Emphasize the most incredible reason for the formation of islands. How islands appear: interesting information. “Discovery” of new knowledge

We are entering a century in which education, knowledge, and professional skills will play a decisive role in a person’s destiny. Without knowledge, by the way,

becoming more and more complex, it will simply be impossible to work, to be useful... A person will introduce new ideas, think about things that a machine cannot think about. And for this, a person’s general intelligence will be increasingly needed, his ability to create new things and, of course, moral responsibility, which a machine cannot bear... a person will have the most difficult and complex task of being not just a person, but a person of science, a person who is morally responsible for everything that happens in the age of machines and robots. General education can create a person of the future, a creative person, a creator of everything new and morally responsible for everything that will be created.

Learning is what a young man now needs from a very young age. You always need to learn. Until the end of their lives, all the major scientists not only taught, but also studied. If you stop learning, you won’t be able to teach. For knowledge is growing and becoming more complex. We must remember that the most favorable time for learning is youth. It is in youth, in childhood, in adolescence, in adolescence, that the human mind is most receptive.

Know not to waste time on trifles, on “rest”, which sometimes tires more than the hardest work, do not fill your bright mind with muddy streams of stupid and aimless “information”. Take care of yourself for learning, for acquiring knowledge and skills that only in your youth you will master easily and quickly.

And here I hear the young man’s heavy sigh: what a boring life you offer our youth! Just study. Where is the rest and entertainment? Why should we not rejoice?

No. Acquiring skills and knowledge is the same sport. Teaching is hard when we don’t know how to find joy in it. We must love to study and choose smart forms of recreation and entertainment that can also teach us something, develop in us some abilities that we will need in life.
Learn to love learning!

C1. Make a plan for the text. To do this, highlight the main semantic fragments of the text and title each of them.
C2. What, in the author's opinion, will be the role of man in production in the 21st century? Indicate any two qualities that, in the author’s opinion, would be necessary for a person.

indicate the year and formation of the very first day of the ancient Russian state of the Eastern Slavs, write down the name of the form on the united lands and their capital

names and years of reign of the first Kyiv princes

GOOD PEOPLE, HELP PZHL IF IT’S NOT DIFFICULT, 65 PKT

The social structure of a society is not rigid; vibrations and movements constantly occur in it, i.e. it is characterized by social mobility. Social mobility is a change by a social group or individual in its social position. The term “social mobility” was introduced into sociology by P. A. Sorokin, who considered social mobility as movement along the social ladder in two directions: vertical - movement up and down, horizontal - movement at the same social level. During periods of social change, there is mass group mobility. In stable periods, social mobility increases at the time of economic restructuring. In this case, education is an important “social elevator” that ensures vertical upward mobility. Social mobility is a fairly reliable indicator of the level of openness or closedness of a society. In modern society, social mobility gives rise to the phenomenon of social marginality. Marginality is a concept that characterizes borderline, intermediate, cultural phenomena, social subjects and statuses... Marginalization implies a break, the loss of objective belonging to a certain social community without subsequent entry into another community or without complete adaptation to it. A marginalized person is a person who is related to two different groups, without completely belonging to either of them... The marginalized person’s subjective idea of ​​himself and his objective position are contradictory: he is placed in a situation of struggle for survival. Therefore, a marginal personality has a number of characteristic traits: anxiety, aggressiveness, unjustified ambition. The social behavior of a marginalized person creates difficulties both for the person himself and for the people communicating with him. For a long time in sociology, marginality was assessed negatively. Recently, sociologists have changed their attitude towards it, seeing in this social phenomenon positive side. (Minaev V.V., Arkhipova N.I., C1. Based on the text, indicate the feature that defines the essence of social mobility. What are (according to P.A. Sorokin) the main directions of social mobility? C2. Under what two social conditions, according to the authors , education is an important “social lift”? Explain any of these conditions. C3. Who do the authors call marginal? Give a definition and, based on knowledge of the social science course and the facts of social life. C4. Recently, as the authors note, sociologists saw a positive side to marginality. Specify three manifestations.

Islands are small areas of land that are surrounded by water on all sides. Man has always been interested in how they are formed and why they have such a diverse shape and appearance. Some of them are only rock formations, while others have incredible flora and fauna that have been formed here as a result of long-term isolation.

The question of how islands appear has been considered by scientists for quite a long time and more than one or even two answers can be found. There are many reasons for the emergence of these land areas. One of the main reasons for the emergence of an island is a long process of movement of the earth’s crust, as a result of which one of its sections “bulges out”, forming a fold on which the island is formed.

But there are also opposite processes that make it clear how the islands located within England and Ireland were formed. The fact is that in this place thousands of years ago there was land that united England with the rest of Europe, but as a result of tectonic processes, the earth’s crust in this place sank and separated the land area from the rest of the continent. One should not think that this process was instantaneous; it took nature many decades to complete the process.

This is how the archipelago appeared - as the group of islands connected by a single location and proximity is called. In some cases, the formation of an island (in a fire belt) can be observed in real time. This applies, first of all, to islands of volcanic origin. In places where the bottom is close to the surface of the ocean, volcanoes can erupt, throwing out hot lava, which becomes the basis for the future island.

It’s worth thinking about eruptions before you go to live on the islands, since the volcanoes that formed them can “wake up” at any moment. Although, if you want to pick safe place for life, you can choose the island that was created by the labor of billions of small sea creatures. This construction work is carried out by coral polyps, creating real works of art in places of accumulation. And their limestone shells become the basis for the island.

The secrets of the formation of the islands contain answers to how Easter Island, which was once part of a larger land, was inhabited. And if we talk about coral reefs, then it takes thousands of years and warm tropical seas to create such islands. Man also has an impact on nature, creating artificial islands on a floating basis in conditions of overpopulation. Nature still has many secrets that only future generations of scientists will be able to unravel.

The islands vary in size: from small, nameless coral islands to Australia, a huge continent. Animal and vegetable world The islands are separated from the main land by water. This means that island plants and animals are isolated from other plants and animals.

How are islands created?

Islands are created in two ways. The first is when part of the land is separated from the main land. For example, Madagascar and New Zealand formed this way 20 million years ago. They had plants and animals on them from the very beginning.

Another way islands form is when volcanoes at the bottom of the sea eject so much solid rock that new islands form in the ocean. This is how the Galapagos and Hawaiian Islands. There was no life on such volcanic islands at the time of their formation.

Guests of the islands

Seabirds spend most of their lives at sea, feeding on fish. They appear on islands in the middle of the ocean to make nests where there are few predators to threaten the chicks.

Frigate birds have large wings and small legs. They attack other birds, force them to regurgitate their food and then dive in and eat it.

Albatrosses have the largest wingspan of any bird. The wandering albatross spends most of its time in the air. It feeds near Australia and builds nests on the islands of the South Atlantic.

Blue-footed boobies nest on the ground of the South Pacific islands. They eat fish and swim well.
Puffins make nests by digging holes in the banks. The beak color of males remains bright only while attracting a female.

New islands

Most of the new islands are of volcanic origin. Once upon a time the volcano stopped erupting and turned into just rocks. Soil gradually appeared on them, plants grew and animals came.

Winds and ocean waves erode rocks into very small pieces. This process is called erosion. Animals that fed in the sea, such as seabirds, seals and sea lions, were the first to appear on the islands. They multiplied where there were no predators. Their secretions gradually broke down, mixed with solid particles, and formed soil.

Plants of the new islands

Over time, soil appears on the new islands and plants can grow. They produce seeds that help plants spread. Wind, water, and birds and other animals transport the seeds. Some plants have seeds covered with numerous hooks. They are carried by catching on bird feathers or animal fur.

Other plants, such as figs, produce fruits that contain seeds. Animals eat the fruits and then the seeds fall out in the feces. The seeds of plants such as orchids are so light that they are dispersed by the wind. Other plants, such as thistles, have heavier seeds and are equipped with feathery parachutes that are picked up by the wind. Coconuts are the seeds of palm trees. Their shell is waterproof, so they are easily transported by the sea.

Vegetarian animals can survive if they appear on islands where there are many edible plants. These are the second animals, after seals and seabirds, to settle on new islands.

Animals of the new islands

In order for an animal species to survive on a new island, the first animal to arrive on the island must be capable of reproducing (producing young), so it must wait until a mate appears. Animals that can fly, such as birds, bats and insects, can cross bodies of water. They easily reach the shores of new islands and begin to reproduce.

Land animals such as squirrels, iguanas and toads only cross oceans by accident if they are washed out to sea. They rarely reach new islands. It is assumed that new type animals appear on Hawaii (islands in Pacific Ocean) only once every 12,500 years.

Target:

  1. To introduce students to the characteristic features of islands and peninsulas;
  2. Learn to find and show islands and peninsulas on a map.

Visibility:

  1. Physical map of the world and Russia.
  2. Presentation “Islands and Peninsulas”.
  3. A sheet of information about the origin of islands and peninsulas.
  4. Plates with the names of islands and peninsulas.
  5. Task cards.
  6. Textbook by A.A. Vakhrushev “The world around us – 2nd grade”, Moscow. – Bustard, 2008.

During the classes

1. Organizational moment:

– Wish each other good luck.

– What is needed for successful work?

2. Knowledge updating and formulation problematic situation:

– Read the lesson topics carefully and choose only those that we have studied:

Mountains, map, rivers, plan, peninsulas, plains, lake, islands.

– Arrange the cards as we studied these topics.

- Turn over the cards. (Great success begins with little luck.)

– This phrase will help us in class.

– What cards are left?

- Let's turn them over too.

-What is this? (envelopes)

- Let's see what's in them. (Tasks)

– Task 1: Ob, Lena, Amazon – this is... . Explain what a river is.

– Task 2: Indian, Pacific, Arctic – this is... . Explain what the ocean is.

– Task 3: Madagascar, Greenland, Kamchatka, Hindustan - this is... .

- What do we do?

- How to find out?

- Let's look at the map on the flyleaf of the textbook at the beginning.

– Guys, why couldn’t you immediately give a clear answer to the question?

– What do you think our lesson will be devoted to?

– Lesson topic: “Islands and peninsulas.”

– What do you think, what are islands and peninsulas?

– What hypotheses and proposals will you have?

3. “Discovery” of new knowledge:

– What questions would you like to receive an answer to regarding our lesson topic?

– Having analyzed your wishes, we must receive answers to the following questions:

  1. What is an island and a peninsula?
  2. Is it land or water?
  3. Origin.
  4. Location.
  5. Islands and peninsulas of Russia.

4. Physical education minute

5. “Discovery” of new knowledge:

– Let’s find the answer to the first question: what is an island and a peninsula? Open the textbook on p. 75 and read.

– I think you will immediately answer the second question: what do islands and peninsulas belong to?

– Let’s think about the third question: origin. Will help you leaf (Appendix 2) on the desk. Read it carefully.

– What interesting things have you learned about the origin of islands and peninsulas?

– The next question is related to the location of islands and peninsulas.

– The map on the flyleaf of the textbook will help us with this.

– I show you a sign with the name of an island or peninsula, and you look for it on the map in pairs. Whoever copes shows a sign of readiness and demonstrates the island or peninsula on physical map peace on the board.

– Imagine that you are travelers, on which of the islands or peninsulas of Russia would you like to be.

– Before going on a trip, you need to know about the place where you are going, so at home you will have to prepare a message about the selected island or peninsula.

6. Independent use knowledge:

– You and I have learned a lot about islands and peninsulas, and now let’s check how you can apply the acquired knowledge?

– Tasks in the workbook p. 38 No. 3, p. 40 No. 6.

– Whoever completes it first can complete another task on p. 40 No. 7.

– Let’s check: How is the mainland different from the island?

- Which one is the best? incredible reason island formation?

7. Summary:

– Summarizing using Edward de Bono’s “Six Thinking Hats” method.

8. Homework:

– Prepare a message about the island or peninsula that interests you.

 

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