Wooden summer palace of Elizabeth Petrovna. Favorite residence of the three empresses Palace of Empress Elizabeth Petrovna on Fontanka

In 1741, as a result of another palace coup, the youngest daughter of Peter I, Elizabeth, became the Russian Empress. Many contemporaries perceived the accession to the Russian throne of Elizabeth Petrovna as a guarantee of a return to the traditions of domestic and foreign policy her father. The country has begun new stage development of culture, science, art.

The capital of Russia was also experiencing a new period of prosperity. The city was quickly built, new official residences, palaces, cathedrals, and theaters appeared. The reign of Elizabeth was a period of dominance in European architecture of the Baroque style, which was characterized by splendor and whimsicality of architectural forms, luxury decoration using stucco details, gilding, sculpture, and painting. At this time, the most talented architect Francesco Bartolomeo Rastrelli was working in St. Petersburg, and it was he who created the masterpieces of Russian Baroque, reflecting the idea of triumph and power of the country, which became one of the largest world powers.

Rastrelli received the order to build the first building for Elizabeth when she was not yet empress. The Tsesarevna ordered to build for her Summer Palace on the territory of the Third Summer Garden (modern territory bounded by Fontanka, Moika, Italianskaya Street and the Catherine Canal).

Thanks to surviving engravings and drawings, today we can imagine what Rastrelli’s creation looked like. The first floor of the palace was made of stone, the second - wooden. The palace was painted light pink, the ground floor was gray. The palace had two facades: one was facing the Nevsky prospect, the other - the main one - was facing the Moika River, towards the Summer Garden. A wide road was laid from the Nevskaya prospect along the Fontanka; greenhouses stretched along it, fruit trees grew, there was also an Elephant Yard, and its inhabitants could swim in the Fontanka in the summer.

One could enter the palace grounds through a wide gate with an openwork grille decorated with gilded eagles. In front of the main façade facing the Moika River, huge figured flower beds were built and neatly trimmed trees were planted - it turned out to be a real regular park. Rastrelli himself wrote: “The building had more than one hundred and sixty apartments, including a church, a hall and galleries. Everything was decorated with mirrors and rich sculpture, as well as new garden, decorated with beautiful fountains...” In 1745, a covered gallery was built for the passage from the palace to the Summer Garden across the Moika.

The queen loved her luxurious Summer Palace very much. Every year at the end of April she, along with the entire yard, moved from Winter Palace in Letniy. The move turned into a whole ceremony with orchestral music and artillery fire. At the end of September, Elizabeth returned to the Winter Palace again.

In September 1754, the future Emperor Paul I was born in the summer residence of Elizabeth. Fate decreed that it was he who, at the very beginning of his reign, demolished the dilapidated Summer Palace and ordered the construction of a castle in its place, which we know today as Mikhailovsky. And it was here that the life of Paul I tragically ended.

Text prepared by Galina Dregulas

For those who want to know more:
1. Architects of St. Petersburg. XVIII century. St. Petersburg, 1997
2. Ovsyannikov Yu. Great architects of St. Petersburg. St. Petersburg, 2000
3. Anisimov E.V. Elizaveta Petrovna. M., 2000

In the 18th century, imperial favorites were very significant people in the state; they often influenced politics and participated in palace intrigues. The favorites were given expensive gifts, including palaces built by the best architects of St. Petersburg. "Kultura.RF" remembered the most interesting mansions of the imperial favorites.

Anichkov Palace

Photo: A.Savin

Mikhail Zemtsov began building the Anichkov Palace immediately after the coronation of Empress Elizabeth, and Bartolomeo Rastrelli completed the construction. The empress gave a luxurious mansion in the Baroque style to her favorite, Alexei Razumovsky. There were rumors among contemporaries (however, not confirmed by historians) that Razumovsky was Elizabeth’s secret husband and the father of her illegitimate son. The Anichkov Palace received its name years later, when the Anichkov Bridge was built nearby.

Later, the mansion was given away more than once. And Catherine II bought the building from Razumovsky’s relatives and presented it to her favorite, Grigory Potemkin. She also gave Potemkin 100 thousand rubles for the reconstruction of the palace, which was entrusted to Ivan Starov. The architect made the palace more austere and monotonous, as dictated by the classicism that was fashionable in those years. Later, the building was rebuilt many more times: by Giacomo Quarenghi by order of Alexander I, Carl Rossi - for Nicholas I. Alexander II and Alexander III lived here. Today the Anichkov Palace houses the Palace of Youth Creativity.

Shuvalov's mansion

Photo: Florstein

The mansion of another favorite of Elizabeth Petrovna, Ivan Shuvalov, is located not far from the Anichkov Palace. From both buildings it was possible to quickly reach the Summer Palace of the Empress. Shuvalov's mansion was designed in 1749 by Savva Chevakinsky. He built a three-story baroque building, about which Catherine II wrote: “On the outside, this house, although very huge, was reminiscent of cuffs made of Alençon lace with its decorations, there were so many different decorations on it.”. Subsequently, the building was owned by Prince Ivan Baryatinsky and Prosecutor General Alexander Vyazemsky, who ordered its reconstruction in the classical style. Later, the mansion belonged to various government departments, and today it houses the Hygiene Museum.

Marble Palace

Photo: A.Savin

Grigory Orlov was one of Catherine II's favorites; he became the father of her illegitimate son, Count Alexei Bobrinsky. The Empress gave Orlov many gifts, one of which was the palace. In 1768, Catherine II ordered the architect Antonio Rinaldi to build it near the imperial residence.

Later, the palace received the name Marble: when decorating it, the builders used 32 varieties of this stone - on the external facades and in the interiors. The walls of one of the most beautiful halls were lined with Italian, Greek, Karelian and Ural marble, as well as lapis lazuli. The Grand Staircase was made of silver marble and its decor was sculptures by Fedot Shubin.

Grigory Orlov died before construction was completed, and Catherine gave the palace to her grandson Konstantin Pavlovich. However, one of Catherine’s favorites still lived in this palace, after the death of the empress. In 1797–1798, the former Polish king Stanislaw August Poniatowski settled here.

Today at Marble Palace there is a branch of the Russian Museum.

Gatchina Palace

Photo: Litvyak Igor / photobank “Lori”

The Summer Palace of Elizabeth Petrovna is an unpreserved imperial residence in St. Petersburg, built by B. F. Rastrelli in 1741-1744 on the site where the Mikhailovsky (Engineers) Castle is now located. Demolished in 1796.

Summer Palace of Elizabeth Petrovna (built in 1741, demolished in 1797).
M.I. Mahaev 1756

In 1712 on south coast Car washes where the pavilion is now Mikhailovsky Garden, a small manor house was built for Ekaterina Alekseevna, topped with a turret with a gilded spire, which bore the pretentious name “Golden Mansions”. According to him, the Big Meadow (the future Field of Mars) on the opposite bank received the name Tsaritsyn Meadow: this is what will be used most often in the 18th and early 19th centuries. The area near the palace is called the 3rd Summer Garden. On July 11, 1721, the Duke of Holstein's chamberlain Berchholtz, having examined the estate, wrote down:

“The garden was recently planted and therefore there is nothing in it yet, except for the already quite large fruit trees. Five nearby ponds were dug here to contain live fish brought to the royal table.”

In the queen's greenhouses, the gardener Ekliben grew fruits rare for northern latitudes: pineapples, bananas, etc.

Even then, the idea arose to close the alley of the Summer Garden opposite the Carpiev Pond with a palace building. This is evidenced by the project of 1716-1717, preserved in the archives. Its possible author is J.B. Leblon. It depicts a small nine-axle palace, the elevated center of which is topped with a tetrahedral dome. Wide one-story galleries cover the court d'honneur with a magnificent figured parterre facing the Moika River. Behind there is a garden with numerous bosquets of various shapes. Fruit plantings have been preserved on the territory of the current Mikhailovsky Garden.
However, things did not go further than plans.

MAKHAEV Mikhail Ivanovich
Summer Palace of Elizabeth Petrovna and the front courtyard in front of it. View from the south. B. g. Ink, pen, brush

Under Anna Ioannovna, the 3rd Summer Garden turns into a “jagd-garten” - a garden for “chasing and shooting deer, wild boars, hares, as well as a gallery for hunters and stone walls to prevent bullets and shot from flying in.” The “vegetable garden” was moved to Liteinaya Street, where the Mariinsky Hospital would later be built.

In the early 1740s. B.F. Rastrelli began the construction of one of the most remarkable buildings of the developed Russian Baroque - the Summer Palace in the 3rd Summer Garden for the ruler Anna Leopoldovna.

Ivan ARGUNOV (1727(29)-1802). Portrait of Empress Elizabeth Petrovna.

However, while construction was underway, a revolution occurred, and Elizaveta Petrovna became the owner of the building. By 1744, the palace, made of wood on stone cellars, was roughly completed. The architect, in describing the buildings he created, spoke about him like this:

“This building had more than 160 apartments, including a church, a hall and galleries. Everything was decorated with mirrors and rich sculpture, as was the new garden, decorated with beautiful fountains, with the Hermitage built on the ground floor level, surrounded by rich trellises, all the decorations of which were gilded."

Summer Palace.
Fragment of "Axonometric plan of St. Petersburg 1765-1773 by P. de Saint-Hilaire."

Despite its location within the city limits, the building is designed according to an estate plan. The plan was created under the obvious influence of Versailles, which is especially noticeable from the side of the cour d'honneur: the successively narrowing spaces enhanced the effect of the baroque perspective of the courtyard, fenced off from the access road by a latticework of a magnificent design with state emblems.
One-story service buildings along the perimeter of the cour d'honneur emphasize the traditional Baroque isolation of the ensemble. The rather flat decor of the light pink facades (mezzanine pilasters with Corinthian capitals and corresponding rusticated stone plinth blades, figured window frames) was offset by a rich play of volumes.
Complex in plan, highly developed side wings included courtyards with small flower parterres. Lush entrance porticoes led to staircase volumes, as always with Rastrelli, offset from the central axis. From the main staircase, a series of living rooms decorated with gilded carvings led to the most representative hall of the palace - the Throne. Its two-light volume accentuated the center of the building.
From the outside, curly stairs led to it, complemented by ramps on the garden side. The appearance of the palace was completed, giving it baroque splendor, by numerous statues and vases on the pediments and balustrade crowning the building.
Rastrelli decorated the space up to the Moika with floral parterres with three fountain pools of complex outlines.

Summer Palace of Empress Elizabeth Petrovna in St. Petersburg.
thin L. F. Bonstedt. (according to the drawing by M.I. Makhaev. 1753). 1847.

As often happened with the creations of an architect, over time the logical and harmonious original plan changes to suit momentary requirements.
In 1744, for the Empress to go to the 2nd Summer Garden across the Moika, he built a one-story covered gallery, decorated with paintings hanging on the walls. Here, in 1747, near the northwestern risalit, he created a terrace of a hanging garden at the mezzanine level with the Hermitage pavilion and a fountain in the center of the ground floor.
Along its contour it is fenced with a lush gilded trellis lattice, and multi-march gatherings into the garden are organized. Later, a palace church was added to the northeastern risalit, expanding it with an additional row of rooms from the Fontanka side.
Bay windows and lanterns appear on the western façade.

On the territory adjacent to the palace, a decorative park was laid out with a huge complex green labyrinth, bosquets, trellis pavilions and two trapezoidal ponds with semicircular projections (still preserved, they acquired free outlines during the reconstruction of the park for the grand ducal residence). Rastrelli reports about his work in the park in 1745:

“On the banks of the Moika in the new garden I built a large building of baths with a round salon and a fountain with several jets, with ceremonial rooms for relaxation.”

In the center of the park there were swings, slides, and carousels. The structure of the latter is unusual: rotating benches were placed around a large tree, and in the crown there was a gazebo, which was accessed by a spiral staircase.

Alexey Grekov. View of the Summer Palace of Empress Elizabeth

Another building located in close proximity to the north-eastern corner of the palace is associated with the name of the architect: the water supply system for the fountains of the Summer Garden, completed in the 1720s. no longer gave enough pressure, and did not correspond to the splendor and grandeur of the imperial residence.
In the mid-1740s. Rastrelli builds water towers with an aqueduct across the Fontanka.
Technically complex, the purely utilitarian structure made of wood was decorated with palace luxury: the wall paintings imitated lush baroque modeling.

Despite the fact that the palace was the ceremonial imperial residence, direct message there was no Nevsky Prospect: the road, which ran among unpresentable random buildings (on the banks of the Fontanka there were glaciers, greenhouses, workshops and the Elephant Yard) turned onto Italianskaya Street, and only passing the palace of I. I. Shuvalov, built by Savva Chevakinsky, carriages through Malaya Sadovaya fell on the central transport artery of the city.
Direct communication will appear only in the next century thanks to the work of C. Rossi.

Elizaveta Petrovna loved the Summer Palace very much. At the end of April - beginning of May (weather permitting), the empress's ceremonial move from the winter residence was celebrated with a magnificent ceremony with the participation of the court, orchestra, and guard regiments accompanied by an artillery salute from the cannon at the Winter Palace and guns Peter and Paul Fortress and the Admiralty.
At the same time, the imperial yachts, stationed in the roadstead opposite Apraksin’s house, sailed to the Summer Garden. The queen set off on her return journey in late September with the same ceremonies.

On September 20, 1754, the future Emperor Paul I was born within the walls of the palace. After the death of the queen, the palace was still in use: the conclusion of peace with Prussia was celebrated here.
In the throne room, Catherine II receives congratulations from foreign ambassadors on the occasion of her accession to the throne. However, over time, the owner begins to give preference to others summer residences, especially Tsarskoe Selo, and the building is falling into disrepair.
First, he is given residence to G. Orlov, then to G. Potemkin. A catastrophic flood in September 1777 destroyed the fountain system of the Summer Garden. The fashion for regular parks passed, and the water cannons were not restored; the unnecessary Rastrelli aqueduct was dismantled.

Mikhailovsky Castle from the embankment. Fontanka.
Benjamin Patersen.

At the end of the 1770s. the palace was dismantled by order of Paul I for the construction of the Mikhailovsky Castle, the foundation stone of which took place on February 28, 1797.

There are two legends of the foundation of the Mikhailovsky Castle: according to one, Paul I said: “I want to die where I was born,” according to the other, a soldier standing guard in the Summer Palace, when he dozed off, saw the Archangel Michael and ordered him to tell the Tsar to build a church on this place .

Beggrov K.P.
View of the Engineering Castle from the Summer Garden. 1830s

Be that as it may, in February 1796, “due to dilapidation,” the Elizabethan dwelling was demolished and construction of a new imperial stronghold began. And today, only the three-dimensional construction of the castle’s façade facing the Summer Garden (possibly at the request of the monarch) and the magnificent drawings of M. I. Makhaev remind of the disappeared building.

***

St. Petersburg and suburbs

A large number of palace buildings, the wealth and luxury of their decoration transform architectural appearance St. Petersburg for many years. After all, this city is famous for its unique palaces of major officials, aristocrats and other noble persons. Worthy huge attention Summer Palace of Empress Elizabeth Petrovna. You will learn more about it by reading this article.

Cultural life of the capital during the reign of Elizabeth Petrovna

With the accession of the new empress to the throne, the next stage in the formation of cultural spheres began in the state. This period of prosperity also had an impact on the capital. The city has changed significantly. In the era of cultural development of St. Petersburg, preference was given to the construction architectural monuments. Deserves special attention Summer St. Petersburg to this day delights the eyes of city residents and tourists.

During the reign of Elizabeth Petrovna (1741 - 1761), the construction of palaces was of particular importance. Then Francesco, one of the best architects in the history of the state, was engaged in the construction of real masterpieces. His works also include the Summer Palace of Elizabeth Petrovna. It cannot be ignored as better job architect.

General characteristics of the structure

The Summer Palace of Elizabeth Petrovna in St. Petersburg was built by B. F. Rastrelli between 1741 and 1744. According to the architect, the building included about 160 apartments, among which there was a church and galleries. The palace was decorated with numerous sculptures, fountains and a garden. Over time, the residence experienced a number of changes related to the architect's dissatisfaction with his work. Construction activities continued here for several years.

Summer Palace of Elizabeth Petrovna: history of construction

In the first half of the 18th century, the territory on which the Mikhailovsky Castle is located belonged to the Summer Garden - the royal estate of Peter I. Empress Anna Ioannovna ordered the construction of a palace to begin on this site. The construction was entrusted to the architect Rastrelli Jr. But the architect did not have time to start work during the life of the empress.

In 1740, power passed to who decided to implement the project founded by her predecessor. But after some time, something happens as a result of which imperial power passes to the youngest daughter of Peter I, Elizabeth. The Tsesarevna gives F.B. Rastrelli the order to build the Summer Palace. The Empress liked the result of the architect's work so much that she doubled his salary.

The exact date of foundation of the building is still controversial. According to some historians, this event falls on July 24, 1741. Moreover, the beginning of the laying took place in the presence of Empress Anna, her husband, as well as some courtiers and members of the guard.

Features of the architectural style

The Summer Palace of Elizabeth Petrovna belongs to the Russian Baroque style. This was the name of a set of architectural trends that formed on the territory of the Russian Empire and the Russian state in the 12th - 13th centuries. The buildings of this period were characterized by:

the splendor and intricacy of architectural forms;
luxurious finishes;
using modeling;
the use of painting and gilding.

Among the styles of this era, there is one that arose thanks to the buildings of not only compatriots, but also architects from Western Europe. They were invited by Peter I to ennoble new capital, Saint Petersburg.

The most characteristic features of Petrine Baroque were:

rejection of the Byzantine manner;
simplicity and practicality;
facades in red and white shades;
presence of symmetry of forms;
mansard roofs;
arched window openings.

What the Summer Palace looked like

Many of the engravings and drawings that have survived from that era depict almost exactly the appearance of the palace. Stone was chosen as the basis for the first floor, wood for the second. The building was painted in light pink shades, which is remarkable for the Baroque style. The ground floor was made of granite in gray-green color. The Summer Palace of Empress Elizaveta Petrovna had two facades: the main facade overlooked the Moika River, towards the Summer Garden, and the other faced the Nevsky Prospect.

Service buildings were located along the entire perimeter, which imitated a kind of isolation.

A wide road was laid along the Fontanka, which was accompanied by greenhouses and fruit trees. Part of this territory was occupied by the Elephant Yard, the inhabitants of which swam in the Fontanka if they wished.

The entrance to the palace was fenced wide gates, on which gilded double-headed eagles shimmered. The gate was decorated with an openwork lattice. Behind the fence there was a large front yard.

The view of the main façade was blocked by large flower beds and trees, which formed a kind of park.

The central building occupied the Great State Hall. It was decorated with Bohemian mirrors, marble sculptures and paintings by famous artists. At the western side of the hall stood the royal throne. The living rooms, decorated with gilded carvings, led directly to the main hall. From the outside, shaped stairs approached the room.

In the direction of the Moika there were flower stalls. There were also three fountain pools with complex outlines.

Further transformations of the palace

Within a year, a covered gallery was completed, through which one could take a walk to the Summer Garden. Paintings by famous painters were hung on the walls of such a gallery. A terrace with hanging garden, running at the mezzanine level where the Hermitage and fountain were located. The contour of the terrace was fenced with a gilded lattice. Later, a palace church was added to this site.

After some time, a decorative park was planted near the palace. A huge labyrinth, bosquets and gazebos passed through it. Swings and carousels were placed in the center of the park.

On the territory adjacent to the palace, a complex of water towers was built, since the previous water supply to the fountains did not have the necessary pressure. Similar water towers were ennobled with the help of palace painting.

The architect Rastrelli was not satisfied with his work. For this reason, a decade later, he brought the wooden Summer Palace of Elizabeth Petrovna to a real masterpiece. Rastrelli regularly remodeled some parts of the building. So, later the walls were transformed with the help of figured window frames and atlases. Lion masks and mascarons also served as their decoration.

Purpose

The summer residence is Elizabeth's first own home. Before the empress, no one lived in this building. The Tsesarevna occupied the eastern wing of the residence. The West Wing was reserved for courtiers.

Queen Elizabeth admired the luxury of the Summer Palace. Every year, in April, the Empress left the Winter Palace to temporarily live in the Summer Palace. The whole yard moved with her. This event turned into a real ceremony, accompanied by an orchestra and artillery fire. In September, Elizabeth moved back.

The further fate of the summer residence

In 1754, the Summer Palace of Elizabeth Petrovna in St. Petersburg became the birthplace of Paul I, who soon came to power.

In 1762, feasts were held here on the occasion of the peace agreement with Prussia.

As soon as the new Emperor Paul I came to power, he immediately gave the order to demolish the structure. In its place a castle was erected, known today as Mikhailovsky. It was in this residence that the life of Paul I ended.

According to one legend, it was not by chance that the Mikhailovsky Castle was built on the site of the Summer Palace. The emperor wished to spend the rest of his life in the place where he was born. Another legend says that the Archangel Michael appeared to the guard and ordered the construction of a temple on the territory where the Summer Palace of Elizabeth Petrovna was located. After this incident, the emperor ordered the construction of a new palace and church in the name of Archangel Michael to begin. Thus, St. Michael's Castle got its name by analogy with the Church of St. Michael the Archangel.

The Catherine Palace, named after Catherine I, was the favorite residence of three empresses - Catherine, Elizabeth Petrovna and Catherine II. Each of them added something different to the architecture of the ensemble: Catherine II, for example, abandoned the luxurious gilding that Elizabeth valued so much, and was generally skeptical about this “whipped cream.”

From hut to palace

Back in the 17th century, on the territory of the future Tsarskoe Selo, the estate of a Swedish magnate was located - Sarskaya Manor. Some time later, they began to locally call it Sarskoe village, and later Tsarskoe. In 1718, the first “stone chambers” were laid here, which formed the basis of the luxurious Catherine Palace. The palace received its known name only in 1910. Before this, the residence of the empresses was called the Great Palace, and later, after the construction of the Alexander Palace, they began to call it the Old Palace.

Source: wikipedia.org

The work was entrusted to the architect Braunstein, known for his designs of buildings in Peterhof. In the decoration of the “chambers” wood was used, and not the most durable species. In the future, this will play a cruel joke: the wooden coverings will rot so much that the floor will almost begin to collapse. In 1724, the first celebration was held in Tsarskoe Selo on the occasion of the emperor’s arrival - “thirteen cannons were fired three times.”

Half a kingdom for the palace!

The future Empress Elizabeth inherited the manor from her mother. The Tsesarevna loved her dacha, with which she had childhood memories. Having ascended the throne, Elizaveta Petrovna began to spend huge amounts of money on furnishing her residence in order to compete with Versailles itself.

Source: wikipedia.org

First of all, the empress decided to rebuild the outdated mansions. Under the leadership of Zemtsov and Kvasov, a detailed project was developed, about which Benoit later wrote: ““...if Kvasov’s project is inferior in luxury and splendor to the Rastrelli building that we now admire, then in the sense of grace, balance and rhythm of lines it deserves preference.” .

In 1744, the reins of power were handed over to Rastrelli, but the architect began directly working on the reconstruction of the palace a little later. It was thanks to Rastrelli that a building in the Russian Baroque style appeared, decorated with stucco and columns, painted azure. Elizaveta Petrovna did not skimp - more than 100 kilograms of gold were spent on finishing the facade and countless statues.

After the death of Elizabeth, Catherine II already ordered the sculptures in the park to be gilded, as the late empress bequeathed. But when Catherine found out how much such luxury would cost the treasury, she refused the work.

Old Fashioned "Whipped Cream"

Catherine II did not immediately fall in love with Tsarskoe Selo. In 1766, she complained in a letter: “For seven days now I have been living at the dacha, in a house which the late Empress Elizabeth deigned to gild inside and out; there is not a single comfortable chair in it... There is not even a possibility to lean your elbows on the table.” The newly-crowned empress considered this baroque “whipped cream” to be old-fashioned, and ordered the moldings to be removed and the gilding replaced with simple painting.

Source: wikipedia.org

The Scotsman Charles Cameron worked on the interiors of the palace under Catherine. He had to work hard: the Empress, a great lover of ancient art, ordered the old-fashioned baroque halls to be combined with classicist lines. It was under the leadership of Cameron that the state rooms were decorated - Arabesque, Lyons and Chinese; he also created the Mirror, Blue and Silver cabinets, the Raphael room and the famous Blue drawing room. True, the interiors of the northern half of the palace burned down during the Great Patriotic War.

The Mystery of the Amber Room

The world-famous Amber Room was initially decorated with canvases painted to resemble amber. The amber panels themselves were presented to Peter I by the Prussian king Frederick William I.

Peter wrote to his wife Catherine: “The king gave me a handsome gift of a yacht, which was beautifully decorated in Potsdam, and the Amber cabinet, which had long been desired.” For some time, mosaics were located in the People's Chambers in summer garden. Only in 1770 Catherine's Palace the same Amber Room appeared, which is now known from photographs and in a reconstructed form.

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