Ancient city of petra jordan.

Survival

The original city on the rocks is mentioned in ancient legends, in the speeches of sages and even in the Bible. At this place, Moses called water from the rock, so a small local river still bears his name - Wadi Musa, that is, “the river of Moses.” The city of Petra in Jordan is full of mysteries and unique events. It belongs to the new wonders of the world, so today it receives our attention.

From the history In the city of Petra, Jordan not only created history, but filled it with divine meaning. The current location of Petra is near the resort of Aqaba, which is located near Dead Sea

. This is where the “path of incense” once lay. The city is located on the site of the ancient state of Edom, which, according to historical information, was an enemy of Israel. The city of Sela, which means “stone,” is the first settlement on the site of the current settlement. Subsequently, "stone" was translated into "Petra". Rock City is a telling name, isn't it?

In the 3rd-4th millennium BC, Arab nomads from the Nabateans decided to settle in the area. They began to lead a sedentary life, making Petra their fortified capital. There was only one gate in the city, which was visible right through. This really saved the Nabateans from raids. Even the army of the Roman Empire could not take the people prisoner. The Nabataeans themselves joined the Romans in the first century AD.

After the nomads settled in the rocks, the best era for their kingdom began. Petra at this time became a city of political significance. She became widely known. Petra turned into an artificial oasis, where the flow of water was strictly controlled. It happened that the capital of the Nabataean kingdom was flooded by downpours, but the local population used a system of aqueducts, dams and cisterns, thanks to which they not only provided themselves with fresh water, but also supplied it for sale.

Following the fall of the Nabatean kingdom, the Roman Empire ceased to exist. In the 16th century it was impossible to find a single inhabitant in this lifeless desert. There were legends about the city of Petra in Jordan.

The capital of the Nabateans was discovered by the Swiss scientist I.L. Burckhardt in 1812. He had to dress up as a merchant in order to find out from the local hermits the place where the city of Petra was located. Jordan, whose history is full of tragic battles, is inhabited by secretive people. It was only by chance that Burckhardt managed to find out how to get to Wadi Musa and see the ruins of Petra.

Architecture

The structures of the city of Petra, carved into the rock, belong to three periods of world history:

1. Idumean (XVIII-II centuries BC);

2. Nabatean (II century BC - 106 BC);

3. Roman (106-395 AD).

In the Middle Ages, the Teutons and crusading knights lived in the city, but everything they left behind was destroyed by time. Only the rocks withstood the pressure of wind, sun and earthquakes.

The territory of the city of Petra has not been 100% studied; 85% of the buildings remain a mystery. Many more amazing discoveries await us, especially considering that the studied area includes more than 800 architectural monuments.

What does the city of Petra look like?

From the very beginning of the journey, the tourist is plagued by difficulties. The narrow gorge called the Siq, through which you can get to the city, is enclosed in high sheer cliffs. The sun's rays do not touch the bottom, so you will have to navigate the road in the dark. Sometimes the width of the passage narrows to 4-5 meters. It gradually gets lighter, and stone statues on the sides of the passage, carved inscriptions and niches become visible. This passage was formed by nature itself - the gorge was formed as a result of ancient shifts of tectonic plates.

When you finish your journey through the gorge, the sun will blind your eyes with its unusually bright light. The first thing anyone who enters here sees is the building of El Khazneh, or the Treasury of the Pharaohs. This is a local sanctuary that is both a temple and a mausoleum. The date of construction is the 2nd century AD. Why the Nabateans needed this building, history is silent. Only some scientists believe that the Treasury of the Pharaohs is an ancient pagan temple of the goddess Isis. But you and I can admire the work of ancient stonecutters who managed to create a beautiful temple out of rock.

The process of turning stone into a building remains a major mystery for scientists. From the point of view of modern construction, it is not possible to create high building without the use of special scaffolding. But in rocky areas there are no trees to build auxiliary platforms. Presumably, the stonecutters had to climb to the very top of the rock without a safety net, using only their hands, and chisel away at the wall from there. How it was possible to create such a symmetrical and graceful building without the use of bricks and boards is also unknown for certain.

Al Khazneh blocks the view of the Old city on the rocks. Going around the temple, we see a large number of stone houses for various purposes, markets, and administrative buildings. The Roman influence is clearly felt in the columns framing the avenue-street. Larger buildings have their own purpose. For example, Ed-Deir is a monastery that crowns one of the peaks of the rocks. The structure is huge - 50x50 m. Once upon a time there was a Christian church here.

Another larger and grander building is the Roman palace. The three-story building is also called the Palace Tomb. Next to it there are other ritual buildings. An amazing feeling is experienced by a tourist who tries to imagine the huge time gap between him and the beginning of the construction of structures. The buildings have been preserved almost in their original form, because the stone of the rocks is extremely strong.

In the city of Petra in Jordan, whose history is based not only on a religious cult, there are not only sanctuaries. Here you can see ordinary outbuildings, burial grounds and other premises. Cliff dwellings are interspersed with temples. The picturesque Qasr al-bint is a temple dedicated to the Great Mother Goddess.

Tourists are offered to buy detailed map and explore the surrounding area on your own. In addition to the buildings we have designated, you can see a theater, a church, the Temple of the Winged Lions, a real Roman dining room and much more. The territory of the facility is several kilometers.

The ancient theater of Petra seats 6,000 visitors. It is also entirely made of rock and is located in the center of the city. From the spectator rows you can see the burial grounds and main tombs. The time of construction dates back to the first century AD, that is, at the same time when l-Deir arose in Petra.

Not far from El Deir is Jebel Harun. This is the beautiful tomb of Aaron, crowned with a snow-white mosque. Aaron is the brother of Moses, and the structure was erected in his honor during the reign of the Mamluk Sultan.

The cathedral, discovered in the 90s by American archaeologists, is a building extensively decorated with mosaics. Here, in ancient times, documents were kept, written on sheets of papyrus and of great value to the city in the 6th century. All documents were kept in a private archive along with family documents. The decoration of the cathedral is amazing. The nave and altar are made of small marble tiles of different colors. All arches are covered with mosaic patterns.

What's special

Petra has more than a hundred rock structures. On the facades, one might say, the entire history of the construction of the city is carved. Here, in the neighborhood, there are rough, uncouth premises and exquisite ancient temples.

Do not forget that the Nabateans were just nomads, and these tribes are not distinguished by the desire to leave behind a memory for many centuries. Amazing architecture of this people is exclusively a figment of the imagination of an eternal traveler, driven by fear into the rocks, to a place where enemies cannot reach and ruin the tribe.

The city of Petra in Jordan, which for a long time belonged to the closed Nabatean tribe, is distinguished by its originality. Its appearance is original and unlike any other city in the whole world. The extraordinary city, carved into the rock, constantly attracts tourists who are interested in the city of Petra, Jordan, history and architecture.

Fun fact: Petra is sometimes called the “city of roses.” This was due to the rock having a specific red hue.

In 1985, Petra came under the protection of UNESCO as an important element cultural heritage of humanity, and in 2007 Petra was awarded the title of a new wonder of the world.

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Petra (Arabic: البتراء read “Al-Batra”) is an ancient city located in the southwest of Jordan, the former capital of Idumea, and later of the Nabataean kingdom. Located at an altitude of more than 900 m above sea level in the narrow Siq canyon. The capital of Jordan, Amman, is 236 km away.

The ancient city of Petra is one of the new wonders of the world and is also included in the UNESCO World Heritage List. Millions of tourists flock here to see the rock city with their own eyes. The spectacle is truly impressive, as it is impossible to believe that this was created several thousand years ago.

Petra - history of the city

The history of the city of Petra in Jordan began in the 18th century. BC, when the Edomites were the owners here (XVIII - II centuries BC), they laid the foundation for many buildings. Next were the Nabataeans (II century BC - 106 AD), then the Romans, Byzantines, Arabs. And in the XII century. AD the city belonged to the crusaders.

Who built Petra and why?

The name of the city of Petra is translated from Greek as “rock”, and it is not surprising - after all, the entire ancient city consists entirely of stone. It is also called the “pink” city, because at sunrise and sunset the rocks actually glow scarlet and pink.

The rock city of Petra arose due to the fact that the Nabataeans - Arab nomads - were able to control the flow of water, which was important for the area. When there were flash floods here, people used cisterns and aqueducts - this not only made it possible to survive the drought, but also provided income from selling water to travelers.

At that time, the great city of Petra had an advantageous location, being at the crossroads of strategically important trade routes. One of them connected the Persian Gulf and Gaza, and the other connected the Red Sea and Damascus. Caravans loaded with spices endured the drought of the Arabian Desert for weeks. And then the secluded Siq canyon awaited them, which led to Petra.

For several hundred years, the spice trade brought huge income to the city. But after the Romans opened sea routes to the East, land caravans gradually lost the meaning of their existence and Petra became lost city, wrapped in sand.

It is unknown whether we would have known about the existence dead city, if in 1812 the traveler from Switzerland Johann Ludwig Burckhardt would not have discovered and described it.

Sights of the city of Petra

Temples, tombs, baths, colonnades - stone city boasts more than 800 ancient monuments, which are evidence that hardworking and talented people lived here.

To see this wonder of the world, you need to travel several kilometers through the Siq gorge. And this will need to be done on foot. Already here you will be impressed steep cliffs that form the walls of a dark corridor. Coming out of here, the first thing a tourist sees is Al-Khazneh Palace.

El Khazneh Palace is one of the main attractions of Petra; it is the tomb of one of the kings of the Nabataean kingdom. The building is carved into a huge rock, has an elegant pediment and towering columns. To this day, it remains a mystery how the builders in those days managed to create such a structure - without scaffolding (there are no trees in this area) and special equipment. There is a version that the Al-Khazneh Palace was the temple of the goddess Isis.

Walking around the rock in which the palace is carved, you can see many buildings carved in stone - these are former residential buildings, staircases, arches, and even a Roman amphitheater, which once could accommodate about 4,000 spectators.

There are two in the city archaeological museum, many monuments of the biblical chronicles - Mount Aaron, on which the high priest, according to legend, died; Wadi Musa valley; source of Ain-Musa (Moses). Also here you can see Qazr al-Bint - main temple Nabatean kingdom.

Another attraction that amazes with its beauty is the Ed-Deir Monastery, which is located on the top of a cliff. The height of the building is about 45 meters and the width is 50 meters. The monastery has only one room and a staircase that leads to a niche. The square in front of Ed-Deir once had columns and various religious ceremonies were held here. Opposite the monastery, a cafe was organized for tourists so that they could hide in the shade and enjoy the beauty of antiquity with a cool drink.

Excursions to the city of Petra

You can go to Petra on your own or take a tour. To thoroughly explore all the sights, one day may not be enough, so we recommend staying at a hotel in neighboring city Wadi Musa. That's where everything is concentrated tourism infrastructure. are not numerous - there are about 40 hotel properties in the city, prices start from $16, the average cost per day is $70.

What to bring from your trip:

  • souvenirs with colored sand;
  • figurines with landmarks;
  • jewelry.

How to get there

From Amman to Petra it is a 3 hour drive if you follow the Desert Highway. You can also go to " Royal Road", but then it will take 5 hours.

By bus

A bus runs daily from Abdali bus station in Aman to Petra; it leaves in the morning at 06:30, travel time is 3.5 hours. The bus leaves back to Aman at 17:00. The one-way fare is 10 Jordanian dinars (approximately $14).

By minibus

There is also a Wihdat bus station in Aman, from where minibuses depart several times a day. The fare is 5 Jordanian dinars (about $7). Travel time - 3 hours.

From other countries

If you are vacationing in Egypt or Israel, then you also have the opportunity to visit Petra. Almost all resort travel agencies organize tours to Jordan.

Entrance ticket prices:

  • for 1 day - 50 Jordanian dinars ($70);
  • for 2 days - 55 Jordanian dinars ($77);
  • for those arriving in Jordan for just a day, entrance to Petra will cost 90 Jordanian dinars ($127);
  • guide - 50 Jordanian dinars ($70);
  • night excursion(from 20:30 to 22:00) - 17 Jordanian dinars ($24).

106 km from Petra there is another interesting attraction of Jordan - the nature reserve, or Valley of the Moon.

Story

Petra was located at the crossroads of two important trade routes: one connecting the Red Sea with Damascus, the other connecting the Persian Gulf with Gaza off the Mediterranean coast. Departing from Persian Gulf caravans loaded with precious spices had to bravely endure the harsh conditions of the Arabian desert for weeks until they reached the coolness of the narrow Siq canyon leading to the long-awaited Petra. There travelers found food, shelter and cool, life-giving water.

The first European of modern times to see and describe Petra was the Swiss Johann Ludwig Burckhardt, who was traveling incognito. Next to the ancient theater you can see a building from the Edomite or Nabataean era. Monuments built after the 6th century AD. e. practically none, because in that era the city had already lost its significance.

Current situation

Geographical location

These days, about half a million tourists come to Jordan every year to see Petra, whose buildings testify to its glorious past. As tourists walk through the cool, kilometer-long Siq Canyon, around a bend they discover the Treasury, a majestic building with a façade carved out of a huge rock. It is one of the best preserved structures from the first century. The building is crowned by a huge stone urn, which supposedly contained gold and precious stones - hence the name “Treasury”. The canyon gradually widens, and tourists find themselves in a natural amphitheater, in the sandstone walls of which there are many caves. But the main thing that catches your eye is the crypts carved into the rocks. The colonnade and amphitheater testify to the presence of the Romans in the city in the first and second centuries. Modern Bedouins, descendants of the Nabateans, offer tired tourists rides on a camel, sell souvenirs and water their herds of goats at city springs, the waters of which quench the thirst of people and animals. The old cobbled roads of Petra are still used exclusively by camels, horses and donkeys.

Construction

Having learned to skillfully collect water, the inhabitants of Petra also mastered the art of working with stone. The name “Petra”, which means “rock”, is associated with stone. And Petra, indeed, was a city of stone; there was no such thing in the Roman Empire. The Nabataeans, who built the city, patiently carved out houses, crypts and temples from stone blocks. Petra is nestled among red sandstones that lend themselves well to building, and by the first century AD a monumental city had grown up in the heart of the desert.

Al Khazneh

The famous rock temple-mausoleum, “Pharaoh’s Treasury,” as the Arabs call it. The mausoleum was created in the 2nd century. - perhaps in connection with the visit of Syria by Emperor Hadrian. The exact purpose of the structure is not completely clear. There is an assumption that it was originally a temple of the goddess Isis. In any case, many features of the monument indicate that it could have been built by masters familiar with the techniques of architecture of Alexandria of Egypt.

The Al-Khazneh Mausoleum is an example of the greatest skill of ancient architects and stone carvers. It’s worth thinking about what techniques they used to carve the façade, based on what calculations, what preliminary designs? But there are no answers, and one can only make assumptions.

The huge surface of the rock was hewn away. But for this it was necessary to build scaffolding, and there are almost no trees in this area. In the absence of forests, it was possible, without cutting off the entire surface at once, to take advantage of the unevenness of the rock and walk along it, as if on steps. In this case, both the stonemason and the carver started at the very top, cutting out the first step, and then went lower and lower. But how in this case could they determine the required scale of the structure? After all, it’s one thing to mark out a future building and cut it down while standing on scaffolding, and quite another thing to do the same thing while hanging over an abyss. In any case, the experience and skill of the architects and stone carvers who created this magnificent rock mausoleum evoke respectful admiration.

City of Petra

The territory of Petra occupies large area. From the center, where the ruins of numerous buildings are well preserved, no longer rock, but built traditional way, made of stone, it extends for several kilometers.

The main street, stretching from east to west through the entire city, was laid during Roman rule. A majestic colonnade stretches on both sides of it. The western end of the street abutted a large temple, and the eastern end ended with a three-span triumphal arch.

Ed-Deir, a monastery carved into the rock at the top of a cliff, is a huge building about 50 m wide and more than 45 m high. Judging by the crosses carved on the walls, the temple served as a Christian church for some time.

Cultural studies

Herman Weiss in his book “History of Culture: Costume. Decorations. Houseware. Armament. Temples and dwellings. Customs and Manners” mentions the architectural style characteristic of Petra (in the text - “Petrea”):

In the era of decline, Roman architecture abandoned all the laws of architectonics and, obeying the fashion for tasteless splendor, began to create buildings that seemed to be made of soft material, and not built of solid stone. An example of such architectural bad taste is the tomb facades of Petrea.

Water in the desert

Annual rainfall in Petra is only about 15 centimeters. To get water local residents they cut down canals and reservoirs right in the rocks. Over time, almost every drop of rain in and around Petra was collected and stored. Thanks to the water, which the inhabitants of Petra skillfully conserved, they were able to grow crops and raise camels. In addition, they were able to build a city - a center of trade. Water still flows along the entire length of the Siq canyon through winding stone channels.

  • The climactic scenes of Steven Spielberg's Indiana Jones and the Last Crusade were filmed in Petra.

Sources

Links


Wikimedia Foundation.

2010.

    See what “Petra (city)” is in other dictionaries: - (Greek rock) a city in the country of the Edomites, 100 km from the Arabian Gulf, in a valley surrounded by rocks, on the eastern slope of Mount Horus; important in trade with Arabia. P. was originally called Sela (city of rock), in the 9th century. BC... ...

    Encyclopedic Dictionary F.A. Brockhaus and I.A. Ephron City (late 2nd millennium BC - 15th century AD) in the South. Jordan; in the 2nd century BC e. 1st century n. e. capital of the Nabataean kingdom. Cave dwellings, temples, theaters, tombs, etc...

    Big Encyclopedic Dictionary

    Petra is a polysemantic term: Petra is a female name (for example, Italian), analogous to the male name Peter. Nemtsova, Petra top model from the Czech Republic Majdic, Petra skier from Slovenia. Martic, Petra tennis player from Croatia. Bele, ... ... Wikipedia

    City of Petra, Greek. Πέτρα ... Wikipedia - (Sela) (rock), the capital of the Nabataeans (Nabaioth) in Edom, in the Wadi Musa valley, 80 km south. Dead Sea. At the same place, the capital of the Edomites, Selah, was probably previously located (the rock; 2 Kings 14:7; cf. 2 Chronicles 25:12; Isa 42:11; Jer 49:16; Abd 3). On Mount Umm... ...

Brockhaus Biblical Encyclopedia In the heart of Jordan, in the Wadi Musa valley, deep in sandy mountains located amazing city

antiquity of Peter. For many centuries, this unusual city carved into the rock has amazed the imagination of people who come here with its majestic appearance and the pink-red color of all its buildings. Despite the large number of interesting archaeological finds

, Petra is the most recognizable landmark of Jordan and its unique symbol.

Petra is the most famous landmark in Jordan, located 133 km from Aqaba and 262 km south of Amman. There is only one way to get to the city - through the narrow Siq gorge, which was once the bed of a mountain stream. Petra still belongs to the Bedouins, who warmly welcome guests on their land, make and sell souvenirs, and offer tourists rides on horses and camels.

It can take two to three days to explore Petra's more than 800 attractions. The temple-palace of El Khazneh, carved into the rock, has become world famous; its height is 42 m and its width is 25 m. There are many secrets and mysteries associated with this amazing ancient structure.

The exact date of construction of the amazing palace is not known - presumably it is the 1st or 2nd century BC, i.e. the period when Petra was under the rule of the Roman Empire. The true purpose of El Khazneh is not completely clear. The bizarre interweaving of various architectural styles suggests that there could be a temple of Isis or a tomb of ancient kings. Until now, scientists cannot say exactly how the palace was built.

The beautifully preserved Nabataean city of Petra is listed world heritage UNESCO and annually attracts many tourists from all over the world with its beauty and mystery.

Al-Khazneh Temple-Palace, Petra, Jordan

Today I will tell you about the main attraction of Jordan - the ancient city of Petra. It is located in the territory of modern Jordan, at an altitude of more than 900 m above sea level and 660 m above the surrounding area, the Arava Valley, in the narrow Siq canyon. The passage to the valley is through gorges located in the north and south, while from the east and west the rocks drop vertically, forming natural walls up to 60 m in height. In 2007, Petra was chosen as one of the new Seven Wonders of the World.

Petra was located at the crossroads of two important trade routes: one connecting the Red Sea with Damascus, the other connecting the Persian Gulf with Gaza off the coast Mediterranean Sea. Caravans departing from the Persian Gulf, loaded with precious spices, had to courageously endure the harsh conditions of the Arabian desert for weeks until they reached the coolness of the narrow Siq canyon, leading to the long-awaited Petra. There travelers found food, shelter and cool, life-giving water.

For hundreds of years, trade brought Petra great wealth. But when the Romans opened sea routes to the East, the land trade in spices came to naught and Petra gradually became empty, lost in the sands. Many buildings of Petra were erected in different eras and under different owners of the city, including the Edomites (18-2 centuries BC), Nabateans (2nd century BC - 106 AD), Romans (106-395 AD), Byzantines and Arabs. In the 12th century AD e. it was owned by the crusaders.

The first of the modern Europeans to see and describe Petra was the Swiss Johann Ludwig Burckhardt, who was traveling incognito. Next to the ancient theater you can see a building from the Edomite or Nabataean era. Monuments built after the 6th century AD. e. practically not, because in that era the city had already lost its significance.

01. Now Petra is visited annually by about half a million tourists. Admission for a day is approximately 55 euros, for 60 euros you can buy a ticket for 2 days. View of the road to Petra.

02. The gorge begins from here. There is a main road - flat, quite wide, almost all tourists get to Petra along it. But you can turn off and take the unimproved road. To do this, turn right at the post into the tunnel. Walking there is quite difficult, but you can feel yourself in the shoes of the Swiss traveler Johann Ludwig Burckhardt, who discovered Petra in 1812.

03. a few more videos from above.

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05. This is what the main road looks like. Before entering, they will actively push you to get a horse to get to the city, don’t agree, the road there is very easy. But you can return back by cart. This pleasure costs 20 euros, you cannot bargain, since the tariff is official.

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09. Using terracotta pipes, the architects of Petra created a complex water supply system and despite the arid climate, the city's residents never needed water. There were about 200 reservoirs throughout the city that collected and stored rainwater. In addition to connecting the reservoirs, terracotta pipes collected water from all sources within a radius of 25 kilometers. Annual rainfall in Petra is only about 15 centimeters. To conserve water, local residents carved canals and reservoirs directly into the rocks.

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11. As tourists walk through the cool kilometer-long Siq canyon, around the bend they discover the Treasury - a majestic building with a facade carved from a huge rock. It is one of the best preserved structures from the first century.

12. The building is crowned by a huge urn made of stone, in which gold and precious stones were supposedly kept - hence the name “Treasury”. The official name of this structure is El Khazneh. The architects planned the construction of this temple in the former river bed. For its construction, the river bed was changed, a grandiose project for that time. A tunnel was cut into the rock to divert the flow of water and a series of dams were built.

13. According to the popular etymological version, the word “Treasury” subsequently came from the word “El-Khazneh”. In fact, there is no direct connection between these words. El-Khazneh literally means "storehouse" from khazan - to store, store. The Russian word “treasury” goes back to the same Arabic word, but was directly borrowed in the 12th-14th centuries from the Polovtsian language. Famous cat.

14. A few more photos of local cats, but I don’t like them so much)))

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18. The canyon gradually expands, and tourists find themselves in a natural amphitheater, in the sandstone walls of which there are many caves. But the main thing that catches your eye is the crypts carved into the rocks. The colonnade and amphitheater testify to the presence of the Romans in the city in the first and second centuries.

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20. The name itself is “Petra”, which means “rock”. And Petra, indeed, was a city of stone; there was no such thing in the Roman Empire. The Nabataeans, who built the city, patiently carved houses, crypts and temples from stone blocks. Petra is nestled among red sandstones that lend themselves well to building, and by the first century AD a monumental city had grown up in the heart of the desert.

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30. The final point of the route is the Ed-Deir monastery. To get to it you need to climb the mountain for quite a long time, but you can take a donkey for 5 euros and walk back down.

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38. Ed-Deir, a monastery carved into the rock at the top of a cliff - a huge building about 50 m wide and more than 45 m high. Judging by the crosses carved on the walls, the temple served as a Christian church for some time.

39. Not far from the monastery there are observation decks, here you can admire the view of the valley.

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42. All the viewpoints have been taken over by Bedouins who will extort money from you.

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45. Be prepared for a lot of small extortionists and souvenir sellers. There is not much to buy there; prices in Petra are approximately 2 times higher.

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49. Some tourists try to save money and sneak in mountain paths without a ticket. For them, guards were posted at the far approaches to check tickets and chase away violators.

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54. And this is what an alternative gorge looks like, along which you can get to Petra. It’s very beautiful, although the walk takes much longer, but it’s worth it.

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58. The entrance to Petra is open from 6 am to 5 pm. Sometimes the city opens at night, you need to buy additional ticket. The entire road to the Treasury is decorated with paper lanterns.

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60. A small performance takes place in the square near the Treasury itself.

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64. View of Petra from the neighboring mountain.

 

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