What is the best way to explain volcanoes to a child? Geography for the little ones. Volcanoes. What shapes do volcanoes come in?

Guys! Let's look at one of the most formidable and fascinating natural phenomena associated with mountains.

Listen to a poem about him.

Fire-breathing volcano

Not a mountain, but a giant -

Fire-breathing volcano!

He spews lava

What burns the mountainside

Spews out stones, gases, -

The skies darken immediately.

Ash, poisonous smoke

They rise above him.

An underground rumble is heard,

It's like a giant fell asleep

And snores and dreams,

How great and terrible he is!

Fortunately, there are few people on Earth who have seen a volcano, especially not an extinct one, but an active one. But those who have witnessed a volcanic eruption with their own eyes at least once in their lives will undoubtedly not forget this extraordinary spectacle!

It’s not for nothing that volcanoes are called “fire-breathing mountains.” They are dangerous to human life.

♦ Why do you think?

The name of these mountains comes from the ancient Roman god Vulcan - formidable and dangerous.

♦ What is a volcano?

It is a mountain, at the top of which there is a depression called a volcanic crater. In the very thickness of the mountain there is a channel, it is called a vent. It leads to a special underground cave- source of magma. Magma is a molten, very hot substance.

♦ Where does it come from in the depths of the Earth?

Scientists believe that many millions of years ago the Earth was a molten, very hot ball of fire. Gradually its surface cooled, but in the very depths a molten hot liquid core remained. A volcanic eruption begins when a lot of magma accumulates, it rushes up the vent and pours out to the surface.

The magma that spills onto the surface is called volcanic lava.

During an eruption, gases and water vapor are released to the surface, sometimes huge stone blocks, volcanic dust, clouds of ash. The wind carries dust and ash over vast distances, obscuring the blue sky.

Thick and viscous lava, quickly cooling, forms a mountain with steep slopes. More liquid lava spreads faster, cools more slowly and manages to travel longer distances. A volcanic eruption is accompanied by an underground roar and fires.

Volcanoes that erupt regularly are called active. If the volcano's activity has ceased, it is called extinct.

Now there are several hundred active volcanoes on land. 20-30 eruptions occur annually.

In our country there are many active volcanoes in Kamchatka and Kuril Islands.

There are also volcanoes at the bottom of the ocean. They are called underwater. Underwater eruptions occur there, causing giant waves to form. They wash away cities, towns, villages located on the shores of the ocean.

The most powerful volcanoes are located in Italy (Vesuvius), Indonesia (Krakatoa), West Indies (Mont Pele), Colombia (Nevado del Ruiz).

A volcanic eruption brings death and untold misfortune to people.

♦ What disasters does a volcanic eruption bring?

During the eruption of Vesuvius in ancient times, two beautiful and populous (at that time) cities - Pompeii and Herculaneum - were completely destroyed. The eruption of Vesuvius began at night. Streams of fiery lava rushed down from the top of the mountain. They burned everything in their path: trees, grass, shepherds and their flocks, buildings, temples, houses of townspeople. People died instantly, suffocating from poisonous gases, burning right in their beds. Even those who tried to escape were overtaken by hot lava.

Such natural phenomena as volcanic eruptions, earthquakes, typhoons and tornadoes clearly show us people that man is not at all the conqueror and master of nature, but only a humble inhabitant of planet Earth.

Sometimes a volcano freezes for hundreds of years, and people, forgetting that it once spewed out lava, stones, ash, and smoke with a menacing roar, build their villages on the slopes of the mountain.

♦ Why is such construction dangerous and unwise?

There are no villages or cities around the volcano shown in the picture.

Listen to a fairy tale.

Giant and Blue Lake

Once upon a time there lived two giant brothers. Once they argued about which of them was stronger. The elder says:

- I am stronger! I'll go and move it to another place high mountain!

The younger one disagrees:

- No, I'm stronger! I can drink the whole lake!

The elder brother hurried to a high, high mountain, grabbed it with his huge hands, lifted the mountain and was just about to move it, when something muffled and rumbled inside the mountain.

But I must tell you that a volcano slept in this mountain. The giant woke him up, and the volcano became very angry.

“I’ve been sleeping for a thousand years!” I will burn the one who dared to disturb my sleep with fire and pour boiling lava over him! — the volcano growled menacingly. - All living things around will die!

The giant was not afraid, but he felt sorry for the trees, bushes, and herbs growing on the mountainside. He put the mountain in place and went home, losing the argument.

Meanwhile, the younger brother went in search of big lake. He walked and met fishermen returning with a rich catch.

“Do you know, dear fishermen,” the giant addressed them, “where the lake is?”

- How can you not know! - answered the fishermen. — Behind the pine forest there is a large meadow, behind it there is a green oak grove, and near the oak grove, in the lowland lies the Blue Lake. The fish in it are visible and invisible. This lake feeds us all!

Soon he met village children with baskets full of berries. The giant asked them how to find the Blue Lake. They showed the way and said that along the shores of the lake many berries had ripened: cranberries, lingonberries and cloudberries. There is enough for people, and forest animals and birds have something to eat.

- I can take you to the lake.

While the duck led the giant along the path to the lake, she said that ducks, geese, herons, cranes and swans nested on the banks, in the thickets of reeds and sedges. Here the birds incubate their eggs and hatch their chicks. The Blue Lake generously treats them with delicious fish, succulent herbs and all kinds of aquatic life.

Finally, the gray duck led the giant to the lake. It lay among the autumn yellowing grasses and golden bushes and seemed so blue, as if a particle of the sky had fallen to the ground.

White swans swam across the lake, reflected in its mirror surface. Near the shore, purple and yellow leaves swayed like small boats.

The giant sat down on the shore of the lake and thought.

♦ Can you guess what the giant was thinking?

The giant thought that if he drank all the water, the fish would die, the birds would have nowhere to build nests, the delicious berries growing in the swamp near the lake would disappear, and there would be no beautiful Blue Lake on earth.

These thoughts made the giant sad. He no longer wanted to drink water from the lake.

- Well, let me lose the argument! - said the giant. “I’d better build myself a house on the shore of this lake.” I will live here, fish and protect the Blue Lake!

From then on, the giant brothers no longer argued about which of them was stronger, but on the contrary, they lived together and protected the high mountain, Blue Lake, living creatures and nature around their homes from troubles and misfortunes.

♦ What did the giants argue about?

♦ How did they decide to show their strength?

♦ Why didn’t the older brother move the mountain?

♦ Where did the younger brother go?

♦ Who did he meet on the way to the lake?

♦ What did the fishermen, children and gray duck tell the giant?

♦ Why didn’t the giant drink water from the lake?

♦ Did the giant brothers do the right thing?

Answer the questions

1. Why is the volcano called “fire-breathing mountain”?

2. What do volcanoes look like?

3. What is a volcano crater?

4. What is magma?

5. When does a volcano erupt? What is ejected from the crater?

6. Why are volcanoes dangerous for people?

7. Are there underwater volcanoes?

8. List the names of volcanoes known to you.

9. What is the structure of a volcano?

10. Is the source of volcanic magma located deep in the volcano or on its surface?

11. In which areas of Russia are there many active volcanoes?

Natalia Krainova

GCD type: class according to new knowledge

GCD type: complex class

Age children: scary group (5-6 years)

Program content:

Target: introduce children With natural phenomenon- eruption volcanoes, species volcanoes.

Tasks:

educational: introduce children with the structure of a volcano, causes of eruptions volcanoes, talk about the benefits and harms volcanoes for humans;

developing: promote the development of cognitive activity children in the process of performing experiments, develop logical thinking;

raising: to cultivate interest in understanding the world around us;

Vocabulary work: vent, crater, volcano, lava, magma, volcanologist.

Preliminary work: watching the educational cartoon "Pochemuchka. What are there volcanoes?".

Developmental subject-spatial Wednesday: layout volcano, vinegar, red paint, dishwashing liquid, soda, notepad for recording observations, computer presentation "World volcanoes", glasses of water, stones, magnifying glass.

Technologies used and methods: ICT technologies, gaming technologies, experimentation

1. Introductory part:

Educator: today we came to our “Laboratory of Scientists” again. Tell me, why do we come here?

Children: to learn something new and interesting

Educator: Now I’ll tell you a riddle, and you’ll try to guess it and find out what we’re going to study and explore today?

The mountain woke up from its sleep,

It began to seethe and boil.

And it shot up from the cap

Lots of smoke, soot, ash.

The lava flows like honey, thick.

What do you call this mountain?

Children: volcano

Educator: Right! what is it volcano and how its eruption occurs, we have to find out today! Will you help me with this?

Children: Yes

2. Main part:

Educator: guys, let's look at the screen (Slide 1 " Volcanoes") . What do you see in the picture?

Children: volcanoes

Educator: that's right, that's it volcano. By the look volcano, this is an ordinary mountain, inside of which there is a very hot liquid - lava, and while the lava lives in its house, the volcano is considered dormant, and as soon as the volcano wakes up, That volcano it begins to erupt and lava flows to the surface, and clouds of smoke enter the air. Such volcanoes are called active. (Slide 2 “What are there volcanoes?")

Children: look at the image

Educator: in our laboratory there is a model of the real volcano(pays attention children on the table, where the layout is, let's look at it.

The teacher and children approach the layout volcano, is being organized discussion:

1. What shape volcano?

2. What does it look like?

3. What does the top look like?

Children: the volcano has the shape of a cone, looks like a pyramid, and the upper part resembles a pit, a funnel.

Educator: Right, volcano- This big mountain with steep slopes. At the very top there is a crater (a huge hole, and inside there is a vent (a hole going deep into the ground, inside of which there is lava).

(Slide 3 "Eruption volcano")

Educator: and you want ours to be with you too the volcano came to life?

Children: yes, we want

Educator: in our laboratory everything is ready to conduct this experiment.

Children and teacher conduct the experiment "Eruption" volcano"

Children take turns coming up to the layout volcano and add soda, dishwashing liquid, red paint (gouache, vinegar is added by the teacher).

Educator: What are you observing?

Children: how it erupts volcano, and lava flows to the surface

Educator: now take your notebooks and sketch out the experience

Children: schematically sketch the experience

Educator: during an eruption volcano, not only lava flows to the surface, but pieces are also thrown out volcanic ash , which harden and the resulting stone is pumice. (Slide 4" Volcanic stones")

Let's look at the stones prepared on your tables and find pumice among them.

Children: pumice is found among other stones

Educator: now let's compare pumice with other stones (using the example of pebbles) and conduct the "Drowning-not-drowning" experiment

Children: throw pebbles and pumice into glasses of water. Compare, do conclusion: pebbles sink into water, so they are heavy, but pumice is not

Sketching experience in a notebook

Educator: Now let’s look at the surface of these two stones and compare it.

Children: pebbles are smooth, while pumice has a porous surface

Educator: now let's take magnifying glasses and look at the surface of the stones in an enlarged form

Children: examine the stones, make sure that the pumice consists of many air bubbles and that is why it does not sink in water. Sketch the experience.

Educator: All volcanoes erupt in different ways. Sometimes they seem to explode, and sometimes the lava flows out “calmly”. And in our country there are many volcanoes. Almost all of them are located on the Kuril Islands and Kamchatka

Slide 5" Volcanoes of Kamchatka"

Do you think it’s dangerous to live near volcanoes?

Children: reflect, make assumptions

Educator: conducts a conversation “Is there any benefit from volcanoes and what harm do they do?"

Educator: Guys, guess what? Is it possible to predict an eruption in advance? volcano?

Children: make assumptions

Educator: the eruption can be predicted in advance and scientists are doing this - volcanologists

Slide 6 "Profession - volcanologist"

Final part:

Educator: Guys, today is class you learned a lot about volcanoes. And now we will play the game “Find volcano"and let's check how attentive you were

Slide 7 "Where I hid volcano"

Children: Find on the image on the screen volcanoes

Educator: now you know what it is volcano and how it erupts. Today you were attentive, worked carefully, and everything turned out great! I hope that when you grow up, you will be able to study and protect our planet.

Literature: "Experimental activities in dow. Notes classes in different age groups." Compiled by N. V. Nishcheva. - St. Petersburg, "Childhood-Press", 2013, 320 p.


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A report about volcanoes, geological formations on the surface of the crust in which magma comes to the surface and forms volcanic gases, lava, and stones.

Message about volcanoes

What is a volcano?

From Latin the word “volcano” means fire, flame. Melting occurs in the depths of the Earth under the influence of high temperatures. rocks with magmatic formation. During this process, large amounts of gaseous substances are released. The volume of melt and the pressure on solid rocks increases significantly. Magma begins to move towards areas of lower pressure up to the surface. Cracks in the earth's crust begin to fill with liquid rocks, and when they burst, they raise entire layers of the crust.

Magma may partially overtake, forming laccoliths and magma veins. During volcanic eruptions, the other part comes to the surface in the form of volcanic ash, lava, gases, rock fragments and lava ingots.

Types of volcanoes

These geological formations are of 2 types:

  • Cracked

They do not rise high enough above the Earth's surface. Fissure volcanoes are cracks from which magma flows to the surface. But there are very few of them on the planet.

  • Central

Represent a cone high altitude, from which magma and lava come out during eruptions. Such a volcano has a vent (magma flows through it) and craters (an opening from which magma comes to the surface).

Volcanoes are also divided into extinct, active and dormant. Dormant volcanoes on this moment do not erupt, although local earthquakes constantly occur beneath them. And extinct ones mean that volcanic activity absent.

How many volcanoes are there on Earth?

There are 1,500 volcanoes on the planet, both active and extinct. The most famous of them are Klyuchevskaya Sopka (Kamchatka), Elbrus (Caucasus), Kilimanjaro (Africa), Fuji (Japan).

Most of them are located along the perimeter Pacific Ocean. They form the so-called “ring of fire”. The most active volcanic zone is the Mediterranean-Indonesian belt. Volcanic eruptions occur according to a certain pattern - their location in seismic areas, moving areas.

Famous volcanic eruptions in history: interesting facts

  • (Italy). The eruption occurred on August 24, 79. It destroyed the city of Pompeii, covering it with a layer of dust up to 8 m, as well as Herculaneum and Stabiae. The ashes of Vesuvius flew to Syria and Egypt. Today it is the only active volcano in Europe. In total, more than 80 eruptions were recorded. The last of them was in 1944.
  • Tambora (Sumbawa Island). The eruption occurred on April 5, 1815. IN modern history This is the largest eruption in terms of volume of material ejected and death toll. He completely destroyed the Tambora culture, which Europeans had discovered shortly before. The volcano erupted for 10 days and decreased in height by 1400 m. It covered an area of ​​500 km with ash, and the sun did not shine through it for 3 days.
  • Volcano Taupo (New Zealand). The eruption occurred 27 thousand years ago, and scientists consider it the most powerful in the entire history of the planet. As a result of his active work, Lake Taupo was formed. The last time the volcano erupted was in 180 AD. e. Its blast wave and ashes destroyed half North Island. 100 km 3 of tectonic matter was released into the atmosphere.
  • Volcano Krakatoa (Indonesia). The eruption occurred on August 27, 1883. It caused a 30-meter tsunami that washed away 295 towns and villages. Pieces of lava flew to a height of 55 km. The ash covered an area of ​​5330 km. The blast wave circled the planet up to 11 times. The Krakatoa explosion was 200,000 times more powerful than the Hiroshima explosion. Scientists suggest that he previously woke up in 535 and the islands of Sumatra and Java may have been formed from his activities. After the 1883 eruption, the Krakatoa volcano collapsed. And in its place in 1927 a new active volcano appeared - Anak Krakatoa.
  • Volcano Santorini (Greece). The eruption occurred 1.5 thousand years BC. And it destroyed the Cretan civilization, and also contributed to the sinking of the island of Thera. This is not his only eruption. In 1886, for a whole year it spewed pieces of lava directly from the sea to a height of 500 meters.
  • Volcano Montagne-Pelée (Martinique). The eruption began in April 1902. Already on May 8, it covered the city located in an 8-kilometer zone from it with dust. Near Martinique, the seabed dropped a couple of hundred meters.
  • Volcano Nevado del Ruiz (Colombia). The eruption began on November 13, 1985, and within just 10 minutes, the city of Armero with a population of 29,000 people was destroyed.
  • Volcano Pinatubo (Philippines). For 622 long years it was considered extinct. But on June 12, 1991, it destroyed 18 km of territory along itself. The consequence of such a disaster is a decrease in temperature and a decrease in the ozone layer, which contributed to the formation of a large ozone hole.
  • Katmai Volcano (Alaska). Its eruption on June 6, 1912 was the largest in the history of the 20th century.

We hope that the report on volcanoes for children helped you prepare for the lesson. You can leave your message about volcanoes using the comment form below.

One of the most amazing and mysterious geological formations on Earth are volcanoes. However, many of us have only a superficial understanding of them. What is the nature of volcanism? Where and how does a volcano form?

How does a volcano erupt?

How and why processes lie in the bowels of the Earth. During the accumulation of magma, a large amount of thermal energy is generated. The temperature of the magma is quite high, but it is not capable of melting because the crust presses on it from above. If the layers of the earth's crust put less pressure on the magma, the hot magma becomes liquid. It gradually becomes saturated with gases, melts rocks on its way and in this way makes its way to the surface of the earth.

If a volcanic vent is already filled with frozen and solidified lava, then an eruption will not occur until the amount of magma pressure is sufficient to push out this plug. always accompanied by an earthquake. Ash can be thrown up to a height of several tens of kilometers.

Volcanoes are mountain-shaped formations from which hot magma erupts. How is a volcano formed? When there are cracks in the earth's crust, hot magma erupts toward its surface under pressure. The slopes of a volcano are formed as a result of the sedimentation of rocks, lava, and ash near the vent.

Hello, dear friends! Today it came to me from one boy, he writes that volcanoes are often shown in cartoons and films, but he just can’t understand what they are and what they are needed for.

I asked my friend Professor Chainikov to tell me what it is.

And this is what my friend wrote to me:

“Good afternoon my friends, I am very glad that you are interested in volcanoes, this is a very interesting phenomenon.

Mountains that stand above channels and cracks in the earth's crust are called volcanoes.

Most often, volcanoes look like cone-shaped or dome-shaped mountains, at the top of which there is a crater, or a funnel-shaped depression.

For example these

Sometimes, as scientists say, a volcano “wakes up” and then it erupts. At the same time, molten substances from the earth's crust and mantle, called magma, come to the surface of the Earth.


An eruption is a series of strong and weak explosions and outpourings of lava - a mixture of molten rocks. The volume of erupted lava can reach several tens of cubic kilometers. Eruptions can be long-lasting, which can be observed over several years and even centuries, and short-term, occurring in a few hours. Their precursors include the following phenomena: earthquakes, changes in the composition of gases, sound (acoustic) changes and others.

Those volcanoes that from time to time emit hot gases or steam from their vents are called active. Also considered active volcanoes, which erupted relatively recently. There are about 500 such volcanoes on Earth.

“The word “volcano” comes from the Latin word “volcanos” - fire, flame. The ancient Romans called the god of fire and blacksmithing Vulcaoma. According to legend, he forged armor in his forge inside a mountain on the island of Vulcano, 50 km north of the island of Sicily. Plumes of smoke and flames continuously burst out of the mountain. Over time, any fire-breathing mountain began to be called a volcano, like the god of fire.”

 

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