Palace Square and the embankment of the Neva River. Palaces of the palace embankment. Where did the Romanovs live?

The development of the Palace Embankment began to take shape as one of the first in St. Petersburg. Its character was determined by the construction on this bank of the Neva of both the summer and winter residences of Peter I. Due to its proximity to the Admiralty, the highest naval authorities first settled here. A little further, upstream the Neva, shipwrights settled. Among them are Pyotr Mikhailov (the “carpenter king” Peter I himself), Fedosei Sklyaev, Philip Palchikov, Gavrila Menshikov.

The first buildings on Palace Embankment, as throughout the city, were wooden. In the summer of 1705, at a distance of 200 fathoms from the Admiralty, according to the design of Domenico Trezzini, a wooden house of Admiral General Fyodor Matveevich Apraksin was built. This distance from the Admiralty was required by the rules of the “fortification esplanade”. That same summer, construction began on a wooden mansion for Vice Admiral Cornelius Cruys. Apraksin's house set the red line for Palace Embankment, while Kruys's house was located a little further from the low bank of the river in this place. The gap between these two buildings marked the beginning of Srednaya Street, which ran parallel to the banks of the Neva.

The next building on Palace Embankment in 1706 was the Postal Court. At the same time (in 1706-1708) the wooden house of the Swedish major Konow was moved closer to the bank of the Neva, which became the predecessor of the Summer Palace of Peter I. On the site of house No. 32 in 1708 the first Winter Palace Peter I. Srednaya Street was extended to its main facade from Apraksin’s house. The latter did not last long, since Peter I did not want to have narrow “medieval” passages between houses in St. Petersburg.

At the beginning of the 18th century, the embankment was called Postal, since the Postal Yard was located in the place where the Marble Palace is now located. Next to it in 1711, the Red Canal was dug, which connected the Neva and Moika. Parallel to it, on the other side of the Tsaritsyn Meadow (now the Field of Mars), the Swan Ditch was dug.

After the victory at Poltava (1709) and the capture of Vyborg (1710), active stone construction began in St. Petersburg. Not everyone could afford to build an expensive stone house, but the residents of Dvortsovaya Embankment had enough money for this. Apraksin's house was rebuilt in stone in 1712, but four years later the admiral wanted to have more spacious apartments. The new building was moved closer to the river by about 50 meters, which defined the modern red line of the embankment. At the same time, they began to build new luxurious buildings for Raguzinsky, Yaguzhinsky, Olsufiev, Kruys, Golovin. The construction of these palaces was completed by 1721, when construction of the palace of Dmitry Cantemir (house No. 8) began at the opposite end of the embankment. This was the first project of the young F.B. Rastrelli in St. Petersburg.

In those same years, the new Winter Palace of Peter I was built, which was moved closer to the Neva River itself. For this purpose, the shore was strengthened with wooden walls and piers were built. Thus, more than 80 meters were “recaptured” from the Neva. In 1718, a canal was dug between the Neva and Moika, called the Winter Canal. A wooden drawbridge, the Winter Palace Bridge, was built across it at the embankment alignment by engineer Herman van Boles.

The development of the Neva bank was regulated by administrative methods. On January 30, 1720, Peter I issued a decree:

“The Great Sovereign... indicated to those who have chambers built under the roof along the banks of the Neva river down from the Postal Yard, so that, of course, in those chambers they should build 2 or 3 or 1 chamber for this winter and move on to live in them, so that the street next from the Postal Yard to the Winter Royal Majesty's House should be blocked off into those courtyards when it is ordered, and the passage should be along another street following from the harbor, since in those embankment houses near the chambers and in the courtyards it is necessary to build. a stone building. And if someone was ordered to build a wooden one, giving way from the chambers to the courtyards of twenty and not less than fifteen fathoms, and with those embankments of the chambers from the river, of course, all the places were properly placed and were not occupied by anything..." [ Quoted from: 2, p. 6, 7]

One of the decrees of 1721 lists all the owners of land on the embankment [Quoted from: 2, p. 8]:

1. Postal Yard
2. Mr. Prince Volosky
3. Yagana Feltin, firemaster
4. Prokofei the Short
5. Danilo Chevkina
6. Butt Cueball
7. Major Ushakova
8. Major Volkov
9. Life Guards clerk Andrei Ivanov
10. Major Korchmin
11. Doctor Areskin
12. Petra Moshkova
13. Lieutenant Prokofy Murzin
14. Prince Vasily Dolgorukov
15. Count Musin-Pushkin
16. Gavrily Menshikova
17. Feodosia Sklyaeva
18. His Royal Majesty's Winter House

The surname of Pyotr Moshkov, who lived on the site of modern house No. 20, remained on maps of St. Petersburg in the form of the name Moshkov Lane. The legendary Vasily Korchmin lived nearby, after whom, according to legend, Vasilievsky Island is named. Most of the buildings existing at that time were built according to standard designs and were similar to each other. The houses of Peter I and Admiral Apraksin especially stood out.

Until 1724, the Winter Palace of Peter I expanded along the embankment. The emperor died in it in 1725. At the same time, the newlyweds were temporarily settled in the Apraksin mansion: the Duke of Holstein and the daughter of Peter I Anna.

St. Petersburg in 1726 is captured in the memoirs of the Frenchman Aubrey de la Motre. He wrote about the future Palace Embankment as follows:

“You find yourself on an embankment 800 steps long and 30 wide, dominated by a number of palaces. Russian nobles built these palaces, as well as many other large houses and public buildings that decorated St. Petersburg” [Cit. from: 2, p. 12, 13].

The Apraksin house was passed to Peter II in his will in 1728. The young emperor never settled here; he moved with the government to Moscow, where he died of cholera. Apraksin's house was empty all this time, but in 1731 it began to be rebuilt as the residence of Anna Ioannovna. Domenico Trezzini began this work and continued it at the request of Empress F.B. Rastrelli. To accommodate new premises, a neighboring plot belonging to the Maritime Academy was purchased. By 1735, the new Winter House of Anna Ioannovna was built here, with the main façade facing the Admiralty.

In 1729, the artist H. Marcelius created two drawings that conveyed in sufficient detail the nature of the development of the entire Palace Embankment. They became the first such historical document.

Initially, from 1737, the embankment was called the Cash Line. It ended at the city border, which was Fontanka in the 18th century. The numbering of houses then went against the flow of the river. On April 20, 1738, the highway was named Upper Embankment Street (the Lower Embankment was the modern English Embankment). Along with this name, there were others: Upper Embankment Line, Upper Kamennaya Embankment Line, Upper Embankment River Line, Upper Neva River Embankment Line, Embankment Line, Embankment Street, Nevskaya Embankment or Upper Embankment. In the 1740-1790s, the embankment was also called Millionnaya. There were also other names: Millionnaya Embankment Line, Millionnaya Embankment Street, Bolshaya Millionnaya Embankment. The last two options were used together with “Palace Embankment” until the 1790s.

In 1746, Moshkov Lane appeared, facing the Neva between houses No. 20 and 22 on Palace Embankment.

The most notable building on Palace Embankment is the Winter Palace, built in 1754-1762 according to the design of the architect F. B. Rastrelli. After the start of its construction, it turned out that the construction site was separated from the Neva by a very narrow, inconvenient strip of shore. In this regard, the architect provided the Office of the Buildings with a plan and profile of an expanded and additionally reinforced wooden embankment.

The plan began to be implemented by carpenter I. Erich, summoned from Moscow, who in 1758 provided two projects for strengthening the bank, providing for its facing with stone. Work began in December 1762, until the following May piles were driven into the ground, and on June 7, a team of masons began making the foundation for the stone wall. At the same time, the supply of hewn stone for cladding began.

The first stone was laid on the embankment in mid-June 1763. The construction work was carried out under the supervision of the masonry masters B. Manigiotti, G. Lizeni and P. Corti. The construction of the stone embankment opposite the Winter Palace was most likely completed in 1764. But due to miscalculations in the design, it very soon began to collapse. In September 1765, the shore subsided noticeably in some places due to the fact that the foundation was not given sufficient time to settle. Having discovered these shortcomings, Lieutenant General N.E. Muravyov and Engineer-Major General I.M. Golenitsev-Kutuzov reported to Catherine II that it was impossible to repair the embankment, it needed to be redone.

Most local historians believe that the Palace Embankment was built according to the design of Yuri Matveevich Felten. This assumption was made by I.E. Grabar at the beginning of the 20th century, without supporting it with documents. Therefore, Felten’s authorship was easily refuted by historian V.I. Kochedamov. He proved that Felten was mentioned in documents related to the stone Palace Embankment only six years after the start of its creation, when the embankment wall from the Liteiny Dvor to the Admiralty had already been built.

So who actually became the author of the Palace Embankment project? Various local historians proposed candidates such as J. B. Vallin-Delamot, architect S. A. Volkov. The author of the book “St. Petersburg of the 18th Century,” K. V. Malinovsky, proves that he is the adviser to the Chancellery for Buildings, Ignatio Rossi. He refers to documents in which Rossi is directly named as the author of the Palace Embankment project and the corresponding estimate. For example, the protocol of the Chancery from buildings on September 7, 1762: " ... Mr. collegiate adviser Ignati Rossi, who, according to his ability, drafted the construction of banks and bridges and composed estimates" [Quoted from: 4, p. 379]. On September 10, he was appointed head of the "Office for the construction of a stone bank along the Neva River."

Rossi's original design involved the creation of a stone embankment wall and a metal balustrade. The descents to the water were straight stairs with the same metal fences. It was proposed to make the piers in the form of double-widened slopes. The bridge across the Fontanka was designed to be made of stone and lifted on chains. Therefore, its central part had to become wooden.

It is worth noting that not only Palace Embankment was being built at that time. The project involved lining the entire bank of the Neva with stone from the Liteiny Dvor to the Galernaya Shipyard. On February 14, 1763, the first piles began to be driven into the shore. Already in the process of these works, their volume increased significantly, since it was decided to drive not one row of piles, but 13. In this case, round pine logs were used, eight to ten meters long and 20 to 30 centimeters thick.

During the construction process, adjustments were made to the project. Already since 1764, the slopes to the water were created not straight, but oval. Fences “for strength” began to be made entirely of stone. The author of these changes is unknown. It is possible that they were offered to Catherine II by J. B. Vallin-Delamot, who was then engaged in the reconstruction of the premises in the Winter Palace. The museum of the city of Angoulême in France contains a drawing by Delamot depicting an oval descent to the Neva.

In 1763-1766, a stone Hermitage Bridge was built across the Winter Canal instead of a wooden one. To improve transport connections with the Moscow side, the embankment was extended beyond the Fontanka. At the same time, in 1766-1769, the Lachy Bridge was built across the Fontanka, and in 1767-1768, the Verkhne-Lebyazhy Bridge was built across the Lebyazhya Canal. The profile of these crossings is organically introduced into the silhouette of the granite embankment. Bridges form a single architectural ensemble with it.

Already in January 1765, Catherine II checked the finished section of the embankment opposite the old Winter Palace. On February 8, a decision was made to increase the minimum permissible height of buildings being built here. On April 27, 1766, the Commission on Stone Construction of St. Petersburg and Moscow determined this height to be ten fathoms.

The construction of the Palace Embankment was fully completed in November 1767. The following January, “architecture assistant” Neelov installed stone pillars tied with iron chains at the descents of the Neva.

After completing the main part of the work on lining the left bank of the Neva with stone, Ignatio Rossi resigned. He was replaced by the architect Yuri Matveevich Felten, who had to create the famous fence of the Summer Garden. The bank opposite it was carried out into the river bed by 20 meters.

Dvortsovaya became the first embankment lined with granite in St. Petersburg. It has seven descents to the water. The granite parapet is interrupted only at the Hermitage Bridge, where the cobblestone bank is protected only by bollards with chains hanging from them.

The construction of new buildings on Palace Embankment began simultaneously with its stone cladding. In 1762-1769, the building of the Small Hermitage (house no. 36) was added to the Winter Palace, and then the Great Hermitage (house no. 34). In 1762-1785, it was built on the site of the old Postal Yard. Marble Palace. At the same time, the Red Canal was filled up. A service building was erected next to the Marble Palace (house no. 6). In 1784-1788, the Saltykov house (No. 4) was built. The neighboring Betsky house (No. 2) was also built in the 1780s. In 1783-1787, on the site of the old Winter Palace of Peter I, the architect Quarenghi built the Hermitage Theater, which was connected to the Great Hermitage by an arch.

On October 6, 1778, the highway began to be officially called Palace Embankment. At the beginning of the 19th century it was also called the Bolshoi and Bolshoi Dvortsovaya. The name "Palace Embankment Street" existed until 1822.

In 1799, two buildings on the site of the now existing house No. were combined into one according to Quarenghi's design. This was a gift from Emperor Paul I to his favorite Anna Petrovna Lopukhina for her wedding with Prince Gagarin.

At the turn of the 18th and 19th centuries, the Palace Embankment was sketched by the Swedish artist Benjamin Patersen. He created a series of watercolors in which the left bank of the Neva is visible from Zayachy and Vasilyevsky Islands.

In 1803, the Palace Embankment was connected to the St. Petersburg side by the floating Trinity Bridge. Initially, it overlooked the left bank of the Neva in the area of the Summer Garden.

The area between the Saltykovs' house and the service building of the Marble Palace was originally intended for development. But by the end of the 1810s, nothing had been erected here. In 1818, at the proposal of the architect K. Rossi, the site became a new square, which connected the Champ de Mars with the Palace Embankment. A monument to A.V. Suvorov was erected in its center, and the square was named Suvorovskaya.

In the early 1820s, the embankment area near the Winter Palace was a construction site. Here there were barns, sheds, piles of stone, heaps of sand and stacks of boards prepared for the construction of the General Staff building. Nicholas I decided to improve this area, and the work was entrusted to the architect Carlo Rossi. According to his design, a wide descent to the Neva was built here. Rossi planned to decorate it with sculptures of Dioscuri (young men holding back horses) and cast-iron lions, copies of those at St. Michael's Palace. The emperor forbade placing Dioscuri here; the architect replaced them with porphyry vases.

In 1827, in connection with the construction of the first floating Trinity Bridge, the fence and lanterns on the embankment were renewed. In 1857-1862 the Novo-Mikhailovsky Palace (house no. 18) was built, in 1867-1872 the palace of Grand Duke Vladimir Alexandrovich (no. 26).

By the 1860s, the development of Palace Embankment had expanded far beyond the boundaries of Fontanka. At this time, the “flowing” part of the highway was separated into a separate Gagarin embankment, which now bears the name of the great Russian commander M. I. Kutuzov. At the same time, the numbering of houses that exists to this day was introduced.

After the construction of the first permanent bridge across the Neva, the floating St. Isaac's Bridge was moved closer to the Winter Palace. They gave it another name - Palace.

In 1903, a permanent metal Trinity Bridge was built between the Palace Embankment and Trinity Square. In 1915, in connection with the commissioning of the permanent Palace Bridge, the pier with the lions was moved to the Admiralteyskaya Embankment. The route of the new crossing passed right through the old pier.

Of the nineteen houses here, half belonged to the royal family. Thanks to this, until 1917, Palace Embankment lived according to its own “schedule”. In summer, the palaces located here were empty. Their owners left for country estates, and a large retinue left St. Petersburg with them. At this time, the facades of the houses were put in order and repainted. The pavement was being repaired. In winter, the palaces came to life. The embankment was filled with luxurious carriages and walking public.

On October 6, 1923, the Palace Embankment was renamed the “Ninth January Embankment (1905).” The year was given in parentheses, so it was often omitted. The highway was given this name because the order to shoot a peaceful demonstration on January 9, 1905 was given by Grand Duke Vladimir Alexandrovich, who lived here.

On September 9, 1941, during an air raid, one of the bombs fell in front of house No. 14, destroying its facade and the facades of neighboring houses No. 12 and 16. After the war, the facades of these buildings were united.

In 1944, the embankment was returned to its former name - Dvortsovaya.

Publications in the Architecture section

Where did the Romanovs live?

Small Imperial, Mramorny, Nikolaevsky, Anichkov - we go for a walk along the central streets of St. Petersburg and remember the palaces in which representatives of the royal family lived.

Palace Embankment, 26

Let's start our walk from Palace Embankment. A few hundred meters east of the Winter Palace is the palace of Grand Duke Vladimir Alexandrovich, son of Alexander II. Previously, the building, built in 1870, was called the “small imperial courtyard.” Here, all the interiors have been preserved almost in their original form, reminiscent of one of the main centers of social life in St. Petersburg at the end of the 19th century. Once upon a time, the walls of the palace were decorated with many famous paintings: for example, “Barge Haulers on the Volga” by Ilya Repin hung on the wall of the former billiard room. On the doors and panels there are still monograms with the letter “B” - “Vladimir”.

In 1920, the palace became the House of Scientists, and today the building houses one of the main scientific centers cities. The palace is open to tourists.

Palace Embankment, 18

A little further on the Palace Embankment you can see the majestic gray Novo-Mikhailovsky Palace. It was erected in 1862 by the famous architect Andrei Stackenschneider for the wedding of the son of Nicholas I, Grand Duke Mikhail Nikolaevich. The new palace, for the reconstruction of which neighboring houses were purchased, incorporated Baroque and Rococo styles, elements of the Renaissance and architecture from the time of Louis XIV. Before the October Revolution, there was a church on the top floor of the main facade.

Today the palace houses institutions of the Russian Academy of Sciences.

Millionnaya Street, 5/1

Even further on the embankment is the Marble Palace, the family nest of the Konstantinovichs - the son of Nicholas I, Constantine, and his descendants. It was built in 1785 by the Italian architect Antonio Rinaldi. The palace became the first building in St. Petersburg to be faced with natural stone. At the turn of the 19th and 20th centuries, Grand Duke Konstantin Konstantinovich, known for his poetic works, lived here with his family; in the pre-revolutionary years, his eldest son John lived here. The second son, Gabriel, wrote his memoirs “In the Marble Palace” while in exile.

In 1992, the building was transferred to the Russian Museum.

Admiralteyskaya embankment, 8

Palace of Mikhail Mikhailovich. Architect Maximilian Messmacher. 1885–1891. Photo: Valentina Kachalova / photobank “Lori”

Not far from the Winter Palace on Admiralteyskaya Embankment you can see a building in the neo-Renaissance style. It once belonged to Grand Duke Mikhail Mikhailovich, the grandson of Nicholas I. Construction began on it when the Grand Duke decided to get married - his chosen one was the granddaughter of Alexander Pushkin, Sofia Merenberg. Emperor Alexander III did not give consent to the marriage, and the marriage was recognized as morganatic: Mikhail Mikhailovich’s wife did not become a member of the imperial family. The Grand Duke was forced to leave the country without living in the new palace.

Today the palace is rented out to financial companies.

Truda Square, 4

If we walk from the Mikhail Mikhailovich Palace to the Annunciation Bridge and turn left, on Labor Square we will see another brainchild of the architect Stackenschneider - the Nicholas Palace. The son of Nicholas I, Nikolai Nikolaevich the Elder, lived in it until 1894. During his life, the building also housed a house church; everyone was allowed to attend services here. In 1895 - after the death of the owner - a women's institute named after Grand Duchess Xenia, sister of Nicholas II, was opened in the palace. Girls were trained to be accountants, housekeepers, and seamstresses.

Today, the building, known in the USSR as the Palace of Labor, hosts excursions, lectures and folk concerts.

English Embankment, 68

Let's return to the embankment and go west. Halfway to the New Admiralty Canal is the palace of Grand Duke Pavel Alexandrovich, son of Alexander II. In 1887, he bought it from the daughter of the late Baron Stieglitz, a famous banker and philanthropist, whose name is given to the Academy of Arts and Industry he founded. The Grand Duke lived in the palace until his death - he was shot in 1918.

The palace of Pavel Alexandrovich was empty for a long time. In 2011, the building was transferred to St. Petersburg University.

Moika River Embankment, 106

On the right side of the Moika River, opposite the island of New Holland, is the palace of Grand Duchess Ksenia Alexandrovna. She was married to the founder of the Russian Air Force, Grand Duke Alexander Mikhailovich, grandson of Nicholas I. They were given the palace as a wedding gift in 1894. During the First World War, the Grand Duchess opened a hospital here.

Today the palace houses the Lesgaft Academy of Physical Culture.

Nevsky Prospekt, 39

We exit onto Nevsky Prospekt and move in the direction of the Fontanka River. Here, near the embankment, the Anichkov Palace is located. It was named after the Anichkov Bridge in honor of the ancient family of pillar nobles, the Anichkovs. The palace, erected under Elizaveta Petrovna, is the oldest building on Nevsky Prospekt. Architects Mikhail Zemtsov and Bartolomeo Rastrelli participated in its construction. Later, Empress Catherine II donated the building to Grigory Potemkin. On behalf of the new owner, architect Giacomo Quarenghi gave Anichkov a more austere, closer to modern look.

Starting from Nicholas I, mainly the heirs to the throne lived in the palace. When Alexander II ascended the throne, the widow of Nicholas I, Alexandra Feodorovna, lived here. After the death of Emperor Alexander III, the Dowager Empress Maria Feodorovna settled in the Anichkov Palace. Nicholas II also grew up here. He did not like the Winter Palace and spent most of his time, already as emperor, in the Anichkov Palace.

Today it houses the Palace of Youth Creativity. The building is also open to tourists.

Nevsky Prospekt, 41

On the other side of the Fontanka is the Beloselsky-Belozersky Palace - the last one built on Nevsky in the 19th century a private house and another brainchild of Stackenschneider. IN late XIX century, Grand Duke Sergei Alexandrovich bought it, and in 1911 the palace passed to his nephew, Grand Duke Dmitry Pavlovich. In 1917, while in exile for participating in the murder of Grigory Rasputin, he sold the palace. And later he emigrated and took the money from the sale of the palace abroad, thanks to which he lived comfortably for a long time.

Since 2003, the building has belonged to the Administration of the President of the Russian Federation; concerts and creative evenings are held there. On some days there are excursions through the halls of the palace.

Petrovskaya embankment, 2

And while walking near Peter’s house on Petrovskaya embankment, you should not miss the white majestic building in the neoclassical style. This is the palace of the grandson of Nicholas I, Nikolai Nikolaevich the Younger, the supreme commander in chief of all land and naval forces of the Russian Empire in the early years of the First World War. Today, the palace, which became the last grand ducal building until 1917, houses the Representative Office of the President Russian Federation in the Northwestern Federal District.

It lives up to its name: there are almost a dozen large palaces in which the most important figures of Russian history of the 18th - 19th centuries lived: scions of the House of Romanov, major nobles, cultural figures. We have selected the most popular ones.

1. Summer Palace Peter the Great

A very modest two-story palace in the Summer Garden, where Peter the Great lived from May to October for twelve years, from 1712 to 1725. During the time of Peter, a small canal was dug from the Fontanka to the entrance to the palace, so that the royal residence was located on the peninsula. The emperor loved it when guests came to him by boat.

Modesty was generally inherent in Peter's buildings. For example, the Marly Palace did not have a main hall at all, and the Summer Palace bore little resemblance to the residence of the emperor of a huge country. Luxury is Menshikov's. Peter tried to avoid excesses and used only the most necessary things. So all the palaces of those times turned out to be small and cramped. Formally, the palace is registered in the Summer Garden, but is located a few meters from the Palace Embankment.

Address: Summer garden, 2

2. Palace of the Prince of Oldenburg (Betsky House, University of Culture and Arts)

Until the 1770s, there was a theater building here, in which an Italian troupe constantly performed: Elizabeth Petrovna’s courtiers, as a rule, attended its performances. After the death of the Empress and the departure of the Italians, the building by Rastrelli was demolished, and in 1784 - 1787 a house was built here for Ivan Betsky, who conducted classes here for students of his educational institutions, and also gradually collected a collection of works of art. Ivan Krylov also lived there, who opened a printing house in the building and printed his magazines.

The house received its second name when Prince Peter of Oldenburg moved into it in 1830. Under him, the architect Stasov built and reconstructed the building. His son, Alexander Oldenburgsky, sold the building to the Provisional Government for a large sum at that time (1.5 million rubles). In 1962, the Leningrad Library Institute was located here, and the building of the Betsky House was connected to the neighboring Saltykov House. Now here is the University of Culture and Arts, the famous “kulek”.

Address: Palace Embankment, 2

3. Marble Palace

Before, according to the design of the architect Rinaldi, they began to build a palace here for the favorite of Catherine II, Grigory Orlov, there was first a postal yard here, then a zverovy, where the first St. Petersburg elephant lived for a short time, then the building burned down, and then the place was cleared for a square.

The count did not wait for the queen’s gift, and she bought the palace from Orlov’s descendants and gave it to her grandson Konstantin Pavlovich. After which it remained the residence for members of the House of Romanov until 1918. Then there was the Russian Academy of the History of Material Culture, then a branch of the Lenin Museum was opened, and since 1992 the Marble Palace became a branch of the Russian Museum, where exhibitions of contemporary art are mainly held (Warhol, the Ludwig Museum, etc.).

Address: Millionnaya street, 5/1

4. Novo-Mikhailovsky Palace

The third palace built by Stackenschneider for the children of Nicholas I (after the Mariinsky and Nikolaevsky). Its design began after the wedding of Mikhail Nikolaevich. Several older buildings in the neighborhood were demolished to construct the building. The palace itself is an excellent example of early eclecticism and combines in its appearance the features of a variety of architectural styles: Baroque, Rococo, Classicism. In addition, in the construction of the Novo-Mikhailovsky Palace, metal structures that were rare at that time were used.

Mikhail Nikolaevich did not have time to immediately enjoy the beauty of the palace, because literally after settling in 1862 he was forced to go to the Caucasus as governor. He returned home only in 1881, when he was appointed chairman of the State Council. IN last years he usually did not leave the palace and sat thoughtfully at the windows of the first floor. Passers-by sometimes noticed him and saluted him. After his death, the building passed into the hands of his son Nikolai Mikhailovich. And now there is a library of oriental manuscripts.

Address: Palace Embankment, 18

5. Palace of Vladimir Alexandrovich

Vladimir Alexandrovich is the third son in the family of Emperor Alexander II. The architect of the palace was Messmacher, who would soon build another grand-ducal palace (the future House of Music on the Moika). The result was a modest, eclectic building, which, due to its masonry, did not fit into the ensemble of Palace Embankment.

Subsequently, by decision of the Petrograd Council, the Grand Duke's palace was turned into the House of Scientists. Herbert Wells visited here, Academician Vavilov worked here (as chairman of the council). During the Siege there was a hospital here. At the moment, there are dozens of different scientific sections in a variety of areas.

Address: Palace Embankment, 26

6. Small Hermitage

Despite the fact that this building by Felten and Wallen-Delamot is the smallest in the Hermitage ensemble, it is here that some of the most famous exhibits of the Hermitage are located: including the Pavilion Hall, the Peacock Clock, as well as the famous Hanging Gardens. At first there was a “Winter Garden” there, but then, when the building turned from a home residence into a museum, the concept had to be changed. You can only look at this garden from the window.

Address: Palace Embankment, 30

The main St. Petersburg palace, one of the most important museums in the world, a repository of hundreds of masterpieces of artistic culture, is already the fifth in a row. The first was built under Peter, the second - too, the third was ordered to be built by Anna Ioannovna, the fourth - temporary - was built by Rastrelli while the new one was being built for Elizabeth Petrovna. Only Catherine the Second moved into the current one: Elizabeth did not live to see the completion of construction, Peter the Third was overthrown shortly before the palace was commissioned.

The Winter Palace witnessed almost all the main events in Russian history after the 18th century. Monuments to the country’s main military victories were built around it, almost all Russian emperors lived here, it was here that one of the most notorious assassination attempts on the emperor was made (Khalturin detonated a bomb right under the dining room, Alexander II was not injured), a peaceful demonstration was shot near it on “Bloody Sunday” “, the Provisional Government met here and the Bolsheviks overthrew it here. Finally, some of the largest rallies for democracy of 1991 and 1993 took place near the Winter Palace. Nowadays, concerts and street sports festivals are held more often near the Hermitage.

Address: Palace Embankment, 32

Palace Embankment (Russia) - description, history, location. Exact address, phone number, website. Tourist reviews, photos and videos.

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Palace Embankment can be called one of the most beautiful and famous embankments in St. Petersburg. This is where world-famous attractions are located Northern capital: Hermitage, Winter Palace, Russian Museum, House of Scientists and many others. This street offers a great view of Strelka Vasilyevsky Island And Peter and Paul Fortress. The Palace Embankment is located on the left bank of the Neva from the Kutuzov Embankment to the Admiralteyskaya Embankment. Its length is 1300 meters.

On the Palace Embankment there are world-famous sights of the Northern capital: the Hermitage, the Winter Palace, the Russian Museum, the House of Scientists and many others. From this street there is an excellent view of the Spit of Vasilievsky Island and the Peter and Paul Fortress.

The development of the Palace Embankment began quite early - at the very beginning of the 18th century. The architectural tone of the buildings was set by the summer and winter residences of Peter I. People close to the Tsar also began to build their houses on this land. In 1705, the first wooden house of Admiral General Fyodor Apraksin appeared. The building defined the red line of the street, and all other buildings began to be erected according to this line.

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Palace Embankment

Palace Embankment had many names: Cash Line, Verkhnyaya Kamennaya Line Embankment, Millionnaya. It was often called Pochtovaya due to the fact that the Postal Yard was located here. In 1762, the architect Rastrelli built the royal residence here - the Winter Palace. After this, the embankment, square and bridge located nearby began to be called palace. Already under Soviet rule, the street was renamed the Ninth January Embankment. But in 1944 it was given back its old name.

To transport the main part of the Alexander Column, which weighs 600 tons, a special pier was used on Palace Embankment. Engineer Glasin developed a special bot capable of lifting loads of up to 1,100 tons. In order to unload the monolith, they even built a new pier.

Gradually, the embankment became better and better: it was dressed in granite and made convenient descents to the river. By the way, until the mid-18th century, all St. Petersburg embankments were wooden. Palace Embankment became the first stone street. Nevertheless, in the 20s of the 19th century, the area around the Winter Palace remained unkempt. The construction of the General Staff building was planned here and therefore there were working materials, piles of sand and boards everywhere, as well as all kinds of warehouses and barns. Nicholas I commissioned the architect Carlo Rossi to put this place in order. Rossi developed a project for a beautiful descent to the Neva, decorated with sculptures of Dioscuri and lions. But the emperor was not impressed by the sculptures of young men holding back horses, so they were replaced with porphyry vases. Subsequently, in connection with the construction of the Palace Bridge, the pier with the lions was moved to the Admiralty Embankment.

Palace Embankment has always been famous for the fact that famous and influential people: Romanov dynasty, poet Ivan Krylov, Count Sergei Witte.

Palace Embankment on Wikimedia Commons

On the embankment there are buildings of the State Hermitage, the Russian Museum, etc.

Connection with the city street and road network

Main highways

Streets

Water communications

Transport

Ground public transport only crosses the embankment without walking along it itself.

On the embankment there are piers serving aquatic species transport:

Public transport crossing the embankment:

Stop "Palace Embankment" at the Palace Bridge:

Stop "Suvorov Square" at Trinity Bridge:

History of construction

Coastline formation

At the beginning of the 18th century, the marshy bank of the Neva was not yet fortified, construction was carried out in the depths of the plots, so the embankment ran approximately in the middle of the block between the current Millionnaya Street and the modern Neva embankment and was called Upper embankment. However, already in 1716, due to the expansion land plots moves north: beat the piles along the shallow waters of the river and built a new embankment that still exists today.

In April 1707, a decree was issued that strictly regulated the allocation of plots for development depending on the official and property status of the petitioners. The same decree established the size of land plots. All of them had a narrow side (from 5 to 12 fathoms) facing the bank of the Neva and were intended only for persons related to the Admiralty Department.

Architectural ensemble

Stone parapets

In 1761, Catherine II conceived grandiose, ambitious plans for renovating the capital. Urban planning tasks began to come to the fore; the Commission on the Stone Structure of St. Petersburg and Moscow was established, the chief architect of which was Yuri Felten. Among the first measures to transform St. Petersburg was the replacement of the wooden Neva embankment with a stone parapet with pier-stairs. In July 1762 a decree followed:

The decisive role in the implementation of this plan belonged to Felten. Labor-intensive work on the construction of the granite embankment continued until 1780. Shaky ground strengthened pile driver, in some places, earth was added. The pier staircases were supposed to be made with straight ledges, but in the final version they acquired an oval shape. " Along the entire shore and piers, although the balustrades were made of iron bars, but... for strength, the panels were made of sea-cut stone" They laid out from the same stone " a pedestrian». « From there the pedestrian walks to the houses from under old road the weak earth was removed, and instead the foundation was strengthened to a real depth and corrected with special hard paving" Lanterns on metal poles were placed along the entire embankment. At the same time, near the old Winter Palace, a stone “ bridge with vault and balustrade" The bridge across the Fontanka was planned to be made of stone only near the banks, and in the middle to be made of wood, with a lifting device, but for the sake of strength it was built “ all stone with vaults", the same one that has survived to this day.

Attractions

Notable residents

Representatives of the ruling Romanov dynasty - Summer Palace of Peter I, Winter Palace of Peter I, Winter Palace, grand-ducal palaces.
I. I. Betskoy - building 2
I. A. Krylov (1791-1796) - house 2
Prince Peter of Oldenburg - house 2
S. Yu. Witte - building 30
Tarle, Evgeniy Viktorovich (01.1933 - 1955) - building 30, apt. 4
Giacomo Quarenghi - house 32
Joseph Orbeli - building 32
K. E. Makovsky - house 30 (house of G. F. Mengden)

For the main part of the Alexander Column (a granite monolith weighing 600 tons), mined in 1830-1832 at the Pyuterlak quarry, a special pier was used on the Palace Embankment. Transportation issues were dealt with by the naval engineer Colonel Glasin, who designed and built a special boat, called “Saint Nicholas,” with a carrying capacity of up to 1,100 tons. To carry out unloading work, a special pier was built. Unloading was carried out on a wooden platform at the end of the pier, which coincided in height with the side of the ship. The extraction and delivery work was headed by a contractor, merchant son V. A. Yakovlev, who was responsible for the entire part of the operation from the beginning until the moment the monolith was unloaded ashore.

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Notes

Literature

Gorbachevich K. S., Khablo E. P. Why are they named like that? On the origin of the names of streets, squares, islands, rivers and bridges in Leningrad. - 3rd ed., rev. and additional - L.: Lenizdat, 1985. - P. 106-107. - 511 p.
Gorbachevich K. S., Khablo E. P. Why are they named like that? On the origin of the names of streets, squares, islands, rivers and bridges of St. Petersburg. - 4th ed., revised. - St. Petersburg. : Norint, 1996. - pp. 71-72. - 359 p. - ISBN 5-7711-0002-1.
City names today and yesterday: St. Petersburg toponymy / comp. S. V. Alekseeva, A. G. Vladimirovich, A. D. Erofeev and others - 2nd ed., revised. and additional - St. Petersburg. : Lik, 1997. - P. 40. - 288 p. - (Three centuries Northern Palmyra). - ISBN 5-86038-023-2.



Main highways:

Streets of Admiralteysky Island:

Streets of Kazan Island:

Streets - He left a long time ago. She was dying... “I’m very sorry about her illness,” said Prince Andrei. – He grinned coldly, evilly, unpleasantly, like his father. - But Mr. Kuragin, therefore, did not deign to give Countess Rostov his hand? - said Prince Andrei. He snorted several times. “He couldn’t get married because he was married,” said Pierre. Prince Andrei laughed unpleasantly, again resembling his father. - Where is he now, your brother-in-law, may I know? - he said. - He went to Peter... “however, I don’t know,” said Pierre. “Well, it’s all the same,” said Prince Andrei. “Tell Countess Rostova that she was and is completely free, and that I wish her all the best.” Pierre picked up a bunch of papers. Prince Andrei, as if remembering whether he needed to say something else or waiting to see if Pierre would say something, looked at him with a fixed gaze. “Listen, do you remember our argument in St. Petersburg,” said Pierre, remember about... “I remember,” Prince Andrei hastily answered, “I said that a fallen woman must be forgiven, but I did not say that I can forgive.” I can't. “Is it possible to compare this?...” said Pierre. Prince Andrei interrupted him. He shouted sharply: - Yes, asking for her hand again, being generous, and the like?... Yes, this is very noble, but I am not able to go sur les brisees de monsieur [follow in the footsteps of this gentleman]. “If you want to be my friend, don’t ever talk to me about this... about all this.” Well, goodbye. So you will convey... Pierre left and went to the old prince and princess Marya. The old man seemed more animated than usual. Princess Marya was the same as always, but because of her sympathy for her brother, Pierre saw in her joy that her brother’s wedding was upset. Looking at them, Pierre realized what contempt and malice they all had against the Rostovs, he realized that it was impossible in their presence to even mention the name of the one who could exchange Prince Andrei for anyone. At dinner the conversation turned to war, the approach of which was already becoming obvious. Prince Andrei talked and argued incessantly, first with his father, then with Desalles, the Swiss teacher, and seemed more animated than usual, with that animation whose moral reason Pierre knew so well. That same evening, Pierre went to the Rostovs to fulfill his assignment. Natasha was in bed, the count was at the club, and Pierre, having handed over the letters to Sonya, went to Marya Dmitrievna, who was interested in finding out how Prince Andrei received the news. Ten minutes later Sonya entered Marya Dmitrievna’s room. “Natasha definitely wants to see Count Pyotr Kirillovich,” she said. - Well, how about taking him to her? “Your place is not tidy,” said Marya Dmitrievna. “No, she got dressed and went into the living room,” said Sonya. Marya Dmitrievna just shrugged. - When the countess arrives, she completely tormented me. Just be careful, don’t tell her everything,” she turned to Pierre. “And I don’t have the heart to scold her, she’s so pathetic, so pathetic!” Natasha, emaciated, with a pale and stern face (not at all ashamed as Pierre expected her to be) stood in the middle of the living room. When Pierre appeared at the door, she hurried, apparently undecided whether to approach him or wait for him. Pierre hurriedly approached her. He thought that she would give him her hand, as always; but she, coming close to him, stopped, breathing heavily and lifelessly lowering her hands, in exactly the same position in which she went out into the middle of the hall to sing, but with a completely different expression. “Pyotr Kirilych,” she began to speak quickly, “Prince Bolkonsky was your friend, he is your friend,” she corrected herself (it seemed to her that everything had just happened, and that now everything is different). - He told me then to contact you... Pierre silently sniffled, looking at her. He still reproached her in his soul and tried to despise her; but now he felt so sorry for her that there was no room for reproach in his soul. “He’s here now, tell him... so that he can just... forgive me.” “She stopped and began to breathe even more often, but did not cry. “Yes... I’ll tell him,” Pierre said, but... – He didn’t know what to say. Natasha was apparently frightened by the thought that might occur to Pierre. “No, I know it’s over,” she said hastily. - No, this can never happen. I am tormented only by the evil that I did to him. Just tell him that I ask him to forgive, forgive, forgive me for everything...” She shook all over and sat down on a chair. A never-before-experienced feeling of pity filled Pierre's soul. “I’ll tell him, I’ll tell him again,” said Pierre; – but... I would like to know one thing... "What to know?" asked Natasha's gaze. “I would like to know if you loved...” Pierre did not know what to call Anatole and blushed at the thought of him, “did you love this bad man?” “Don’t call him bad,” said Natasha. “But I don’t know anything...” She started crying again. And an even greater feeling of pity, tenderness and love overwhelmed Pierre. He heard tears flowing under his glasses and hoped that they would not be noticed. “Let’s say no more, my friend,” said Pierre. His meek, gentle, sincere voice suddenly seemed so strange to Natasha. - Let’s not talk, my friend, I’ll tell him everything; but I ask you one thing - consider me your friend, and if you need help, advice, you just need to pour out your soul to someone - not now, but when you feel clear in your soul - remember me. “He took and kissed her hand. “I’ll be happy if I’m able to...” Pierre became embarrassed. – Don’t talk to me like that: I’m not worth it! – Natasha screamed and wanted to leave the room, but Pierre held her hand. He knew he needed to tell her something else. But when he said this, he was surprised at his own words. “Stop it, stop it, your whole life is ahead of you,” he told her. - For me? No! “Everything is lost for me,” she said with shame and self-humiliation. - Everything is lost? - he repeated. - If I were not me, but the most beautiful, smartest and best person in the world, and if I were free, I would be on my knees right now asking for your hand and love. For the first time after many days, Natasha cried with tears of gratitude and tenderness and, looking at Pierre, left the room. Pierre, too, almost ran out into the hall after her, holding back the tears of tenderness and happiness that were choking his throat, without getting into his sleeves, he put on his fur coat and sat down in the sleigh. - Now where do you want to go? - asked the coachman. "Where? Pierre asked himself. Where can you go now? Is it really to the club or guests? All people seemed so pitiful, so poor in comparison with the feeling of tenderness and love that he experienced; in comparison with the softened, grateful look with which she looked at him the last time because of her tears. “Home,” said Pierre, despite the ten degrees of frost, opening his bear coat on his wide, joyfully breathing chest. It was frosty and clear. Above the dirty, dim streets, above the black roofs, there was a dark, starry sky. Pierre, just looking at the sky, did not feel the offensive baseness of everything earthly in comparison with the height at which his soul was located. Upon entering Arbat Square, a huge expanse of starry dark sky opened up to Pierre’s eyes. Almost in the middle of this sky above Prechistensky Boulevard, surrounded and sprinkled on all sides with stars, but differing from everyone else in its proximity to the earth, white light, and long, raised tail, stood a huge bright comet of 1812, the same comet that foreshadowed as they said, all sorts of horrors and the end of the world. But in Pierre this bright star with a long radiant tail did not arouse any terrible feeling. Opposite Pierre, joyfully, eyes wet with tears, looked at this bright star, which, as if, with inexpressible speed, flying through immeasurable spaces along a parabolic line, suddenly, like an arrow pierced into the ground, stuck here in one place chosen by it, in the black sky, and stopped, energetically raising her tail up, glowing and playing with her white light between countless other twinkling stars. It seemed to Pierre that this star fully corresponded to what was in his soul, which had blossomed towards a new life, softened and encouraged.

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