How an airplane lands. How to land a plane in an emergency? Landing can also be forced

Airplanes are becoming smarter every day. If previously the autopilot was considered the height of perfection in aviation, in relatively calm weather conditions safely and reliably escorting a plane from point A to point B, then modern airliners can boast of systems that allow them to take off and land automatically. There is sometimes even an opinion among passengers that the profession of a pilot is not as difficult as it is shown, say, in the movies - you sit, drink coffee and press buttons. And if something happens, the automation will always come to the rescue and help even an ordinary passenger to land the plane. But is this really so?

Imagine. You are flying on vacation to sunny Cyprus or to a film festival in New York. On the screen of the multimedia system in the passenger's seat, a colorful map with the route and flight parameters is displayed in front of you. Height 11 thousand meters, speed 890 kilometers per hour. The engines whistle rhythmically, fluffy clouds float smoothly behind the porthole below, and bottomless blue and dazzling sun above. But then suddenly a pale stewardess runs into the cabin and loudly announces (although in reality this will never happen, because the instructions prohibit it) that all the pilots (yes, both at once!) have lost consciousness and are not coming back to consciousness.

Not a single pilot, like you, flying on vacation, is in the cabin. There is no one to fly or land the plane. And then you get up from your chair and walk with the gait of a true brave man to the door of the cockpit. We need to get inside somehow, but how? The door is armored and pilots control its opening. A flight attendant comes to the rescue: she dials a secret code on a small digital panel next to the door. But the door does not open because the electronic door lock provides a delay: the pilots must make sure through the camera that the flight attendant dialed the code alone, and not under the supervision of terrorists (in which case they block the lock until the end of the flight). After a delay, the door opens.

In front of you: wind windows with clouds and bottomless blue, many buttons, verniers, screens and screens, handles and handles, pilots' bodies and two steering wheels (if you are flying on a Boeing or Tupolev airliner, or two joysticks if you are on an Airbus or SSJ). Chances are, when you step into the cockpit, the plane will be flying under autopilot control (because the weather is clear and there is nothing in the way). It is best to take a seat on the left. It is the commander’s level, from there you have the most opportunities to control the aircraft. First of all, you need to find the radio switch on the helm or joystick (just do not press the red button, otherwise you will turn off the autopilot).


After the radio switch is found, put a headset on your head (headphones with a microphone), press the found switch and say “Mayday” loudly and clearly several times (this is a distress signal, the dispatcher will definitely respond to it). If the switch on the steering wheel or joystick cannot be found, then a walkie-talkie will definitely be found to the left of your seat. Feel free to pick it up, turn it on, tune it to 121.5 megahertz and shout “Mayday” into it. This frequency is listened to by rescue services, so you will soon be switched to the dispatcher or pilot on duty, who will explain what to do next.

In fact, in this entire process, the most important step is communication with the control tower. After the dispatcher answers your call for help, he will ask for your flight number and tell you where to find this information (for example, on the control wheel these numbers are located on the “horn” on the left). And then the fun begins - under the guidance of the dispatcher and the pilot on duty, you will proceed directly to landing the aircraft. If you have previously “flyed” at home on a computer flight simulator, it will be easier for you, but this is still not a guarantee of a successful landing.

Depending on the type of aircraft, the actions that the attendant will prompt you to do will differ, but general scheme the fit is the same for everyone. To begin with, you will be asked to verify the normal operation of the autopilot and the correct flight parameters that it adheres to. At some distance from the airport, you will be asked to switch the autopilot to approach mode, and then they will prompt you with which handles you need to set the speed, altitude, and turn. At the same time, you will be asked to configure the aircraft’s automation to receive signals from the beacon of the instrumented landing system located at the airport. The plane will follow its signal when landing.

Then there will definitely come a time when the pilot on duty will ask you to lower the flaps (the handle on the center panel with the inscription FLAP and several divisions) and the landing gear (the large handle with arrows and the inscriptions UP and DOWN). After touching runway you will be ordered to turn on the engine reverse (the levers on the engine control handles between the seats) and use all the wing mechanization to help slow down. Finally, you will be asked to apply the brakes (usually located on top of the steering pedals under your feet). All. You sat down, the plane stopped. You can faint or heroically wipe the sweat from your forehead.

In fact, this has been described as an ideal landing. In it you are a very lucky person. After all, the weather is good, there is no wind, the plane is equipped with an automatic landing system, and an instrumental landing system is installed at the receiving airport (a beacon system that allows the plane to orient itself, find the landing strip and even align itself with its center). Depending on the accuracy category, the instrumental landing system allows the aircraft to land automatically from a height of 790 to 49 meters. But such systems are currently only equipped major airports, which means that at a regional port you will have to board manually.

The fact is that the on-board automatic landing system on an airplane without an instrumental landing system at the airport will not work; the plane simply “won’t see” where to land, and everything will end very sadly. And if you thought that landing in automatic mode meant pressing two buttons and waiting for the plane to do everything itself, then you were sorely mistaken. The machine has access only to the rudders, elevators and engines. You will still have to turn on flaps, spoilers, spoilers, deflectable toes, landing gear brakes and other mechanization.

If the arrival airport does not have an instrumented landing system, or there is a strong crosswind, rain, or fog, then you will most likely have to land the plane completely manually. And here your chances of success are reduced by an order of magnitude. The pilot on duty, of course, will tell you until the last moment where and what needs to be pulled, which pedal to press and which numbers to dial, but this is unlikely to help. The fact is that pilots learn to fly an airplane in bad weather conditions long and hard. A person who is called “from the cold” has no chance.

And, yes, bad news. If you have never before been specifically interested in the design of the cockpit of the very plane you are flying on, then both automatic and manual landing will end for you the same way - a catastrophe in which everyone on board will die. Of course, there is always a small chance of survival, but it is insignificant. In automatic landing mode, you will at least have a few seconds to find the right handle or button, and the computer will protect you from serious mistakes. In manual landing mode, there is simply no time to look for the necessary buttons, and delay is death.


So, no matter what modern plane you fly on, you most likely will not be able to land it without at least minimal preparation. But the good news is that until they land (or crash), you actually won't even know that anything happened to the pilots at all. Flight attendants, most likely, simply won’t tell you this, because such information can cause panic on board, and this is a guaranteed death - it is impossible to control a panicked crowd. All actions are automatic or manual landing flight attendants will try to do things on their own until the end.

In 2009, a Boeing 737 passenger plane crashed near Amsterdam in the Netherlands. Turkish Airlines Airlines. The disaster killed nine people and injured another 120. The plane was landing under the control of a professional pilot in automatic mode, and the cause of the disaster was incorrect data output from the radio altimeter. But don't panic: in the case where the plane is controlled by a pilot, the probability of a catastrophic landing in automatic mode is estimated at one in two billion.

And remember. There are always two pilots in the cockpit: the commander aircraft and co-pilot. In history passenger aviation There has not yet been a single case where both pilots failed at once. In November 2012, a passenger Boeing airliner Lufthansa 747 flew forced landing at Dublin Airport (the plane was flying from New York to Frankfurt) after the captain of the aircraft suffered a severe migraine attack. The co-pilot was helped to land the plane by one of the passengers, who happened to have some experience in piloting turboprop aircraft.

Moreover, there have been only five or six cases in the history of aviation when a passenger or flight attendant was involved in flying an airplane as an assistant pilot. In all cases, the assistants had, albeit small, some experience in operating an aircraft.


But progress does not stand still. At the end of last year, the Federal Department civil aviation US new approach rules passenger aircraft equipped with blind landing systems. Such aircraft can now land at airports closed to other aircraft due to poor visibility. These systems include several heading sensors, including infrared cameras, and technical information exchange equipment. During landing approach, the system displays combined images from heading sensors and various instrumental data in real time on the screen in the cockpit.

The presence of “blind” and automatic landing systems on board the aircraft (the development of an automatic taxiing system around the airfield is also underway) will make flights truly safe in the next ten to twenty years. Taking into account the development of automatic systems and the shortage of pilots, NASA at the beginning of last year created the position of “super dispatcher” at airports, and reduced aircraft crews by half, that is, left one pilot in the cockpits. Agency experts believe that one pilot can fly the plane under normal conditions, especially since most of the flight takes place, as a rule, under the control of an autopilot.


The “super dispatcher” at the airport will become a virtual co-pilot. He will be located in a special control center and will escort several flights at once. If an emergency occurs or the captain of the aircraft is lost, he will take over control. Remote control of the aircraft and data exchange will be carried out via a broadband communication channel in real time. Interestingly, in response to NASA's proposal, some airlines decided to go even further and announced that planes could be left without pilots at all.

The fact is that the existing control and navigation systems of modern aircraft are already accurate enough to completely entrust the takeoff, flight and landing of aircraft to automation. For example, some aircraft are already equipped navigation equipment RNP-1 specifications. This means that in automatic mode, with a probability of 0.95, the airliner will deviate from the axis of the given route by no more than one nautical mile (1.852 kilometers) throughout the entire flight. Knowing about the high accuracy of navigation systems, the Israelis, for example, even have interception zones for air and missile defense systems close to the borders of air corridors.

Major manufacturers of aircraft avionics, including the French company Thales and the American Honeywell, are already developing truly automatic systems. Such systems will not depend on airport instrumentation systems and will be able to land aircraft on any suitable runway. The equipment of these systems will independently recognize landing strips, assess environmental conditions and guide the aircraft. However, before integrating such systems into passenger liners still very, very far away. After all, they still need to be tested, checked for reliability, and duplicated. And this requires years of research.



navigationparameters.wordpress.com

Vasily Sychev

A seemingly harmless habit - clapping after a plane lands - can lead to personal tragedy. The other day, a young man from Atlanta named Greg posted a cry from his heart on Twitter.

Imagine: you are 31. You just got married and went on a trip with your significant other to Honeymoon. The plane lands in Bora Bora and your wife starts clapping. She's an airplane clapper. You board a plane to America and don't talk anymore.

This post caused a strong response from Twitter users. “I don’t know who is worse: those who applaud after landing, or those who do it in the cinema after watching a movie,” “You will never know a person completely until you see how he behaves on an airplane,” they wrote People.

The question of whether to clap or not to clap after landing is still controversial. There is a community called Planeclappers on the Reddit forum, where users share their opinions about applause on an airplane and talk about their experiences. Here are some of them:

  • “We were flying over the mountains in Southern California, and I thought we were going to die because of a crazy woman. Apparently we fell a couple of times and one lady practically hit the ceiling because she wasn't wearing her seatbelt. When the plane landed, everyone clapped except me and her.”
  • “Yesterday, my boyfriend and I went to the park, which is located next to the airport. We looked at the runway. And every time the plane landed, he stood up and greeted it!”
  • “I was on a plane and experienced extreme turbulence for 20 minutes before we landed. To my surprise, no one clapped. Although a collective sigh of relief was heard.”

Why do passengers applaud?

The reasons are different. Those who return to their homeland after a long absence often clap, including for a number of economic or political reasons. People also express joy at a successful landing in difficult weather conditions or in cases where there was some kind of technical malfunction on board.

It happens that passengers clap for no reason, even if the flight and landing went as usual. It has been noticed that those who fly frequently usually do not applaud. But passengers who go on vacation a couple of times a year prefer to “thank” the pilots.

According to flight attendants, passengers applaud more often on international flights. Much less often - after landing in European cities, where flights are cheap and residents fly very often.

By the way, landing is not a guarantee that all dangers are behind. In 2005 in Toronto during a plane landing airlines Air France, with several hundred passengers, experienced severe thunderstorms and rain. The aircraft landed with difficulty Passengers tell of arrowing escape, and people started clapping. But they quickly realized that this was premature: the plane skidded off the runway into a ravine and caught fire. No one was killed, but those passengers who applauded were also among the injured.

How others feel about applause

Pilots don't hear passengers clapping. The flight attendants can inform the pilots that the landing was accompanied by applause. But this is not always perceived positively.

There are pilots What do airline pilots think of passengers who applaud after a landing? who are pleased or indifferent to being applauded.

It doesn't matter much to me. Passengers are not air travel experts and cannot determine how well the landing went. But I will never refuse applause. It is always pleasant, even if sometimes undeserved.

Peter Wheeler, pilot from Australia

But many pilots are offended by applause. They consider themselves professionals of the highest category, and therefore landing is not something out of the ordinary, but an ordinary job that they always try to do flawlessly. It is insulting to a pilot when passengers think that flying an airplane is a game of roulette.

Passengers themselves view the tradition of clapping differently. Somebody

A person’s unquenchable craving for new thrills brings him to the flying club. An introductory flight - and again and again he comes to experience the freedom of flight not given by nature. However, for full control over the aircraft, desire alone is not enough. You need serious knowledge of the basics of aerodynamics, navigation, design and operation of aircraft, and most importantly, careful and methodical preparation for each flight. It may sound strange, but initially learning to fly an airplane is somewhat similar to teaching a bear to ride a bicycle. To quickly assimilate the material received and acquire new skills, it is necessary to have a clear knowledge of the sequence of actions at most stages of the flight and the monotony of showing the most complex elements of the flight (Although this depends more on the skill of the instructor). So that it doesn’t turn out that you painfully remember: “Did I do everything?”, frantically looking for the landing gear release signal somewhere during the leveling stage.

Today we will look at the procedure for approach and landing in normal weather conditions. In general, the methodology for performing these flight stages is the same for all types of aircraft piloted by one pilot. The difference is usually in the numbers. Still, the speed on the glide path of the Yak-18 is different from the speed of the Mig-21. Essentially, we will talk about what is in any flight manual, with only some additions and comments.

Most likely, experienced pilots will not find anything new in the material proposed below. However, for those who are just paving the way to the sky, this material will help shorten it.

Before we talk about the methodology for performing various stages of the flight, it is worth remembering some nuances. At most modern airfields, along the runway axis, a long-distance radio beacon (LLR) and a near-directional radio beacon (LLR) are installed for both landing directions. Their position, as a rule, is standard: DPRM - 4 km from the end of the runway, BPRM - 1 km from the end (Sometimes there are deviations of 300-500 meters!). Depending on the start, one of the groups of radio beacons operates. The standard glide path passes through both radio beacons: the passage height of the DPRM is 200 m, and the BPRM is 50–70 m (see figure). From above, both drives are clearly visible and can be used to control the correctness of the glide path. At some airfields used for FLA flights there are no drives. In such cases, it is possible to use landmarks (an experienced instructor will definitely pay attention to them). But ultimately, a perfect eye must be developed to determine the entry points into the third and fourth turns by position relative to the runway or landing signs.

In order not to go into lengthy discussions, we will consider the procedure in relation to the standard circle for the Yak-18t aircraft.

Flight from the second to the third turn

After exiting the second turn, look around, paying special attention to the inside of the circle. To assess the situation in the air, use the flight director’s commands and crew reports.

Note: For visual flights, discretion is vital for both you and your colleagues. Therefore, it is imperative to look around before and after performing any maneuver, especially in the direction of its execution.

In level flight, pay attention to the following:

The position of the front part of the cockpit canopy relative to the horizon;

Parallelism of the flight line relative to the runway (parallelism is determined visually);

Distance to the aircraft in front;

Maintaining flight speed and altitude;

    control over engine operation.

Note: Novice pilots usually do not have enough attention to control the operation of the engine and systems. We must not forget about this, especially on airplanes, where the pilot must regulate the order of engine cooling by adjusting the shutter flaps.

Chassis release order:

Abeam the precision landing strip, reduce the flight speed to a speed less than the speed limit on the landing gear (usually this speed is specified in the flight manual) on the instrument, lower the landing gear, make sure it is fully extended using the light and mechanical alarms, set the level flight speed With the landing gear extended, remove the load from the trim deflection control handle.

Note: You should always remember that as the speed decreases, the load-bearing properties of the aircraft decrease, therefore, to create the necessary lift, it is necessary to increase the angle of attack. Those. As the speed decreases, it is necessary to select the handle towards you, and the position of the hood will accordingly be higher than that which was at a higher speed. After releasing the landing gear, it is necessary to increase the engine thrust, because the aircraft's drag increased.

Before the third turn, report to the flight director to release the landing gear. Determine the moment when the turn begins. Pay attention to maintaining speed, flight altitude and the readings of instruments monitoring engine operation.

In addition, it is necessary to inspect:

The outer side - whether other planes are entering the circle for the third turn;

The space in front of the aircraft and inside the circle to the landing strip - are there any aircraft close in front or inside the circle landing;

The space on the left behind - whether other planes are overtaking from the inside.

Keep an eye on aircraft approaching to land ahead of you before they land.

Have you ever wondered what to do if, due to the prevailing circumstances (loss of consciousness, injury, shock, death), the pilot cannot land the plane on his own? Agree, this is a very sensitive question, but most likely there is nothing left to do but land the plane yourself. However, here the question will probably arise about whether the passengers on board survive and are not harmed. Of course, not everyone can be a pilot, especially since most are not even remotely familiar with what how to land a plane in an emergency situation, but it is worth emphasizing that with the help of the dispatcher’s manual, this can be done, albeit not as professionally as pilots with hundreds of hours of flight time do, but, nevertheless, thanks to your actions, you can save more than one hundred passengers.

How to land a plane

  1. To begin with, since you are the only one who decided to take on this difficult task, you will need to go into the cockpit, where you will need to take the seat of the aircraft commander. As a rule, the chief pilot's seat is the most loaded with all kinds of buttons, control handles and levers, so you can hardly make a mistake here. However, and this is important, do not touch the aircraft controls, because if the aircraft is in automatic pilot mode, then you are this moment are in complete safety, and try to understand that in a complex machine there are no extra buttons - each is responsible for its own action, and sometimes for several, and pressing any one can lead to the most unpredictable results. If the pilot of the aircraft is unconscious right in the cockpit, then when taking his place, make sure that in the future parts of the pilot’s body will not block the controls - the control wheel, buttons and levers, so how to land a plane In the future, if unexpected problems arise, it will be impossible.
  1. When sitting in the pilot's seat, first of all, make sure once again that the plane is in autopilot mode. To do this, you will need to look at the control panel, usually located on the front panel, and if the indicator light on it is on, then autopilot is in action mode.

If, when landing in the pilot’s seat, you nevertheless touched the controls of the airliner, then most likely this led to the automatic shutdown of the autopilot, and this mode you will need to turn it on by clicking on the corresponding button, which may be called differently in different aircraft models, but most often in Russian aircraft the following names are found: “Autopilot”, “Auto flight”, “ANF”, “AR”, etc. In aircraft of foreign air carriers, the functional name of the automatic piloting mode will be called “Autopilot”.

It is worth noting that in some cases, it may be necessary to adjust the position of the aircraft in space. To do this, you will need to look at the attitude indicator, which is usually always easily recognized even by those people who have never been in the cockpit. Please note that the indicator has a static bar indicating the normal attitude of the aircraft - an artificial horizon.

If the plane has noticeably deviated from plane, then you will need to correct its movement - raise or lower, or correct its roll. If the plane is tilted below the normal plane, then you will have to pull the yoke towards you, if it is higher, you will have to push it away from you. If the plane is banked to the left, then you need to turn the control wheel to the right, if, on the contrary, it is banked to the right, then turn to the left.

Once the plane is aligned with the artificial horizon, you will need to enable the autopilot function, and both a button and a toggle switch can be used as a control element. It is worth noting that the automatic piloting function of an aircraft is used to maintain the normal planeness of the aircraft relative to space, and it itself was created with the purpose that in the event of a critical situation, even a person who does not have any piloting skills could keep the aircraft in the air, however, this how to land a plane the autopilot cannot do it on its own, then in the future you will still have to take the helm into your own hands.

  1. It is worth noting that the plane will not be able to stay in the air all the time, and sooner or later, you will have to land it, and here the question of whether how to land a plane on one's own. First, you will definitely need to contact the nearest air tower to report an emergency on your aircraft. To do this, you will need to take the pilot’s headset, press and hold the corresponding “PTT” button on the helm, and broadcast the call sign “Mayday” three times, and then report what happened on board. In the event that the plane has left the air tower coverage area and you cannot contact the air traffic controller, you will need to switch to the 121.50 MHz frequency. After you broadcast your emergency message, be sure to release the button to receive a response.

If there are any problems with the operation of the radio station, then you can use the transponder, in which you will need to enter the digital code “7700”, which will allow dispatchers to understand that there is an emergency situation on board your aircraft.

In order for the dispatcher to understand which aircraft is currently in communication, when sending each message, precede it with the call sign of your aircraft.

  1. Guided by the help of the dispatcher, do not forget that in an airplane there is such a thing as a minimum speed, that is, at which the airplane is still in the air. You can determine the speed by looking at the same attitude indicator - as a rule, on the left side there is an indicator with numbers, and you should make sure that its readings are in the “green zone”.

A spontaneous decrease or increase in speed indicates that the plane is either losing altitude or, conversely, gaining it. In the first case, the speed will increase, and in order to bring it to normal, you will have to move the steering wheel slightly towards yourself, in the second case, the plane will gain altitude, and you will need to move the steering wheel away from you.

  1. Before landing, the air traffic controller will inform you about all the necessary actions on your part, so how to land a plane correctly not so simple.

First, you will have to reduce the power of the plane's engines - to do this, lower the throttle a few centimeters until you hear the sound of the plane become quieter. Please note that at this moment you should not perform any actions with the helm - the plane will level out on its own, however, if the plane’s speed drops below the “green zone”, then the throttle will have to be pushed forward a little so that the airliner does not fall.

According to the dispatcher's instructions, you will need to take the required altitude, for which pay attention to the same attitude indicator sensor, on the right side of which the flight altitude is indicated, and using manual control, go to the indicated altitude, after which you can turn on the autopilot again.

  1. Before, how to land a plane, the tower controller will tell you how to operate the flaps and bars, which are usually located near the throttles, and as you prepare to land yourself, you will need to lower the aircraft's landing gear. To do this, find the corresponding lever, usually located on the right side of the central control panel, which also usually has a corresponding signature.

Before landing, the plane will need to be aligned in the direction of the landing strip, but only the controller can tell you about this. Then, in preparation for landing, you will need to raise bow aircraft at an angle of about 7-15 degrees (depending on the type of aircraft).

When landing, you will need to use reverse thrust, the control bars of which are located immediately behind the throttles. If reverse thrust is not provided in the aircraft, then pull the throttle towards you as quickly as possible, thereby reducing its speed to a minimum.

Finally, in order for the plane to start braking, you will need to press the top of the pedal - it is responsible for the brake, however, keep in mind that you should brake in such a way that the plane does not skid on the runway.

Naturally, in reality the solution to the question of whether how to land a plane, may not be as simple as indicated, but, nevertheless, the principle will not change at all.

After completing the check-in procedure and other formalities before departure, you go directly to the departure area or waiting room, where you will wait for the boarding announcement. Even if there is enough time left before departure, you won’t be bored there - in the departure area there are cozy cafes and duty-free shops for shopping lovers. To avoid unforeseen situations and not to be late for departure, it is worth knowing what time boarding begins. As a rule, boarding of the plane is announced after the completion of the passenger check-in procedure for the flight. Having arrived in advance at the waiting room where the “gate” or gates are located, the first thing you have to do is find your gate, so that you don’t have to look for it at the last minute and, God forbid, get lost. Once the required gate has been found, you need to check the flight number on the sign at the gate and the number indicated in boarding pass. The data must match.

Important! Gate numbers sometimes change for unknown reasons, so it is important to arrive at the boarding gate no later than half an hour before departure and constantly monitor the announcements and information on the board.

Boarding pass

Without a document such as a boarding pass, you will not be allowed to board. It is issued to each passenger after completing the registration procedure. If check-in is successfully completed through terminals or the Internet, you can print your boarding pass yourself. You can do this in the following ways:

  • at the registration desk at the station;
  • through the self-check-in terminal;
  • via an online service.

In unforeseen situations, when your boarding pass is forgotten at home, or for unknown reasons it becomes damaged (it gets wet, torn, wrinkled), you always have the opportunity to print out a new one. This document contains important information for passengers:

  • flight number (denoted as Flight);
  • number and location of the seat in the aircraft cabin (Seat);
  • Boarding time & Gate closes, sometimes only one thing is indicated, for example, the start time of boarding;
  • Gate number for passengers to board.

You should always keep your boarding pass handy along with your passport, as sometimes your identity documents may be double-checked before your flight.

Features of boarding passengers on an airplane

The boarding pass must indicate the start time of passengers boarding. This information will be announced over the airport's public address system several times, but it is better to arrive five to ten minutes earlier than the time indicated on the ticket so as not to be late. Upon arrival at the gate or gate where passengers board, it is important to double-check your flight number and gate number to make sure you are on the right track. When exiting, you will be required to present your boarding pass, and in certain cases, your passport (more often than not, your identity document is checked before boarding on domestic flights). The ticket has two parts, the larger one will be torn off and the smaller one will be left to the passenger. To be sure, this part of the coupon should be checked again - it contains information about the luggage (luggage tags), which will make it possible to identify and find your suitcases among the luggage upon arrival.

After passing through the Gate at large airports, you will board the plane either by bus, which delivers all passengers on the flight to the ramp, or along an accordion air corridor connecting directly the station terminal and the aircraft. Having climbed the stairs or walked along the “sleeve” to the plane, you will be warmly greeted by flight attendants who welcome you on board the plane and will help you find and take the seat in the cabin indicated on your boarding pass. Hand luggage should be carefully placed on the shelf to avoid inconvenience and discomfort during the flight.

Start and end time of boarding

Usually, exact time the beginning and end of boarding of passengers on board the aircraft is indicated on the boarding pass, written on all the airport’s numerous information boards and announced orally over the loudspeaker. But you don’t have to look at your ticket or wait for an announcement to rationally calculate your time and not be late for boarding. For those unlucky enough to be late due to their own fault, the ticket price will not be refunded. It is worth taking care of timely arrival at the desired gate in advance. You just need to know the departure time of the plane and the end time of passenger check-in.

Attention! On international flights boarding is 10–20 minutes earlier than for domestic flights.

Passengers traveling internationally should arrive at the gate no later than 40 minutes before departure, while those traveling domestically should arrive at the gate half an hour before departure. At small airports, boarding sometimes begins 20 minutes before departure, if we are talking about domestic flights, and in 30 minutes if it is international. This is due to the fact that in international airports Often there is a long queue, and in smaller ones there is a smaller one, so the check-in procedure and subsequent boarding takes much less time.

 

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