The world's largest solar-powered ship. At Ecowave. The largest solar-powered catamaran in Russia - photo report Pre-treatment of the surface

A press conference and presentation of a vessel innovative for Russian waters took place in St. Petersburg on May 11, during which event participants were not only told details about the newest catamaran, but were also allowed to sail under the solar panels.

It must be said that the use of renewable energy sources, such as sun and wind, is just beginning in Russia, which is due to the peculiarities of the country’s resource base. However, the conference participants noted the importance of the project for the further innovative development of shipbuilding and shipping, since in many countries around the world alternative energy is used quite actively. This is due not only to the environmental aspect, but also to the importance of improving energy efficiency.


According to Evgeniy Kazanov, ships on solar powered Such dimensions have not yet been built in Russia, which makes the Ecovolna catamaran more unique.





The vessel is capable of speeds of up to 13 km/h. It is sea and holds waves up to 2 meters.





The project was developed by graduate students and students of Kaliningrad University, Moscow State University and Peter the Great St. Petersburg Polytechnic University, with the support of MGIMO and State University sea ​​and river fleet named after Makarov.

The cost of building the catamaran was 13 million rubles. 8 million of them are state-owned, and 5 million are investments of private investors.


Construction of the vessel began last summer at the Baltiets yacht club shipyard. The construction was carried out by a company from St. Petersburg, Marinelab.



It is interesting that 90% of the components on the ship are made in Russia: solar panels are made by Hevel (Novocheboksarsk), batteries by Liotech (Novosibirsk), automation by Valkom (St. Petersburg).

Solar batteries were developed at the Ioffe Institute of Physics and Technology, and, according to a Marinelab representative, are the best in Russia, and also correspond to world standards.



The batteries allow the vessel to sail for about 8 hours without recharging. For safety reasons, the catamaran is equipped with a diesel engine, which, according to Evgeniy Casanova, will be used only in the most extreme cases.

The Austrian shipyard SILENT-YACHTS has begun construction of the first three 24-meter SILENT 79 ocean-class solar-powered catamarans at a base in Italy Marotte. Project design based on the concept of the founder and CEO of SILENT-YACHTS Michael Köchler(Michael Köhler) was engaged Marco Casali(Marco Casali) from Too Design, designed naval architecture Enrique Castilla(Enrique Castilla) from Insenaval. SILENT 79 will become the flagship of the shipyard’s model range.

SILENT 79 can be called a new step in the evolution of the company's past models. In particular, the design of the catamaran has a lot of references to its older, but much smaller brother SILENT 55.

“Solar panels require a large surface area. Our task was to free up as much space as possible for this, but at the same time maintain harmony in the silhouette of the catamaran. I think we succeeded. I tried to create an interesting Italian design: sophisticated and noble. This yacht looks good and is practical at the same time,” says Marco Casali.

The hull of the catamaran will be cast and built using the vacuum infusion method. This will make the fiberglass sandwich lighter and improve its sound and heat insulation qualities.

The exterior design of SILENT 79 focuses on straight lines and large windows. On the one hand, glazing will allow you to enjoy from the salon panoramic view at sea, on the other hand, it will reduce the need for additional artificial lighting. In the cockpit at the stern of the main deck, in addition to the standard seating area, there will be a bar. But it is reserved for a beach club bow main deck.

The layout of the cabins on each catamaran will differ from one another at the request of their owners. In the standard layout, the cabin width will be almost 11 meters. Inside there will be a galley, a seating area and a dining area. On the lower deck there are supposed to be four to six guest cabins and two crew cabins for two to three people each. But already on the first of the boats under construction, the layout was changed so that two cabins in the aft part of the ship will become the owner's apartment with a spacious living room, office and sauna.

All cabins on the “green” catamaran will, of course, be decorated with recyclable materials. The authors of the project promise a minimalistic, ergonomic and at the same time luxurious interior design.

Solar panels will occupy the roof over the saloon and cockpit. In addition, they will be located on the roof of the unglazed captain's bridge, which is shaped like a sports car spoiler. A total of 70 highly efficient panels will be installed on SILENT 79, capable of generating voltages up to 25 kV with the most advanced MPPT type charge controllers (“maximum power point tracking”, “tracking the maximum charge level”). Lithium batteries, similar to those used by Tesla, will keep you running at night. 15 kVA voltage inverters will provide electricity for the household needs of the crew and guests of the yacht.

The ship is equipped with a generator, but it is expected that its use will only be required in extreme cases to recharge the batteries, when it is necessary to sail at high speed for a long time or the weather has been cloudy for several days. A generator is not needed to cook or operate the air conditioner while the SILENT 79 is parked.

In absolute silence, absolutely without the use of additional fuel, the catamaran at a speed of 6–7 knots will be able to travel up to 100 nautical miles per day. The maximum speed that it will be able to develop will be 20 knots.

The vessel will be driven by a pair of electric motors of 50 kV each in the standard “cruising” version or 250 kV each in the E-Power version. In addition to being silent and emission-free, they are also distinguished by low level vibrations. However, at the request of the owners, SILENT 79 can also be a hybrid with two 220 hp diesel engines. With.

In the non-hybrid version, the SILENT 79 power system will be as simple as possible and will require virtually no maintenance, which will allow the catamaran to be used in autonomous sailing mode. This will significantly reduce its cost compared to its diesel counterparts. The base price of SILENT 79 is 3.4 million euros.

Since the catamaran does not require an engine room, it boasts the largest tender garage in its class. There is enough space for a 4.5 meter long boat, an amphibious vehicle and a gyrocopter on floats.

Two of the three catamarans under construction have already found their owners. The first launch of SILENT 79 is scheduled for 2020.

In our city. A unique environmentally friendly solar-powered catamaran travels along the route St. Petersburg - Veliky Novgorod - Moscow - Astrakhan, and on July 22 it moored in Cheboksary.

The expedition takes place within the framework of the “Engineering Competitions and Competitions” project of the “Marinet” roadmap of the National Technology Initiative. Planned to pass 5,000 km along the rivers of Russia and visit 20 regions. Along the route, the catamaran makes stops at major populated areas, For local residents They give tours of the ship and even offer rides on it. And in some cities, including Cheboksary, expedition members organize scientific and technical festival "Ecowave" for children.

Our republic is directly related to the creation of the catamaran. Novocheboksarsky Hevel plant as a program partner, provided solar modules free of charge. They cover the roof of the ship. Total battery power – 9 kW. The catamaran was under construction in St. Petersburg in 2017 from July to November. From there May 20 the ship left at open swimming, and on September 1 the expedition will end in Astrakhan.

Director of the ANO "National Center for Engineering Competitions and Competitions", head of the "Ekovolna" expedition Evgeniy Kazanov said that the “Solar Regatta” competition has been held in Russia for the fifth year:

“In 2014, we first began building solar-powered ships, and then we had 10 Russian teams, now there are more than 40. Previously, we only had single-seater boats for racing for several hours, and this is our first experience - an inhabited vessel that can move for several months".

By the way, in Cheboksary at the House of Children and Youth Creativity built a small single-seater solar-powered boat, it's called "Yorik" and also participates in the Solar Regatta program.

At cost, the catamaran cost less than 200 thousand euros – about 14 million rubles.

For comparison, the cost of a solar-powered catamaran, which is produced in Europe, is more than 1 million euros, and they plan to sell it for 1 million 800 thousand euros.

Expedition mission– to show people that renewable energy sources are not the future, but the present. Solar modules are the main source of nutrition for two electric motors. The operation of the catamaran at night and during periods of low solar insolation is ensured by lithium-ion batteries from the Novosibirsk plant "Liotech" total power 70 kW.

The catamaran develops speed 10-12 km/h, almost like a bicycle, which is normal in displacement mode. This consumes energy 3 kW/hour. Speed ​​can be increased up to 15-17 km/h, but then the load will increase three times - up to 9 kW/hour. The ship is designed so that 10-12 km/h is most energy efficient mode. When the catamaran was conceived, it was expected that electricity would be supplied in a volume of approximately 3-4 kW/hour.

In practice, it turned out that there is more reserve in the batteries; in fact, you can spend 6-7 kW/hour. Thus, the creators have plans - National Center engineering competitions and competitions - to redesign the ship and make the speed a little higher.

On the other hand, the crew is prepared for long rains and bad weather. That is, in cloudy weather, 30 kW/hours are produced per day, in good weather – 60-70.Solar panels accumulate electricity from 3 am to 10 pm. But when the sun is just rising or already setting, they produce less - 500 W or 1 kW, and the greatest amount of energy occurs during the day - from approximately 10 am to 4 pm. Record – 10.5 kW energy produced per hour.

The vessel is small (11.6 meters long), and can carry up to 12 people. Everything on the catamaran four double cabins where they are located eight people. There is one more crew member on the ship - Delta rat, and, as the expedition members joke, if she hasn’t escaped yet, then the journey is going well so far.

The catamaran is designed so that the system itself regulates energy consumption and even redistributes it if necessary, for example, to turn on the kettle or the engine. Energy reserve in batteries when fully charged enough for 24 hours of running without stopping and recharging.

Evgeniy Kazanov said that three universities are participating in this expedition: MGIMO(Department of Environmental Management) – together with them, water and climate research is carried out for the “Floating University” project; Moscow State University named after M.V. Lomonosov– they take water samples, test them in an express laboratory, and then preserve them and send them to Moscow; St. Petersburg Polytechnic– together with them, a study of the arrival of solar insolation and electricity and efficiency consumption is carried out. Also traveling with them are guys from the Moscow Academy water transport : they undergo practice here, learn how to moor, lock, and change after two weeks.

Fresh water is the most valuable resource that Russia has; all people are made of water. By polluting water, we pollute ourselves, because one way or another we consume fresh water. And if you've been paying attention, the water in the ports is black because internal combustion engines throw all the waste into the water. In many countries around the world, internal combustion engines have been banned on those lakes that they want to preserve and only electric motors are allowed. We are a little behind in this regard, but there is a tendency to preserve protected water bodies and move towards more careful use water resources. After all, our country is in second place in the world in terms of fresh water reserves.

With the same power on the gasoline engine and on our engine, our efficiency is higher and the speed is higher. Solar panels are the future. In Europe, a decision has already been made and a convention has been adopted that by 2050 the use of internal combustion engines in water, air and road transport will be prohibited. Also, for example, Japan is switching to hydrogen energy, they are abandoning nuclear energy, because atom is dangerous, and burning oil is irrelevant. Even Mendeleev said that getting energy from oil is tantamount to heating a stove with banknotes. Oil is very useful resource, you can make a lot of things useful to people from it, and when you burn it, you actually smoke the sky. Now we have 6 kW of electricity coming in, and in order to get it from oil, you need to spend a liter of gasoline and pollute the atmosphere.

The catamaran will stay in Cheboksary two more days- today and tomorrow. Then the ship will head to Zelenodolsk, and the next big stop July 28 in Kazan.

Looks like this is a golden age for amateurs water travel. And in general for all those who like to spend their holidays or just free time on the water. And this time has come thanks to such a rapidly developing industry as solar energy. New technologies have made it possible to obtain high-performance photoconverters, small but powerful electric motors, and compact but high-capacity batteries. And then boats, motorboats, and yachts appeared that ran on electricity provided by solar panels.

One of the first to be launched was a solar-powered yacht, which its creators, Italian students Marco Ferrari and Alberto Franchi, called “Helios”. This yacht had sails made from 2,500 flexible polycrystalline silicon batteries. The total area of ​​these batteries is slightly more than 2000 square meters. And they generate power of more than 350 kilowatts.

In the engine room there is a battery group charged from these solar panels. A low-noise main electric motor runs from batteries, which rotates the propeller. Since the sails with solar panels can be folded for a long time due to bad weather and will not charge the batteries, the yacht has a diesel generator, which is used in cloudy and inclement weather.

The appearance of the solar yacht Helios stimulated the creation of new ships. And the emergence of new lightweight and durable materials gave scope to the imagination of designers and shipbuilders. Not only were they launched large yachts with solar energy, but also small pleasure boats and boats for individual use. And this entire fleet can rightfully be called “solar”, because it was the sun that provided the energy that rotated the propellers of these ships.

Yacht MS Turanor PlanetSolar

Founded in 2008, the Swiss company PlanetSolar SA, wanting to demonstrate to the world the possibilities of solar energy, designed a solar-powered yacht. At the shipyard in Kiel, the German company Knierim Yachtbau built this yacht, which was named “Turanor PlanetSolar”, based on a Swiss project. According to the creators, the ship was supposed to make trip around the world using only and exclusively solar energy.


The yacht "Turanor PlanetSolar" set off on a trip around the world.

The yacht was a catamaran, between the floats of which the main hull of the yacht was located. The upper deck was covered with solar panels, and in addition to the panels fixed to the deck, blocks of sliding panels were added that extended along the port and starboard sides.

The total area of ​​helium panels is 537 square meters. The panels have a total output of just under 120 kilowatts and charge lithium-ion batteries. The capacity of the batteries is such that the vessel can move for five days without recharging. These batteries, located in the side floats, power four main electric motors.


In the open sea

The length of the yacht is ─ 31 meters, width ─ 15 meters. Height ─ 7.5 meters. Displacement ─ about 60 tons. Capacity – up to 50 passengers. Maximum speed ─ up to 15 knots (approximately 25 km/h). The yacht develops this speed thanks to two propellers made of carbon composite materials.


Chopping. Remote Control

Another interesting engineering solution is that the diameter of each screw is two meters. This is significantly more than the propellers installed on ships of this class. But such a large diameter of the screws made it possible to immerse them only halfway. Thus, a dual task was solved - ensuring forward motion and quick maneuvering of the catamaran without a conventional rudder.


Off the coast of France. The yacht's propellers are clearly visible.

A crew of five people was recruited for the round-the-world trip, led by Rafael Domyan. On September 27, 2010, having started in Monaco and having covered more than 60,000 kilometers, making port calls in 28 countries, on May 6, 2012, after 585 days, the yacht MS Turanor PlanetSolar returned to the starting point - the port of Hercule Monaco.


Currently solar catamaran used as a scientific vessel, although it can be successfully converted into an excellent cruising yacht.

Another Swiss company Solarwave, not wanting to lag behind PlanetSolar SA, decided to create its own “green” yacht. Moreover, according to the developers’ plans, this ship will have to be mass-produced and intended for cruise travel. Nedship, a Turkish shipyard, was chosen as a partner. And in 2015, a pilot copy of the cruise yacht was launched. They called it “Solarwave 62”.


The vessel is a catamaran, the length of which is 18.6 meters. The body is made of composite carbon material. The middle part of the roof, consisting of solar panels made on the basis of monocrystalline silicon, can be raised, allowing the sun's rays to pass onto the deck. The total power of these batteries is 15 kilowatts. But if the customer wishes, the roof area can be increased, and accordingly the power of the solar panels, which charge the battery bank with a total capacity of 100 kilowatt-hours, will be increased.


Yacht off the coast. The roof is folded.

The propellers are driven by two electric motors with a peak power of 62 kW. These engines can accelerate the yacht to a maximum speed of 13 knots. With such a load, the batteries can quickly discharge, so this mode of operation is recommended only in emergency cases.


In the open sea

In normal conditions, the ship moves at a cruising speed of 7 knots, which guarantees maximum range without recharging. The speed, of course, is low, but this yacht is not a racing yacht, but a cruising one.


Salon and control station of the yacht

The vessel has a six-metre shed for small jet skis, boats, sun terraces at the bow and stern, a saloon with elegant furnishings, a galley, an owner's suite, as well as three to six cabins for guests and crew. The cost of such a yacht is ─ 2.0 – 2.5 million euros.

Boat "Aqua Watt 500 Solar"

The German company Aqua Watt GmbH is known for producing electric boats, yachts, and boats. The latest innovation that the company introduced to the market was a solar-powered boat. This boat was named "Aqua Watt 500 Solar". Unlike all previous vessels of the company, this boat operates entirely from solar energy. Initially, it was intended for caretakers and rangers of nature reserves, which strictly monitor the environment, and where the use of any vehicles with harmful emissions is prohibited.


Boat "Aqua Watt 500 Solar"

This boat does not require specially equipped berths or mooring areas. The shallow draft allows you to pull it ashore, and if this is not possible, then it is enough to drop anchor or moor it to a buoy. The boat is available in two versions - with a 1600-watt engine and with an 800-watt engine. With a 1600 watt engine, the boat can reach speeds of up to 6 knots.

With an 800-watt engine at full power, the boat reaches a speed of 4.7 knots, and at half power – 4 knots. In constant sunlight at a speed of 5.5 knots, the power reserve is 6 hours. At a speed of 4 knots this time increases to 10 hours. At night, the battery reserve lasts for 4 hours at a speed of 5 knots and for 6 hours at a speed of 4 hours. At a speed of 2 – 2.5 knots, travel time is not limited.


The boat hull is made of polyester three-layer fiberglass. Solar batteries with a power of 1600 watts are made on the basis of monocrystalline silicon. Lithium-ion batteries with a capacity of 210 ampere hours. Underwater motor with continuously variable electronic control, power 1600/800 watts. Boat length ─ 5.5 meters, width ─ 1.84 meters. Draft ─ 0.4 meters. Weight ─ 480 – 550 kilograms. Capacity – 4 people.

Now on the water surface of lakes, rivers, and seas you can see many graceful boats, yachts, and boats with fantastic lines, sparkling with blue solar panels. No engine noise, no exhaust fumes. And this is very important for minimizing the man-made impact on nature.

German engineers built the world's largest ship called Planet Solar Türanor, which runs on solar panels and is environmentally friendly and silent.

14 months and 68,000 working hours after the vessel was laid down at the beginning of 2009, PlanetSolar Turanor was launched at the Knierim shipyard in Kiel. On March 31, 2010, the most spectacular and innovative project in the history of shipbuilding was completed. The gigantic catamaran “Tûranor PlanetSolar” was released into the Kiel fjords after its consecration. After making several test trips, the Tûranor PlanetSolar was presented to the general public at the beginning of May 2010 in connection with the 821st anniversary of the port of Hamburg.

At this point, the wings with additional photovoltaic models were still missing, but they were finally installed and tested during the voyage from the North to the Mediterranean Sea to the port of Monaco. From there, Tûranor PlanetSolar launched on September 27, 2010 on a circumnavigation of the world. The catamaran's international crew consists of six people, including Swiss designer Raphael Domian.

While sailing around the world, which ended just over a year ago, the PlanetSolar Turanor, propelled entirely by solar energy, set several world records. These records include the cruising distance record and the crossing speed record. Atlantic Ocean solar powered ship. Now, the PlanetSolar vessel, which, by the way, is the world's largest solar-powered vessel, has set a new record, breaking one of its own records set back in 2010.

The catamaran PlanetSolar set sail on April 25, 2013 from the port of Las Palmas, Spain, taking part in a scientific oceanographic expedition. After 22 days, 12 hours and 32 minutes, the ship, having covered a total of 5,310 kilometers, reached the island of St. Martin in the French West Indies on May 18, 2013.

Two electric motors, powered by photovoltaic cells, with total area 537 square meters allowed the 31 meter long and 15 meter wide vessel to travel at an average speed of 5.3 knots, although the maximum speed that the PlanetSolar Turanor can reach is about 14 knots.

It should be noted that, ideally, the ship could have crossed the Atlantic Ocean even faster, but the crew did not steer the ship along the shortest and most direct route, being forced to change course, avoiding areas with strong winds, high ocean surface roughness and other adverse meteorological conditions. Due to the forced course changes of the PlanetSolar vessel, the total distance traveled increased by approximately seven percent.

Despite all the difficulties and troubles, the PlanetSolar Turanor managed to break its own official world record, reducing the time it took to cross the Atlantic Ocean by 4 days, 6 hours and 39 minutes. “It is difficult and not very correct to compare both cases of the PlanetSolar vessel crossing the Atlantic Ocean, because they were carried out in different time year under different environmental marine conditions,” says Captain Gerard d’Aboville, “But the lessons learned during circumnavigation, did not pass without a trace. They allowed us to modernize all the main components of the vessel, in particular the propulsion system, which greatly increased the capabilities of the vessel and its characteristics.”

Ultra-modern vehicle– the vessel, whose hull consists entirely of carbon fiber reinforced plastics, was built by Knierim Yachtbau GmbH in Kiel. Knierim Tooling produced the mold for the ship's hull using a five-axis milling machine with precision down to a tenth of a millimeter. The huge catamaran, 31 meters long, 15 meters wide and 6.1 meters high, is currently the world's largest solar-powered vessel ever built.

The designer of the vessel, New Zealander Craig Loomes from Lomocean Design, created a catamaran model based on the Wavepiercer principle. This means that both floats of the catamaran, when the sea is rough, cut the waves rather than riding them. Testers from Germanische Lloyd (GL) gave their permission for this. The main hull of the catamaran lies above the surface of the water, giving the Tûranor PlanetSolar the appearance of a trimaran. In order to give the “wave piercer” the necessary rigidity, strength and reduce its weight, which is important for the economical operation of the drive, the designer did not compromise when choosing materials. All structural parts of the 95-ton vessel consist of a composite material - plastic reinforced with carbon fiber.

“20.6 tons of carbon fiber, 11.5 tons of foam and 23 tons of epoxy resin and hardener were used. This is not an easy task even for our employees,” says Knierim Managing Director Steffen Müller. The main body shell is a sandwich with a 4mm carbon fiber cover layer (biaxially and unidirectionally) and a core of 50mm Airex C70.130 high-density PVC foam. This ratio of the thickness of the outer and inner layers, together with a high-strength core, gives the structural parts the necessary strength and lightness.

The initiator and sponsor of the €14 million project was entrepreneur Immo Ströer from Darmstätter, who owns the Swiss investment company Rivendell, which invests mainly in projects related to renewable energy and clean technologies. Including the Berlin solar cell manufacturing company Solon AG. This company supplied solar collectors for the Tûranor PlanetSolar catamaran. About 537 square meters of the ship's surface is covered with 825 modules containing about 38,000 solar panels. Enough for a maximum power of 127 hp. in terms of horsepower.

Innovations in both design and materials were used to ensure that the ship could meet the high requirements and glorify its designers as pioneers in the development of solar energy. The Tûranor PlanetSolar is equipped with highly efficient lithium-ion batteries from Gaia Akkumulatorenwerke GmbH from Nordhausen, which have never before been produced in this size. Six storage units store 1.1 megawatt-hours of energy and weigh as much as 11 tons. Car batteries of the same capacity would weigh about 77 tons.

The batteries power four electric motors, two for each drive shaft. The latter develop a maximum power of 2 x 10 and 2 x 60 kW, sufficient for a speed of about 7 knots (approximately 13 km/h with a rated power of 20 kW). What should be noted here is the outstanding power output: the efficiency is 92 percent. Two carbon fiber propellers manufactured by Voith Turbo Advanced Propeller Technologies GmbH & Co. KG from Rostock, half out of the water, they are twice the size of conventional propellers and rotate very slowly. There is no need for a rudder on the open sea, as the vessel is controlled by adjustable propellers and the speed of rotation of the two propellers.

A special method was used to strengthen the solar cells on a surface of 537 m². Since the hull of a ship must be flexible to be able to flex depending on the load, such as rough seas, photovoltaic panels must be installed so that this ability of the hull is maintained and the panels are not damaged. Therefore, photovoltaic modules, even during the production process at the manufacturer’s plant, were glued onto PVC sandwich panels laminated on both sides.

To install the FG modules, we decided to use glue from Sika; Knierim has extensive experience working with it.

The surfaces were pre-treated. The strength of the adhesive bond was tested by the technical department of the K&D Industry division of Sika.

Surface pre-treatment

  • Sanding with Scotch Brite veryfine/ K 100 abrasive sandpaper;
  • Cleaning and activation of a surface coated with 2-component acrylic varnish using a Sika activator;
  • Based on the results of the adhesive test, additional application of primer can be dispensed with.

After time had passed for the solvent to evaporate, white one-component polyurethane adhesive Sikaflex-292 was applied to the deck using directed rollers for gluing the photovoltaic modules mounted on the sandwich panels.

Half a ton of PU glue was required for a surface of 537 m². Sikaflex-292, developed specifically for shipbuilding, cures in wet conditions, has excellent adhesive properties, the ability to withstand high mechanical loads and meets all International Maritime Organization (IMO) requirements.

The glazing of the cabin by GL Yachtverglasung, Halstenbeck was also carried out using a polyurethane system from Sika. The installation of curved mineral glass units required special care. The glass must comply with all regulations and standards of the International Maritime Organization (IMO) and classification commissions regarding its field of application. The adhesive layer on the glass bonding surface must be protected from UV radiation. This is ensured by a screen printed edge. The glass surface was pre-treated as described above, then Sika Primer-206 G+P was applied.

Developed for marine use, Sikaflex-296 is a flexible, high-load, tolerance-leveling 1-K PU-based adhesive that dries in humid air. It meets all requirements of the International Maritime Organization (IMO). Sikaflex-296 is suitable for primary glazing and repair work on all types of mineral glass in shipbuilding.

 

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