Peter and Paul Fortress plan diagram. Inquisition: Medieval instruments of torture. Sights of the Peter and Paul Fortress



Peter and Paul Fortress - St. Petersburg

History of the Peter and Paul Fortress. Guide, attractions and memorable places, opening hours, map of the fortress...

From the moment of the construction of this unique fortification, the history of St. Petersburg actually begins. That is why, quite naturally, the Peter and Paul Fortress is the oldest architectural monument on the list of attractions Northern capital.

On May 27, 1703, on the Holy Trinity, according to drawings personally made by Peter I, on the island of Vesely or Zayachiy, at the mouth of the Neva, in its widest spill into 3 branches: the Malaya Neva, the Bolshaya Neva and the Bolshaya Nevka, the construction of a fortification began, which was supposed to protect the Northern capital under construction.

Alexander Danilovich Menshikov was ordered to supervise all the work. Since initially all the fortifications of the fortress were made of wood and earth, by October the construction was already completed.

The very first flood showed the fallacy of this approach; it simply washed away the bulk of the erected earthen bastions. In this connection, three years later, i.e. in 1706, the famous architect D. Trezzini began to cover the banks of the Neva in stone.

At the same time, construction began on a temple in the name of the apostles Peter and Paul, which was later converted into the Peter and Paul Cathedral (it became a cathedral in 1731; it is also known as the Grand Ducal Tomb; Russian emperors and empresses are buried here). The work took quite a long time, and was finally completed after the death of Peter the Great.

The plan of the fortress was drawn up with the personal participation of Peter. In its appearance, the Peter and Paul Fortress resembled the natural contours of the island in the form of an elongated hexagon.

Stone walls were built in all corners. Their width reaches twenty meters, and their height - up to twelve. They consisted of 2 walls: an internal (valganga) with a thickness of 2 m and an external (escarpment) with a thickness of up to 8 m. Broken brick, crushed stone, earth, and sand were poured between them.

The pentagonal bastions received their names in honor of the associates of Peter I who oversaw the construction of one or another fortification. From here arose Naryshkin, Menshikov, Trubetskoy, Zotov, Golovkin and one in honor of Peter, Sovereign Bastion. Each was equipped with fifty guns.

In accordance with the fortification science of those times, the bastions were connected (by walls).

IN Konverkskaya, Petrovskaya, Vasilievskaya And Nikolskaya located with the same names. The main ones for the ceremonial entry, of course, were the Petrovskys.
In the curtain wall, named after Catherine (it was built blind), barracks and weapons casemates were located. For secret forays into the rear of the enemies standing at the fortifications, underground passages (saps or sorties) and passages (patterns) camouflaged in the walls were prepared.

For defense against the enemy from the sea, two triangular ones were built. Alekseevsky was named after Father Peter, and Ioannovsky- in honor of my older brother. They were built in the 1730s.

On the land side, one of the additional protections was a crownwork - a shaft made of earth in the form of a crown. In the 70s - 80s of the 18th century, on the side of the Neva River, the walls of the fortress for seven hundred meters were lined with granite.

The history of the Peter and Paul fortifications developed in such a way that they did not take part in any military operations and until the very beginning of the twentieth century they were used as the main state prison for dangerous political criminals (hence the well-known expression “to imprison in a fortress”).

IN different time the prisoners of the Peter and Paul ravelins were Peter's brother Alexey, Radishchev, Princess Tarakanova, and the Decembrists. Five leaders of the uprising on Senate Square were publicly executed on the fortress's crown.

The Peter and Paul fortifications, by right of birthright, lead the sights of St. Petersburg. Today the main State Museum of the History of the City is located here, which combines Peter and Paul Cathedral, buildings of the Trubetskoy Bastion Prison, Grand Duke's burial vault, Engineering house, Commandant's house, Church house, Botny house, bastions, ravelins And curtains.

Festive events are constantly held here, and guides tell tourists entertaining stories from the life of the fortress. The fortress also became a real “testing ground” for films: many films were shot here, including “Treasure Island”, “The Nose”, “The Incredible Adventures of the Hussars in Russia” and many others.

And a cannon shot at noon from the Naryshkin Bastion has long been one of the main symbols of St. Petersburg.

Map of sights of the Peter and Paul Fortress

Peter-Pavel's Fortress was founded on May 27, 1703 for the defense of Russian territory. The fortress is located on Hare Island, the Ioannovsky Bridge connects the Ioannovsky Gate of the Peter and Paul Fortress with the Petrograd Side. The Peter and Paul Fortress did not take part in the hostilities. The official name is St. Petersburg Fortress; in the period from 1914 to 1917, the fortress was called Petrograd. Currently, the fortress is part of the Museum of the History of St. Petersburg.

History of the fortress

One of the first images of the fortress on Hare Island (from the educational tables of the “Navigation School” in Moscow; compiled by Vasily Kipriyanov, 1705).

Since 1700, Russia has been at war with Sweden for access to the Baltic Sea. By the summer of 1703, Russia managed to recapture the lands at the mouth of the Neva, which had been conquered by Sweden back in the 17th century, and in order to gain a foothold and protect itself from attacks, it was necessary to create defensive structures. Peter I considered the captured fortress of Nyenskans to be insufficiently fortified and decided to build a new fortress in order to gain a permanent foothold in this territory; the place for the new fortress was chosen on the island, which the Finns called Yenisaari (Hare Island), and the Swedes called Lust-Eiland (Jolly Island), from the island there was an excellent view of the entrances to the branches of the Neva from Gulf of Finland. On May 27, 1703, Peter I founded a fortress on the island, which gave rise to the city of St. Petersburg. The city received its name in honor of the Apostle Peter. It is believed that the drawing of the first earthen fortress belongs to Peter I himself and the French engineer Joseph Lambert de Guerin. According to the plan, the fortress included: 6 bastions connected by curtains, 2 ravelins, and a crownwork. In 1703, Zayachiy Island was connected to the Petrograd side by the Ioannovsky Bridge. In just four months, they managed to build defensive structures made of wood and earth. The Peter and Paul Fortress did not take part in the hostilities, but nevertheless was an important link in the defense of the Strait of Finland during the Northern War.

Plan of the location of structures on the territory of the Peter and Paul Fortress.

The construction was supervised by Peter I's comrade A. Menshikov. The fortress was built with the help of soldiers, captured Swedes and peasants, a certain number of whom were called from each province. The construction of the wood-earth fortress was completed in October 1703. This event was celebrated both in Moscow and on the banks of the Neva. Initially, the fortress was called St. Petersburg, but another name was in use - Peter and Paul - after the Cathedral of Peter and Paul, located in the center of the fortress, which after 1917 became official. During the October Revolution, the fortress became the field headquarters of the Petrograd Military Revolutionary Committee, which led the uprising and the capture of the Winter Palace. In 1924, a Museum was opened in the fortress, and since 1993, the Peter and Paul Fortress has been declared a historical and cultural reserve. At different times, both fortifications and buildings for economic needs were built and modernized on the territory of the Peter and Paul Fortress.

Most of the buildings are currently used as museum premises, but there are also buildings functioning for their intended purpose, such as the Mint.

Buildings on the territory of the Peter and Paul Fortress

Peter and Paul Cathedral

Peter and Paul Cathedral. Peter and Paul Fortress.

The wooden Peter and Paul Cathedral was founded on June 29, 1703 on the day of the Holy Apostles Peter and Paul, and already on April 1, 1704 the cathedral was consecrated. On May 14, a festive service was held here in honor of the victory of Field Marshal B.P. Sheremetyev by our Swedish ships at Lake Peipsi. The stone Peter and Paul Cathedral was laid on May 30, 1712 according to the design of Trezzini D. and its construction lasted 20 years until 1732. Construction was carried out in such a way that the wooden church remained inside the stone cathedral under construction. The wooden church was dismantled and moved in 1719 to Gorodovoy Island, where it was placed on a stone foundation and renamed the Church of the Apostle Matthew. Later, this church was also rebuilt in stone and stood until the Great Patriotic War.

The construction of the cathedral, by order of Peter I, began with the bell tower, which was completed only in 1720. Construction began with the bell tower not by chance, but based on strategic considerations, since it could be used as an observation platform to detect enemy troops. A chiming clock was installed on the bell tower during the process of its construction, without waiting for completion, by order of Peter I himself. The clock began to play in August 1720. On the initiative of Peter I, an elevator could be installed in the bell tower, the idea of ​​which Peter saw from the court mechanic of the Saxon Elector Andreas Gärtner, but for unknown reasons the idea was never brought to life (some materials for the elevators had already been purchased).

Creating a spire Peter and Paul Cathedral began in the winter of 1717, with the preparation of rafters. To work on the spire, on May 1, the Dutch master Herman van Boles was invited, who created a project for a 25-meter spire and has been implementing it for several years. In September 1718, an apple was lifted onto the spire. In May 1719, the Office of City Affairs concluded an agreement with the Riga master Zimers F., according to which he forged 887 sheets of red copper. In April 1721, an agreement was concluded with the Riga masters Steinbeis I.P. and Eberhard I.V. for the gilding of copper sheets, which was completed in November 1723. The cladding of the spire with sheets and the installation of the angel was completed in 1724. The height of the bell tower from the foundation to the top of the cross was 106 meters. After the cathedral was completed, it became the most tall building in St. Petersburg until 2012.

In May 1722 Trezzini D. was asked to install an angel on top of the bell tower. Trezzini made a drawing, according to which the figure was made by the peasant Menshoi I. and the silversmith Zadubsky L. But their work was considered to be of poor quality, so the angel was remade by Steinbes and Eberhard. That angel was different from the one that exists today. It was made in the form of a weather vane; the figure of an angel was held with both hands by the axis, in which turning mechanisms were placed.

Copper figure of an angel (third), installed on the spire before 1858. Museum of History. Peter-Pavel's Fortress.

The Peter and Paul Cathedral became the object of using many solutions and approaches that had not been used before. on his architectural solution influenced by Western traditions. The walls are much less thick than those of traditional Russian churches, large windows, tall narrow pillars (pylons), only one dome (instead of the usual five-domed structure). This cathedral became an example for all other churches until the mid-18th century. Further, by decree of the Synod, churches again began to be built with five domes. Painting inside the Peter and Paul Cathedral is also important from the point of view of the development of Russian art. Before this, the walls of temples were painted completely differently; it was only allowed to reproduce biblical stories. Secular artistic ornaments are also used here. The painting of the temple walls belongs to Russian artists Vorobyov and Negrubov. The lampshades in the central nave were made by Pyotr Zybin.

After the death of Peter I in 1725, the coffin with his body was placed inside the unfinished cathedral, and awaited burial there for 6 years. Later, a coffin with the body of his wife Catherine was also placed nearby. In 1732, when the construction of the temple was completed, the bodies of Peter I and Catherine were buried near the southern wall in front of the altar. Initially, only marble slabs were installed at the burial site, without tombstones. The tombstones, made of white marble slabs, were erected in the 1760s. The tombstones of crowned heads have coats of arms at the corners. Two tombstones are unique; the burials of Alexander II and his wife Maria Alexandrovna are made of jasper and orlets. They are monolithic, each weighing about 5-6 tons.

Scheme of the iconostasis of the Peter and Paul Cathedral. Peter and Paul Fortress.

The iconostasis of the Peter and Paul Cathedral is considered unique. The iconostasis is made in the form of a triumphal arch, symbolizing the victory of Russia in the Northern War. The iconostasis was made in Moscow in 1722-1726 in the workshop of Ivan Zarudny from oak and linden. The original drawing of the iconostasis belongs to D. Trezzini. More than 50 workers were involved in the production of the iconostasis, supervised by I. Zarudny. During production, small details were constantly being refined, so the authorship of the iconostasis is attributed to both architects D. Trezzini and I. Zarudny. The iconostasis was brought from Moscow disassembled disassembled in 1727, and then it was assembled in the cathedral itself and covered with gold. The icons for the iconostasis were created for another two years, under the leadership of Andrei Merkulyev. Some of these icons have survived to this day; their shapes are unusual. In the center of the iconostasis of the Peter and Paul Cathedral are the royal doors with sculptures of the apostles. In the 19th century, a marble base was built under the iconostasis to strengthen the structure and protect it from environmental influences; the wooden gates were replaced with new ones made of bronze, since the old ones had become very worn out. After there was no space left for burials in the Peter and Paul Cathedral, by 1908 a tomb was built next to the temple, connected to the cathedral by a corridor. In front of the western entrance in 1904-1906, a fence similar to the fence was installed Summer Garden. It was decided to bury only members of the imperial family in the tomb. Before the start of the First World War, they managed to move 8 burials from the right nave of the cathedral. In addition, 5 more great princes were buried here. In total, there were 30 crypts in the tomb.

Engraving by D. Gobbert based on a drawing by F. Clagens. Peter and Paul Cathedral. 1834

In 1732, Nicholas Proskop installed a pulpit on the left side of the central aisle. It is made of carved gilded wood. At the bottom of the pulpit there are paintings depicting the parable of the sower. Above are the figures of the apostles Peter and Paul, above them are the four evangelists. At the very top of the pulpit there is a figure of a dove, symbolizing the holy spirit. On the right side of the central aisle is the royal seat. It is also made of gilded carved wood and covered with velvet. There was never a chair here; the king did not sit down during services. The central nave is illuminated by crystal chandeliers from the late 18th century. Closer to the altar is the original, others were restored after the Great Patriotic War. Captured banners and keys to cities and fortresses taken in the wars with Sweden and Turkey were kept in the Peter and Paul Cathedral. Now the original flags are in museums, and their copies are placed on the walls. The consecration of the completed Peter and Paul Cathedral took place on June 29, 1733. It acquired the status of a cathedral and remained so until the opening of the new St. Isaac's Cathedral in 1858. It became the largest building in St. Petersburg. The walls of the temple were painted blue, the pilasters and cornice were painted white, the roof, bell tower domes and altar dome were painted dark blue.

The appearance of the cathedral did not change until 1756, when on the night of April 29-30 the spire was struck by lightning and the burning spire fell causing great damage to the cathedral: the bell tower was completely destroyed, the roof was heavily damaged, the portico at the entrance was broken, and as a result of the fire The chimes melted. The iconostasis was saved from fire thanks to its collapsible design, which was taken advantage of by the soldiers of Prince Golitsin, who carried the iconostasis out of the cathedral in parts. On April 31, a decree was issued on the speedy restoration of the Peter and Paul Cathedral. Builders were urgently gathered from all construction sites and quickly restored the roof of the cathedral. During the restoration, the shape of the roof was changed from a gable roof to a flatter one. It was decided to restore the bell tower in stone, which took 20 years. As the mass of the structure increased, piles were driven into the base of the bell tower. An additional wall appeared, resulting in additional rooms. Thus, in the Peter and Paul Cathedral there arose the Catherine's vestibule, a sacristy, and a separate space for the staircase to the bell tower. At the same time, volutes appeared on the second tier of the bell tower, the height of the spire was increased to 112 meters, and the shape of the dome drum was changed.

Under Catherine II, a special architectural competition was organized for the reconstruction of the cathedral. Several projects were submitted to the competition in which it was planned to change the appearance of the cathedral, but at the insistence of Catherine II they began to restore it according to the original design of Trezzini D.. The new wooden structure of the spire was made according to Brouer’s design. The construction of the spire was carried out by a team of engineer Eremeev. The new spire grew from 112 meters to 117. The angel was made according to the original drawing. The new chimes were asked to be made by the Russian watchmaker Miller. The foreman agreed to do the work, but refused to give the necessary guarantees, as a result of which no contract was concluded with him. Then, as a result of the competition, the Dutch master Oort-Kras won, with whom an agreement was concluded, according to which the master’s fee was paid in two parts: the first part after the presentation of the mechanism, and the second part after the installation of the chimes on the bell tower. In the fall of 1760, the chimes were delivered to St. Petersburg. Oort-Kras was paid the promised first part of the fee, however, due to the fact that the bell tower had not yet been completed, the chimes were placed on a small temporary bell tower. Oort-Kras died before the completion of the construction of the new bell tower. The chimes were installed in the late 1770s.

Used figure of an angel (fourth) on the spire of the Peter and Paul Cathedral. Peter and Paul Fortress.

The second version of the angel on the cathedral spire was destroyed during the hurricane of 1778. The figure was broken by a strong wind. The third angel was designed by Antonio Rinaldi. In Rinaldi’s project, the centers of gravity of the cross and the angel were combined, the figure now did not “fly” holding the cross with both hands, but seemed to be sitting on it. In addition, the angel ceased to function as a weather vane. It still rotated under the gusts of wind, but only to stabilize and reduce its windage.

At the end of the 1820s, a strong gust of wind tore off the wing of the angel placed on the spire. Restoration of the figure required the construction of scaffolding around the bell tower, which was very expensive, but a young roofer from the Yaroslavl province, Pyotr Telushkin, came to the aid of the authorities. He himself volunteered to climb the bell tower spire without scaffolding and repair the angel. Moreover, he left payment for his work open and left it on the conscience of the authorities. The discussion of this option for restoring the angel lasted for a year and a half, and as a result, in October 1830, the work was completed by Pyotr Telushkin. A large crowd gathered to see the work of the master, who uses only ropes with loops and a moving knot. The repairs lasted six weeks. For his work, the roofer received an award of 3,000 rubles and a silver medal “For Diligence” on the Anninskaya Ribbon.

In the middle of the 19th century, the need arose again for the restoration of the spire of the Peter and Paul Cathedral. In the competition for the work, engineer Zhuravsky. The new spire was created in 1857-1858 in the Urals, at the Nivyansky plant. The spire was made of a metal frame covered with gilded copper sheets. The height of the spire was 47 meters, weight - 56 tons. Inside the spire there is a staircase at 2/3 of the height, then there is an exit to the outside; brackets lead to the end of the spire. The total height of the spire with the cross and the figure of an angel is 122.5 meters. The figure of an angel was replaced, which slightly changed its appearance, in which it remains today. At the same time, the chimes underwent reconstruction, a minute hand was added, and the chimes began to play one of two melodies - “How Glorious is Our Lord” and “God Save the Tsar”.

After the revolution of 1917, the Peter and Paul Cathedral was recognized as an architectural monument; the decoration of the cathedral was preserved. The cathedral was closed in 1919, and the valuables were removed. The City History Museum was opened in the cathedral building. War trophies were transferred to the Hermitage and other museums. The Grand Ducal tomb was plundered, marble tombstones were broken. For a long time there was a warehouse there. In the 1930s, workers put forward an initiative to replace the angel with a ruby ​​star, but the planned work was not completed due to the outbreak of the Great Patriotic War. During the siege of Leningrad, the spire of the Peter and Paul Cathedral was painted over, and the angel was covered with burlap. In 1992, Vladimir Kirillovich, a member of the Romanov dynasty, was buried in the restored grand ducal tomb. The next burial in the Peter and Paul Cathedral took place in 1998, when the remains of Nicholas II and his family were transferred to the Catherine's boundary. The last to be buried here was the wife of Emperor Alexander III. Her remains were brought here from Denmark.

Grand Ducal Tomb

The Grand Duke's tomb against the backdrop of the Peter and Paul Cathedral. Peter and Paul Fortress.

The Grand Ducal Tomb was built in the period 1896-1908 according to the design of the architect D.I. Grimm. drawn up in 1896, the architects Tomishko A.O. (1896-1901), Benois L.N. (1901-1907), Stukolkin N.T (1907-1908) were responsible for the implementation and completion of construction in different years. Benoit L.N. interiors, a gallery connecting the Peter and Paul Cathedral with the tomb, and a fence in front of the Tsar's entrance were designed. In the design of the tomb, Baroque and Renaissance motifs were used; when designing the tomb, we were guided by the architecture of the already erected Peter and Paul Cathedral, and the tomb fit harmoniously into the overall architectural range. The Grand Ducal Tomb is one of the last buildings on the territory of the Peter and Paul Fortress of that time. When decorating the interiors, Serdobol granite, Italian white marble and labradorite were used. On the facades there are three mosaics with icons of the Mother of God: Iverskaya, Kazan and Feodorovskaya, which are associated with the history of the House of Romanov. The mosaics were created in the workshop of V.A. Frolov. and installed in 1907. In the period from 1906 to 1908, a chapel was built in the name of the Holy Blessed Grand Duke Alexander Nevsky.

Grand Duke's burial vault. Peter and Paul Fortress.

Initially, the tomb was intended for the burial of uncrowned members of the imperial family (for those who had the title of Grand Duke and Princess), but, in addition, members of the Beauharnais family, who had the title of Dukes of Leuchtenberg and His Serene Highness Princes of Romanov, could also be buried in the tomb. The tomb is designed for 60 burials. Between 1908 and 1915, 13 burials of members of the imperial family were made. In 1992, Grand Duke Vladimir Kirillovich was buried in the tomb, and in 1995, his parents, Grand Duke Kirill Vladimirovich and his wife Grand Duchess, were reburied in the tomb Victoria Fedorovna.

Since 1994, the grand ducal tomb has been under the jurisdiction of the State Museum of the History of St. Petersburg.

Complex of the St. Petersburg Mint

The main building of the Mint. Peter and Paul Fortress.

The Mint was transferred from Moscow to St. Petersburg by order of Peter in 1724 and is one of the oldest industrial enterprises in the city; its founding date is December 12, 1724. The stamp on SPB coins appeared 175 years later in 1899. Initially, the mint building was located in the curtain between the Naryshkin and Trubetskoy bastions. In March 1800, the design of a new mint building based on the design of Porto A was approved. In June of the same year, construction of the main building began, which was completed in 1806. The length of the main facade is 157 meters. The main building is topped with a low triangular pediment. The side wings end in round towers covered with domes. The originality and expressiveness of the composition of the facade, the skillful solution of the plan allow us to classify the building of the Mint as one of the best buildings of Russian industrial architecture in Russia during the period of late classicism. Gradually, new extensions and buildings began to appear next to the main building, thus the area of ​​the mint gradually increased. In the 40s of the 19th century, provision stores, laboratories for separating gold from silver, a stamp forge, an administrative outbuilding and workshops for medal processing and toolmaking were additionally built. Construction of new buildings ended in 1844. In parallel with this, from 1810 to 1841, the territory of the mint was surrounded by a fence on the northern and western sides; on the eastern side, the fence was erected after 1917. After the revolution of 1917, the Chief Officer's House and the Major's House were annexed to the territory of the Mint.

The Mint minted coins not only for the Russian Empire and its successors, but also for foreign countries: Dutch ducats, Turkish piastres. Coins were also minted for other Russian mints. In addition to minting coins, medal work was also carried out at the Coin Factory. Also in the mid-18th century, a laboratory for the separation of precious metals was founded on the territory of the factory.

In August 1941, in connection with the outbreak of the Great Patriotic War, the main part of the Mint's equipment was evacuated to Krasnokamsk and located in the premises of the Goznak paper mill. In connection with the blockade of Leningrad and the entry of many workers and employees of the Mint into the people's militia, only about forty qualified workers were sent to the newly created Krasnokamsk Mint, who put it into operation in October. The Krasnokamsk Mint, in terms of its production capacity, did not satisfy the increased need for orders and medals, and there were no opportunities for its expansion. Therefore, the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR instructed the People's Commissariat of Finance of the USSR to create a Mint in Moscow, which was allocated production premises on the territory of the Moscow Printing Factory.

Currently, the St. Petersburg Mint, the oldest enterprise of the famous Russian association Goznak, is considered a leading manufacturer of awards, orders and medals, commemorative coins made of precious metals, badges, and memorial signs. Along with government orders, the company carries out work on orders from individuals and companies. Its products are distinguished by a high level of artistic design, impeccable quality of coinage, and invariably enjoy recognition and steady demand both in Russia and abroad.

Letter coin symbol - SPB, SPM, SPMD, SP, SM, L, LMD.

Guardhouse

Guardhouse. Peter and Paul Fortress.

The guardhouse was built in 1748-1749 and was a one-story building with an open gallery on the main facade; the building replaced the old dilapidated wooden guardhouse. The guardhouse was intended to contain officers and lower ranks who were under arrest. In 1908, the building was rebuilt, a second floor was added, and instead of an arcade, four columns placed in pairs were used. The restructuring was carried out according to the plan of Asmus V.F. (presumably).

From 1970 to the present, the building houses the directorate of the St. Petersburg State Museum of History.

Bot house

Botny house. Peter and Paul Fortress.

A copy of the boat of Peter I in the Boat House. Peter and Paul Fortress.

The boat house is made in the style of early classicism and baroque; the house is a shelter for the boat of Peter I. The house is located next to the bell tower of the Peter and Paul Cathedral. Construction and finishing work of the Botny House lasted from 1762 to 1766, according to the design of Vista A.F. The decorative decorations above the windows, cornices, the shapes and curves of the roof, the shapes of the platforms and pedestals under the statue on the roof, the combination of different styles during construction are an outstanding work of its time. The boat of Peter I was located on the territory of the house from 1767 to 1931; later it was moved to the Naval Museum, where it is now located. For the 300th anniversary of the Russian Navy, a small copy of the boat on a scale of 1 to 10 was placed in the house. During the Great Patriotic War, the house was badly damaged and in the 1950s it was restored according to the surviving drawings.

Initially, there was a wooden statue on a pedestal on the roof of the house, but in 1826 it was replaced with a stone figure of Naiad, designed by sculptor N.A. Tokarev. In 1891, this statue was replaced by a terracotta statue of a woman with an oar by sculptor D.I. Jensen.

Engineering house

Engineering building. Peter and Paul Fortress.

The engineering house was built according to the design of N.I. Muravyov. in 1748-1749. Initially, the buildings of the building formed a quadrangular courtyard with two gates, but in 1886 the gates facing the main alley were built up and both buildings were brought under one roof.

At various points in time, the building housed a drawing workshop, an archive of files of the Engineering Department, and living quarters for employees of the Engineering Department. Nowadays, the building of the Engineering House houses exhibitions of the State Museum of History of St. Petersburg.

Cavalier of Anna Ioanovna

Cavalier of Anna Ioanovna. Peter and Paul Fortress.

Cavalier of Anna Ioanovna. Building plan. Peter and Paul Fortress.

Anna Ioanovna's Cavalier was originally an auxiliary structure inside the bastion with the purpose additional protection Kronverk with artillery fire, at the same time the cavalier would be used to organize defense when the enemy penetrates into the territory of the fortress itself. The cavalier was built in 1731 -1733 according to the design of B. Kh. Minich. The cavalier was surrounded on three sides by a ditch, which was filled in in 1812. In 1795-1796, the cavalier was connected to the left flank of the Golovkin bastion, in order to raise the guns, using a two-span arched bridge. The Cavalier was rebuilt in 1836-1837, the decor of the facade was changed, which became decorated in the style of late classicism, the brick parapet was removed, and a pitched iron roof was built. In 1837, the Artillery Workshop was located in the Cavalier. Since 1961, it has been under the jurisdiction of the State Enterprise “St. Petersburg Mint”.

Treasury Department

Treasury. Peter and Paul Fortress.

The Treasury building was built in 1837-1838 according to the design of I.I. Galberg with the purpose of housing the Main Treasury and storing finished products of the Mint, and also included the building of the Secret Chancellery and the Treasury of residual and staff amounts. Since 1862, the building housed the administration of the St. Petersburg Engineering and Artillery Districts. Since 1868, the building was adapted by the Mint for administrative and residential premises. In 1900, the buildings of the boiler room, laundry and garrison workshops, designed according to the design of Asmus V.F., were added to the building. Currently, the building is under the jurisdiction of the State Museum of History of St. Petersburg.

Carriage maker

Karetnik. Peter and Paul Fortress.

The carriage house was built in 1846 according to the design of Batorsky, official name“Services of the commandant’s department”, in common parlance simply “Karetnik”. The building was a one-story building in the style of late classicism, with a gateway located in the western part of the facade. The building included two carriage barns, a stable with six stalls, a covered courtyard with a manure pit and an icehouse. Geographically, the carriage house is located between the Commandant's House and the Naryshkin Bastion. Since 1994, the building has been under the jurisdiction of the State Museum of History of St. Petersburg.

Commandant's house

Commandant's house. Peter and Paul Fortress.

Commandant's house. Inner courtyard. Peter and Paul Fortress.

The commandant's house was built in 1743-1746 according to the design of H. de Marin. In 1747-1748, a separate U-shaped stone one-story service outbuilding was erected on the western side of the commandant's house. In 1750, the commandant's building and the outbuilding were combined, resulting in a rectangular courtyard. The facade of the commandant's house is decorated in the Baroque style. The building is located between the Naryshkin Bastion and the Peter and Paul Cathedral. Initially, on the site of this building there was a wooden commandant's house built in 1704. In 1874 and 1892, the service outbuildings were built on a second floor, on which the residential and ceremonial quarters of the garrison commandant were located, as well as the house church in the name of the Entry into the Temple of the Blessed Virgin Mary. On the first floor and on the outbuilding territory there was a kitchen, laundry, servants' rooms, office, stable. In honor of the celebration of the 300th anniversary of St. Petersburg in 2003, a glass roof was erected over the courtyard. In the 19th century, investigations and trials in the case of the Decembrists, Petrashevites, and Narodniks took place in the commandant’s apartment. On October 25-26, 1917, the field headquarters of the Petrograd Military Revolutionary Committee operated in the building. Currently, the Commandant's House houses a permanent exhibition of the State Museum of the History of St. Petersburg on the history of the city.

Kronverk

Plan of the crownwork and the Peter and Paul Fortress. Peter and Paul Fortress.

Construction of the crownwork began in 1705. Kronverk was a fortified polygon with earthen ramparts in front of it, separated from the Peter and Paul Fortress by a moat with water, now called the Kronver Canal. The crownwork was used to protect the fortress from land; to monitor the approaches to the fortress, trees were cut down to create an open space. Kronverk of the Peter and Paul Fortress

Entrance to the crownwork. Peter and Paul Fortress.

In the middle of the 18th century, the crownwork was rebuilt anew on a stone foundation. The remaining wooden fortifications were converted into half-bastions and bastions, and work was also carried out to expand and strengthen the canal. In the 60s of the 19th century, the stone building of the Arsenal was built on the construction site according to the design of P.I. Tomansky, on the territory of the Alexander Park, which was laid out shortly before. The building was made in the forms of medieval architecture, with brick-lined walls and Gothic motifs in the interior decoration. Banners, medals, orders, standards and weapons were stored in the building.

Inner courtyard of the crownwork. Peter and Paul Fortress.

Since 1872, the Arsenal was repurposed into the Artillery Museum, which included in its exhibitions everything that was in the Arsenal's warehouses. Halls and galleries are used to display exhibits. During the Great Patriotic War, the museum building was used to repair tank equipment. After the end of the war, the building was reconstructed and the number of exhibits increased. The reconstruction work was led by architects K. D. Khalturina, I. N. Benois, and D. I. Smetannikova. Since the 60s, the Artillery Museum has been merged with the Central Historical Military Engineering Museum, and a new department on the history of the Signal Corps was opened.

Currently, the museum is called the Military Historical Museum of Artillery, Engineering Troops and Signal Corps; it houses more than 200 thousand exhibits from different military eras of Russia. Exhibits and displays are located both inside the building and in the courtyard: self-propelled guns, tanks, armored vehicles.

Trubetskoy Bastion Prison

Courtyard of the Trubetskoy Bastion Prison. Peter and Paul Fortress.

Plan of the Trubetskoy Bastion Prison. Peter and Paul Fortress. 1-27, 29-35 - cells, 28 - punishment cell, I - guard room, II - reception room, III - prison kitchen, IV - security service room, V, VI - storage rooms, VII - prison bathhouse, VIII - courtyard, place for prisoners to walk.

The Trubetskoy Bastion prison was built in 1870-1872 according to the design of K.P. Andreev. and Pasypkina M.A. The building is a two-story pentagonal building, erected on the site of the demolished internal walls of the Trubetskoy Bastion. The prison was intended for political prisoners. Initially, the building housed 73 solitary cells, but in 1878 their number was reduced to 69. Political prisoners held in this prison were completely isolated both from the outside world and from the rest of the prisoners, a ban was imposed on books, dates, smoking, correspondence. Such difficult conditions of detention of prisoners sometimes led to mental illness. The prison was guarded by the only Observation Team in the country, to which a team of gendarmes was later added.

In 1872-1917, more than one and a half thousand people were prisoners of the prison. In the 1870-1880s, the populist revolutionaries P. A. Kropotkin, G. A. Lopatin, V. N. Figner, A. I. Zhelyabov, N. A. Morozov, A. I. Ulyanov, M. F. Vetrova and many others, in the 1890s - 1900s - Socialist Revolutionaries B.V. Savinkov, E.K. Breshko-Breshkovskaya, S.V. Balmashev, V.M. Chernov, members of the Union of Struggle for Liberation working class and RSDLP (N. E. Bauman, A. S. Shapovalov, P. N. Lepeshinsky, M. A. Olminsky), Konoplyannikova, Zinaida Vasilievna; during the revolution of 1905-1907 - the writer M. Gorky and other members of the deputation who protested against the shooting of the demonstration on January 9, 1905; members of the St. Petersburg Council of Workers' Deputies L. D. Trotsky, A. L. Parvus.

In 1879, there was a riot on the prison grounds due to the refusal to supply tobacco to one of the prisoners. The prisoners made demands to improve their lives; the demands were not met by the prison administration, and the prisoners were beaten by soldiers. After this, the prisoners went on a hunger strike that lasted several days, as a result of which their demands were partially satisfied.

During the February Revolution of 1917, former ministers, heads of the political police and other persons were imprisoned in the Trubetskoy Bastion prison, the investigation of whose cases was conducted by the Extraordinary Investigative Commission of the Provisional Government. During the October Revolution of 1917, members of the Provisional Government were imprisoned, then participants in the cadets' speech on October 29. In November 1917, the leaders of the banned cadet party P. D. Dolgorukov, A. I. Shingarev and F. F. Kokoshkin became prisoners of the prison. The prison cells were turned into general ones, solitary confinement was applied only to individual prisoners.

The prison was officially closed in March 1918. But the prison functioned until 1921. In 1919, four Grand Dukes were in custody: Nikolai Mikhailovich, Georgiy Mikhailovich, Dmitry Konstantinovich and Pavel Alexandrovich, who were later shot.

The prison became a museum in 1924.

Gates

Vasilievsky Gate

Vasilievsky Gate. Peter and Paul Fortress.

The Vasilievsky Gate was first mentioned in 1729; the gate received its name because it is located on the Vasilievskaya curtain, directed towards Vasilievsky Island. In 1792-1794, according to the project of De Rancourt F.O. The western façade of the gate was complemented by a classicist portico, a portico with two pairs of pilasters of the Tuscan order and a triangular front with the monogram of Catherine II, the brickwork of the gate was plastered, and the cornice, belts and bases of the pilasters, the keystone and the plinth were made of limestone. The archivolt was decorated with a keystone. As a result of the work, the width of the gate arch remained the same, but its height increased. The portico was dismantled in 1872-1874 as a result of work to expand the gate and was restored only in 1952-1953 according to the design of A.A. Kedrinsky. In the mid-19th century, the “treasury of the coin office” was kept above the Vasilyevsky Gate.

John's Gate

John's Gate. Peter and Paul Fortress.

John's Gate was built in 1739-1740. according to the project of Minikh B.Kh. supervised the work by De Marin H.. The inscription “1740” is placed on the gate, indicating the date of completion of the construction of the stone fortress - this gate was the last object of reconstruction of the Peter and Paul Fortress in stone. The tympanum of the gate contains a cartouche, which is crowned with the Russian imperial crown and surrounded by military attributes - banners, halberds, drums. When designing the eastern facade of the Ioannovsky Gate, the experience of decorative processing of the lower tier of the Petrovsky Gate was used. Somewhat later, a similar composition was used in the construction of the Neva Gate. The restoration of the gate was carried out in the 1960s under the leadership of Benoit I.N. and Rotacha A.L.

Kronverk Gate

Kronverk Gate. Peter and Paul Fortress.

Until the 1730s, the Kronverk Gate was called the First Kronerk Gate. The gate was erected during the construction of the Kronverk curtain of the fortress. In 1791-1792, the gate was redone and increased in width and height by the artel of the peasant Stepanov Ya. In 1826, a major repair was carried out over the gate. In 1829, the northern arch of the gate was designed in the form of an archivolt. In 1836, next to the gate, a wooden bridge, connecting the Peter and Paul Fortress with the glacis of the crownwork.

Neva Gate

Neva Gate. Peter and Paul Fortress.

The Neva Gate was built in wood in 1714-1716, and a wooden pier was built along with the gate. In the early 1720s, the gate was rebuilt in stone under the direction of D. Trezzini. In 1731-1732, another rebuilding was carried out. This project has been preserved in modern look gate from the side facing the Peter and Paul Cathedral: a four-meter arch with a keystone flanked by pilasters and topped with a triangular pediment. The pediment is decorated with a relief composition depicting a shield, banner and military armor. In 1746, another reconstruction of the gate was carried out and it was faced with Pudost stone. In 1762-1767, a project for a new granite pier to replace the wooden one was developed by N. Muravyov and D. Smolyaninov. This project was implemented in 1777, under the leadership of R.T. Tomilov. a ceremonial three-arched granite pier with parapets, ice cutters and a platform with three staircases leading to the water was built. In 1780, the architect Lvov N. was made new project gates that were built in 1784-1787 and have survived to this day. The height of the new gate was 12 m, width - 12.2 m. They are placed on a plinth one meter high. To the right and left of the arch are twin columns of the Tuscan order with diamond rustication, supporting a triangular pediment. The base, columns and pediment are made of polished silver-white Serdobol granite. The pediment is decorated with a relief image of an anchor with crossed palm branches and a fluttering ribbon (unknown sculptor based on a drawing by Lvov, alabaster). At the edges of the pediment there are two bombs with flames. The gate is located in the southern part of the wall and creates a unique panorama of the Neva and the Peter and Paul Fortress. Prisoners were taken out through the Neva Gate for execution or life imprisonment in Shlisselburg.

The Neva Gate was a silent witness to the terrible pages of Russian history. Through them, prisoners were taken out of the fortress to be sent to execution or life imprisonment in Shlisselburg.

Nikolsky Gate

Nikolsky Gate. Peter and Paul Fortress.

The Nikolsky Gate was built in 1729 according to the design of the architects Minich B.H. and Trezzini D. The gate served as the main entrance to the fortress from the north-west. Initially, the gate was called the Second Kronverk Gate. In 1792-1793, according to the design of the architect De Rancroix F.O. On both sides of the gate, four-column porticoes were installed: the southern portico at the end had a stepped attic with decorative bombs along its edges, the northern portico was crowned with a triangular pediment. In 1874, the gate was rebuilt and expanded, according to the design of A.A. Carboniere. After all the work, the height of the gate became 5.25 m, width 6.3 m. In 1966, a major overhaul of the gate was carried out according to the design of Benoit I.N.

Petrovsky Gate

Peter's Gate. Peter and Paul Fortress.

The Peter's Gate, made of wood, was built in 1708 and was rebuilt in stone according to the design of Trezzini D. in 1716-1717. The gate arch is topped with an attic with a semicircular arched pediment, decorated with a wooden carved panel “The Overthrow of Simon the Magus by the Apostle Peter” by sculptor Kondrat Osner. Regarding the panel, there are two versions: according to one of them, the panel was moved from the wooden gate, according to the second version, the panel was made specifically for the stone gate. The panel symbolizes the victory of Russia in the Northern War. On the pediment of the attic there is a high relief depicting the God of Hosts blessing the God of Hosts. The niches contain statues created by the French sculptor N. Pinault: in the left niche of the gate there is a statue of Athena in the image of Polyada, the patroness of the city. She is wearing long clothes - peplos. In her hand is a snake - a symbol of wisdom. In the right niche there is a statue of Athena in the image of Pallas, a victorious warrior. In 1720, a Russian coat of arms was installed above the arch in the form of a double-headed eagle, cast from lead by master Vassu F. In 1723, the artist A. Zakharov and the gilder I. Uvarov painted the eagle black and the crowns, scepter, orb and some parts of the shield were gilded. The sculptural group of the gate included seven more statues, but these statues have not survived to this day. During the Great Patriotic War, the gates were damaged and their reconstruction took place only in 1951 under the leadership of architects A.A. Kedrinsky and A.L. Rotach

Bastions

The bastions are located clockwise according to the time they were laid.

Sovereign Bastion

Sovereign Bastion. Peter and Paul Fortress.

The Sovereign's Bastion from the inside. Peter and Paul Fortress.

The Sovereign's bastion was founded on May 16, 1703 on Hare Island. Peter I personally supervised the construction process, which is why the bastion got its name. The work was supervised by V.A. Kirshtenstein. according to the project of Lambert J.G. (presumably) with the personal participation of Peter I. The Sovereign bastion is one of two bastions located on the eastern side of the Peter and Paul Fortress, facing the Neva. The Sovereign's Bastion is connected by the Neva Curtain with the Naryshkin Bastion and the Petrovskaya Curtain with Menshikov. On the eastern side, the bastion is covered by the Ioannovsky ravelin. In October 1703, after the construction of earthen ramparts was completed, the fortress Keizer flag was raised on the bastion. In 1704, the first lighthouse in the city was lit. In 1717-1732, according to the design of Trezzini D. and Burchard Christoph von Minich, the bastion was rebuilt in stone. Inside the bastion there were two-tiered combat casemates, which were converted into single-tiered ones in the mid-19th century. Under the bastions there was a terna. In 1752, a ramp was added to the bastion. In 1782-1784, the Nevsky facade of the Sovereign Bastion was lined with granite blocks. From 1726 to 1766, the boat of Peter I was kept on the territory of the Sovereign Bastion. In the 1920s, these premises were occupied by the services of the Leningrad Military District. During the Great Patriotic War, direction finders were installed on the bastion to detect enemy aircraft approaching the city. In 1954, the Sovereign Bastion became part of the Museum of the History of St. Petersburg. In 1999-2003, the turn and the walkway “for the passage of sentries” from the Gosudarev Spit to the Naryshkin Bastion were recreated. May 27, 2003 at Sovereign Bastion The memorial sign “Tercentenary of St. Petersburg” was unveiled.

Naryshkin Bastion

View of the Naryshkin Bastion and the Neva Gate. Peter and Paul Fortress.

Naryshkin Bastion. Peter and Paul Fortress.

The Naryshkin Bastion was built in 1725-1728 under the leadership of D. Trezzini and B. Minich. K.A. Naryshkin supervised the construction process, which is why the bastion got its name (as in the case of the Sovereign Bastion). In the side (for frontal fire) and front walls there were two-tier casemates, which were rebuilt into single-tier ones in the mid-19th century. From that moment on, they were adapted for production and used as warehouses for the Mint. In 1780, the Nevsky facade was lined with granite blocks. In 1731, the Flag Tower was installed on the Naryshkin Bastion, on which the flag was raised at sunrise and lowered at sunset. This tradition was interrupted during the USSR, but was resumed in the 1990s, however, now the flag is constantly on the mast. Every day at noon a cannon shot is fired from the Naryshkin Bastion. Currently, the Naryshkin Bastion is part of the St. Petersburg State Museum of History.

Trubetskoy Bastion

Trubetskoy Bastion. Peter and Paul Fortress.

The Trubetskoy bastion in a tree was erected in 1703 under the leadership of engineer V. A. Kirshtenstein according to the design of Lambert de Guerin (presumably) with the personal participation of Peter I. Prince Trubetskoy Yu. Yu. supervised the construction, thanks to which the bastion received its name (as and in the case of the Sovereign and Naryshkin bastions). On May 13, 1708, Peter I himself was present at the laying of the stone Trubetskoy bastion. The construction of the stone bastion was carried out according to the design of Trezzini D. and was completed in 1709. The Trubetskoy bastion became the first bastion of the Peter and Paul Fortress. In the left front and flanks, two-tier casemates and a postern were built - a tunnel for safe communication between the casemates. The right front of the bastion was continued with an orillion - a ledge protecting its right flank, and under the cover of the orillion there was a sortia - a secret exit for landing attacks. In 1711, the Keizer flag was moved to the Trubetskoy bastion from the Sovereign's bastion and holidays standard (they rose above the bastion until 1732). The first prison quarters of the Peter and Paul Fortress were organized on the territory of the Trubetskoy Bastion. Since 1724, the Mint has been located in the bastion. It was originally equipped with a signal cannon for the midday shot. In 1779-1785, according to the project of Tomilov R.R. and under the leadership of F.V. Bauer, the outer walls were lined with granite slabs. In 1869-1870, the Valgang wall in the Trubetskoy Bastion was dismantled, and a two-story pentagonal prison building was erected in the vacant space.

Zotov Bastion

Zotov Bastion. Peter and Paul Fortress.

Zotov Bastion on Google maps. Peter and Paul Fortress.

The Zotov bastion in the tree was built in 1703. And in 1707-1709, the right part of the Zotovo Bastion was rebuilt in stone. The rest of the bastion was rebuilt in stone in 1727 - 1729, the work was supervised by D. Trezzini and B.H. Minich. In 1752, a ramp was added to the Zotovy Bastion for raising guns and ammunition; the ramp was designed by V. Sipyatin. In 1832-1834, the walls of the bastion were re-faced according to the design of Opperman I. As in the case of other bastions, two-story casemates in 1840-1860 were rebuilt into one-story ones. In the 18th century, the casemates of the Zotov Bastion were used as prison premises. In addition, it housed the services of the Garrison and Secret Chancelleries, workshops and the forge of the fortress Engineering team, the archive of the Main Treasury, the archive of the Provision Expedition, and then an artillery warehouse.

Golovkin Bastion

Golovkin Bastion on Google maps. Peter and Paul Fortress.

The Golovkin bastion was built in wood in 1703, the bastion was rebuilt in stone in two stages in 1707-1709 (the right part of the bastion) and 1730-1731 (the left part of the bastion). Like the rest of the bastions of the fortress, it is, in plan , a pentagonal structure with two front walls - fronts and two side - flanks, intended for conducting frontal and flanking fire. The bastion received its name, like the rest of the listed bastions, after the associate of Peter I, who controlled the construction of the bastion - G.I. Golovkin. After the final restructuring under the leadership of Minikh B.Kh, during the time of Anna Ioannovna, the bastion was renamed the Anna Ioannovna Bastion (the original name was returned to it by the Bolsheviks). Three powder magazines were located in the fronts of the Golovkin bastion. In the flanks there were two-tier defensive casemates, which in the 19th century were rebuilt into single-tier ones (as in the other bastions), at the same time the walls were faced with new brick. In 1752, according to Sipyatin’s design, a ramp was added to the bastion. In the left Orleon there was a sortie - access to the Kronver Strait. As in many bastions, there were cells for holding prisoners. The chambers (cells) in the fronts and under the ramp at the end of the 18th century - the first half of the 19th century served as solitary cells for holding prisoners. A cavalier was built in the gorge of the bastion in 1731-1733. Since 1920, the Golovkin Bastion, like the other bastions, was under the jurisdiction of the NKVD. Currently, the Mint services are located in the bastion.

Menshikov Bastion

Menshikov Bastion. Peter and Paul Fortress. Photo from the 1970s

The Menshikov Bastion was founded on May 16, 1703 and became the second bastion founded in the Peter and Paul Fortress and is one of two bastions on the eastern side. The bastion received its name, like other bastions of the Peter and Paul Fortress, after the associate of Peter I, who controlled the construction process. The first St. Petersburg pharmacy was located on the territory of the Menshikov Bastion. On May 30, 1706, the reconstruction of the entire fortress in stone began, and already in 1706-1708 the left side of the Menshikov Bastion was rebuilt. The final reconstruction of the bastion in stone ended in 1729, when the bastion already bore the name of Peter II (the bastion was renamed back by the Bolsheviks after 1917 (the exact date is not known, but in 1920 all bastions already had their initial names)). In 1828, the walls of the bastions were lined with new brick, in 1837-1860 the two-tier casemates were rebuilt into single-tier ones (which was done with all the bastions of the Peter and Paul Fortress) at the same time, iron roofs were made. At various times, the bastion housed the services of the Secret Chancellery, the Mint (left flank) and the workshops and forge of the fortress engineering team; in the 19th century, the premises were adapted to accommodate the Complete Battalion and the lower ranks of the artillery depot team, as well as to house the 2nd company of St. -Petersburg artillery garrison. At the beginning of the 20th century, the bastion also housed the kitchen and dining room of the commandant's clerks.

Ravelins

Alekseevsky ravelin

Botardo of the Alekseevsky ravelin. Peter and Paul Fortress.

Alekseevsky ravelin. Peter and Paul Fortress.

Alekseevsky Ravelin was considered the most important prison of the Russian Empire, the heart of the Peter and Paul Fortress - the “Russian Bastille”. The Alekseevsky ravelin was built in 1733-1740 according to the design of B. X. Minich. The ravelin was intended to cover the Vasilievskaya curtain and the gate located there. Alekseevsky ravelin got its name in honor of Peter the Great’s father, Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich. The Alekseevsky ravelin was separated from the main part of the fortress by a moat filled with water, filled in at the end of the 19th century. Window and door openings were only in the ravelin walls. In 1787, the counter-guard of the Alekseevsky ravelin, facing the Neva, was lined with granite slabs. Almost from the very beginning, the ravelin was used to house political prisoners. The first wooden building for prisoners was built in Ravelin in 1769. In 1797, the wooden prison was destroyed and in its place, according to the design of Paton P. Yu., the “Secret House of the Alekseevsky Ravelin” was erected, a secret prison for the Russian emperors. The prisoners who ended up there were viewed primarily as personal enemies of the Russian Tsar. A court verdict was not required for imprisonment in the Alekseevsky Ravelin. To be placed in a fortress or to be released from it, just one royal word was enough. Prisoners were always brought to the ravelin at night. Once in the secret house, the prisoner lost his first and last name. All his connections with the outside world were cut off. Meetings and correspondence with prisoners were allowed only with special royal permission. Alekseevsky ravelin served as a prison until 1893, at which time the fortifications of the ravelin were dismantled to accommodate the buildings of the archives of the War Ministry. In the 1730s coastline main shaft designed by B.Kh. Minich was connected to the ravelins by a system of botardos, which served as dams to maintain the required water level in the ditches and canal of the fortress and prevent the penetration of enemy ships from outside. The walls of the botardo (the above-water part of the lintel) were originally made of cut slab stone; the underwater part of each dam consisted of two semicircular water gates. In 1787, round turrets on the two southern botards were lined with granite, and the wooden palisades of the botard were replaced with cast iron. The botardo turrets on the north side were covered with a flank slab in 1794. In 1862-1865, the wooden palisades of the botards were replaced with cast iron ones.

Ioannovsky ravelin

Botardo of Ioannovsky ravelin. Peter and Paul Fortress.

Ioannovsky Gate and Ioannovsky Ravelin (from the outside). Peter and Paul Fortress.

Ioannovsky Ravelin was built in 1704 in wood, but initially the ravelin did not have its own name and was nameless; it received its name in 1740, when it was rebuilt in stone (perestroika began in 1731). The ravelin was named in honor of the brother of Peter I - Ivan Alekseevich. Ravelin was separated from the fortress by a moat with water, which was filled in at the end of the 19th century (like the moat of the Alekseevsky ravelin). There were window and door openings only in the ravelin walls. In 1787, the counter-guard of the ravelin, facing the Neva, was lined with granite. In 1829, the walls of the rest of the ravelin were faced with new brick. In 1894, on the left side of the ravelin, a one-story building was built for the emergency reserve of the Izhora reserve battalion; this building was rebuilt for the Gas Dynamics Laboratory in 1932-1933. In 1908-1909, a separate house was erected on the right side for apartments for the commander and senior officers of the machine gun company of the Semenovsky Life Guards Regiment; this house was converted into the Austeria restaurant in the 1960s. Currently, the Ioannovsky Ravelin houses the Museum's ticket office, as well as the Museum of Cosmonautics and Rocket Science.

Curtains

Vasilievskaya curtain

Vasilyevskaya Curtain. Peter and Paul Fortress.

The Vasilievskaya Curtain received its name due to the fact that it faces Vasilyevsky Island. The Vasilievskaya Curtain was built in wood in 1703 and already in 1709-1710 it was rebuilt in stone under the leadership of Trezzini D. In 1834, the walls of the curtain were re-faced with new brick. In the second half of the 19th century, the curtain wall was rebuilt and became one-story. In 1870-1872, several of the outer casemates of the curtain were dismantled, this is due to the fact that the construction of the Trubetskoy Bastion Prison was underway and it was necessary free place. On the left side of the curtain there were premises given to the Mint; in the 18th century, on the right side of the premises they were given over to the services of the commandant's department; in the 19th century, on the right side there were archives of the State Treasury, the Commandant's Department and the Audit Department of the Ministry of War, together with the archives of the artillery department. IN given time The premises of the curtain were given to the Mint and the workshops of the Museum of the History of St. Petersburg are also located there.

Catherine's Curtain

The Peter and Paul Fortress is the historical center of St. Petersburg, located on Hare Island.

Peter-Pavel's Fortress founded on May 16, 1703 according to the plan of Peter I. Initially, the fortress was called Zankht-Peter-Burkh, in 1914-1917 - Petrograd Fortress.

The plan of Peter I implied the presence of 6 bastions connected by curtains, 2 ravelins and a crownwork (originally wood and earthen, in the 30s-40s and 80s of the 18th century, covered with stone).

In 1703, Zayachiy Island was connected to the Petrograd side by the Ioannovsky Bridge.

There are animals like these on the island)

The Peter and Paul Fortress was never used for its intended purpose. It functioned as a prison for political prisoners.

On November 8, 1925, the Leningrad Council decided to destroy the Peter and Paul Fortress and build a stadium in its place. The decision was soon reversed.

The Peter and Paul Fortress has its prototype - the Novodvinsk Fortress at the mouth of the Northern Dvina, near Arkhangelsk. It was built by Peter I a year earlier - in 1702. Today there is practically nothing left of it

The Peter and Paul Fortress is a historically unique defensive structure with extraterritorial supporting defensive points

Today the Peter and Paul Fortress is part of the Museum of the History of St. Petersburg. From the Naryshkin bastion of the Peter and Paul Fortress, a signal cannon is fired at midday every day.

In 1991, on the territory Peter and Paul Fortress A monument to Peter the Great by sculptor Mikhail Shemyakin was erected. Ugly monument))

Since the beginning of the 21st century, various entertainment events have been held on the beach of the Peter and Paul Fortress.

I will simply list the main attractions of the fortress, sometimes with brief description– otherwise the article will be too long and boring =) So, on the territory of the Peter and Paul Fortress there are:

Kronverkskie

Nikolskie

Petrovsky

Eagle close up

I couldn’t find a photo of the Vasilievsky Gate

Bastions Peter and Paul Fortress:

Gosudarev

Naryshkin

Menshikov

Trubetskoy

I couldn’t find a photo of Golovkin’s bastion)

Ravelins:

Alekseevsky

Ioannovsky

Vasilyevskaya

Ekaterininskaya

Kronverkskaya

Nikolskaya

Petrovskaya

Engineering structures:

Nevskaya (Komendantskaya) pier

Kronverksky Canal Peter and Paul Fortress

> Peter and Paul Fortress

Peter-Pavel's Fortress

Opening hours of the Peter and Paul Fortress

Territory of Hare Island 6.00-21.00 (7 days a week)
Peter and Paul Fortress 8.30-21.00 (7 days a week)
Peter and Paul Cathedral and Trubetskoy Bastion Prison 10.00-18.00
Nevsky Panorama 10.00-19.30
Bell tower of the Peter and Paul Cathedral from May 1 to October 30: 11:30, 13:00, 14:30, 16:00; From November 1 to April 30: upon request
Temporary exhibitions and expositions 11.00-18.00
Box office 10.00-17 30
Wednesday is a day off. On Tuesday, ticket offices, expositions, exhibitions and the cathedral close an hour earlier. On Sunday the cathedral opens an hour later.

The Peter and Paul Fortress today is a branch of the Museum of the History of St. Petersburg and favorite place recreation for citizens.

Peter and Paul Fortress - extensive museum complex, on its territory there are many temporary exhibitions, permanent exhibitions, the Peter and Paul Cathedral and the Mint.

A visit to the Peter and Paul Fortress and a walk through its territory are absolutely free. During such a walk, you can examine the architecture of the fortress itself, the Peter and Paul Cathedral and the Mint; admire the magnificent panorama of the Neva, the Spit of Vasilyevsky Island, Winter Palace and Palace Bridge; sit on your knees at the monument to Peter I, created by Shemyakin; throw a coin to the Hare sitting under the Ioannovsky Bridge (number 23 on the diagram) and study the history of St. Petersburg floods from the tablets on the walls of the Neva Gate (number 17 on the diagram).
You can also visit the Printing Museum for free, where you can see St. Petersburg engravings and lithographs. Well, and, of course, every day at 12:00 a cannon fires in the Peter and Paul Fortress. And from the end of May to the beginning of November, every Saturday before the shot on the territory of the Naryshkin bastion (number 16 on the diagram), the guard of honor is removed.

• Prices for paid exhibitions located on the territory of the Peter and Paul Fortress in 2017

Peter and Paul Cathedral

• Number 1 on the diagram

The Peter and Paul Cathedral is known primarily for its unusual architecture and interior decoration - atypical for an Orthodox church.

The royal rooms of the Peter and Paul Cathedral are located in the gallery connecting the cathedral with the tomb. Two recreated rest rooms of the Russian emperors display church relics from the cathedral and objects related to the funeral rites of the emperors.

The Grand Duke's tomb is connected with the Peter and Paul Cathedral, but is separate building. In the Peter and Paul Cathedral and Grand Ducal Tomb All Russian emperors and some members of their families are buried.

The bell tower of the Peter and Paul Cathedral is beautiful Observation deck, from which the city center is visible. In addition, there is a unique carillon - a musical instrument, which is a clock mechanism connected to bells.

Trubetskoy Bastion Prison

• number 12 on the diagram

The famous casemates of the Peter and Paul Fortress, in which they sat " the best people» empires. In the Trubetskoy Bastion, the interiors of the cells, the prison library and the chapel have been preserved. With the help of wax figures, various scenes from the life of prisoners are recreated here.

Helicopter excursion

• number 4 on the diagram

From May 1 to October 31, helicopter flights will take off from the territory of the Peter and Paul Fortress. sightseeing tours, allowing you to admire the city from a bird's eye view.

Neva panorama

• entrance to the panorama number 20 on the diagram

Neva Panorama is walking route along the roof of the fortress from the Gosudarev to the Naryshkin bastion. From here you can see that same midday shot in all its glory.

History of St. Petersburg 1703-1918

• number 27 on the diagram

The main exhibition of the Museum of the History of St. Petersburg is located in the Commandant's House. Thematic excursions are regularly held there.

Collection of furniture from the 17th-20th centuries. and a collection of porcelain from the 17th-21st centuries.

The halls of the fortress display furniture, watches and various interior items from the collections of the Museum of the History of St. Petersburg.

In the premises of the Petrovskaya Curtain (number 26) there is a unique exhibition of a collection of ceramics, porcelain and glassware from the collections of the Museum of the History of St. Petersburg.

Entrance to these exhibitions is limited and can only be accompanied by a curator.

Street of time

• Number 19 on the diagram

Street of Time is an exhibition in the engineering building of the Peter and Paul Fortress, which is a street with houses and institutions of three centuries of St. Petersburg history. There are interactive tours for children along the Street of Time.

Inquisition: Medieval Instruments of Torture

• Number 15 on the diagram

This exhibition is an innovation of the Peter and Paul Fortress, adopting the trend of castles and fortresses in Europe. The exhibition, located in Karetnik, tells the story of torture in Russia and Europe. There are various torture instruments, as well as engravings and texts with detailed and visual instructions for using these instruments.

Siberian left-hander

• Number 15 on the diagram

Siberian Lefty - an exhibition of microminiatures by Anatoly Ivanovich Konenko in one of the halls of the serf carriage house.

Historical mosaic

• number 28 on the diagram

Historical mosaic is an exhibition of wax figures of Russian emperors and their entourage. The exhibition is located in the artillery workshop.

Panopticon

• number 21 on the diagram

The Panopticon, located in the Sovereign Bastion, presents wax figures people with various deformities. The tour of this exhibition tells about them, how they lived and worked, having serious congenital anomalies; as well as the reasons for the occurrence of such anomalies.

Mysteries of Da Vinci

• number 18 on the diagram

In the Neva Curtain of the Peter and Paul Fortress there is an exhibition of mechanical structures created according to the drawings of the great Leonardo. This exhibition was temporary, but St. Petersburg residents and guests of the city loved it so much that it was delayed.

Secrets of dragons

• number 21 on the diagram

The exhibition The Secrets of Dragons, located in the Sovereign Bastion, will primarily appeal to children. They will definitely appreciate the many moving figures of strange creatures and the large toy library.

Mint

• number 6 on the diagram

The Mint is a functioning institution that still prints money, and is therefore strictly guarded. You can visit the Mint only by appointment at the tour desk. But everyone can look into the numismatic salon, also located in the Peter and Paul Fortress.

In addition to all of the above, the Peter and Paul Fortress regularly hosts lectures, master classes, lessons, excursions and temporary exhibitions.

 

It might be useful to read:

• How to get on an excursion to Antarctica?;
• Czech Republic Troy Castle. Troja Castle in Prague. Ancient winery and museum;
• Böcklin and his “island of the dead” A cultural phenomenon of its time;
• Air tickets to Crimea Air tickets to Crimea will become cheaper;
• What you can and cannot take with you;
• Open left menu Heviz How to get from Budapest to Lake Heviz;
• Cable car in Nha Trang (Vinpearl) The longest cable car in the world Vietnam;
• Kamenets-Podolsk fortress - a historical monument of Ukraine Life outside the walls of the Kamenets-Podolsk fortress;