Types of sailing ships. See what "Iol" is in other dictionaries Sailing ship Iol

Iols (yols) are small sailing and rowing ships. They were sometimes called small gunboats. A special feature of the sailing equipment of the Iols was the stern mast (mizzen), significantly lower than the front one, called not the foremast, but the mainmast. Therefore, iolas were often classified as one and a half mast ships.

In 1789 and early 1790, several dozen gunboats with a length of 13 m and an interior depth of 0.75 m were built in Sweden. The boat had 10 oars and one mast. The armament consisted of one 24-pound cannon and several falconets. Team of 24 people. In Russia, iols were built on the model of Chapman's gunner iols.

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Barque


A bark is a three- to five-masted large sea sailing vessel for transporting cargo with straight sails on all masts except the stern mast (mizzen mast), which carries oblique sails. The largest barges that are still in service are “Sedov” (Murmansk), “Kruzenshtern” (Kaliningrad).

Barquentine


Barquentine (barque schooner) is a three- to five-masted (sometimes six-masted) sea sailing vessel with oblique sails on all masts except the bow (foremast), which carries straight sails. Modern steel barquentines have a displacement of up to 5 thousand tons and are equipped with an auxiliary engine.

Brig


A brig is a two-masted vessel with a straight sail rig of the foremast and mainmast, but with one oblique gaff sail on the mainsail - the mainsail-haff-trisail. In literature, especially fiction, authors often call this sail a counter-mizzen, but it should be remembered that a vessel with the sailing rig of a brig does not have a mizzen mast, which means there are no accessories for this mast, although the functional load of the brig's mainsail-trisail is exactly the same the same as the frigate's counter-mizzen.

Brigantine


A brigantine is a light and fast ship with the so-called mixed sailing rig - straight sails on the front mast (foremast) and slanting sails on the rear (mainmast). In the 16th-19th centuries, two-masted brigantines were usually used by pirates. Modern brigantines are two-masted sailing ships with a foremast rigged like a brig and a mainmast with slanting sails like a schooner - a mainsail, trysail and topsail. A brigantine with a Bermuda grotto apparently does not exist in our time, although references to the very fact of their existence are found.

Galleon


A galleon is a large multi-deck sailing ship of the 16th-18th centuries with fairly strong artillery weapons, used both military and commercial. Galleons became most famous as ships carrying Spanish treasures and in the battle of the Great Armada, which took place in 1588. The galleon is the most advanced type of sailing ship that appeared in the 16th century. This type of sailing ship appeared during the evolution of caravels and carracks (naves) and was intended for long ocean voyages.

Junk


Junk is a wooden sailing cargo vessel with two to four masts for river and coastal sea navigation, common in South-East Asia. During the era of the sailing fleet, ships were used for military purposes; Modern trucks are used to transport cargo, and they are often used for housing. D. have a shallow draft, load capacity - up to 600 tons; characteristic features are very wide, almost rectangular in plan, raised bow and stern, quadrangular sails made of mats and bamboo slats.

Iol


Iol is a type of two-masted sailing ship with slanting sails. The position of the stern mast (behind the rudder axis) distinguishes the Iol from the ketch, in which the stern mast is located in front of the rudder axis. Some large yachts and fishing vessels have sailing rigs of the Iola type.

Caravel


Caravel is a 3-4 mast, single-deck, universal sailing wooden ship, capable of ocean voyages. The caravel had a high bow and stern to resist ocean waves. The first two masts had straight sails, and the last one had a forward sail. The caravel was used in the XIII-XVII centuries. In 1492, Columbus completed his transatlantic voyage on three caravels. In addition to being seaworthy, the caravels had a high carrying capacity.

Karakka


Karakka is a large merchant or military three-masted sailing ship of the 16th-17th centuries. Displacement up to 2 thousand (usually 800-850) tons. Armament: 30-40 guns. The ship could accommodate up to 1,200 people. The ship had up to three decks and was designed for long ocean voyages. The Karakka was heavy on the move and had poor maneuverability. This type of vessel was invented by the Genoese. 1519-1521 the carrack "Victoria" from Magellan's expedition made its first circumnavigation. On the karakka, gun ports were used for the first time and guns were placed in closed batteries.

Ketch


Ketch, ketch (eng. ketch), a two-masted sailing vessel with a small stern mast located in front of the rudder axis. Some fishing vessels and large sports yachts have sailing rigs of the K type (Bermuda or gaff).

Flutes


Flute is a type of sailing vessel that had the following distinctive features:
* The length of these ships was 4 - 6 or more times greater than their width, which allowed them to sail quite steeply to the wind.
* Topmasts, invented in 1570, were introduced into the rigging
* The height of the masts exceeded the length of the vessel, and the yards became shortened, which made it possible to make narrow and easy-to-maintain sails and reduce the total number of upper crew.

The first flute was built in 1595 in the city of Hoorn, the center of Dutch shipbuilding, in the Zsider Zee Bay.
Vessels of this type were distinguished by good seaworthiness, high speed, large capacity and were used mainly as military transport. During the 16th-18th centuries, flutes occupied a dominant position on all seas.

Frigate


A frigate is a three-masted military ship with a full sail rig and one gun deck. Frigates were one of the most diverse classes in terms of characteristics sailing ships. Frigates trace their origins to light and fast ships that were used for raids in the English Channel starting around the 17th century. With the growth of naval fleets and their range, the characteristics of the Dunkirk frigates ceased to satisfy the Admiralty, and the term began to be interpreted broadly, meaning, in fact, any light fast ship capable of independent action. Classic frigates of the sailing age were created in France in the mid-18th century. These were medium-sized ships with a displacement of about 800 tons, armed with approximately two to three dozen 12-18 pound guns on one gun deck. Subsequently, the displacement and power of the frigates' weapons grew and by the time of the Napoleonic wars they had about 1000 tons of displacement and up to sixty 24-pound guns.

Sloop


A sloop (small corvette) is a three-masted warship of the second half of the 18th - early 19th centuries with a direct sail. Displacement up to 900 tons. Armament: 10-28 guns. It was used for patrol and messenger services and as a transport and expedition vessel. In addition, a sloop is a type of sailing rig - one mast and two sails - a front one (a jib with a Bermuda rig, a jib with a straight rig) and a rear one (mainsail and foresail, respectively).

Schooner


A schooner is a type of sailing vessel that has at least two masts with forward sails. According to the type of sailing rig, schooners are divided into gaff, Bermuda, staysail, topsail and topsail. A topsail schooner differs from a topsail schooner by the presence of a topmast and another additional straight sail - a topsail. Moreover, in some cases, topsail and topsail two-masted schooners (especially with a briefock) can be confused with a brigantine. Regardless of the type of slanting sails (gaff or Bermuda), a schooner can also be topsail (topsail). The first ships with schooner rigging appeared in the 17th century in Holland and England, but schooners were widely used in America.

Yacht

A yacht was originally a light, fast vessel for transporting important people. Subsequently - any sailing, motor or sail-motor vessel intended for sporting or tourist purposes. The most common are sailing yachts.

Modern use of the term Yacht.
In modern usage, the term Yacht refers to two different classes of vessels: sailing yachts and motor yachts. Traditional yachts differed from work ships mainly in their purpose - as a fast and comfortable means of transporting the rich. Almost all modern sailing yachts have an auxiliary motor (outboard motor) for maneuvering in port or sailing at low speeds when there is no wind.

Sailing yachts

Sailing yachts They are divided into cruising ones, having a cabin, and designed for long trips and races, pleasure and racing ones - for sailing in the coastal zone. Based on the shape of the hull, a distinction is made between keel yachts, in which the bottom goes into a ballast keel (more precisely, a false keel), which increases the stability of the yacht and prevents it from drifting when sailing, shallow-draft yachts (dinghies), with a retractable keel (centerboard) and compromises that have a ballast and a retractable keel. There are double-hulled yachts - catamarans and three-hulled yachts - trimarans. Yachts can be single- or multi-masted with different sailing rigs.

Intraocular lens ophthalm. honey. IOL history Russian literature history, literature, education and science IOL Institute of Public Leadership in Ukraine: IHL, Institute of Community Leadership ... Dictionary of abbreviations and abbreviations

IOL- (English). A rowing vessel armed with one cannon. Dictionary of foreign words included in the Russian language. Chudinov A.N., 1910. IOL English. A rowing vessel armed with one cannon. Explanation of 25,000 foreign words that came into use in... ... Dictionary of foreign words of the Russian language

IOL- (Yawl) a small sailing ship with two masts, a mainsail and a mizzen. Mizzen mast usually small size, with only one sail. The boom does not protrude beyond the bilge, which makes it easy to reef the sail. The sail on the mizzen mast at I. has a large ... ... Nautical Dictionary

IOL- male, tul. (bustle, whirlwind) jur, fight, crowd, hustle and bustle. The very end of the fair, collapse, height. Iolosis, iolosis, etc. see spruce. (Yul, Tatar. road, tor.) Dahl's Explanatory Dictionary. IN AND. Dahl. 1863 1866 … Dahl's Explanatory Dictionary

IOL- (Gol. jol) a small two-masted sailing ship with oblique sails; the stern mast is installed behind the rudder axis... Big Encyclopedic Dictionary

iol- noun, number of synonyms: 8 gunboat (3) boat (122) razgar (10) ... Synonym dictionary

iol- a, m. iole f., yole f., goal. jol. mor. Yal, yalbot. Poppy. 1908. 1. A small two-masted sailing vessel with a stern mast behind the rudder axis. SIS 1985. What kind of reward should be given to craftsmen, the structure of floating batteries, ships and gunboats... ... Historical Dictionary of Gallicisms of the Russian Language

Iol- (Gol. jol) a type of two-masted sailing ship with oblique sails. The position of the stern mast (behind the rudder axis) differs from the Ketch, in which the stern mast is located in front of the rudder axis. Type I sailing rigs have... ... Great Soviet Encyclopedia

iol- (Gol. jol), a small two-masted sailing ship with oblique sails; the stern mast is installed behind the rudder axis. * * * IOL IOL (Dutch jol), a small two-masted sailing ship with oblique sails; the aft mast is installed behind the axle... ... encyclopedic Dictionary

IOL- (Gol. jol) a small two-masted sailing ship with oblique sails (see figure). Type I sailing rigs are sometimes used on large yachts, in which the mizzen mast is installed aft of the rudder stock head. Sailing vessel type iol... Big Encyclopedic Polytechnic Dictionary

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