The warmest lakes in the world. Thermal springs, boiling and hot lakes Kunashir Island The hottest lake in Kamchatka

A distant and mysterious land - Kamchatka. The region is also virgin, still little studied and as yet almost undeveloped by man. It’s no wonder that there are a lot of mysterious things here, including things that are dangerous to human life.

Deadly Lake Fumarole

There are many volcanoes in Kamchatka, the landscapes around which literally fascinate with their piercing beauty. Lake Fumarolnoye at the foot of the Uzon volcano is no exception in this regard, which looks more like a huge bowl of hot water floating in cool air.

Indeed, even on the surface of this unique body of water the temperature of the liquid is about 50 degrees Celsius, and in the depths the water simply boils. This is the hottest lake in Russia.

The name of the reservoir “Fumarolnoe” can be translated as a source of hot gases, but it would be more correct to say - a source of poisonous gases, since the haze over this lake is not a harmless steam from hot water, but various gas formations that are fatal to all living things. For this reason, there is not even a path to Lake Fumarolnoye - neither tourists, nor hunters and fishermen come here, rare visitors to the mysterious reservoir are scientists who study not only the lake itself, but also the influence of the Uzon volcano on it.

The reservoir is relatively large, about 600 meters long and 300 meters wide, its depth reaches 25 meters. Moreover, it is so beautiful that it is difficult to take your eyes off, but it is better to admire this lake in photographs or videos, without approaching this natural “trap” - it is mortally dangerous!

Death Valley

Who doesn’t know the famous Valley of Geysers of Kamchatka (watch the video about it below), it is in this place of fantastic beauty and contrast in Soviet time The wonderful film “Sannikov Land” was shot. However, few people have heard that very close to this life-affirming valley there is another - the Valley of Death.

The most interesting thing is that until the mid-seventies of the last century about this creepy place no one even knew. Firstly, Kamchatka is huge and still little studied, and the Death Valley is not that big - about 2 kilometers long and half a kilometer wide. In 1975, forester V. Kalyaev and volcanologist V. Leonov accidentally fell into this dangerous canyon while studying Kronotsky nature reserve this region. It almost cost them their lives. In subsequent years, many expeditions of scientists visited here, trying to understand what in this valley kills animals and birds, including humans, if he turns out to be so careless that he does not leave the lost place as soon as possible.

At first glance, everything seems simple - all living things here are killed by volcanic gases, like carbon monoxide. However, why do animals and birds in the canyon die almost instantly? Then scientists suggested that these gases may contain, say, cyanogen chloride, which is similar in its effect to cyanide poisons. But this theory is also bursting at the seams, since the concentration of cyanogen chloride in this case should be very high and cause tearing, but this is not observed. Moreover, cyanide poisons kill all living things, including bacteria, while animals and birds poisoned in the Valley of Death do not turn into mummies, but calmly decompose...

The Valley of Death still remains an unsolved mystery of a distant and fantastic land - Kamchatka. However, there are many other mysteries here, it’s like the good old wizard’s snuffbox, which contains real fairy-tale wonders...

Hydrologists have determined that there are only about 5 million lakes on Earth. There are about 2 million 850 thousand of them in the CIS (counting reservoirs with an area of ​​more than 10 hectares as lakes).

The most big lake in the world - Caspian lake, which, due to its enormous size, is even called the sea. It has an area of ​​376 thousand square meters. km and the greatest depth is 1025 m.

Among freshwater lakes, the largest in area is globe Lake Superior is considered to be located in North America. Its area is 82.4 thousand square meters. km. It is part of the world's largest single freshwater sea, consisting of 5 lakes: Superior, Huron, Michigan, Erie and Ontario. It contains 23 thousand cubic meters. km of fresh water on Earth.

The largest underground lake located in the African republic of Namibia. It is located in a karst cave with the peculiar name “Drachen Hauklok”, which means “dragon’s nostrils”. Warm air constantly escapes from the cave. The underground lake is located at a depth of 59 m. Its area is 1.9 hectares, its depth is 200 m, and its unusually clear water has a constant temperature of about +24 degrees at any time of the year. The mystery of the rising temperature of this lake has not yet been solved. If this had something to do with volcanic activity, the water in it would be mineralized, while here it is of well purity.

From freshwater lakes the longest is the African Lake Tanganyika. It extends 670 km from north to south. It is interesting that in its depth (1435 m) this lake is second only to Baikal - it is of exactly the same origin. Tanganyika, like Baikal, receives many rivers but releases only one. But if in winter Baikal freezes for 5 months, and the water there never heats up above +12 degrees, then in Tanganyika it never cools below +23 degrees. But in terms of water reserves, Baikal is 2 times richer than Tanganyika.

Fresh-salt lake. Balkhash is the only lake in the CIS countries that has different waters. It is divided into two parts by a narrow strait - eastern and western. In the first, the water is brackish, in the second, it is fresh. The area of ​​this Kazakh lake is extremely “fluid”: from 17 to 22 thousand square meters. km, its greatest depth is 26.5 m.

The hottest lake in Kamchatka - Fumarolnoe. average temperature the water in it is + 50 degrees. The secret of this natural “bath” is that it heats the lake next door to the Uzon volcano.

The largest alpine lake in the CIS - Sevan, located in Armenia. Its area is about 1240 sq. km. It is located at an altitude of 1903 m above sea level. IN this moment greatest depth - up to 52 m.

The "highest" lake on Earth, Lake Arport-tso in China is considered. It is located at an altitude of 5465 m above sea level in Tibet.

The largest among alpine lakes South American Lake Titicaca is considered. Its height above sea level is 3812 m, and its area is 8300 sq. km. The lake, despite its altitude, never freezes and has a constant temperature of +11 degrees. Titicaca still poses a mystery to scientists. It turns out that the chemical composition of its water is the same as in the Pacific Ocean. In addition, it is home to many representatives of ocean fauna, and even sharks. And this in a lake located at such a height! But that’s not all: on its shores the ruins of very ancient cities, built by no one knows who, with the remains of port buildings were found... All this indicates that Titicaca was not always a lake and was associated with Pacific Ocean. But how many thousands of years did it take for the lake to rise so high above the ocean? What then is the age of the ruins of the cities located on its banks?

The most deep lake on the ground- Siberian Lake Baikal. Its average depth is 730 meters, the most deep place– 1620 meters. Baikal is considered the world's largest natural reserve of fresh water, of which there are about 23 thousand cubic meters. km is much more than in the Baltic Sea. The area of ​​Lake Baikal is 31.5 thousand square meters. km.

Dead Lake. An unusual body of water called Dead Lake, is located in Kazakhstan, in the village of Gerasimovka, Taldy-Kurgan region. There is nothing living in his pool, which measures 100x60 meters. Scientists suggest that a very toxic gas is released from a crevice at the bottom of the lake, which kills all living things. And one more specific feature of Dead Lake is that the water in it is icy even in the summer heat.

Ghost Lake. Lake Ertso, located in South Ossetia near the city of Tskhinvali, appears and then completely disappears. Its area in “high water” is about 0.5 square meters. km. The lake lies at an altitude of 2000 m above sea level. Every 3-5 years the lake... disappears, as if someone took out the plug in a large bathtub. Water from the lake is poured into an underground reservoir over the course of about a month. Sometimes this disappearance occurs in winter. Then the ice that covered the surface of the lake becomes the ceiling of a giant vault. The ceiling quite often falls... to the bottom. Only newts live in the lake. Fish apparently “avoid” settling in such an unreliable body of water. Scientists interpret the phenomenon of a disappearing lake by the existence under its bottom karst caves, where and from time to time, depending on the “mood” of the groundwater, lake water flows.

Salt lakes. It is simply impossible to drown in a salt lake, even if a person does not know how to swim at all. After all, Tuvan Lake Dus-Khol (which means “salt lake”) is a natural concentrated salt solution.

In the territory former USSR the saltiest lake is Baskunchak. Nothing living can live in it.

Sweet Lake. IN Chelyabinsk region located in the Urals amazing lake- Sweets. It washes clothes without soap and even removes oil stains. The lake water contains table salt and soda, which is known to have a sweetish taste. The presence of these elements in a certain chemical combination gives special qualities to the water of Lake Sladkoye.

"Floating" lake. The Uzon volcano, located in Kamchatka, is not only a giant gray-black crater with steep walls and a frozen lake at the bottom. This is also its caldera - a grassy plain with rare hills overgrown with birch, cedar and rowan. This is an abundance of warm, cold and hot lakes, boiling springs, mud pots. One of the wonders of the Uzon caldera is the so-called “floating” lake. The released gases sometimes cover its entire surface with small and large bubbles.

The largest swamp on the planet, covering an area of ​​46,950 sq. km is located in the basin of the Pripyat River, a tributary of the Dnieper.

Issyk-Kul is a special lake; since ancient times, in the eyes of the local population, it has had the specificity of being enchanted. Before Russian settlers arrived here at the end of the 19th century, almost no one swam or fished in it.
Issyk-Kul translated from Kyrgyz means “hot lake” or from ancient Turkic – “sacred, reserved lake”.
Issyk-Kul is located inside the Tien Shan Mountains, at the bottom of a huge tectonic basin.
The mirror of Lake Issyk-Kul extends 177 km in the latitudinal direction, 60 km in the meridional direction, the water area is 6236 sq. km. The lake is located at an altitude of 1608 m above sea level. Its maximum depth is 668 m. The lake is drainless. About 80 rivers flow into the lake, but not a single one flows out..... Therefore, the lake is brackish. In general, the lake contains about 10 billion tons of various salts, despite the fact that the rivers flowing into it carry fresh water with a salt concentration of only 0.08-0.38 g/m3. Every year, a layer of water more than 80 cm thick evaporates from the surface of the lake, which favors the accumulation of salts.

Due to brackish water and great depths the lake never freezes. Frequent and strong winds also prevent the formation of even thin ice. Only small bays are sometimes covered with an ice crust, which is why the lake is called hot.

The lake is incredibly beautiful. For this reason it is called the “Pearl of Kyrgyzstan”. Greater transparency and bright sun change the color of the water of Lake Issyk-Kul from soft blue to dark blue tones.

The varied landscapes of the surrounding ridges contrast beautifully with the blue of the lake. View of Terskey-Alatoo - a ridge located in the south of the basin, capturing part of the water surface, considered one of beautiful landscapes peace.
The water in the lake is clear, especially in the open deep-water parts. The Sekke disk, which determines water transparency, is visible in Issyk-Kul at a depth of 20 meters. The lake is the second most transparent in the world after Baikal.

From the 2nd half of the 7th century, active construction of settlements began along the Silk Road in the Issyk-Kul region.
Until the arrival of the hordes of Genghis Khan in Central Asia(beginning of the 13th century) the cities of the Issyk-Kul region were upset and richer. The appearance of conquering troops on the coast forced wealthy residents to hide their accumulated wealth underground or under water. This is how treasures arose. After the devastating raids of the Mongols, the cities along the Silk Road degraded and this process turned out to be irreversible. Chroniclers of Timur's campaigns (late 14th century) no longer noted the existence of significant cities in Issyk-Kul. The final destruction of medieval settlements on the coast completed the lake: by the 16th century it completely flooded all the cities. Hydrographic and archaeological studies have shown that in the 11th -14th centuries the water level in the lake was 6 - 6.5 meters lower than today.
Today, archaeologists of Kyrgyzstan know more than a dozen ancient and medieval settlements located under water. Many historical and cultural values ​​of the Saka-Usun period (1st millennium BC) were discovered in them - ceramics, clay jugs and bronze cauldrons, various metal products - and early Middle Ages - khums, cauldrons, dishes of the Mongol-Timurid period, blue ceramics , coins.
In addition to the traditional legendary motif about dragons for reservoirs lost in the mountains, two more could be traced here - the motif of sunken cities and the motif of gold. According to historical science, there may be up to 200 large and small treasures in the lake region.

On the coast of the lake there are resorts that operate year-round, where you can not only have a great rest, but also improve your health. Most are located on the northern coast, where the water is warmer.

1. North coast. In the distance are the snowy peaks of Terskey Alatoo (Shadow Mountains)

3. Salt Lake Kara-Kol with healing mud on the south coast

4. Jeti-Ogyz gorge (seven bulls). Named for the number of peaks of the ridge

5. A 40m high waterfall in the gorge.

6. Dzhailau

7. "Broken Heart"

8. Blue waters Issyk-Kul

9. From this photograph you can imagine the degree of water transparency

10. Grigorievskoe Gorge

12. The hospitable hostess will fry you Issykul trout

13. Former Brezhnev dacha, now private property

14. Morning in Issyk-Kul

There are many legends about the origin of the lake. Here is one of them.

"In ancient times there was ancient city. Above the city at the top steep mountain there was a castle. It belonged to an old and powerful khan, who was famous not only for his wealth, but even more for his cruelty. Not a day passed without someone becoming a victim of his whim. Despite his old age, the khan was voluptuous, but he knew neither love nor affection. One day he heard a rumor that in one poor nomadic family there was a girl of fabulous beauty, and he decided to take possession of her. This girl lived in a small village, nestled at the foot of the mountains, on the bank of a stream. Not a single glorious horseman laid down his head for the beauty in a duel, but when asked to marry, she answered everyone that she loved someone else.

No one could find out who the girl loved, and she herself did not know. She only remembered that one early morning, when the sun illuminated the tops of the mountains, a handsome horseman appeared before her on a white horse, grabbed her, and together with him she soared high, high. She remembered how, with the speed of a whirlwind, the two of them rushed to an unattainable height, how he hugged her, kissed her, and when parting, he took off his ring and, putting it on her finger, said: “I’ll be back soon. Never take off the ring while you have it, no misfortune will not touch you"

And now, when the khan’s envoys came to her with rich gifts and offered to marry him, she indignantly pushed away the gifts and exclaimed:

I love someone else, and I will not be anyone’s wife except my beloved!

Having said this, the girl quietly went into the mountains in the hope of meeting the wondrous horseman again and seeking his protection.

And only then the girl noticed that the ring had disappeared from her hand, she began to cry and decided to return home. Before she could reach the house, armed horsemen surrounded her, grabbed her and quickly disappeared into a gloomy gorge. When she was released and the blindfold was removed, she saw herself among fabulous splendor. Then she realized that she was being captured by the khan and decided to die rather than become his wife.

Khan surrounded her with unheard-of luxury, but no gifts could sway the girl.

Finally, the khan decided to take by force what he had fruitlessly sought with gifts. He came to her again, promising everything for love, even freedom.

“I love someone else,” was the previous answer.

Khan rushed at the girl, but she quickly found herself at the open window, above the yawning abyss.

No, khan, I won’t be yours,” and with a loud cry the girl rushed down. At the same moment the impregnable walls trembled, granite vaults collapsed, gloomy castle old khan and water poured out of all the gorges, the remains of the khan’s palace had already disappeared under the water, and the water kept coming and coming until it flooded a large valley.” That’s how this wonderful lake Issyk-Kul was formed.

Thermal springs, lakes Boiling and Goryachee are located in the caldera of the Golovnina volcano, in the southern part of Kunashir Island, 14 km north of the village of Golovnino, South Kuril urban district Sakhalin region.

The lake is called Boiling, as the waters are heated by volcanic gases. On the shores of Boiling Lake and in the lake itself, numerous hydro- and simple solfataras are active, as well as fumaroles - sources of gases and steam emerging from the bowels of the earth on the slopes and at the foot of the volcano.

Volley emissions of hot water and gases occur. Swimming in the lake is prohibited, because it is not known when the next release will occur, and there have been cases where people received burns of varying severity.

Near the shore, in some places the water boils and swirls in pairs. On the shore, columns of vapors and gases saturated with sulfur erupt from holes of various diameters with hissing and whistling.

Solfatars are located not only along the shores of the lake, but also under water, in its coastal part. The water temperature in the lake ranges from a few degrees (where cold surface streams flow into it) to 90°C or more in places where solfataras emerge. The temperature of the water in the channel flowing out of the lake is 36°C. Black sulfur foam floats on the surface of the lake; The shore of the lake is covered with black sulfur sand, and the bottom is covered with sulfur silt.

Most of the gas outlets and seething springs are in the northwestern corner of the depression. The water along the lake “boils” due to the release of gases from the bottom of the lake. Many streams of gases make their way to the surface through modern lake sand.

Water from Lake Boiling flows through a channel into Lake Goryachee. At one time, the Japanese, when they were mining sulfur here, dug an overflow and lowered the level of Lake Boiling.

Lake Boiling is not particularly hot and some people still swim carefully. Lake Goryacheye is completely cold. You can also swim in the channel between the lakes.

Apparently, due to the forces of explosion of volcanic gases in southern slope The dome and the adjacent territory are inscribed with a large crater with a diameter of about 350 m. The bottom of the crater is occupied by a hot lake with a diameter of 236 m and a depth of 22 m (Fig. 22).

As of September 1973, given short description twenty hot springs of the Central solfatara field, made by Yu.A. Anikiev:

Source 1 (First). A source near the shore of the lake. Dimensions 2x1 m, dark color. In the middle there is a violent release of gas bubbles. The water temperature in the source is 93°C, pH = 5.
Source 2 (Small). A small puddle up to 50 cm in size, from the bottom of which there are several outlets of hot water and gases. The source flows into the lake. Boiling. Water temperature 92°C, pH=5. The water is clear with a gray tint.
Source 3 (Sour). A shallow oval-shaped cauldron with an average radius of 1.5 m. The color of the water is gray with a green tint. There is a film of sulfur on the surface. In different places there is a quiet release of gas bubbles. The water temperature in the boiler at different points differs by 1-2°C. The average temperature is 60°C, pH = 1.5.
Source 4 (Triple). Three side by side shallow boilers with dark hot water, temperature 92°C. A quiet release of gases is observed, pH = 3.
Source 5. A dark gray puddle with a fountain of gas bubbles in the middle. Size 2x2 m, temperature 95°C, pH= 2.0.
Source 6. A small puddle of dark gray color with the release of gas bubbles on the surface. Temperature 95°C, pH=3.
Source 7 (Cauldron). The cauldron is 80 cm in diameter and 50 cm deep. Dark oily mud “boils” at the bottom. Temperature 96°C, pH not measured.
Source 8 (Stormy). Hot fountain of dark gray liquid with gas bubbles. Temperature 94°C, pH = 3.5.
Source 9 (Light). Fountain of clear water with gas bubbles. The height of the fountain is 20-30 cm. Temperature 95°C, pH = 5.
Source 10 (Big). A small lake with a diameter of 5 m of dark gray water. In the middle of the lake big fountain. Temperature 87°C, pH = 5.0.
Source 11 (Calm). A small puddle, light gray in color, with small bubbles of gas rising from the bottom. Water temperature 89°C, pH = 4.
Source 12 (Quiet). A shallow cauldron of light gray, opaque water. Occasional release of gas bubbles. Temperature 84 C, pH = 4.5.
Source 13 (Mud). A mud volcano in which dark mud “boils” in large bubbles. Temperature 89 C, pH not measured.
Source 14 (Green). A small depression measuring 2x2 m with clear green water, temperature 76 C, pH = 8.1. The spring flows into Lake Boiling. At the bottom of this drain there are deposits of a white jelly-like mass.
Source 15 (Dark). A small depression with dark water and faint gas bubbles. Temperature 61 C, pH=5.
Source 16 (Saladny). A small puddle of light green transparent water. Gas bubbles are periodically observed coming out of the bottom. Temperature 49°C, pH=8.6.
Source 17. Stream flowing from Lake Boiling. The width of the stream is ~1.5 m, the depth is about 20 cm. The flow rate is 156 l/sec. The temperature of the flowing water in the stream is 34.5°C. pH=4. (Measured August 20, 1973).
Source 18 (Curly). Next to a fresh stream 20 m from south coast lake Boiling. There is a rapid release of gas bubbles over the entire surface. The gas released is suffocating and leaves a bitter taste in the mouth.
Source 19 (Black). A depression with black water measuring 1 x 1.5 m. The water acquires its black color due to the formation of a black jelly-like sediment. Temperature = 54°C, pH = 7.5.
Source 20 (Transparent). Two puddles of clear water with a gray tint. Weak gas bubbles. There is a gray film on the surface. There is a gray “jelly” at the bottom. Temperature = 70°C, pH = 4.0.

It is worth noting the observed shaking of the soil on the shore of the lake in the area of ​​the “First” spring. Probably deep in the rock there are voids in which gas and steam periodically break through under high pressure, thus causing slight vibrations of the rock.

In addition to the described field, in the caldera of Golovnin volcano there are four more solfataric fields.

Central Western Solfatar Field
Located on the northern side of the Western Central Dome, where its wall was apparently breached by an explosion of volcanic gases. In the lower part of the field, a few tens of meters from the caldera lake, a very small but very hot stream flows out of a small crack (T=98.5°C).

The water of the stream appears to be largely a natural condensate of solfataric vapors.

Turtle solfatara field
Associated with the “tortoiseshell” structure (Markhinin, 1959). Many solfataras occur linearly along the northwestern edge of the structure among loose, eroded lacustrine gravelstones. Below and further to the northwest, small hot springs and numerous solfatara outcrops are confined to highly decomposed, bleached rocks transformed into clay. Many streams of gas make their way from the bottom of the caldera lake.

Nabokov's solfataric field
Located on the northeastern shore of the caldera lake. It is 70 m long and 40 m wide. 35 m from the shore of the lake there are 4 weak springs with a temperature of 38-52°C and pH = 6. There is a noticeable weak release of gas bubbles. The springs are in decline.

Unnamed solfataric field
Located on the shore of the caldera lake. Outcrops of solfataras are concentrated in two points: directly on the shore of the lake and a few tens of meters from it on the shore of a 2-5-meter terrace. This solfataric field is especially characterized by the development of mud pots, which are 1-1.3 m in diameter and 0.5-1 m in depth.

Underwater fumarole field (according to K.K. Zelenov, 1963)
It is located in the northwestern part of the caldera lake on an underwater slope with a steepness of 40-50°. It occupies an area of ​​approximately 400 m2, from which numerous streams of gas rise. Within the field lake bed clearly distinguished by the whitish color of the rocks, which can be seen directly from the shore. The water of the lake in this place has a blue tint and is highly opalescent.

When volcanic gases pass through the lake water, sulfur and chloride gases dissolve, enriching the water with chlorides and sulfates. A similar process is reflected by the composition of gas condensates. As a result, the freely released gas of lake water consists almost entirely of carbon dioxide. The presence of a large amount of hydrogen sulfide (up to 48%) in the freely released gases of hot springs apparently indicates that in these springs the process of dissolution of sulfur dioxide gases does not have time to reach completion.

The waters of the hot springs of the Golovnin volcano and the Boiling Lake of the Central Eastern group differ in chemical composition.

The springs belong to hot, methane-hydrogen sulfide-carbon dioxide, strongly acidic (pH = 1.3-3.0), moderately mineralized, sulfate aluminum-hydrogen thermal springs. In the water of the springs, it should be noted that there is a sharply increased content of hydrogen sulfide (164 mg/l), iron (up to 200 mg/l) and silicic acid. In addition, it contains large quantities of manganese (up to 1.7 mg/l), strontium (up to 1.8 mg/l), bromine (up to 3.1 mg/l), fluorine (up to 1.6 mg/l). l) and phosphorus (up to 5 mg/l).

The exception is the “boiling pond” in the Central Eastern group with less acidic (pH = 6.5), sulfate-hydrocarbonate-magnesium-calcium waters. Moreover, these waters contain 124 mg/l of hydrogen sulfide.

Boiling Lake water is also highly acidic (pH = 2.3-3.7). At the greatest distance from coastal sources (temperature 31°C), the water contains 880 mg/l (82% equivalent) of chlorine and 450 mg/l (54% equivalent) of sodium). As you approach the fumaroles (temperatures up to 97°C), the content of sulfates, silicic acid, iron, and hydrogen increases and the amount of chlorine and sodium sharply decreases.

The channel water from the lake has a sulfate-chloride-calcium-sodium composition.

Thus, lake waters are carbonic, strongly acidic, slightly mineralized, sulfate-chloride calcium-sodium. In water, as well as in hot springs, the content of biological active components is sharply increased: silicic acid, iron, hydrogen sulfide, phosphorus. It is interesting to note that there is no boron in the waters of hot springs, and the lake water contains up to 50 mg/l of metaboric acid.

The water of the underwater fumarole field differs sharply from the rest of the water of the caldera lake and from the waters mineral springs(K.K. Zelenov, 1963). If in the water of mineral springs aluminum and iron predominate in the cations, and sulfate in the anions, then in the water of the underwater fumarole field, sodium, calcium and magnesium predominate in the cations, and chlorine in the anions. K.K. Zelenov explains this by the fact that “when directly released into a vast body of water, dissolving gases are not able to form concentrated acids such as terrestrial thermal baths. Therefore, acidic decomposition of thermal baths in the form that is observed on land does not occur under water and only a relatively small amount of easily soluble alkali metals. The predominance of chlorine can be explained by the high solubility of hydrogen chloride, while hydrogen sulfide is oxidized to elemental sulfur and only partially transforms into sulfate ion. Thin particles of released sulfur, clearly visible under water, form precisely those. light spots around the gas outlets, which create the overall white background of the fumarole field. CO2 does not dissolve in water and makes up the bulk (82.5%) of gases escaping into the atmosphere."

V.V. Ivanov (1956, 1958) classifies the waters of the mineral springs of the Golovnin volcano as fumaroles of surface formation, and the waters of the hot lake as fumaroles of deep formation.

The waters of the sources of the Golovnina volcano are sour in taste, transparent, and smell of hydrogen sulfide.

Coordinates: 43.863760 145.501470

 

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