The Eternal City and its inhabitants. The “Eternal City” and its inhabitants Ruins of the Great Circus

Thousands of residents of Italy and the provinces sought to get to Rome. Some came on trade business, others wanted to get a profitable position. But everyone was attracted to gladiatorial games, chariot races and triumphal processions.

The city was decorated with palaces on the Palatine Hill, statues of gods and emperors, temples and porticos, and numerous fountains.

Columns were built to glorify emperors at many Forums.

On the column itself there were bas-reliefs with scenes of the life of the emperors, and the columns were crowned with multi-meter statues of the emperors.

The huge Colosseum amphitheater, which could accommodate 50 thousand spectators, stood out for its size and beauty. Construction was carried out over 8 years, in 72 - 80, as a collective construction of the emperors of the Flavian dynasty. For a long time, the Colosseum was for the residents of Rome and visitors the main place for entertainment spectacles, such as gladiator fights, animal persecution, and naval battles. Under Emperor Macrinus, it was badly damaged by fire, but was restored by order of Alexander Severus. In 248, Emperor Philip still celebrated the millennium of Rome's existence there with great spectacle. Honorius in 405 banned gladiatorial battles as being inconsistent with the spirit of Christianity, which became the dominant religion of the Roman Empire after Constantine the Great; however, animal persecution continued to occur in the Colosseum until the death of Theodoric the Great. After this, sad times came for the Flavian Amphitheater.

Another attraction of Rome was the Pantheon temple (literally - the temple of all gods). The Pantheon was crowned with a dome that looked like half a ball. There was a huge hall inside the temple. There was a hole in the center of the dome through which light penetrated.

Rich, prosperous Romans lived on the hills, where there was a lot of fresh and clean air. There were no windows in the main room of the house; 4 columns supported the ceiling. There was a swimming pool in the house where rainwater fell. Here the owner of the house received guests who came on business. And he invited only close friends to the house, to the fragrant garden. There were many bedrooms in the house. The house also contained an office, slaves' bedrooms, a dining room, and a storage room.

Most Romans could not have their own home, so they rented housing in 5-6 storey buildings. The poor huddled in little rooms under the roof tiles. There were no signs on the streets with street names and house numbers. Slops often poured out of their windows onto passers-by. There were no stoves; on damp and cold days, residents warmed themselves with braziers, into which charcoal was poured. Food was prepared right there. The poor often ate dry food. The windows of the houses had no glass and were closed with shutters.

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MBOU "Kirzhemanskaya Secondary School" of Chamza district of the Republic of Mordovia Presentation for a history lesson in grade 5 on the topic: " The eternal City and its inhabitants" Teacher: Loginova V.I.

The three-span Arch of Constantine, built in 315 and dedicated to the victory of Constantine. This is the only arch in Rome built in honor of victory not over an external enemy, but in civil war. The arch is 21 m high, 25.7 m wide and 7.4 m deep. The main part of the monument is made of marble blocks.

Colosseum (from Latin colosseus - huge, colossal) Construction of the large amphitheater of the entire ancient world, with a capacity of over 50 thousand people, was carried out over eight years as a collective construction of the emperors of the Flavian dynasty. It began to be built in 72 AD. e. For a long time, the Colosseum was for the residents of Rome and visitors the main place for entertainment spectacles, such as gladiator fights, animal persecution, and naval battles.

The Pantheon is the “temple of all gods” in Rome, a monument to the centric-dome architecture of Ancient Rome. Built in 126 AD. e.

domus (lat. domus) - a mansion house of one kind.

Insula is a multi-storey residential building with rooms and apartments intended for rent. Appeared no earlier than the 3rd century BC. e..The upper floors were occupied mainly by the poor, while the wealthier segments of the population rented apartments on the first floors. Most apartments were unheated and poorly lit. With the exception of some of the first floors, there was no water supply or sewerage system.

Thermal baths - antique baths; In Rome, baths arose according to the Greek model and became centers of public life. Roman architects developed an efficient central heating system with heated floors and walls. In the baths, water and air were heated using a furnace, which was then circulated under the floor and in the wall cavities. Double coverings were used to prevent the floor from being very hot. Inside, the walls of the baths were decorated with marble or plastered.

The Great Circus is the largest hippodrome. Situated in a valley between hills. 12 chariots could simultaneously take part in competitions at the hippodrome.

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The city of Rome celebrates its 2766th anniversary this year. The history of the city is its monuments, which amazed with their grandeur and scope at all times. It is no coincidence that the city of Rome is called the Eternal. In today's lesson we will take an unusual tour of ancient city, let's plunge into the atmosphere imperial Rome.

Background

In II AD. The Roman Empire reached its peak (see lesson). The center of the huge empire was the city of Rome. 372 stone-paved roads led from it to all ends of the empire (provinces), and every thousand steps signs appeared indicating the distance to Rome. Rome and its major buildings, such as the Pantheon, were designed to embody the idea of the power and greatness of the empire.

Events

Major structures in Ancient Rome

During this period, more than a million people lived in Rome. Thousands of residents from Italy and the provinces sought to get to Rome every day. Some came on trade business, others wanted to get a profitable position in the service of the emperor. Some came to watch the gladiatorial games in the Colosseum (Flavian Amphitheater), which seated about 50 thousand people, or the chariot races in the Circus Maximus.

The main attraction of Rome was the Pantheon (temple of all gods). The Pantheon is topped with a dome that looks like half a ball. The temple is built of brick and concrete, and the inside is lined with marble (Fig. 1).

The central square of Rome was the Forum (Fig. 2). Here was the temple of Saturn, the temple of Vesta, the keeper of the hearth, the Milliarius column (from which the distance was measured not only in Rome, but also outside it), and the buildings of the curiae were located in which the Senate met and trials were held.

Rice. 2. Roman Forum ()

Each emperor sought to build his own forum. This is how the Forum of Caesar, the Forum of Augustus, the Forum of Trajan and others appeared in Rome.

The Romans loved to visit the theater. The first permanent stone theater was built around 55 BC. e. commander Gnaeus Pompey the Great. The Theater of Marcellus was built in 12 BC. e. and could accommodate 11 thousand spectators. The actors used masks and colorful clothes so that the audience understood who was in front of them - an old man or a young maiden. All roles in the Roman theater were played by men. The theatrical craft was considered an unworthy occupation.

One of the most visited public institutions in Rome were baths - thermal baths (Fig. 3). In total, there were more than a thousand public baths in Rome. The largest and most luxuriously decorated baths were built by order of Emperor Trajan. The Romans came here to relax and enjoy a pleasant conversation; sports grounds, swimming pools and libraries were also located here.

Rice. 3. Roman baths ()

Rome was largest city empire, it was called eternal, golden, or simply - the City.

Bibliography

A.A. Vigasin, G.I. Goder, I.S. Sventsitskaya. Story Ancient world. 5th grade. - M.: Education, 2006.
Nemirovsky A.I. A book to read on the history of the ancient world. - M.: Education, 1991.
Ancient Rome. Book for reading /Ed. D.P. Kallistova, S.L. Utchenko. - M.: Uchpedgiz, 1953.

Slovari.yandex.ru ().
Dic.academic.ru ().
theater.helllab.ru ().

Homework

What public places were the most popular among the Romans?
What public spectacles were staged at the Circus Maximus?
What public institutions were located at the Forum?
Why did the Romans visit the baths?

On the left bank of the Tiber lived a tribe of Latins. King Numitor ruled in one of their cities. He had a younger brother Amulius. He took away the power from Numitor, and forcibly made the king’s daughter Rhea Sylvia a vestal - the priestess of the goddess of fire and hearth Vesta. Now the girl must live in the temple of Vesta and throw firewood into the hearth of the goddess Vesta. She was forbidden to marry or have children. But Rhea Silvia gave birth to two twin boys a year later. She swore that these were the children of the god of war Mars.

Upon learning of this, Amulius ordered the children to be drowned and Rhea Silvia locked in prison. The servants threw the basket with the brothers into the Tiber and left, but the basket caught on a tree branch and did not drown. A she-wolf came running to the children's cry. She fed the children with her milk, and soon a shepherd found them and took them to his home.

The children were given the names Romulus and Remus and raised them. The children grew up as shepherds and hunters. Having learned about the secret of their birth, they decided to take revenge. They, armed, came to Amulya's house and killed him. And power was returned back to Numitor. In those places where the she-wolf found them, they decided to found a city.

The brothers quarreled. Rem chose one of the hills for the city, and Ronol - another. When Romulus was building the wall of the city, Remus mocked him and Romulus struck Remus, the blow was fatal. Romulus founded the city and named it Rome after his name. Romulus became the first king of Rome.

The city on the hills and its inhabitants

The Romans believed in the legend of the twin brothers and were proud that the founder of their city was the son of the god of war, Mars. But there is another assumption about the origin of the city of Rome. Several settlements lived on the Tiber hills near the sea. They gradually united, built common fortifications and elected common rulers. So from these settlements on the Palatine, Capitoline and other hills the city of Rome arose.

The ancient Romans lived in round huts, the walls of which were made of willow twigs and coated with clay on top. Near the huts there was a garden and a vegetable garden, and outside the city there were fields and pastures.

The Romans grew barley and wheat, grapes and flax. They raised cattle, pigs, horses and donkeys. They were engaged in blacksmithing, weaving, and making pottery.

While fighting with other Latin cities, they stole cattle from their neighbors, seized weapons and slaves, and most importantly, pastures and arable land.

The architecture of the "Eternal City" and its inhabitants

Thousands of residents of Italy and the provinces strive to get to Rome. Some came on trade business, others wanted to get a profitable position in the service of the emperor. Everyone was attracted to gladiatorial games, chariot races, triumphs and all kinds of holidays. The city was decorated with palaces on the Palatine Hill, statues of gods and emperors, temples and porticos, and numerous fountains. Triumphal arches and the columns reminded of the victories of the rulers of Rome.

The huge Colosseum amphitheater, which could accommodate about 50 thousand spectators, stood out for its size and beauty. Another landmark of Rome was the Pantheon (temple of all gods). The Pantheon is topped with a dome that looks like half a ball. There is a huge hall inside the temple. In the center of the dome there is a hole through which light pours. The Pantheon is built of brick and concrete, inside it is lined with marble of brownish-golden tones.

Interior view of the Pantheon

Mansions on the city hills.

The richest Romans lived in their own mansion houses, which were located on the hills, where the air was healthier and cleaner. There were no windows in the main room of the house; four columns supported the ceiling. It had a through quadrangular opening, under which there was a pool where rainwater fell. In this room, the owner of the house received visitors who came on business. And he invited only close friends to go inside the house, for example, to the garden courtyard surrounded by porticoes. Flowers were fragrant in the garden and fountains were flowing. The mansion had several bedrooms and dining rooms, an office for the owner, and a room for slaves.

Multi-storey buildings in the lowlands between the hills.

Most Romans could not afford to own their own home. They rented housing in five-six-story buildings that belonged to the rich and gave their owners a hefty income. In such a house, the lower floors were rented out as shops and taverns, and the upper floors were rented out as rooms and apartments. The poor huddled in little rooms under the roof tiles.

Man, bad to someone who knows the city, it’s not easy to find the right street or house. There were no signs with their names on the streets, or numbers on the houses. It was easy to get the wrong address and mistake one multi-storey building for another: all these houses were sadly monotonous, and the streets on which they were located were dirty and narrow. Due to the cramped space, there was no room for trees and flower beds. Passers-by were in danger: broken dishes, all kinds of garbage were flying from the windows, and slop was pouring out.

Live in multi-storey buildings was full of inconvenience. There were no stoves. On damp and cold days, residents were warmed by braziers, where charcoal was poured. There were no real kitchens in the houses: food was also prepared on braziers. The poor often ate dry or on the go, buying hot food and a glass of cheap wine from street peddlers.

The windows in the houses did not have glass and were closed with shutters in bad weather. Then even during the day you had to light a lamp. Water was not supplied to the apartments; it was taken from city fountains and dragged up steep stairs. Dirt and stench accompanied the Romans who lived in multi-story buildings.

Multi-storey buildings in Rome

After spending the day in the stuffy, cramped streets under the sultry southern sun, the Romans felt the need to wash themselves from head to toe. Every day they visited the thermal baths - that’s what the baths were called. In total, there were about a thousand baths in Rome; the entrance fee to them was small. The Sami built large and luxurious baths at the behest of the emperors. These baths, richly decorated with statues, mosaics and wall paintings, were located in shady parks. Before swimming, on the sports grounds, those who wished played ball, competed in running, wrestling and weight lifting. Having run around, covered in dust and sweat, they went to wash. But first in comfortable changing rooms They gave their clothes to the guard for safekeeping. Then we went into a room with warm water, a steam room, or plunged into a pool under open air. The thermal baths were intended for bathing only. They had libraries and study rooms. Here you could meet friends, find out last news and gossip, get a fashionable hairstyle, eat delicious food.

Roman poetry and philosophical and political thought.

In Rome, many people studied philosophy.

Life of the rich and poor in Rome

Rome during the imperial period was decorated with magnificent forums and public buildings - theaters, baths, amphitheaters. Luxurious imperial palaces and the houses of the Roman nobility, porticoes and basilicas formed slender architectural ensembles, decorated with sculptures and reliefs. Horace wrote with bitterness about the disappearance of the former simplicity and modesty previously inherent in the ancient Romans. However, the poor population of Rome lived in rented premises, four- or five-story insulae, dilapidated, collapsing and often subject to fire. Juvenal gave sketches of the life of the poor, constantly suffering humiliation and suffering from the high cost of living in the capital of the world.

About agriculture in Rome

Lucius Junius Moderatus Columella, a native of Spain, lived for a long time in Italy and was well aware of the peculiarities of the development of Italian agriculture, an occupation which he considered the most honorable for a Roman citizen. Columella wrote a treatise “On Agriculture”. In it, he noted the negative consequences of the expansion of their holdings by Roman landowners - poor soil cultivation, refusal to cultivate the highest varieties of grapes and olive trees, and the low quality of slave labor.

The only pure and noble way to increase your wealth is Agriculture... Now we neglect independent management of the economy on our estates and do not attach any importance to appointing an experienced person (or, if ignorant, then a very energetic one) as a foreman (manager), who will soon become familiar with what he does not know... In the acquisition of land , as in any matter, there must also be a measure. One should own as much as is necessary to give the impression of people who bought the land in order to become its masters, and not put the burden on themselves and snatch from others the opportunity to use this land. This is usually done by nobles who own entire countries, which they cannot even bypass and which they leave to be trampled by herds and devastated by wild animals, or keep there citizens and slaves who are indebted to them.

When everything is thus arranged, it is required that the master should show the greatest care for everything, and especially for people. The latter are either colons, or slaves, free or chained.

On individual estates, where it is difficult for the owner to visit, all categories of land will be in better condition if they are cultivated by free colonies than by slaves, especially grain fields, which are much smaller than vineyards and trees, degrade from the owner’s colonies and suffer the most damage from slaves who hand over bulls, the slaves graze them and other livestock poorly, do not carefully turn over the ground, indicate a much higher consumption of grain than they produced good shoots; They daily reduce the amount of grain collected for threshing by cheating or negligence, since they themselves steal it and do not protect it from other thieves.

Christianity

Christianity is one of the world religions, the central image of which is Jesus Christ (Greek Chistus - anointed), according to Christian doctrine, the founder of the religion, the God-man, who accepted death on the cross to atone for human sins, then resurrected and ascended to heaven. The name of Christ gave the name to the religion. It is currently assumed that there was a real historical figure behind the image of Jesus Christ.

Bible

The Bible is a collection of works of different times and different characters from the 8th century. BC. - 2v. BC, considered Holy Scripture. The Bible consists of two parts: the Old Testament and the New Testament. The Old Testament is a collection of selected works of ancient Jewish literature. The New Testament is a collection of books of Christian origin, setting out the foundations of Christian teaching and mythology. The books of the Bible are divided into chapters, and the chapters into verses.

The Old Testament consisted of three sections. The first section includes the Pentateuch (five books: Genesis, Exodus, Leviticus, Numbers, Deuteronomy, the authorship of which is attributed to Moses). The second section consists of the Books of the Prophets, attributed to the political and religious leaders of the Jewish people, which tell mainly about their deeds. The third section includes the Scriptures, containing psalms, parables, two books of wisdom, chronicles, and the Song of Songs. The books of the Old Testament are considered sacred by the Jewish and Christian religions.

The New Testament consists of four gospels about the life of Jesus (Matthew, Mark, Luke, John), the Acts of the Apostles, the Epistles of the Apostles, and the Revelation of John the Theologian. The books of the New Testament are recognized as sacred only by Christianity.

Roman clothing

The Romans put a tunic directly on the body - a woolen shirt with short sleeves, which was belted and pulled so that in front it went down just below the knees. Only the poor allowed themselves to walk around the city wearing only a tunic. Wealthy Romans wore a toga over their tunic. It was a large oval-shaped piece of woolen material. They wrapped themselves in a toga so that the right shoulder remained open. It was difficult to do this, beautifully arranging the sweets, without the help of a slave.

The toga was white. Citizens who held important government positions wore a toga with a wide purple stripe along the edge. The victorious commander wore a toga painted purple and embroidered with gold.

A Roman who wished to take the post of consul appeared in a snow-white toga, bleached in a chalk solution. This toga was called candida. This is where the word “candidate” arose, that is, a person seeking to occupy a position.

Features of Roman names

Every Roman had three names. For example, Tiberius Sempronius Gracchus. The first - Tiberius - was a personal name. The second indicated belonging to one or another patrician or plebeian family (Tiberius was from the Sempronian family). The third name - Gracchus - was a family nickname. Sometimes another nickname was assigned for special merits. Thus, the famous commander Publius Cornelius Scipio, after his victory over Hannibal, received the nickname Africanus. There were few personal names, the most common were: Mark, Publius, Lucius, Gaius, Tiberius, Gnaeus.

Women bore only a family name. For example, Tiberius Gracchus's sister was called Sempronia, and his mother, who was the daughter of Scipio, Cornelia.

If the master set the slave free, he gave him his family name. Thus, the author of Roman comedies was a slave from Africa, freed for his talent. They began to call him Terence Afr.

Famous Roman People

There are many in Rome famous people who wrote works, did something scientific, invented something, etc.

Guy Sallust Crispus (86-35 BC) - Roman historian, belonged to the popular party led by Julius Caesar, and held a number of government positions. After the death of Caesar, he stopped engaging in politics and began to study literature. He wrote such works as: “The Conspiracy of Catiline”, “The War with Jugurtha”, “History”. Sallust's narratives are concise, emotional, and contain apt, aphoristic phrases.

Titus Livy (59 BC - 17 AD) - Roman historian, wrote the well-known work “Roman History from the Foundation of the City” in 142 books.

Dionysus of Halicarnassus, a Greek historian, a contemporary of Titus Livy, wrote the work “Roman Antiquities,” which consisted of 20 books. Dionysus tried to give an overview of Roman history from legendary times to 264. BC. The significance of his work is that he, using the works of early annalistic historians, gave information that differed from the messages of Livy.

Polybius (c. 200-120 BC) is one of the largest ancient Greek historians. He was critical of his sources and attached great importance to the historian’s personal acquaintance with the countries and theaters of military operations he studied, believing that one should trust one’s eyes more than one’s ears. Traveled a lot. He wrote “General History” in 40 books.

Marcus Tullius Cicero (106-43 BC) - brilliant orator, lawyer, writer, statesman. His speeches, letters, treatises provide valuable material for studying the most diverse aspects of the life of Roman society in the most difficult period, full of dramatic events. His philosophical treatises serve as a valuable source for characterizing the intellectual life of Rome. Cicero's speech against Gaius Veres exposes the unlimited arbitrariness of the governor of the province, his shameless robbery of the people of the province for the purpose of his own enrichment.

Marcus Porcius Cato is a prominent statesman, orator, historian, author of the historical work “Elements” and the treatise “Agriculture.” Cato considered agriculture to be the most honorable occupation for a Roman citizen. In the treatise “Agriculture”, he gave a description of an exemplary medium-sized villa, typical of central Italy, new means of farming that ensure the rapid enrichment of the owner, advice on how to rationally exploit slaves, organize supervision over them, and make the most profitable use of the fork.

Appian, a native of Alexandria, a Greek, a Roman citizen, was enrolled in the class of horsemen and became a major official. In old age, he wrote “Roman History,” in which he outlined the events from the founding of the city to the first decades of the 2nd century. n. e. “Roman History” is structured in a unique way. Each of her 24 books represents the history of a particular people. Appion, having a negative attitude towards slave uprisings, nevertheless covers them quite fully. For Appion, the slave revolt is “war.”

L. Aney Florus - wrote a review of Roman history, focusing on the wars that Rome waged first with its Italian neighbors, and later with the peoples of the Mediterranean.

Gaius Suetonius Tranquillus, a lawyer and secretary of Emperor Hadrian, wrote the work “The Lives of the Twelve Caesars,” in which he gave biographies of Roman emperors from Caesar to Flavius Domitian. Using the imperial archive, Suetonius left a lot of interesting data, but at the same time he paid attention to insignificant facts and anecdotes.

Dion Cassius Cocceian is a native of the city of Nicaea. During the reign of Emperor Komoda, he received the right of a senator and held government positions. He wrote "Roman History", which is another attempt to outline the history of the Roman state from the founding of the city to 229. n. e.

Titus Lucretius Carus created a wonderful philosophical poem “On the Nature of Things,” which was distinguished by high artistic merit. Lucretius, a convinced follower of ancient Greek atomism, represented in the teachings of Epicurus, set out in the poem a materialist doctrine of nature and society. He argued that matter is eternal and infinite. Everything, the poet wrote, consists of indivisible principles - atoms that cannot be created or destroyed. Lucretius tried to give a scientific explanation of the origin of man and society and free people from religious superstition and fear. Lucretius's poem rendered big influence on the subsequent development of philosophical thought.

Lucretius wrote his first book in 931-934. In it he taught knowledge, tried to extract the human spirit from superstitions.

Publius Virgil Maro was the largest poet of the Principate period - the “golden age” of Roman literature, and the eldest member of the literary circle. He sang of the peaceful life established with the rise of Augustus to power, the princeps, and the ancient simplicity of morals. The poet’s major work is “Bucolics” - a collection of shepherd’s songs that glorify rural life, love and silence. Another work, “Georgics,” is also dedicated to rural activities: arable farming, viticulture, and cattle breeding. The poet's most famous work was "The Aeneid", an epic poem about the wanderings and exploits of Aeneas - the hero of the Trojan War, the legendary founder of the Roman state, the divine ancestor of the Julian family. Virgil, imitating Homer, wrote in sonorous, powerful verses about the greatness of Rome, the princeps, and declared the right of the Romans to rule over other nations. IN ancient Rome The Aeneid received universal acclaim.

Quintus Horace Flancus, the son of a freedman, a member of the Maecenas circle, created the best lyric poems in Latin poetry. In graceful satires, odes, and epistles, perfect in form, we find various subjects. Like Anacreon, he wrote about love, the joys of friendship, the transience of life, and the delights of rural life. The work of Horace, the singer of the Principate, was characterized by political motives. The poet severely condemned civil wars, which were disastrous for the Roman people, and worried about the fate of the state, which he compared to a ship dependent on the raging elements of the sea. Horace attached high social importance to the poet's work. His poem "Monument" caused many imitations.

Publius Ovid Naso is an outstanding Roman poet. He dedicated his early cheerful elegies to love motives. At 8 n. e. for an unknown reason, Augustus exiled Ovid to the city of Toma, remote from Rome, located on west coast Black Sea. There Ovid, yearning for his homeland, family and friends, wrote beautiful messages full of sorrow, rightly ranked among the best works of world poetry.

Decimus Junius Juvenal, a Roman satirist, in angry verses denounced the vices of his time: the despotism of the emperor's power, the depravity of the Roman aristocracy, the rich freedmen, the general decline of morals. His satires are full of sympathy for the poor people suffering from the high cost of living in Rome and the contempt of the people around them. Juvenal writes with bitterness about the humiliating, plight of representatives of intelligent professions - teachers, lawyers, poets, who receive insignificant pay for their work. Juvenal's satires are a vivid and valuable source for studying the life of various social strata of Roman society.

Phaedrus is a Roman fabulist, a former slave from Macedonia, freed by Augustus. The material for his work was Aesop's fables and the Roman reality surrounding the poet. He showed the plight of the poor, deceived and offended by the rich, spoke out against the violence and oppression of the nobility, and condemned the vices and injustice of those in power.

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