Ready presentation on the topic of Lake Baikal. Presentation on the theme "Baikal". Great Lake Baikal

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Wooded mountains semi-ovals, Touching blue patterns, And rocks cut by a shaft, And the sky that has fallen into Baikal, And he himself is majestic and eternal, In a carved granite frame, And all - to the bottom - translucent, And all - down to the drop - dear. And the Hangars fly obstinately, And the scream of the wind, and the hum of the turbines, And the birds - the pine trees over the cliff, And the wild wind of the Barguzin. M. Sergeev

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Baikal is one of the oldest lakes on the planet, its age is 25 million years. Most lakes, especially those of glacial origin, live for 10-15 thousand years, and then fill with sediment and disappear from the face of the Earth. There are no signs of aging on Baikal. On the contrary, research recent years allowed geophysicists to hypothesize that Baikal is an incipient ocean. This is confirmed by the fact that its shores diverge at a rate of up to 2 cm per year, just as the continents of Africa and South America diverge.

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Among the lakes globe lake Baikal ranks 1st in depth. Lake length Baikal is 620 km long and its width is from 24 to 79 km. Depth – 1640 m. The greatest depth mark in the southern basin of Baikal is 1423 m, in the middle – 1637 m, in the northern 890 m. deep point The Baikal depression lies approximately 5–6 thousand meters below the level of the World Ocean.

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Development of the territory of Lake Baikal In the middle of the 17th century, Russian explorers who spent the winter on the upper Lena collected the first information from the Buryats about Lake Baikal and the wealth of silver ore in the Baikal regions. In 1643, one of the winterers, Pentecostal Cossack Kurbat Afanasyevich Ivanov, went to Lake Baikal and discovered the island of Olkhon. The Russians finally gained a foothold on Baikal a little later, after the founding of Irkutsk (1661). Origin of the name - the Evenks called it “Lama” (sea); - The Buryats were called “Baigal-dalai” - “ Big pond"; - Turkic, comes from “bai” - rich, “kul” - lake - “Rich Lake”.

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The “roots” of the depression cut through the entire earth’s crust and go into the upper mantle to a depth of 50–60 km. This is the deepest tectonic basin on earth. In terms of area, Baikal ranks 8th in the world among lakes and is approximately equal to the area of ​​a country such as Belgium. Lake Baikal Lake Tanganyika Caspian Sea World ocean

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Baikal is the cleanest natural reservoir of fresh drinking water on Earth. The rare purity and exceptional properties of Baikal water are due to the vital activity of the animal and flora lakes. Over the course of a year, an armada of crustaceans (epishura) is capable of clearing the top fifty-meter layer of water three times. Baikal water contains very few dissolved minerals, negligible organic impurities, and a lot of oxygen. About 336 rivers flow into the lake. The largest of them is Selenga. And only one river - the Angara - flows out of Lake Baikal. The water in the lake is cold all year round (+8...+9˚С).

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Low mineralized Baikal water is ideal for the human body. Analyzes carried out in laboratory centers with a worldwide reputation confirmed that Baikal water complies with all strict standards for drinking water.

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Oz. Baikal is located in the kingdom of mountain taiga and intermountain steppes. The fauna of Lake Baikal includes almost all types of animals living in fresh water bodies. There is no other lake in the world whose biological diversity would be so great and unique. Of the 2635 known species and varieties of animals and plants, almost 2/3 are endemic: blue-green algae, golden algae; of animals: crustaceans - amphipods, gastropods, protozoa, crustaceans - Baikal epishura (300 species) filters Baikal water; 27 species of fish from Lake Baikal are found nowhere else; 2 species – viviparous large and small golomyanka; mammals - seal (Baikal seal). Many waterfowl live on Lake Baikal. Therefore, Baikal can be considered one of the geographical centers of origin of biological species.

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Climate The area is small, but the significant depth of Baikal, and, consequently, the huge volume of water make the lake a powerful climate-forming factor. Baikal softens the climate (winter is warmer, summer is cooler), and in the intermountain basins the contrast is increased (basin effect) cold air stagnates in winter, and heating increases in summer. As a result, the shores are warmer in winter than in intermountain basins, and cooler in summer. A powerful pressure difference is created and air from the mountains rushes to the lake - this is how the Baikal monsoon is formed.

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Problems of Lake Baikal: Pollution by wastewater from enterprises Deforestation Raising the water level due to the construction of a cascade of reservoirs unorganized tourism

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Unfortunately, not all is well on the great lake. Both in the past and in the present there have always been and are people who, with manic persistence, strive to create an unnatural union of Lake Baikal with the industrial complex.

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The notorious Baikal Pulp and Paper Mill, which poisons the water, air and land around it, has become a shameful monument to their zeal.

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The most significant impact was made by the Baikal Pulp and Paper Mill (BPPM), built in 1966 near the city of Baikalsk on south coast lakes. BPPM, which employs about 3,300 people, produces pulp for the production of tires, paper and cardboard. In past years, up to 80 percent of its products were exported.

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Forests are burning and being cut down national parks, the shores of the once pearl of the western shore of Lake Baikal, Peschanaya Bay, were mutilated by tourist centers on the shores of the Small Sea, oil wells were drilled in the Selenga delta. Poaching has reached unprecedented proportions, hordes of vandals litter the shores of Lake Baikal with garbage...

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“...What can you say about Siberian beauty? And is it really possible, for example, about Lake Baikal to express something worthy of it? Any comparisons, any words will be just a weak and faded shadow. If it weren’t for the mighty Sayan Mountains that match it, not the Lena, which originates nearby, not the Angara, carrying its water to the Yenisei, one could decide, standing on the shore of this miracle lake and looking at its nearby contours and water, at its colors and illumination from above, from which the soul does not even melt, but dies in a deep swoon, one could decide that Baikal was accidentally dropped from some other planet, more joyful and rich, where he was in complete agreement." Valentin Rasputin

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“... We should rejoice that our Russia has the good fortune to possess such a pearl of nature as Baikal, but we should already feel an obligation to place high priority on the study of this pearl.” Gleb Vereshchagin

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Baikal is in the south Eastern Siberia. This is the deepest lake in the world, with unique features, and the largest fresh water reservoir on the planet. It has no equal in the world in terms of age, depth, reserves and properties of fresh water, diversity and endemism of organic life. Since ancient times it has been called sacred sea, glorious, gray-haired and formidable. Among the many epithets we can highlight the following: “world source of drinking water”, “blue eye of Siberia”, “oasis” virgin nature Earth”, “the sacred center of North Asia”, “God’s creation”, “a sacred gift of nature”, “a natural monument with unique landscapes”, “ priceless treasure genetic wealth of the Earth”, “a miracle of limnology, a concentration of unique natural values”. Due to its unique features, Baikal was included in the List in 1996 World Heritage UNESCO.

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Location – between 55°46.3"N and 109°57.5"E. 51°27.5"N and 103°42.5"E Height - above sea level. sea ​​445 m. Age – about 25 million years; Flora and fauna include about 2635 species, of which 52 species are fish; 78% are endemic. Maximum depth – 1637 m. Area – 31500 sq. km. Volume – 23 thousand cubic meters. km. The length of the lake is 636 km. The greatest width is 79.5 km. The smallest width is 27 km. Coastline– 2100 km. The number of capes is 174 (according to I.D. Chersky). Number of islands – 26 (according to O. G. Gusev); the largest is Olkhon. Bays – 6; bays - 20 largest - Barguzinsky, Chivyrkuisky, Proval; Sandy. Number of tributaries - 336 (according to G.I. Galazia); the largest are Selenga, Barguzin, Chivyrkui. The cost of Baikal water is $2300 trillion.

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“Baikal is amazing, and it’s not for nothing that Siberians call it not a lake, but a sea. The water is incredibly transparent, so you can see through it as if through air; its color is soft turquoise, pleasant to the eye. The banks are mountainous and covered with forests; All around there is impenetrable, hopeless game. An abundance of bears, sables, wild goats and all sorts of wild things.” This is how A.P. Chekhov saw the Glorious Sea in 1890 during a trip to Sakhalin. The transparency of Lake Baikal water is 40-45 m.

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Baikal - from the Turkic language from Bai-Kul, which means “rich lake” or from Mongolian Baigal - Dalai - “ big lake» Baikal water will be enough for the inhabitants of Russia for 1000 years. Baikal water will be enough for the inhabitants of the globe for 40 years. It will take 360 ​​years for all the water to flow out through the Angara, if not a single drop comes in during this time. And to fill the basin of the lake with water, you will need the entire flow of the rivers of our planet. Why are you called Baikal? Who gave you your name for the first time? Whose voice sang first? Are your freedoms stormy? Like the sea, the bowl is deep, the water is clear! Russia is very big and everyone could get drunk.

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Baikal has its own climate. The lake has a softening effect on both summer and winter air temperatures. The seasons of the year are delayed by about half a month to a month. August is the most best time on Baikal. The end of August - beginning of September can be called velvet season. And in late autumn and early winter it is much warmer on the shores of the lake. In the north of Baikal the sun shines 1900-2200 hours a year, in the southern and middle parts of the lake - 2000-2400 hours a year. Which is much more than in Sochi.

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In the depths of the waters of Lake Baikal there live many inhabitants of different “classes”: crustaceans, fish, mollusks, etc. Beautiful, colorful fish live on the surface, and in the depths under the water live inhabitants with special adaptations for survival. Many fish living in the lake are consumed by people as food, for example: perch, omul, grayling.

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Insects are the most numerous group. They can be found in the air, on the ground, in water and in soil. Dangerous forest pests include the Siberian silkworm, willow moth and others, the mass reproduction of which can lead to partial or complete drying out of forest areas. The forest life system is inhabited by nurse insects, carrion fly larvae and others.

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Diverse and interesting animal world Baikal. On the protected trails of Khamar-Daban you can meet the mighty elk, graceful roe deer, musk deer, and fanged boar. The owner of the taiga, the brown bear, is also common. Otters and minks leave their tracks along the shores of Lake Baikal. In the thicket of the forest you can see a shrew or mouse running by. With the onset of dusk, bats silently leave their shelters.

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It is impossible to imagine a forest without a variety of birds. On Baikal there are very rare birds included in the Red Book: steppe eagle, golden eagle, long-tailed eagle, lesser white-fronted lesser white-fronted eagle, peregrine falcon, osprey, etc. From the order of owls there are marsh and long-eared eagle, hawk, majestic eagle owl, etc.

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The only representative of mammals is the seal, or Baikal seal. According to the classification, the Baikal seal belongs to the family of true seals. It is believed that it penetrated from the Arctic Ocean along the Yenisei and Angara during the Ice Age, when the rivers were dammed by ice advancing from the north. Other scientists do not exclude the possibility of its penetration along the Lena, which is believed to have flowed from Lake Baikal. There is no clear answer yet. It is mentioned in the reports of the first explorers who came here in the first half of the 17th century. A scientific description was first made during the work of the 2nd Kamchatka, or Great Northern, expedition led by V. Bering. As part of this expedition, a detachment worked on Lake Baikal under the leadership of I. G. Gmelin, who studied the nature of the lake and its surroundings in various ways and described the seal.


Lake Baikal is located in the south of Eastern Siberia on the border Irkutsk region and Buryatia. The lake stretches from northeast to southwest for 620 km in the form of a giant crescent. The width of Lake Baikal ranges from 24 to 79 km. Irkutsk region Buryatia o. Baikal


Baikal is one of the oldest lakes on the planet; scientists estimate its age in million years. There are no signs of aging on Baikal, like many lakes in the world. Among the lakes of the globe, Lake Baikal ranks first in depth (1637 m).


The origin of the name of the lake is not precisely established. The most common version is that “Baikal” is a Turkic word, derived from “bai” - rich, “kul” - lake, which means “rich lake”.


336 permanent rivers and streams flow into Baikal. The only river flowing from Baikal is the Angara. There are 27 islands on Baikal (Ushkany Islands, Olkhon Island, Yarki Island, Modoto, Yedor and others). In 1996, Baikal was included in the UNESCO World Heritage List.










The most interesting fish in Baikal is the golomyanka - it is a transparent fish without scales and a swim bladder, a viviparous fish, the body of which contains up to 30% fat. Its height reaches from cm.


In Baikal there is a unique, typical marine mammal - the Baikal seal. The nerpa is a symbol of Baikal, the only seal in the world that lives in fresh water. The seal is distributed throughout Lake Baikal. It is assumed that it came to Baikal from the Arctic Ocean during the Ice Age along the Yenisei and Angara. Currently, there are several tens of thousands of seals in the lake.
13 There are 236 species of birds on Lake Baikal. Of these, 29 are waterfowl, mainly various species of ducks. Seagulls live in large numbers on rocky islands and at the mouths of Baikal tributaries. Gray herons and black-throated loons can be found here and there. The Baikal region is home to 7 species of eagles and similar birds.

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Baikal is a lake of tectonic origin in the southern part of Eastern Siberia, the deepest lake on the planet, the largest natural reservoir of fresh water.

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Baikal is located in the center of Asia on the border of the Irkutsk region and the Republic of Buryatia in Russian Federation. The lake stretches from northeast to southwest for 620 km in the form of a giant crescent. The width of Lake Baikal ranges from 24 to 79 km. The bottom of Lake Baikal is 1167 meters below the level of the World Ocean. The water surface area of ​​Lake Baikal is 31,722 km², which is approximately equal to the area of ​​countries such as Belgium or the Netherlands.

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The lake is located in a kind of basin, surrounded on all sides mountain ranges and hills. At the same time, the western coast is rocky and steep, the relief east coast- more flat

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Baikal is the deepest lake on Earth. The average depth of the lake is very great - 744.4 m. It exceeds the maximum depths of many very deep lakes.

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The water mass of Lake Baikal influences the climate of the coastal area. Winters here are milder and summers are cooler. The onset of spring on Lake Baikal is delayed by 10-15 days compared to the surrounding areas, and autumn is often quite long. The Baikal region is characterized by a long total duration of sunshine. For example, in the village of Bolshoye Goloustnoye it reaches 2524 hours, which is more than Black Sea resorts, and is a record for Russia. Days without sunshine this year locality there are only 37, and on Olkhon Island - 48.

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The water reserves in Baikal are gigantic - 23,615.39 km³ (about 19% of the world's lake fresh water reserves). In terms of volume of water reserves, Baikal ranks second in the world among lakes, second only to the Caspian Sea, but the water in the Caspian Sea is salty. There is more water in Baikal than in all five Great Lakes combined (Superior, Michigan, Huron, Erie, Ontario), and 25 times more than in Lake Ladoga.

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According to research in the 19th century, 336 rivers and streams flowed into Baikal; this number only took into account constant tributaries. There is no more modern data on this issue, but sometimes figures are given as 544 or 1123. The largest of the tributaries of Baikal are the Selenga, Upper Angara, Barguzin, Turka, Snezhnaya, Sarma. One river flows out of the lake - the Angara

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Baikal Epishura is a planktonic species. The size of an adult translucent crustacean is about 1.5 mm. Epishura plays a vital role in the lake’s ecosystem, inhabiting the entire water column and forming up to 90% or more of the biomass of Lake Baikal. Epishura consumes the bulk of Baikal algae and is important object nutrition of the Baikal omul. The lake owes the purity of its water to the epishura crustacean. The main properties of Baikal water can be briefly described as follows: it contains very few dissolved and suspended minerals, negligible organic impurities, and a lot of oxygen. To a large extent, the purity of water in Baikal is maintained by the activity of the microscopic crustacean epishura, which consumes organic matter, passing Baikal water through its body.

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The water in the lake is so clear that individual stones and various objects can be seen at a depth of 40 m. This usually happens in the spring, when the water in the lake is blue. In summer and autumn, when a mass of plant and animal organisms develop in sun-warmed water, its transparency decreases to 8-10 m, and the color becomes blue-green and green. The purest and most transparent water of Baikal contains so few mineral salts that it can be used instead of distilled water.

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The water in Baikal is cold. The temperature of the surface layers, even in summer, does not exceed +8…+9 °C, in some bays - +15 °C. The temperature of the deep layers is about +4 °C. The maximum recorded temperature in individual bays is +23 °C. During the freeze-up period (on average January 9 - May 4), Baikal freezes entirely, except for a small section of 15-20 km in length located at the source of the Angara.

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The bottom of Lake Baikal has a pronounced relief. Along the entire coast of Baikal, coastal shallow waters (shelves) and underwater slopes are more or less developed; the bed of the three main basins of the lake is expressed; there are underwater banks and even underwater ridges. The Baikal basin is divided into three basins: Southern, Middle and Northern, separated from each other by two ridges - Academic and Selenginsky.

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There are 27 islands on Baikal (Ushkany Islands, Olkhon Island, Yarki Island and others). The largest of them is Olkhon (71 km long and 12 km wide, located almost in the center of the lake near its west coast, area - 729 km²). The largest peninsula is Svyatoy Nos.

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The Baikal region (Baikal Rift Zone) is an area with high seismicity: earthquakes regularly occur here, most of which are one or two points on the intensity scale. However, strong ones also happen; Thus, in 1862, during the ten-magnitude Kudarino earthquake in the northern part of the Selenga delta, a land area of ​​200 km² with 6 uluses, in which 1,300 people lived, went under water, and Proval Bay was formed. Strong earthquakes were also noted in 1903 (Baikal), 1950 (Mondinskoye), 1957 (Muyskoye), 1959 (Middle Baikal). The epicenter of the Central Baikal earthquake was at the bottom of Lake Baikal in the area of ​​the village of Sukhaya (southeast coast). Its strength reached 9 points. In Ulan-Ude and Irkutsk, the strength of the main shock reached 5-6 points, cracks and minor destruction were observed in buildings and structures. The last strong earthquakes on Lake Baikal occurred in August 2008 (9 points) and February 2010 (6.1 points).

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This fact also makes Baikal unique natural object, since most lakes, especially those of glacial origin, live on average 10-15 thousand years, and then fill with silty sediments and become swampy. The origin of Baikal is still a matter of scientific debate. Scientists traditionally estimate the age of the lake at 25-35 million years.

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Baikal is home to about 2,600 species and subspecies of aquatic animals, more than half of which are endemic, that is, they live only in this body of water. These include about 1000 endemic species, 96 genera, 11 families and endemic subfamilies. 27 species of fish from Lake Baikal are found nowhere else. This abundance of living organisms is explained by the high oxygen content in the entire thickness of Baikal water. The most interesting fish in Baikal is the viviparous golomyanka fish, whose body contains up to 30% fat. It surprises biologists with its daily feeding migrations from the depths to shallow waters. Fish in Baikal include Baikal omul, grayling, whitefish, Baikal sturgeon (Acipenser baeri baicalensis), burbot, taimen, pike and others. Baikal is unique among lakes in that freshwater sponges grow here at great depths. In the 1990s, an international project for deep-sea drilling of Lake Baikal was carried out jointly by Russian, American and Japanese scientists. The drilling was carried out in winter, from a research vessel frozen in ice. Drilling made it possible to study the section of sedimentary strata at the bottom of the lake and detail its history. Drilling results are especially valuable for reconstructing climate changes in Eurasia.

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Lake Baikal is a unique ecological system, legal basis the protection of which is regulated by the Federal Law “On the Protection of Lake Baikal” adopted in 1999. In accordance with this federal law, a special regime for economic and other activities has been established in the Baikal natural territory. Environmental crimes registered in the Baikal natural territory in 2010 were associated with illegal cutting of trees and bushes from the total number of detected crimes); illegal harvesting of aquatic animals and plants; destruction and damage to forests; illegal hunting, water pollution and violation of veterinary rules and rules for combating plant diseases and pests.

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Lake Baikal Lake Baikal is located in the southern part of Eastern Siberia. This deepest lake planets. The largest natural reservoir of fresh water.

Baikal is located in Russia, on the border of the Irkutsk region and the Republic of Buryatia. The lake stretches from north to southwest for 636 km in the form of a giant crescent. The width of the lake is from 25 to 80 km.

336 permanent rivers and streams flow into Baikal. At the same time, half of the volume of water entering the lake is brought by the Selenga River. The only river that flows out of Baikal is the Angara.

The area of ​​the water surface of Baikal is 31,470 sq. km. The maximum depth is 1,637 m. To imagine the enormity of the water body of Baikal, we point out that the Angara needs 387 years of continuous operation to drain its water bowl, provided that during this time not a liter of water gets into Baikal.

The volume of water in Lake Baikal is 23 thousand cubic meters. km This accounts for 20% of the world's and 90% of Russian fresh water reserves. There is more water in Baikal than in all 5 Great Lakes combined.

For more than half of the year, the lake is covered with ice. Freeze-up on the lake lasts from mid-January to the end of April.

Baikal water is unique and amazing. It is unusually transparent, clean and saturated with oxygen. In spring, the transparency of the water is 40 m.

There are 52 species of fish in the lake, of which 27 are endemic. The most popular: Siberian sturgeon, whitefish, perch, dace, catfish, carp, burbot, golomnyanka, omul.

Golomyanka Golomyanka is a transparent fish without scales and a swim bladder, 35% consists of fat. It lives only in Lake Baikal and belongs to the viviparous class. Golomyanka is capable of producing up to 2000 small fish.

Golomyanka The name of the fish comes from the word “golomen”, which means “open sea”. Golomyanka “soars” with the help of pectoral fins with a wide open mouth.

Baikal omul The Latin name of the Baikal omul is translated as “wandering” whitefish. The name is not accidental. Scientists believe that the omul entered Baikal during the interglacial period from the seas of the Arctic Ocean.

Baikal omul The Baikal omul is endemic, i.e. not found anywhere except Lake Baikal. The Baikal omul is divided into several populations. The most popular are Selenga and Barguzin.

Baikal seal One of the three freshwater seal species in the world. Endemic to Lake Baikal. The average body length of an adult seal is 165 cm. Weight is from 50 to 130 kg. Movement speed in a calm environment is 7-8 km/h. Maximum speed is 20-25 km/ h (develops when moving away from danger) It moves slowly on a hard surface, moving its flippers and tail.

Cubs are born in mid-March. Typically, a seal gives birth to one baby weighing up to 4 kg. The skin of the baby is silvery. The baby spends about 4-6 weeks inside the den, feeding on its mother’s milk.

The seals feed on the non-commercial golomyanka fish (Baikal goby). Over the course of a year, a seal eats up to 1 ton of fish.

Scientists believe that the seal entered Baikal from the Arctic Ocean along the Yenisei and Angara during the Ice Age.

The seal overwinters on the ice in lairs under the snow. When the lake is covered with ice, the seal can breathe through vents. The seal does this by scraping the ice with the claws of its forelimbs.

The most common coastal animals are: bear, deer, wapiti, and elk.

Roe deer, musk deer, hare, wolf, fox

There are many birds in the nature of Baikal: loon, Dalmatian pelican, great cormorant, heron,

Black stork, partridge, wood grouse, eagle

Olkhon Island is the largest island of Lake Baikal. Length 71 km, width 12 km. Area 730 sq. km. The population is Russian and Buryat (mostly fishermen). You can get to the island by ferry.


 

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