Construction of a fountain: types, principle of operation, necessary equipment and water supply. How a fountain works Show your child how a fountain works

The principle of operation of a solar-powered fountain

Nowadays it has become fashionable to move to summer period from the city to the countryside. Fresh air, drinking tea with family or friends, children frolicking on the green lawn, a small gazebo and a pond with a fountain - this is what most modern country houses look like. It is the murmur of water that creates a romantic atmosphere, as if hypnotizing with its quiet overflow, relaxing and calming. They humidify and refresh the air in a country plot or in a garden. summer heat. Their cool streams reflect the sun's rays, shimmering and sparkling, turning into a multi-colored rainbow that delights site owners and random passers-by. The place near this decorative structure, where water flows quietly or shoots upward in numerous streams, will become a favorite resting place. Fountains are not just a place for relaxation, but also additional moisture for garden plants.

What are solar powered fountains?

Today, traditional fountains are being replaced by solar-powered fountains, the main advantage of which is that you don’t have to pay a penny for their use. Fountains are easy to install because they do not require an electrical supply; in addition, they can be installed anywhere - on a lawn, pond, or patio. Such fountains operate from UV rays falling on a solar battery, which can be located directly in the bowl of the fountain or mounted on a remote panel, which can be installed at a considerable distance from the fountain itself - in the sunniest place. In this case, the fountain itself can be located even in a shady place.

The cost of fountains is low, and the ease of installation, which does not require an electrical supply, and the variety of different-style models available on the market (single- and multi-level, in the form of cascades and springs, with sprinklers and using sculptures, with different numbers of moving and static jets, etc.) making them more and more popular.

They are often equipped with a backlight and a battery, so that you can admire the extraordinary spectacle even at night. You can turn the fountain on and off using the remote control, as well as control the lighting.

Types of decorative elements

Nozzles are the simplest thing that can be used when constructing fountains. If they are not enough, you can select other decorative elements, the choice of which is unlimited. Some will like a huge beautiful stone, others will prefer boulders of various sizes and shapes, assembled into a complete structure, figurines (fish, animals, frogs) or kitchen utensils adapted for this - teapots, jugs, watering cans, etc. Depending on the power of the existing pump , water can flow calmly down the walls of stones, shoot out like a geyser, or flow in cascades from one container to another.

Fountains made of plastic, glass, ceramics, metal or other natural materials look amazing. The imagination of designers knows no bounds.

Natural stone still remains an expensive material, so it is rarely used by summer residents. But fountains made of artificial stone look no worse, and in terms of strength and wear resistance they are practically not inferior to expensive garden decorations made of natural stone. The material synthesized on the basis of acrylic resin - polystone, which is actively used in the creation of fountains, is characterized by great durability, resistance to ultraviolet radiation and temperature changes. The combination of resin with various pigments and aluminum hydroxide allows you to create real masterpieces with a uniform and smooth surface that does not form cracks.

Small fountains that turn on at sunrise and run until the last ray of light goes out have already gained a lot of fans. They are easy to install and maintain, require no wiring, and change the exterior of your home in incredible ways.

Installation methods

As already mentioned, fountains can be with built-in photocells that accumulate solar energy, which are located in the bowl, and with a remote element. The first ones can be used in places open to sunlight - balconies, terraces, lawns. The latter are installed under trees, in gazebos, along shady paths, and in any place where the sun does not penetrate, because the panel can be placed in a sunny area, and a wire can be stretched from it to a bowl located at a great distance.

Solar Fountain Care

To ensure that the effectiveness of this water source does not decrease, contaminants are periodically removed from the fountain and cleaned of leaves. For the winter, it is recommended to move them to a warm and dark room.

Advantages

Fountains have always been a classic form of garden and park design. They have not lost their popularity these days. On the contrary, they have found a rebirth thanks to the emergence of new materials used in their creation and innovative technologies, for example, solar energy storage. Fountains powered by a pump solar energy, present a worthy alternative traditional and massive garden decorations. Solar fountains have the advantages of traditional ones, but are distinguished by simple installation, a variety of styles and designs, and a minimal set of components consisting of a pump, a solar battery, wire and pipe. More expensive models have a rechargeable battery designed to ensure that the fountain does not stop working even at night.

In addition, the solar fountain kit may include: power adapters, which are responsible for the operation of the fountain indoors, as well as nozzles that change the height of the jet. In order to create a play of light on the surface of the water and in the water stream, they are often equipped with special lighting. The advantages also include the mobility of fountains, allowing them to be moved to the right place. But still, the main advantages are unpretentiousness and autonomy. That is, once you install a fountain on your site, you can enjoy its view, forgetting about maintenance and without fear of electricity bills.

Flaws

The main disadvantage of these fountains is the unstable stream, depending on sunlight, which can change during the day, as well as the cessation of operation in dark time days, the impossibility of regulating the power of the jet. In addition, solar radiation can initiate the operation of the pump that supplies water to the fountain, in winter time. In this case, it quickly fails. Therefore they are recommended for winter period store in a dark room. Moreover, this will only take a few minutes.

Under the influence of sunlight, the photographic plate generates a current, which is supplied to the pump, causing the latter to drive water in the direction provided by the design. The battery stores excess charge, which is used when the solar panel is idle.

A fountain that moisturizes and refreshes the air in the summer heat will be a decoration for a suburban area or garden. Its cool streams reflect the sun's rays, shimmering and sparkling, turning into a multi-colored rainbow that delights site owners and random passers-by. The place near this decorative structure, where water flows quietly or shoots upward in numerous streams, will become a favorite resting place.

Cost of autonomous solar-powered fountains

There are fountains powered by solar panels typically smaller than their traditional counterparts. The price depends on the power of the motor, the number of attachments included in the kit and the presence of a battery. Simple models can be purchased at a price 1200 rubles, and more “sophisticated” ones can cost 900 thousand rubles.

Typically, the capital's fountains begin to work as soon as warm weather sets in. This happens in the last days of April. In 2014, the official opening of the fountain season took place on April 30. On this day, between 3 and 5 p.m., 45 of the city’s most beautiful water features began operating.

However, Moscow is famous for the fact that on its territory there are more than 500 fountains of different sizes and architecture.

There are 560 different fountains in Moscow.

The remaining architectural structures began their work a little later, as soon as they passed all checks and were completely ready for launch.

VDNKh, according to a long-established tradition, began to delight all tourists, city guests and residents of the capital with beautiful fountains a little earlier, namely: on April 11, one could see the launch of the water alley and the famous “Friendship of Peoples” fountain.

Every day at 8 am all Moscow fountains turn on and continue their work until the evening. The sound of the water stops only at 11 p.m., and on weekends holidays- by midnight. Therefore, despite a busy work schedule, everyone can always enjoy the view of their favorite fountains or relax nearby, breathing in the air filled with water spray, so unusual within the boundaries of a big city.

Some fountains can be seen around the clock, because... they do not interrupt their work. These are water features located on Poklonnaya Gora and Manezhnaya Square, as well as fountains near Kievsky railway station and at the Kutuzovskaya interchange.

The most unusual fountains in Moscow

The unsurpassed and magnificent fountain “Friendship of Peoples” is worth seeing at least once for everyone who finds themselves in Moscow. It amazes with its size and lush gilded decoration. Jets of water, creating unusual patterns, fly into the air to a height of up to 24 meters.

By ear huge amount people "Alley of Fountains", located near the exhibition center. About 1000 cubic meters of water circulates in a large number of beautiful fountains, which are included in the list of cultural monuments.

The capital's fountains are decorated with various lighting and musical accompaniment.

The fountain called “The Veil” is extremely popular during hot days. It consists of a large number of thin streams of coda forming a vault. By walking under it, you can breathe freshness and cool down a little.

3 fountains “Joy of Victory”, which are located in Moscow, on Poklonnaya Hill, have 6 bowls, they go in a semicircle, capturing the Museum building in the south-eastern part. They are called segmental, due to the fact that they divide this semicircle into segments.

The jet nozzles, which stand in bowls in the form of transparent glasses, were previously installed on the “Four Seasons” fountain, which is located on Manezhnaya Square.

The trial launch of the fountains takes place in mid-April, and they are finally launched every year, according to tradition, on April 30, when the city mayor opens the fountain season.

Coordinates: 55.73320000,37.51076800

Riga Fountain

In 2007, a fountain was installed in the center of the square near the Rizhsky railway station in Moscow, which has the appearance of a traditional European water intake structure, consisting of an octagonal bowl, decorated with bronze ornaments along the edges of the octagon and a column located on a pedestal in the center. The top of the column is crowned by a caravel made of bronze and forged copper, 2.1 meters high, rotating on an axis. The fountain is faced with white, red and brown granite. The details are made of bronze and artificial granite. At the bottom of the pedestal there are niches in which streams of water flow from decorative elements. The jets and water mirror are illuminated by hidden lamps located under the inner edge of the parapet of the fountain bowl. The height of the composition including the caravel is 12 meters.

Fountain "Table"

Produce indelible impression various fountains of Ukrainian Boulevard. Among them is the "Table" fountain - a bowl decorated around the circumference with original elements, from which many jets of different heights emerge vertically.

Fountain-rotunda "Natalia and Alexander"

The rotunda fountain "Natalia and Alexander" was installed in honor of the bicentenary of Alexander Sergeevich Pushkin.

The fountain was installed near the Church of the Ascension of the Lord outside the Nikitsky Gate. It was here that Alexander Sergeevich Pushkin married Natalya Nikolaevna Goncharova.

The rotunda fountain was built according to the design of architects Mikhail Belov and Maxim Kharitonov. The sculptural composition was made by sculptor Mikhail Dronov.

According to the architects, the new monument should have been harmoniously combined with the architectural image of the famous church. A couple in love - Alexander and Natalya - is surrounded by columns, which are crowned by a dome covered with a special composition that imitates gold.

The monument attracts many loving couples and newlyweds who come here for wedding photo sessions.

Coordinates: 55.75764800,37.59754200

Fountain "Friendship of the Peoples of the USSR"

The fountain “Friendship of the Peoples of the USSR” is one of the main attractions of Moscow. It was erected according to the design of engineer V.I. Klyavin and the famous architect K.T. Topuridze, the construction work was carried out by a team led by A.I. Bazhenova and I.M. Tchaikov. The building embodied the ideals of peace and friendship, which were the central policy line and main strategy of the USSR in the early 50s.

The fountain has a granite stepped base that resembles a flower and smoothly turns into a cup-shaped sheaf of sunflowers and ears of corn. Near it are installed figures of 16 girls, which symbolize the republics that were part of the USSR before 1956. They shimmer beautifully in the light of the sun, as they are covered with gold leaf.

The surface of the water mirror of the fountain occupies an area of about 4 thousand square meters, and the volume of the bowl of the structure is 4000 cubic meters. In 2009, the “Friendship of the Peoples of the USSR” fountain was reconstructed - engineering communications were updated, excellent lighting was installed, which changes 16 times an hour, and supporting structures were strengthened.

Coordinates: 55.82981800,37.63172000

Geyser Fountain

The Geyser Fountain is the main fountain of Manezhnaya Square and the most important fountain of the capital. Every year, on April 30 at 17:00, a small performance takes place here, at the end of which the Mayor of Moscow pronounces the words “Turn on the fountains!” and pours water from a special crystal horn into the “Geyser” bowl, and the first jets rise towards him.

The fountain's jets shoot sharply upward, fall and shoot out again, like a volcano geyser. The fountain is the main thing of the entire fountain complex, which runs from the Alexander Garden to Manezhnaya Square. It was installed in 1996. Since that time, only the jet design has changed; initially the jets flew up in the form of transparent glasses.

The fountain, on Manezhnaya Square in Moscow, “Geyser”, includes a composition consisting of four horses in the center of the fountain - “Four Seasons”, each of the horses symbolizes a certain time of the year. The sculptor of the entire composition is Zurab Tsereteli.

Coordinates: 55.75584600,37.61602900

Fountain "Pillars"

If you move from the Kievsky railway station to Kutuzovsky Prospekt along Ukrainian Boulevard, the first fountain that you will encounter on the way is “Pillars”. The fountain is an irregularly shaped pool, from the water of which a series of powerful single jets shoot straight upward.

Fountain complex "Years of War"

The fountain complex, called “Years of War,” was opened in Moscow, on Poklonnaya Hill in honor of the 50th anniversary of the Victory in 1945. The complex consists of five fountains located along Kutuzovsky Prospekt and is part of the Victory Memorial, which includes a museum, an obelisk, a church and sculptural compositions.

An original solution is the red illumination of the fountain jets in the evening, which symbolizes the color of blood spilled on the battlefields. And the jets of the fountains installed opposite the Church of St. George the Victorious shoot out like a festive victory fireworks.

The entire fountain complex operates around the clock; maintenance of the facilities is carried out from a single place.

Coordinates: 55.72968400,37.51168000

Fountain "Music of Glory" in Kuzminki

The light and music fountain complex "Music of Glory" was opened on May 7, 2005 on the 60th anniversary of Victory in the Great Patriotic War.

According to the architects' idea, the fountain was built as a monument, similar memorial complex on Poklonnaya Gora. In one large octagonal bowl there is a whole complex of fountains, where the main components are the “Pyramid of Memory” and the “Victory Fanfare”.

In the center of the bowl there is an amphitheater made of pink granite - the “Victory Wreath”. The bottom of the bowl is divided into a black half and a white half.

On the black half there is a tetrahedral ten-meter “Pyramid of Memory” made of red granite. The four sides of the pyramid symbolize four years of war. The pyramid is washed by the water of the fountain, creating the feeling that the entire fountain is mourning for the fallen.

The "Victory Fanfare", located on the light half, consists of seven silver columns of different lengths, rushing into the sky and united by military flags. The height of the fanfare is about 21 meters. "Victory Fanfare" symbolizes the music of victory over the fascist troops. Under the columns there is a white granite stone.

The fountain operates in two main modes - everyday and festive, which is accompanied by dynamic color and light-music effects. Several scenarios have been developed for the holiday mode, including “Battle”, “Mourning”, “Victory Salute”, “War Waltzes”.

In the south-eastern district of the capital, the fountain is one of central places for walks of Muscovites.

Fountain "Youth"

Located almost opposite the Ukraine Hotel. In the center of the fountain there is a gilded sculpture by A. Burganov. The design is an elegant bowl with an openwork gilded bottom and water jets that directly create the image of the vessel itself. A tall gilded pillar emerging from the center of the bowl is crowned with a sculpture of a running girl. In the evening, the fountain is illuminated by decorative lighting.

Fountain "Adam and Eve"

The Adam and Eve fountain was opened in honor of the 860th anniversary of Moscow near the Novokuznetskaya metro station.

The sculptural composition was designed by a group of architects led by Viktor Simonikhin. The sculptor is Marina Levinskaya.

The fountain is a large bowl made of granite. At its center are Adam and Eve, who are sitting on a snake. Eve is holding an apple in her hands. Next to them is an openwork tree on which birds and insects, covered with gold leaf, sit. Water cascades into the bowl and to the sides. In the evenings, the stream of water is decorated with multi-colored lighting.

There is a flower garden around the fountain.

Coordinates: 55.74194600,37.62909600

Fountains on Poklonnaya Hill

The complex of fountains on Poklonnaya Hill is located in the west of Moscow. 5 fountains along Kutuzovsky Prospekt are called “Years of War”. It contains 15 fountain bowls, each of which has 15 vertical jets. Their total number symbolizes the 225 weeks that the Great Patriotic War lasted.

Fountain "World Clock"

The World Clock fountain is the main dome of the Okhotny Ryad underground shopping arcade. This is a watch with a unique dial, on which the names of cities are indicated. The glass dome rotates slowly and makes a full revolution in a day. You can use the clock to find out the time in major cities world with an accuracy of five minutes, hence the name of the fountain.

To determine the time using the World Clock, you need to know some subtleties. The rotating dome is divided into 24 sectors, which are the time zones of the Earth. The lower ring with numbers remains motionless. At what number the time zone intersects with the fixed panel, there are so many hours in this city now. And minutes can be determined by the lamps: one burning lamp means 5 minutes.

Coordinates: 55.75587500,37.61583800

Fountain "Cascades"

The various fountains of Ukrainian Boulevard make an indelible impression. Among them is the “Cascades” fountain, along the steps of which water smoothly flows into the pool located below. There is a balcony above the steps from where you can look at the flowing water.

Fountain Vitali

The Vitali Fountain is located on Theater Square. This is the oldest operating fountain in Moscow. It was opened in 1835 and was called Petrovsky - after the former name of Teatralnaya Square. According to the author - sculptor Ivan Vitali - 4 cupids are placed under the fountain bowl: Poetry, Tragedy, Comedy and Music. At that time, the fountain was not just a decoration. Due to the insufficient development of the capital's water supply, city residents collected water from it for their needs, and watered horses here.

Today the Vitali Fountain is an ancient monument and an interesting landmark of modern Moscow. The first winter LED lighting was installed on it. There are also many legends and rumors surrounding this object. According to one of them, it is believed that under the fountain there is an entrance to the secret Metro-2.

Coordinates: 55.75787500,37.61979500

Fountain "Stone Flower"

The "Stone Flower" fountain is truly a miracle of architecture; its amazing shapes were inspired by Bazhov's fairy tales. This beautiful fountain adorns Kolkhoz Square at VDNKh.

The light and music fountain in Tsaritsyn Park is a masterpiece of engineering and a delightful, incomparable spectacle. Its magical melodies can be heard from any side of the pond in the center of which it is located.

There is nothing in Moscow similar to the light and music fountain in Tsaritsino in terms of effect and scale. Just imagine.

The fountain consists of 12 circles, represented by 915 jets of water that rise to different heights(up to 30 m).
In the dark, the water is illuminated with multi-colored underwater lamps, of which there are about 4 thousand.
Water gushes thanks to 90 pumps and 1.5 thousand valves.
Over 35 km of cable were laid underwater.
The height of the jets, their direction, the dynamics of water pressure and lighting - all this is controlled by a computer in harmony with the sounding melodies.
The fountain’s repertoire includes four musical compositions: “Waltz of the Flowers” and “March” by Russian composer Pyotr Tchaikovsky and two works by Frenchman Paul Mauriat.

From September to May the fountain is not operational. It is covered with a special giant dome, which preserves the structure from atmospheric influences.

Symphony of the Four Elements

Near this big and very beautiful fountain It's nice to be on a hot summer day. The cascades exude coolness and peace. But the most exciting extravaganza begins with the arrival of darkness.

An already beautiful fountain, dancing to the sounds of beautiful music, suddenly transforms into something incredible. Streams of water, illuminated in an unknown harmony by thousands of lamps of all possible colors and shades, become like shimmering northern lights. Magical, bewitching, delightful, wonderful - these are the epithets that amazed spectators bestow upon this fountain.

But no words can convey the wondrous metamorphosis: the pressure of water bursting from the ground suddenly transforms into a play of streams with lights of light, into the flickering of millions of splashes in the evening air. All this, already a wonderful mixture, meets above with beautiful overflows of sounds created by the geniuses of great composers. An extraordinary, fabulous vision. This is how the four elements - water, fire, earth and air - are transformed under the influence of the fifth element - man - and give birth to beauty and greatness, transforming both nature itself and the human soul.

Video:

Address: Moscow, st. Vozdushnaya, 1, the nearest metro station is Tsaritsyno station.

Opening hours: V summer time Mon. – Sun. – 09:00-24:00.

Photos of the fountain:

Panova A.R. 1

Makhalina E.N. 1

1 Municipal educational institution "Secondary school No. 16" of the Kopeisk urban district

The text of the work is posted without images and formulas.
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Introduction

Fire, water, earth, air - all life revolves around the four natural elements. Man has long learned to use them to his advantage. Each of us perceives the murmur of water, just like the ticking of a clock, dancing flames or clouds floating across the sky, strictly individually. It depends on the person’s temperament, his mood and well-being. Sound guides, as a rule, allow you to relax and calm down, recharge with new strength and think.

One day I came across a book to read on physics. Leafing through it, I saw that you can make a fountain at home. I was interested in two questions: how the fountain works and whether I could make it myself at home with the help of adults. Current This topic is also because it is now popular to have decorative fountains at home.

Object of study: fountain

Subject of study: operating principle of various fountains

Target: identifying the features of the flow fountain and Heron’s fountain

Tasks:

1. study various sources of information on this topic;

2. study the operating principle of a flow fountain and Heron’s fountain;

3. conduct an experiment; analyze, draw conclusions.

Hypothesis: if we find out how the fountain works, we might be able to build a model to demonstrate it

Research methods: experiment, observation, analysis, generalization.

Chapter 1. general characteristics fountains

1.1. Fountains: history

The first fountains appeared in Ancient Egypt and Mesopotamia, as evidenced by images on ancient tombstones. Initially they were used for watering cultivated crops and ornamental plants. The Egyptians built fountains in orchards near the house, where they were installed in the middle of a rectangular pond.

Similar fountains were used in Mesopotamia and Persia, which were famous for their beautiful gardens. Here in the East they gained even greater popularity.

Fountains were of great importance in China and Japan. Buddhist monks participated in the creation of the famous Japanese garden in Kyoto. Each element of this garden carries a special meaning and evokes a certain mood and state of mind in visitors.

The landscape and architectural basis for fountains and gardens in Europe were Persian gardens. In the Middle Ages, gardens appeared at monasteries and, like the Persian garden, were divided into four parts - for flowers, herbs, vegetables and fruit trees. In the middle of the garden there was a well or fountain - a place of solitude, reflection and prayer for the novices of the monastery. But basically, as in Ancient world, in the Middle Ages, fountains were used as sources of water supply - for irrigation and drinking.

Only with the beginning of the Renaissance did fountains in Europe become part of architectural ensemble, its bright accent, and sometimes its main element.

In modern fountains, advanced technologies and new inventions play a significant role.

1.2. How do fountains work?

The fountain's design is based on the principle of communicating vessels. (Appendix, Figure 1) In communicating vessels of any shape and cross-section, the surfaces of a homogeneous liquid are set at the same level. The water is collected in a container located above the fountain basin. In this case, the water pressure at the outlet of the fountain will be equal to the difference in water heights. Accordingly, the greater the difference between these heights, the stronger the pressure and the higher the fountain jet hits. The diameter of the fountain outlet also affects the height of the fountain jet. The smaller it is, the higher the fountain shoots. (Appendix, Figure 1)

Fountain of Heron. (Appendix, Figure 2) The device consists of three vessels placed directly above one another and communicating with each other: the two lower ones are closed, and the upper one has the shape of an open bowl into which water is poured, as well as into the middle vessel through a hole in the bottom of the bowl , then closed. Through an open tube running from the bottom of the bowl almost to the bottom of the lowest vessel, water flows down from the bowl and, compressing the air there, thereby increasing its elasticity. The lower vessel is connected to the middle one through an open tube, starting at its upper bottom and going to the upper bottom of the middle vessel, so that the air located here above the surface of the water is also compressed. By exerting pressure on the water, the air forces it to rise from the middle vessel through a special tube, drawn almost from its bottom to the upper bowl, where a fountain gushes from the end of this tube, rising above the surface of the water. The height of the fountain, under ideal conditions, is equal to the difference in water surface levels in the middle and lower vessels. But friction of the liquid moving in the tubes and other reasons reduce the height of the fountain. The fountain water falling into the bowl flows from it through a tube into the lower compartment of the device, where the water level gradually rises, and therefore the height of the pressure column, measured from the said level to the water level in the bowl, gradually decreases; The water level in the middle vessel decreases as the fountain consumes water. For these two reasons, the height of the fountain gradually decreases and, finally, the movement of water stops.

The column of water in the upper vessel reaches its surface in the lower one, creating excess pressure in the lower vessel. Compressed air from the lower vessel transfers the resulting pressure to the middle vessel. (Appendix, Figure 2)

1.3. Types of fountains

Natural. Naturally formed fountains called geysers are known - as, for example, in Kamchatka.

Technogenic. An artificially created fountain is a gushing oil well. Batteries of multiple hot water fountains are used to cool water in thermal power plants. Decorative. In everyday life, a fountain is a specific hydraulic structure that usually performs a decorative function. Have a utilitarian function drinking fountains , allowing for increased hygienic safety when quenching the thirst of the mass consumer. Drinking fountains are used to ensure drinking conditions in educational institutions and production workshops. Musical. A musical fountain is a type of fountain that has an aesthetic design and, when combined with music, creates an artistic performance. The effect is achieved through the intersection of water waves and light effects created by spotlights or lasers.

1.4. Fountains in everyday life

A beautiful fountain is an excellent cure for stress, from the hustle and bustle of everyday life for city residents, an oasis of peace and joy, a place for relaxation and introspection.

Chapter 2. Experimental basis of the project

From the proposed operating principles of fountains, we built a flowing fountain operating on the law of communicating vessels, as well as Heron’s fountain.

2.1.Creation of the “City of Fountains” model (based on communicating vessels)

Equipment:(Appendix, Fig. 3; Photos 1-6)

A container for collecting water, 2 plastic bottles of the same size (water reservoirs), a dropper tube, an aquarium tube,

2 gel pen tips, 2 dropper tips, cardboard, glue, colored paper, fountain container, decoration.

2.Secure two plastic bottles (water tanks) to the supports.

3. Attach to them in the first case - 2 tubes from the dropper, in the second case - 2 tubes from the aquarium.

4. Lead the tubes through a container to collect water

5. Attach the tip from the dropper to the tubes in the first case, and in the second case - the tip from the helium pen.

6. Give an aesthetic appearance to the structure.

7. Conduct an experiment.

Research: Experience No. 1(appendix, photo 7, 8, 9, 10)

“Dependence of the height of the jet in a fountain on the relative position of communicating vessels”

Progress: By changing the height of the tank, with a constant diameter of the hole, we measured the height of the fountain jet.

Conclusion: the height of the fountain jet depends on the height of the vessel: the higher the vessel, the higher the fountain jet

Experience No. 2 ( application, photo 11)

“Dependence of the height of the jet in a fountain on the diameter of the hole”

Progress: Without changing the height of the reservoir, we took different tips: from a dropper and from a helium pen and measured the height of the jet.

Conclusion: The smaller the diameter of the outlet, the greater the height of the fountain jet.

Experiment No. 3 ( appendix, photo 12) “Dependence of the height of the jet in a fountain on the diameter of the tube of the communicating vessel”

Progress: Without changing the height of the tank, leaving the tips from the aquarium, we changed the tubes.

water tanks

vessel height

holes

jet height

with an aquarium tip

holes

jet height

with an aquarium tip

Conclusion: The larger the diameter of the tube, the higher the height of the fountain jet.

2.2. Creation of the “Heron’s Fountain” model

Equipment: ( Appendix, photo 13 - 19)

A container for collecting water, 2 plastic bottles of the same size (water reservoirs), a tube from a dropper, a tube for an aquarium, 2 tips from a helium pen, 2 tips from a dropper, cardboard, glue, colored paper, a container for a fountain, decorative design.

Process development

1. Preparation of the workplace, tools, materials.

2. Connect three identical-sized plastic jars together.

3. We create a tight seal of the containers and their connection points.

4. Before sealing, insert the tubes (Appendix, Scheme 1)

5. Conduct an experiment.

Study was that if we assembled the structure correctly, the fountain would work .

Principle of operation:

Bowl. Let's call it the starting point - the start from which the liquid begins its movement in the system of Heron's fountain. This is an ordinary open container made like a bowl or plate. From it, water flows through a thin tube into an empty container located at the very bottom of the fountain.

Bottom empty container. It serves two purposes. First, the water flowing from the bowl compresses the air contained in it and thereby creates the pressure necessary to push the water upward in a stream. And, secondly, water collects in it, which creates this pressure (that is, the water that flows down). Here it remains until the next recharge of the fountain.

The upper container - when charged, it contains water. It is this liquid that is pushed out in the form of a thin stream of water. It is pushed out thanks to compressed air - the pressure formed in the lower flask. This air enters the upper flask through a thin tube, displacing liquid from there, which, pouring out like a fountain, again enters the bowl, from where, again, it flows into the lower flask.

Conclusion: the diagram is correct - our Heron fountain works

Conclusion

I really enjoyed working on the fountain. It turned out quite beautiful. It was a very large and complex practical work, and of course, there were things that I did not succeed in, or did succeed in. I learned a lot about fountains and their history. I conducted some experiments and drew conclusions.

Not all fountains use communicating vessels

in communicating vessels, a homogeneous liquid tends to be at the same level

the fountain flows not only due to the difference in heights of water in communicating vessels

things that can work independently, without external source energy, not so much, and Heron’s fountain occupies a special place among them. Its main advantage is that it works thanks to the natural laws of nature, without spending external energy.

Information sources

1. Kirillova I.G. Physics reading book. 6-7 grade. A manual for students. Comp. I.G. Kirillova. M., “Enlightenment”, 1978

2. World of fountains. [Electronic resource]. - URL: http:// www. mirfontanov.ru /fountain_history.html

3. Spyshnov P. A. Fountains. Description, designs, calculations. - M., 1950.

4. Dancing water. [Electronic resource]. - URL: https://www.ivd.ru/dizajn-i-dekor/aksessuary/tancuusaa-voda-4687

5. Fountains. [Electronic resource]. - URL: https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki

6. Fountain of Heron. [Electronic resource]. - URL: https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/

7. Fountain of Heron: how to make it. [Electronic resource]. - URL: http://nw-ps.ru/fontan-gerona-kak-sdelat/

Applications

Figure 1. Fountain based on communicating vessels

Figure 2. Fountain of Heron

Figure 3. Layout of the “City of Fountains”

Scheme 1. Operating principle of Heron's fountain

Photo 1- 6. Creation of the “City of Fountains” layout

Photo 7. Pour water into the water tank Photo 8. Measure the height of the containers

Photos 9, 10. We measure the height of the fountain jet (primary result)

Photo 11, 12. We measure the height of the fountain jet (final result)

Photo 13. Material for the Heron fountain

Photo 14, 15. Treat surfaces with sealant

Photos 16, 17, 18, 19. Assembling the model of the Heron Fountain

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