-masted vessels, distinguished by the fact that at least two of their rigs are oblique. They are topsail, staysail, Bermuda or gaff, depending on which masts are equipped with oblique sails. It should be taken into account that the line between a two-masted topsail or topsail schooner and a brigantine is very arbitrary. This type has been known since the 17th century. It reached its greatest popularity in the American merchant fleet, in particular Wolf Larsen, the character of Jack London, and his crew hunt on a schooner. Compared to it, other types of ships are more difficult to control (According to J. London, this process is accessible even to a lone sailor). Most often, schooners were two- and three-masted, but there are cases when the equipment was much more numerous. A kind of record was set in 1902, when a ship with seven masts (Thomas Double Lawson, Quincy Shipyard) was launched.

Other types of ships

Photos of sailboats arriving at the international regatta from all over the world are published in newspapers, magazines and on websites. Such a parade is always an event; the beauty of these ships is incomparable. Barques, brigantines, corvettes, frigates, clippers, ketches, and yachts represent all types of ships that, fortunately, have survived to this day. This spectacle distracts from everyday life and takes the viewer to bygone centuries, full of adventure and romance of distant travels. A real sailor must master the art of sailing navigation, as they believe in many countries, including ours. Having climbed up the shrouds, unfurled the sails and breathed in the free wind of the sea, you can take your places at the modern control panels of dry cargo ships, bulk tankers and cruise ships. You can safely trust such a sailor with the fate of the cargo and the lives of passengers; he will not let you down.

Here is a list of ship names from the nautical directory that fit the definition of “marine sailing vessel”:

Barque- a sea sailing vessel with 3 to 5 masts, with slanting sails on the stern mast (mizzen mast) and straight sails on the rest.

Longboat- a 12- and 22-oar ship's boat, equipped with sails, used for transporting people, cargo and delivering anchors.

Barquentine(schooner-bark) - a sea sailing vessel with at least 3 masts with oblique sails and a front mast (foremast) carrying straight sails.

Bot- a small single-masted sailing vessel, often with an engine.

Brig- a two-masted sea sailing vessel with direct rigging on both masts.

Brig "Mercury"

Brigantine- a two-masted sea sailing vessel with a straight rig on the front mast (foremast) and an oblique rig on the rear (mainmast).

Galion- this is the name of a large sailing warship of Portugal and Spain in the Middle Ages.

galleon "Golden Hind" - the legendary galleon of Francis Drake

Galliot- the name of a type of cargo sailing ship from the Middle Ages.

Galiot "Eagle"

Clipper- a high-speed sailing ship of the 19th century, with sharp hull lines and developed windage.

clipper "Thermopylae"

Corvette— 1. The smallest three-masted ship in the sailing navy, fully square-rigged, carrying up to 30 cannons located only on the upper deck. Since the 40s of the last century, in addition to sails, they began to have steam engines; 2. A modern patrol ship that carries out escort service to protect merchant ships.

Battleship (Battleship) - 1. A large sea sailing vessel, intended for conducting artillery combat in a wake formation, i.e., stretched out in a line; 2. A modern warship carrying large-caliber guns and protected by powerful armor (battleship).

Battleship "Twelve Apostles"

Packetbot- this is the name of a sea sailing or sailing-screw vessel designed to transport passengers and express mail between the ports of Europe and America.

Packet boats "St. Peter" and "St. Paul"

Gusto(shmak) - a small seaworthy sailing fishing vessel.

Frigate- a three-masted naval vessel of the military sailing fleet, armed with cannons (up to 60), located in two rows in height in one closed and on the upper deck.

Sloop- 1. A three-masted warship with a straight rig, similar to a corvette; 2. Sailing marine single-mast vessel with two sails (mainly sports); 3. A low-speed patrol ship for the protection of transport caravans in some modern foreign fleets.

Schooner- this is the name of a sea sailing vessel with two or more masts armed with oblique sails.

schooner "Belle Poule"

Skiff- a small rowing and sailing boat with one or two pairs of oars.

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