Project on famous places of the world: Egyptian pyramids. Project "secrets of the Egyptian pyramids". The main mysteries of the pyramids








We developed a research plan 1. Familiarize yourself with the theories about the construction of the pyramid, which are covered in ancient sources and literature. 2. Determine the dimensions of the pyramid. 3. Analyze the methods of building a pyramid. 4. Draw your own conclusions based on the opinions of experts about how the pyramids were most likely built.












Version 1: Wooden machines According to Herodotus, who was the first to describe in detail the pyramids of Giza, Herodotus’s slaves were at the same time employed in the construction of the pyramid of Cheops. Construction took 20 years.










Having considered all the proposed versions, we made a comparison. Wooden Cars Inside Out Kites Mound For: Great amount people simultaneously employed in construction. Pros: “Strange” cavities under the masonry. Pros: Huge heights could be easily overcome without ground lifting devices. For: construction of a stone “serpentine” along the outer perimeter of the Great Pyramid. Against: Herodotus lived in the 5th century BC and was not contemporary with the construction of the pyramids. Staggered construction Cons: Precise calculations would be required. Cons: The weight of the blocks is too gigantic, against a light kite. Unbearable. Cons: such a road will inevitably interfere with calculations and measurements carried out during construction.

Conclusions: The Great Pyramid of Cheops was most likely built using an embankment, although this could largely hinder the architects’ accuracy of calculations. According to our assumptions, ancient architects and builders could compensate for these difficulties with their remarkable skill.

There are fewer and fewer unsolved mysteries on our planet every year. Constant improvement of technology, collaboration of scientists from various fields of science reveals to us the secrets and mysteries of history. But the secrets of the pyramids still defy understanding - all discoveries give scientists only tentative answers to many questions. Who built the Egyptian pyramids, what was the construction technology, is there a curse of the pharaohs - these and many other questions still remain without an exact answer.

Archaeologists talk about 118 pyramids in Egypt, partially or completely preserved to this day. Their age ranges from 4 to 10 thousand years. One of them - Cheops - is the only surviving “miracle” from the “Seven Wonders of the World”. The complex called the “Great Pyramids of Giza”, which includes and, was also considered as a participant in the “New Seven Wonders of the World” competition, but was withdrawn from participation, since these majestic structures are actually a “wonder of the world” on the ancient list.

These pyramids have become the most visited excursion sites in Egypt. They are perfectly preserved, which cannot be said about many other buildings - time has not been kind to them. Yes and local residents contributed to the destruction of the majestic necropolises by removing the cladding and breaking out the stones from the walls to build their houses.

Egyptian pyramids were built by pharaohs who ruled from the 27th century BC. e. and later. They were intended for the repose of rulers. The enormous scale of the tombs (some reaching almost 150 m in height) was supposed to testify to the greatness of the buried pharaohs; things that the ruler loved during his lifetime and that would be useful to him in the afterlife were also placed here.

For construction, stone blocks of various sizes were used, which were hollowed out of the rocks, and later brick began to serve as material for the walls. The stone blocks were ground and adjusted so that a knife blade could not slip between them. The blocks were stacked on top of each other with an offset of several centimeters, which formed a stepped surface of the structure. Almost all Egyptian pyramids have a square base, the sides of which are oriented strictly to the cardinal points.

Since the pyramids performed the same function, that is, they served as the burial place of the pharaohs, their structure and decoration are similar inside. The main component is the burial hall, where the sarcophagus of the ruler was installed. The entrance was not located at ground level, but several meters higher, and was masked with facing slabs. Stairs and passages-corridors led from the entrance to the inner hall, which sometimes narrowed so much that they could only be walked on squatting or crawling.

In most necropolises, burial halls (chambers) are located below ground level. Ventilation was carried out through narrow channel shafts that penetrated the walls. Rock paintings and ancient religious texts are found on the walls of many pyramids - in fact, from them scientists draw some of the information about the construction and owners of burials.

The main mysteries of the pyramids

The list of unsolved mysteries begins with the shape of the necropolises. Why was the pyramid shape chosen, which is translated from Greek as “polyhedron”? Why were the edges located clearly in the cardinal directions? How were huge stone blocks moved from the excavation site and how were they raised to great heights? Were the buildings built by aliens or people in possession of a magic crystal?

Scientists even argue over the question of who built such tall monumental structures that stood for thousands of years. Some believe that they were built by slaves, who died by the hundreds of thousands during the construction of each. However, new discoveries by archaeologists and anthropologists convince us that the builders were free people who received good food and medical care. They made such conclusions based on the composition of the bones, the structure of the skeletons and the treated injuries of the buried builders.

Mystical coincidences were attributed to all the deaths and deaths of people involved in the exploration of the Egyptian pyramids, which provoked rumors and talk about the curse of the pharaohs. There is no scientific evidence for this. Perhaps the rumors were started to scare away thieves and looters who wanted to find valuables and jewelry in the graves.

Mysterious interesting facts include the short construction time of the Egyptian pyramids. According to calculations, large necropolises with that level of technology should have been built in no less than a century. How, for example, was the Cheops pyramid built in just 20 years?

Great Pyramids

This is the name of the funeral complex near the city of Giza, consisting of three large pyramids, a huge statue of the Sphinx and small satellite pyramids, probably intended for the wives of rulers.

The original height of the Cheops pyramid was 146 m, the side length was 230 m. It was built in 20 years in the 26th century BC. e. The largest of Egypt's landmarks has not one, but three burial chambers. One of them is below ground level, and two are above the base line. Intertwining corridors lead to the burial chambers. Along them you can go to the chamber of the pharaoh (king), to the queen's chamber and to the lower hall. The Pharaoh's Chamber is a chamber made of pink granite, measuring 10x5 m. It contains a granite sarcophagus without a lid. Not a single report by scientists contained information about the mummies found, so it is unknown whether Cheops was buried here. By the way, the mummy of Cheops was not found in other tombs.

It still remains a mystery whether the Cheops pyramid was used for its intended purpose, and if so, then apparently it was plundered by looters in past centuries. The name of the ruler, by whose order and design this tomb was built, was learned from the drawings and hieroglyphs above the burial chamber. All other Egyptian pyramids, with the exception of Djoser, have a simpler engineering structure.

Two other necropolises in Giza, built for the heirs of Cheops, are somewhat more modest in size:


Tourists travel to Giza from all over Egypt, because this city is actually a suburb of Cairo, and all transport interchanges lead to it. Travelers from Russia usually travel to Giza in excursion groups from Sharm el-Sheikh and Hurghada. The trip is long, 6-8 hours one way, so the excursion usually lasts 2 days.

The great buildings are accessible to visitors only during working hours, usually until 5 p.m., in the month of Ramadan - until 3 p.m. It is not recommended for asthmatics, as well as people suffering from claustrophobia, nervous and cardiovascular diseases, to go inside. Be sure to take drinking water and hats with you on the excursion. The excursion fee consists of several parts:

  1. Entrance to the complex.
  2. Entrance inside the pyramid of Cheops or Khafre.
  3. Entrance to the Museum of the Solar Boat, on which the body of the pharaoh was transported across the Nile.


With the Egyptian pyramids in the background, many people like to take photos while sitting on camels. You can bargain with camel owners.

Pyramid of Djoser

The first pyramid in the world is located in Saqqara, near Memphis, the former capital of Ancient Egypt. Today, the pyramid of Djoser is not as attractive to tourists as the necropolis of Cheops, but at one time it was the largest in the country and the most complex in terms of engineering design.

The funeral complex included chapels, courtyards, and storage facilities. The six-step pyramid itself does not have a square base, but a rectangular one, with sides 125x110 m. The height of the structure itself is 60 m, inside it there are 12 burial chambers, where Djoser himself and members of his family were supposedly buried. The pharaoh's mummy was not found during excavations. The entire territory of the complex of 15 hectares was surrounded by a stone wall 10 m high. Currently, part of the wall and other buildings have been restored, and the pyramid, which is approximately 4700 years old, has been preserved quite well.

Description of the presentation by individual slides:

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By famous places world around us, grade 3 Completed by Oksana Nikolaevna Konovalova, primary school teacher of the first qualification category

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Taj Mahal The Taj Mahal Mausoleum, located in Agra, is one of the most recognizable landmarks not only in India but throughout the world. The structure was built by Emperor Shah Jahan in memory of his third wife, Mumtaz Mahal, who died during childbirth. The Taj Mahal is considered one of the most beautiful buildings in the world, as well as a symbol eternal love. In 1983, the Taj Mahal was included in the list of sites World Heritage UNESCO.

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Taj Mahal Inside the mausoleum there are two tombs - the Shah and his beloved wife. Muslim tradition prohibits the decoration of graves. Consequently, the bodies of Mumtaz and Shah Jahan were placed in a simple crypt.

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The pedestal and tomb of the Taj Mahal were built in 12 years, while the rest of the complex took another 10 years to complete. Materials from all over Asia were used for the construction of the complex. More than a thousand elephants were used for transportation. In total, twenty-eight types of precious and semi-precious stones were inlaid into white marble. Soon after the completion of the Taj Mahal, Shah Jahan was overthrown by his own son Aurangzeb and arrested at the Delhi Fort. After his death, he was buried in the mausoleum next to his beloved wife. By the end of the 19th century, parts of the structure fell into disrepair. The Taj Mahal was looted by British soldiers and officials, who carved precious materials from the walls of the building. In 1942, the government erected scaffolding in an attempt to camouflage the Taj Mahal before an attack by Luftwaffe and Japanese pilots. air force. The same action was taken during the India-Pakistan Wars of 1965 and 1971. This had an effect, and the structure remained intact and unharmed. History of the construction of the Taj Mahal

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The Taj Mahal is the main attraction of India. Currently, the complex is threatened by environmental pollution. Due to the pollution of the Jamna River, there is a threat of its shallowing and soil erosion. Cracks began to appear in the walls of the tomb, and the mausoleum began to settle. Due to air pollution, the building began to lose its whiteness and a yellow coating appeared, which has to be cleaned annually. The Indian government is taking urgent measures to close hazardous industries in Agra and expand the environmental protection zone, but this has not yet had an effect. The Taj Mahal was included in the list of the Seven New Wonders of the World, as a result of a worldwide vote held in 2007. Taj Mahal

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Egyptian pyramids Egyptian pyramids are the greatest architectural monuments Ancient Egypt, including one of the “seven wonders of the world” - the Pyramid of Cheops and an honorary candidate for the “new seven wonders of the world” - the Pyramids of Giza. The pyramids are huge stone structures pyramidal in shape, used as tombs for the pharaohs of Ancient Egypt.

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Egyptian pyramids The Great Pyramid of Cheops, which is known anywhere in the world. It is she who is the face of the Egyptian pyramids and the largest construction of antiquity, giving rise to many secrets and legends around her. The construction of the pyramid took two whole decades and was completed in 2560 BC. Inside the Cheops pyramid there are three chambers - tombs. The lowest one is carved into the base of the rock on which the pyramid is built. For unknown reasons, its construction was not completed. Above it are the Queen's chamber and the Pharaoh's chamber.

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Egyptian pyramids The second most important pyramid is the pyramid of Khafre, the son of Cheops. It was built on a 10-meter plateau, so it seems taller than the Cheops pyramid, but it is not. Its height is 136.4 meters, while Cheops is 146.5 meters. Not far from the Pyramid of Khafre is the Great Sphinx - a monument carved into the rock. The Sphinx's facial features mirror those of Pharaoh Khafre.

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Egyptian pyramids The third great pyramid is the Pyramid of Mikerinus. It is the smallest of them, and was built the latest. It is only 66 meters in height, and the length of the base is 108.4 meters. Despite its small size, it is considered to be the most beautiful of the three pyramids. In addition, the pyramid of Mikerinus marked the end of the era of large pyramids. All subsequent buildings were small in size.

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Egyptian pyramids The Egyptian pyramids do not end here, we move from Giza to other parts of Egypt. The Step Pyramid of Djoser is considered one of the largest in Egypt. It is located in the village of Saqqara, and was built for Pharaoh Djoser by Imhotep himself. It occupies an area of ​​125 by 115 meters, and its height is 62 meters. This is the first pyramid of Egypt, and also very well preserved.

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Egyptian pyramids The most unusual in shape can be safely called the pyramid in Medum. It is located 100 kilometers south of the capital of Egypt, it was built for Pharaoh Huni, but it was completed by his son Snofru. It originally had 8 steps, but nowadays only the last 3 are visible. After construction, its height was 118 meters, and its area was 146 by 146 meters.

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Egyptian pyramids Pink pyramid It is unusual in that it has a pink tint due to the special stone used for construction. This is the third tallest pyramid after Cheops and Khafre, 104.4 meters high. Researchers believe that this pyramid was also built by the already known Pharaoh Snefru.

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Egyptian pyramids Not far from the Pink Pyramid is the Bent Pyramid, built in the 26th century. BC e. It got its name because of its irregular shape. It was built in 3 stages, at each of which it was given different angles of inclination.

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Statue of Liberty The Statue of Liberty was built on October 28, 1886. The French gave the statue to the American people as a sign of friendship between France and America. Over the past years, the monument has been recognized not only as the personification of the friendship of the two peoples, but also as a symbol of the freedom of the American people, a symbol of the USA and New York as a whole.

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Statue of Liberty The history of the Statue of Liberty, as well as the place where it was built, is closely connected with the history of the formation of the United States. The monument was placed on a pedestal inside Fort Wood, which was built specifically for the War of 1812 in the shape of a star. For the first few decades, the complex was maintained by the U.S. Lighthouse Service, and it was not until 1924 that it became a National Monument. And in 1937, the area of ​​the monument was expanded to the borders of the entire Bedlow Island, and in 1956 it was renamed Liberty Island.

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Statue of Liberty The Statue of Liberty is located on Liberty Island, in New York State. The goddess of freedom holds a torch in her right hand and a tablet in her left. “Freedom” stands with one foot on broken shackles. There are 354 steps leading to the top of the statue, and 192 to the top of the pedestal. There are 25 windows in the crown, which symbolizes the precious stones of the Earth and the rays of the sun that illuminate the world. The seven rays on the crown of the statue symbolize the 7 seas and 7 continents. The plaque the statue holds in her left hand reads: “July 4, 1776.” This date is the day of the adoption of the US Declaration of Independence. To cast the statue, 31 tons of copper were used, and the total weight of the steel structure was 125 tons.

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Sydney Opera House Sydney Opera House - Musical Theatre in Sydney, one of the most famous and easily recognizable buildings in the world, which is a symbol largest city Australia and one of the main attractions of the continent, the sail-shaped shells that form the roof make this building unlike any other in the world. The Opera House is recognized as one of the outstanding buildings modern architecture in the world and since 1973 is business card Sydney. Since June 28, 2007, the theater has been protected by UNESCO as a World Heritage Site.

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Sydney Opera House At the heart of the project Opera House lies the desire to bring people from the world of daily routine to the world of fantasy, where musicians and actors live. Every year, 1,600 performances take place here - symphony concerts, ballets, operas, theater, dance and musical productions, comedy and children's shows. This has made the Sydney Opera House one of the most creative and busy performing arts centers in the world. The Australian Ballet, Sydney Dance Company and Australian Opera Company, among others, perform here regularly.

Municipal budgetary educational institution

Buretsky secondary school

Project

"Secrets of the Egyptian Pyramids"

Completed:

5th grade students

Pashkova Ulyana

Sushkova Galina

Supervisor:

Chalbysheva T.S.

S.Buret

2017

Introduction

Ancient Egypt is famous for its unique structures - giant pyramids. But it is still a mystery to everyone how they were built when there was no modern technology, high-lift cranes and other devices. We will try to understand this in our project.

Problem:

Lack of information about pyramids in history textbooks

Idea:

tell information about the pyramids that is not in the history textbook

Target:

Find out how the Egyptian pyramids were built

Tasks:

    Study the literature on this topic;

    Find the history of the construction of the pyramids;

    Draw a conclusion about how the pyramids were built;

    Make a model and poster of the pyramid

Product:

Pyramid mockup and poster

Main part

The ancient pyramids of Egypt contain a great many secrets and mysteries. Until today, scientists have assigned the pyramids only the role of sarcophagi of the pharaohs - the rulers of the country and the Egyptian priests. People, neither in former times nor now, could understand for what purposes and for whom these gigantic temples were built.

The Egyptian pyramids are objects of world historical and cultural heritage.

The pyramids are rightfully considered the hallmark of Egypt. The Pyramids and the Sphinx belong to the most characteristic monumental monuments of Ancient Egypt.

Pyramids were the classic type of royal tomb during the Old Kingdom, and were also built for the pharaohs of the Middle Kingdom. Archaeologists have counted 80 pyramids. Not all of them have survived to this day.

Three Great Pyramids were built at Giza, positioned in exact alignment with the three stars in Orion's Belt. The Egyptians believed that this constellation was a harbinger of greatevents - summer solstice. In other words, the appearance of Orion in the sky was a sign of the beginning of the rebirth of nature, the rebirth of Egypt.

The most famous three great pyramids: pyramids of Pharaoh Cheops, his son Khafre and his grandson Mekerin. The largest of them was built first - the Cheops Pyramid. Initially, it rose to 147 m, but due to the advance of sands, its height decreased to 137 m. The Pyramid of Cheops is almost solid masonry.

The pyramid consists of two million three hundred thousand cubic blocks of limestone with smoothly polished sides. It is estimated that each block weighs basically 2.5 tons, and the heaviest one weighs 15 tons. The total weight of the pyramid is about 5.7 million tons. Its stones are held together by their own weight - there is no binding material. Despite this, the blocks are so carefully fitted to one another that the gap between them is no more than five millimeters.

How were the pyramids built?

It is now believed that the vast majority of the blocks of the large Egyptian pyramids are made of concrete. After many centuries, it becomes difficult to distinguish concrete blocks from those cut from the same rock, as they deteriorate, weather and take on the appearance of “natural stones”.

In the 80s XX century French chemist, professor at the University of Bern Joseph Davidovich identified 13 components from which concrete could be prepared.

Workers ground soft rock using primitive millstones or graters. Then it was dried, poured into baskets and transported to the construction site. Several porters were lifting baskets of powder. At the top, wooden formwork was prepared and filled with a powder mixture. Add water and stir the solution. After the block hardened, the formwork was removed. On to the next one. This is how the pyramid grew. Moreover, when making giant blocks it was not at all necessary to make them entirely from a solidifying liquid solution.

The meaning of the pyramid

Pyramids - "Houses of Eternity". In 1922-1923 The tomb of Pharaoh Tutankhamun was opened, it was not looted. The king died when he was 18 years old. The storage rooms were filled with various things of the pharaoh. The entrance was guarded by statues of the pharaoh, the wall was entirely lined with gold, and the sarcophagus occupied almost the entire room.

The mummy was contained in four cases and was covered with gold sheets. The last case itself was entirely made of gold; on the face there was a golden mask with the image of the young king. The treasures found in the tomb had no price. But the burial of Tutankhamun was not the most expensive; this burial cannot be compared with the burials of Cheops and Khafre.

According to legend, the tombs of these pharaohs were destroyed by their people. The residents were tired of exhausting labor and plundered the burials themselves. Many papyri tell us about various uprisings of artisans, peasants, and stonemasons. They destroyed rich estates and temples.

The pyramids are a tomb only for the pharaoh. Even the richest nobleman could not build such a tomb for himself. Their tombs were usually built near the pyramids. The nobles wanted to be closer to the king even after death.

Inside the pyramid there is a burial chamber, to which passages lead from different sides. The walls of the passages were usually painted with religious texts.

Conclusion

The Egyptian pyramids, the oldest building structures, have been occupying their places of honor for centuries and glorifying the talent of their creators, thanks to whom it was possible to make eternal monuments.

Through our research, we have learned historical monuments Ancient Egypt - pyramids.

Amazing things were created in Egypt, and the greatness of the pyramids and their mysteries and secrets arouse genuine interest and a desire to continue research ancient history.

In our opinion, we managed to achieve the goal of the project - we got the guys interested in our project. We studied literature and sources, realized how majestic these buildings are - this is a memory of the great work of the people of Ancient Egypt, the first civilization on Earth.

This is an architectural monument, a great art of engineering.

The pyramids are oriented to the cardinal points, which indicates the deep knowledge of the Egyptians and their belief in the afterlife. The priests protected knowledge from mere mortals so that the secrets of the gods were not known.

Application

Pyramids Construction of the pyramid

Sarcophagus

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Slide captions:

Project Ancient Egypt - the country of sphinxes and pyramids.

  • HYPOTHESIS The ancient pyramids of Egypt contain a great many secrets and mysteries.
Until today, scientists have assigned the pyramids only the role of sarcophagi of the pharaohs - the rulers of the country and the Egyptian priests. People, neither in previous times nor now, could understand for what purposes and for whom these gigantic temples were built.
  • Question: Is it possible to unravel the secrets of the Egyptian pyramids?
  • Objective of the project:
  • Explore the mysteries and secrets of the Egyptian pyramids.
  • Project objectives:
  • Why were the pyramids built?
Find out how and from what the pyramids were built? THE FIRST PYRAMIDS The Egyptian pyramids are objects of world historical and cultural heritage. This is how the pyramid grew. Moreover, when making giant blocks it was not at all necessary to make them entirely from a solidifying liquid solution.
  • Ancient Egypt
  • In particular, it was revealed that not only the shape of the pyramid is important, but also its proportions, as well as the orientation of the pyramid to the cardinal points.
  • As numerous studies show, the maximum effects occur at the geometric center of the pyramid and above its top.
  • Note that the Great Gallery ends in the geometric center of the Great Pyramid - one of the most impressive and carefully executed “details” of the pyramid. Here begins the horizontal passage into the so-called “king’s chamber”, replete with numerous incomprehensible details: differences in height, grooves in the walls, granite lintel, etc.
  • On the other hand, it was at the top of the Great Pyramid, according to Egyptian mythology, that its most important element was located - the Ben-Ben stone.
SECRETS OF THE GREAT PYRAMID OF CHEOPS (PI NUMBER) Why did the ancient architects achieve such high accuracy if this accuracy could not even be noticed by the naked eye? We know only one thing for sure: the pyramids were aligned to the north because the Egyptians believed that a dead pharaoh became a star in the northern sky.
  • This majestic monument is fraught with many secrets and mysteries; for thousands of years it has been shrouded in myths and legends, it has been worshiped and feared, it has seen the change of eras and civilizations, and only it, the Sphinx of Giza, has remained the imperishable and silent keeper of the secrets of the distant past.
LEGENDS
  • 1. He was once considered an eternal god. He then fell into the trap of oblivion and fell into an enchanted sleep. What secret does this majestic guard keep? In the myths of the ancient Greeks, the Sphinx is a monster generated by Typhon and Echidna, with the face and breasts of a woman, the body of a lion and the wings of a bird. The Sphinx settled on a mountain near the city of Thebes and asked everyone who passed by a riddle - “Which living creature walks on four legs in the morning, on two during the day, and on three in the evening?” childhood, maturity and old age.” After this, the Sphinx threw herself off the cliff.
LEGENDS
  • 2. Another legend tells that this huge predator guards the peace of the pyramids day and night, and with the help of the “third eye” monitors the circulation of the planets, Sirius and the rising of the Sun, feeding on cosmic power. In exchange for this he had to make sacrifices. 3. Another legend says that giant statue The mysterious beast is guarded by the “elixir of immortality.” According to legends, the founder of esoteric knowledge, Hermes Trismegistus, owned the secrets of making the “philosopher’s stone,” with which metal could be turned into gold. Also, the “philosopher’s stone” was the basis for the creation of the “elixir of immortality.” According to legend, Trismegistus was the son of an Egyptian god named Thoth, who built the first pyramid on the banks of the Nile and erected the Sphinx next to the pyramid complex in Giza, designed to protect the recipe for the “elixir of immortality”, which was hidden in its depths.
LEGENDS
  • 4. Initially, in myths, the Egyptian Sphinx retained the features of a lion with the head of a man. He wandered along the roads near Parnassus, devouring passers-by. In the myths of the ancient Greeks, the Sphinx is a monster born of Typhon and Echidna, with the body of a lion, the face and breasts of a woman, and the wings of a bird. Having settled on a mountain near the city of Thebes, the Sphinx asked everyone who passed by a riddle - “Which living creature walks on four legs in the morning, on two in the afternoon, and on three in the evening?” Those who failed to solve the riddle were killed by the Sphinx. Oedipus was able to give the answer - “Man in childhood, maturity and old age.” After which the Sphinx threw herself off the cliff. 5. The Arabs living in the area called the statue Abul Khol, which means “father of horror.” As philologists have established, the full name of the statue meant “the living image of Khafre.” Thus, the Sphinx was the embodiment of King Khafre with symbols of royal power and the body of the king of the desert. Consequently, in the understanding of the ancient Egyptians, the Sphinx in one person represented a god and a lion guarding its pyramid.
LEGENDS
  • Many mystical teachings and magicians of all times have tried to find magical explanations for the purpose of the Sphinx. Here is what the classic of occultism Eliphas Levi wrote in his “History of Magic”: “Hermes Trismegistus formulated his symbol, called the Emerald Tablet: “What is below is like what is above, and what is above is like what is below, for actions of miracles of one essence." Light is Isis, or the moon, fire is Osiris, or the sun; they are the mother and father of the great Tellus, and she is the universal substance. Hermes Trismegistus states that these forces reached their absolute manifestation at the moment when the earth was created. Four manifestations of a single substance were represented by the Sphinx. His wings corresponded to air, his bull's body to earth, his woman's breasts to water, and his lion's paws to fire. This is the secret of the three pyramids with square bases and triangular faces guarded by the Sphinx. By erecting these monuments, Egypt tried to erect the Pillars of Hercules of universal science.
Sensational secrets of the Sphinx revealed during its renovation
  • Time has been kind to this great monument of ancient history, but people have treated it with much less respect. One Egyptian ruler ordered the Sphinx's nose to be taken off. At the beginning of the 18th century, the giant's face was fired from a cannon, and Napoleon's soldiers fired guns into his eyes. The British beat off the stone beard and took it to the British Museum.
  • Nowadays, the acrid smoke of Cairo factories and car exhaust are destroying the stones. In 1988, a huge block weighing 350 kilograms broke off from the Sphinx’s neck and fell. The emergency condition of the sculpture caused concern among UNESCO. Renovations began, which sparked renewed interest in the mysteries of the Sphinx and the opportunity to re-examine the grandiose sculpture. The discoveries were not long in coming.
  • The first sensation: Japanese archaeologists, led by Professor Yoshimura, using special instruments, first illuminated the massif of the Cheops pyramid, and then examined the stones of the Sphinx. The conclusion was amazing: the stones of the sculpture are older than the blocks of the pyramid.
  • The second sensation: under the left paw of the stone lion, a narrow tunnel was discovered leading towards the Cheops pyramid.
  • The third sensation: traces of erosion were discovered on the Sphinx from a large flow of water that moved from north to south. It was not the flood of the Nile, but a biblical catastrophe that occurred around eight to twelve thousand years BC.
  • Fourth sensation: French archaeologists made an interesting remark: the dating of the Egyptian stream coincides with the date of the death of the legendary Atlantis!
  • Fifth sensation: The face of the Sphinx is not the face of Khafre.
  • It is believed that the Sphinx was built by Pharaoh Khafre 4.5 thousand years ago. For more than half of its life, the sphinx was buried up to its neck in sand. Since it was heavily damaged by erosion, the idea of ​​greater antiquity of the sphinx arose: erosion from water, rather than from sand and wind. Geological research showed the same. 10 thousand years ago there were lakes in the Sahara. Schock and West presented their findings at the Geological Society of America's annual meeting. A furious debate began between geologists and Egyptologists. The front and sides are more susceptible to erosion. Whereas the back part is smaller, which means it was most likely made later. The front is twice as old as the back. How old is the sphinx? At first glance, the face of the sphinx is absolutely similar to the face of Pharaoh Khafre, which seems to prove the time of its creation. But a detailed analysis of all the parameters showed that the face of the sphinx and the face of the pharaoh are not identical. Proportions and shapes do not match. And special studies were done that proved that the faces on the sculpture of Pharaoh Khafre in the Cairo Museum and the face of the Sphinx are different.
Conclusions:
  • The Sphinx has always been considered the keeper of knowledge, the guardian of the portal leading to the world of higher intelligence, a symbol of the strength of human nature... The personification of the unity and balance of the forces of nature of the earth with higher powers, living in the Universe. Everything came together in the Great Sphinx. The perfect symbol of initiation into eternal life. And the mystery of the origin of the Sphinx goes back to time immemorial. What do we know about those times? Practically nothing, but the legends and myths that have survived to this day raise many questions and practically do not provide answers to them. However, it can be assumed that in the mists of time a highly developed civilization existed on our Earth, and its representatives, possessing developed science, could foresee the coming catastrophe and try to preserve their knowledge for future generations. One of the ancient legends says: “When the Sphinx speaks, life on Earth will go out of its usual circle.” But for now the sphinx remains silent...
  • When was it built? When was it reconstructed? In honor of whom and by whom it was created... Most likely, there will never be exact answers to these questions... After all, the deeper science advances, the more questions arise...
Fourth group: What mysteries do the Egyptian pyramids hold?
  • ? MYSTERIOUS MINE
  • The famous archaeologist John Kinnaman, before his death in 1961, spoke about an amazing adventure that happened to him in his youth. According to him, in 1924 he visited a previously unknown tunnel under the Cheops pyramid. He stumbled upon the entrance to it completely by accident. The scientist claims that after the tunnel he found himself in a room filled with numerous mechanisms of unknown purpose.
  • In 1945, 20 years after Kinnaman's adventure, the son of the King of Egypt, Prince Farouk, wandered near the pyramids. By chance he pressed on some slab at the base of the Sphinx. Suddenly, a hidden mechanism worked, revealing the entrance to a tunnel that led down to large rooms. There, according to the prince, stood... robots.
And in 1998, between the Sphinx and the Pyramid of Khafre, 250 meters from the base of the Pyramid of Khufu, a mysterious shaft filled with water was discovered.
  • ? CONSTRUCTION OF PYRAMIDS
  • Even greater mystery surrounds the treatment of the internal cavity of the sarcophagus. To do this, the Egyptians had to “move from reciprocating cutting to rotary cutting, as if turning a saw into a pipe.” Naturally, none of the Egyptologists managed to find the diamond drills and saws themselves. However, the nature of the surfaces processed by drilling and sawing convinced him of the existence of similar tools among the ancient Egyptians.
  • What kind of instrument this is, how they worked with it, how they maintained such high precision remains a mystery.
? CURSE OF THE PYRAMIDS
  • One strange feature has been noticed behind the Egyptian pyramids: they can have a destructive effect on the most modern and precise equipment. According to some reports, up to 80% of electronic devices that have been near the pyramids fail. Old Cairo residents say that during the Arab-Israeli war of 1967, three Israeli planes that tried to fly over the pyramids of Giza at low level crashed into the sand one after another for a completely unknown reason. Ordinary Arabs explain this as the “curse of the pharaohs.”
“PYRAMID EFFECT”
  • French scientist Jacques Bergier built a cardboard model of the Pyramid.
  • Scientists have made sure that perishable foods are preserved for a long time in the Pyramid model.
  • A pendulum suspended over the top of the model swings to the side or rotates slowly around the top.
  • Plants first gravitate towards the east, then describe a semicircle, moving from south to west.
  • Czech inventor Karel Drabal adapted a similar model for self-sharpening razor blades in 1959, and received a patent for this unusual invention. According to Drabal, he shaved with the same blade, placing it in the model overnight, more than two thousand times! It is believed that the pyramidal shape captures cosmic energy.
? PYRAMIDS - A CHRONOLOGICAL BEACON TO THE MEMORABLE DATE
  • Using a computer, it was possible to reconstruct the starry sky above Great Pyramid in 2500 BC. It turned out that in those days one of the southern corridors of the Cheops Pyramid was precisely directed towards the star Sirius, which the Egyptians identified with the Goddess Isis. Another southern corridor pointed to the lower of the three stars that make up Orion's Belt, a constellation believed to be the home of the God Osiris, who brought civilization to the Nile Valley.
  • The use of a computer made it possible to calculate the exact coincidence of the Orion Belt and the three largest Egyptian pyramids - this moment belonged to 10642 - 10546 BC. BC, although all three pyramids were completed around 2500 BC, the plan for the complex at Giza was drawn up 8000 years earlier! It was passed down from generation to generation until the time when it was possible to combine internal corridors with the direction to the desired stars!.
?PYRAMIDS - KNOWLEDGE STORAGES
  • The pyramid complex tells in the language of geometry the mathematical, astronomical and geographical knowledge of the ancient Egyptians - from the number "pi" to the diameter of the globe.
CONCLUSIONS
  • Based on the information studied, the students came to the conclusion that the secrets of the Egyptian pyramids have interested scientists since time immemorial. There are many different theories about the origin, construction of the pyramids, and their mysteries.
  • And at the present stage, many mysteries remain unsolved.
Informational resources
  • Art of the countries of the East. - M., 1986
  • Encyclopedia for children. - M., 2000. T.1
  • Chemist I.A. How to teach world artistic culture. – M., 1994
  • Large department of World History. General history of art. http:\\artyx.ru
  • Fine arts: history, styles. ah, styles. http:\\www/ arhystory.ru
  • Story Ancient world. Electronic supplement to the textbook for grade 5 http:\\www/ancienthistory.srb.ru

 

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