The largest icebreaker in the world. The largest icebreaker in the world: photos, dimensions. What is an icebreaker

Nuclear icebreakers can stay on the Northern Sea Route for a long time without needing refueling. Currently, the operating fleet includes the nuclear-powered ships Rossiya, Sovetsky Soyuz, Yamal, 50 Let Pobedy, Taimyr and Vaygach, as well as the nuclear-powered lighter-container carrier Sevmorput. Their operation and maintenance is carried out by Rosatomflot, located in Murmansk.

1. Nuclear icebreaker - a sea vessel with a nuclear power plant, built specifically for use in waters covered with ice all year round. Nuclear icebreakers are much more powerful than diesel ones. In the USSR, they were developed to ensure navigation in the cold waters of the Arctic.

2. For the period 1959–1991. In the Soviet Union, 8 nuclear-powered icebreakers and 1 nuclear-powered lighter-container ship were built.
In Russia, from 1991 to the present, two more nuclear icebreakers were built: Yamal (1993) and 50 Let Pobeda (2007). Construction is currently underway on three more nuclear icebreakers with a displacement of more than 33 thousand tons, ice-breaking capacity of almost three meters. The first of them will be ready by 2017.

3. In total, more than 1,100 people work on Russian nuclear icebreakers, as well as ships based on the Atomflot nuclear fleet.

"Soviet Union" (nuclear-powered icebreaker of the "Arktika" class)

4. Icebreakers of the “Arctic” class are the basis of the Russian nuclear icebreaker fleet: 6 out of 10 nuclear icebreakers belong to this class. The ships have a double hull and can break ice, moving both forward and backward. These ships are designed to operate in cold Arctic waters, making it difficult to operate a nuclear facility in warm seas. This is partly why crossing the tropics to work off the coast of Antarctica is not among their tasks.

The icebreaker's displacement is 21,120 tons, draft is 11.0 m, maximum speed in clear water is 20.8 knots.

5. The design feature of the icebreaker “Soviet Soyuz” is that at any time it can be retrofitted into a battle cruiser. Initially, the ship was used for Arctic tourism. While making a transpolar cruise, it was possible to install meteorological ice stations operating in automatic mode, as well as an American meteorological buoy from its board.

6. Department of GTG (main turbogenerators). A nuclear reactor heats water, which turns into steam, which spins turbines, which energize generators, which produce electricity, which feeds electric motors that turn propellers.

7. CPU (Central control post).

8. The control of the icebreaker is concentrated in two main command posts: the wheelhouse and the central power plant control post (CPC). From the wheelhouse, general management of the icebreaker’s operation is carried out, and from the central control room, the operation of the power plant, mechanisms and systems is controlled and monitored.

9. The reliability of nuclear-powered ships of the Arctic class has been tested and proven by time - for more than 30 years of nuclear-powered ships of this class there has not been a single accident associated with a nuclear power plant.

10. Wardroom for meals for command personnel. The enlisted mess is located one deck below. The diet consists of four full meals a day.

11. "Soviet Union" was put into operation in 1989, with a specified service life of 25 years. In 2008, the Baltic Shipyard supplied equipment for the icebreaker that allows it to extend the life of the vessel. Currently, the icebreaker is planned for restoration, but only after a specific customer has been identified or until transit along the Northern Sea Route is increased and new work areas appear.

Nuclear icebreaker "Arktika"

12. Launched in 1975 and was considered the largest of all existing at that time: its width was 30 meters, length - 148 meters, and side height - more than 17 meters. All conditions were created on the ship to allow the flight crew and helicopter to be based. "Arktika" was capable of breaking through ice, the thickness of which was five meters, and also moving at a speed of 18 knots. The unusual coloring of the vessel (bright red), which personified a new maritime era, was also considered a clear difference.

13. The nuclear icebreaker "Arktika" became famous for being the first ship that managed to reach the North Pole. It is currently decommissioned and a decision on its disposal is awaiting.

"Vaigach"

14. Shallow-draft nuclear icebreaker of the Taimyr project. A distinctive feature of this icebreaker project is its reduced draft, which allows it to serve ships traveling along the Northern Sea Route with calls at the mouths of Siberian rivers.

15. Captain's bridge. Remote control panels for three propulsion electric motors, also on the remote control there are control devices for the towing device, a control panel for a tug surveillance camera, log indicators, echo sounders, a gyrocompass repeater, VHF radio stations, a control panel for windshield wipers, etc., a joystick for controlling a 6 kW xenon spotlight.

16. Machine telegraphs.

17. The main use of “Vaigach” is escorting ships with metal from Norilsk and ships with timber and ore from Igarka to Dikson.

18. Home power point The icebreaker consists of two turbogenerators, which will provide a maximum continuous power of about 50,000 hp on the shafts. s., which will make it possible to force ice up to two meters thick. With an ice thickness of 1.77 meters, the icebreaker's speed is 2 knots.

19. Middle propeller shaft room.

20. The direction of movement of the icebreaker is controlled using an electro-hydraulic steering machine.

21. Former cinema hall. Now on the icebreaker in each cabin there is a TV with wiring for broadcasting the ship’s video channel and satellite television. The cinema hall is used for general meetings and cultural events.

22. The office of the block cabin of the second first mate. The duration of stay of nuclear-powered ships at sea depends on the amount of planned work, on average it is 2-3 months. The crew of the icebreaker "Vaigach" consists of 100 people.

Nuclear icebreaker "Taimyr"

24. The icebreaker is identical to the Vaigach. It was built in the late 1980s in Finland at the Wärtsilä shipyard (Wärtsilä Marine Engineering) in Helsinki, commissioned by the Soviet Union. However, the equipment (power plant, etc.) on the ship was Soviet, and Soviet-made steel was used. The installation of nuclear equipment was carried out in Leningrad, where the icebreaker hull was towed in 1988.

25. "Taimyr" in the dock of the shipyard.

26. “Taimyr” breaks the ice in a classic way: a powerful hull leans on an obstacle of frozen water, destroying it with its own weight. A channel is formed behind the icebreaker through which ordinary sea vessels can move.

27. To improve ice-breaking capacity, the Taimyr is equipped with a pneumatic washing system that prevents the hull from sticking broken ice and snow. If the laying of a channel is slowed down due to thick ice, the trim and roll systems, which consist of tanks and pumps, come into play. Thanks to these systems, the icebreaker can tilt to one side or the other, lift the bow or stern higher. Such movements of the hull break up the ice field surrounding the icebreaker, allowing it to move on.

28. For painting external structures, decks and bulkheads, imported two-component acrylic-based enamels with increased resistance to weathering, resistant to abrasion and impact loads are used. The paint is applied in three layers: one layer of primer and two layers of enamel.

29. The speed of such an icebreaker is 18.5 knots (33.3 km/h).

30. Repair of the propeller-rudder complex.

31. Installation of the blade.

32. Bolts securing the blade to the propeller hub; each of the four blades is secured with nine bolts.

33. Almost all vessels of the Russian icebreaker fleet are equipped with propellers manufactured at the Zvezdochka plant.

Nuclear icebreaker "Lenin"

34. This icebreaker, launched on December 5, 1957, became the world's first ship equipped with a nuclear power plant. Its most important differences were the high level of autonomy and power. During the first six years of use, the nuclear-powered icebreaker covered more than 82,000 nautical miles, carrying over 400 ships. Later, "Lenin" will be the first of all ships to be north of Severnaya Zemlya.

35. The icebreaker "Lenin" worked for 31 years and in 1990 was taken out of service and placed in permanent berth in Murmansk. Now there is a museum on the icebreaker, and work is underway to expand the exhibition.

36. The compartment in which there were two nuclear installations. Two dosimetrists went inside to measure the radiation level and monitor the operation of the reactor.

There is an opinion that it was thanks to “Lenin” that the expression “peaceful atom” was established. The icebreaker was being built in the midst of " cold war", but had absolutely peaceful goals - the development of the Northern Sea Route and the passage of civilian ships.

37. Wheelhouse.

38. Main staircase.

39. One of the captains of the AL "Lenin", Pavel Akimovich Ponomarev, was previously the captain of the "Ermak" (1928-1932) - the world's first Arctic-class icebreaker.

As a bonus, a couple of photos of Murmansk...

40. Murmansk is the world's largest city located beyond the Arctic Circle. It's on a rocky east coast Kola Bay of the Barents Sea.

41. The basis of the city’s economy is Murmansk sea ​​port- one of the largest ice-free ports in Russia. The Murmansk port is the home port of the Sedov barque, the largest sailing ship in the world.

The first icebreaker, dating back to the 18th century, was a small steamship that carried out icebreaking operations in Philadelphia Harbor. More than a century has passed since its appearance, and during this time there have been global changes in the design: first, the wheel was replaced by a turbine, then by a nuclear reactor, and now today ships of impressive size are engaged in chopping ice in the Arctic. Today, Russia and America can be proud of their large fleet, consisting of nuclear and diesel powerful ships that are designed to perform icebreaking operations, but where and when was the most large icebreaker in the world, some are still unknown. This will be discussed in our article.

The construction of a nuclear-powered lighter-container carrier was carried out at the large shipbuilding enterprise Zaliv in the period from 1982 to 1988. The nuclear-powered icebreaker "Sevmorput" is an icebreaking transport vessel that used a nuclear power plant. The lighter carrier was put into use in December 1988.

After the flag was raised and work began, the total distance of the lighter carrier was 302,000 miles. Over the entire period of operation of the icebreaker, over 1.5 million tons of various cargo were transported. The need to recharge the nuclear reactor was only required once.

The main purpose of the vessel with a height of multi-storey building and 260.1 m long - transporting cargo to remote areas of the North, but it is also capable of moving in ice 1 meter thick. And who after this will say that the ship “Sevmorput” does not deserve to bear the title of icebreaker?

"Arctic"

The nuclear icebreaker was named after its legendary predecessor, which was launched in 1972 and operated for more than 30 years. The 173.3 meter long vessel can operate in bays and estuaries, as well as ocean ice. The nuclear icebreaker Arktika was launched without a superstructure section in June 2016. According to the technology, the superstructure, weighing about 2,400 tons, must be installed after the ship is launched.

The Project 22220 icebreaker Arktika could pass through ice 2.9 thick. Thanks to the modern automatic control system equipped with the new vessel, it was possible to reduce the crew size by half.

The icebreaker is planned to be put into operation in 2018-2019 and after this happens it will break all records in terms of the power of power plants, the dimensions and height of the ice through which it will pass.

"50 years of Victory"

The main difference between the 159.6-meter long nuclear icebreaker “50 Let Pobedy” is its deep landing and impressive power. Construction of the ship was carried out from 1989 to 2007. Since its launch and start of use, the ship “50 Let Pobedy” has been sent on expeditions to the North Pole more than 100 times.

"Taimyr"

The 151.8-meter-long nuclear icebreaker at river mouths is capable of breaking up ice 1.77 meters thick, thus clearing the way for other ships. The main features of the Taimyr icebreaker include a reduced landing position and the ability to carry out icebreaking operations in areas with extremely low temperatures.

"Vaigach"

The shallow-landing nuclear icebreaker is the second ship in the Project 10580 series, which was built in Finland by order of the USSR. The main purpose of the 151.8-meter-long icebreaker is to serve ships heading along the Northern Sea Corridor to the mouths of rivers in Siberia. The ship was named after a hydrographic ship of the early 20th century performing icebreaking operations.

The icebreaker "Vaigach" escorts ships loaded with metal from Norilsk, and with timber and ore from Igarka. Thanks to the nuclear turboelectric installation, Vaygach can pass through ice up to two meters thick. In ice 1.77 meters thick, the ship moves at a speed of 2 knots. Icebreaking operations are carried out at temperatures down to -50 degrees.

"Yamal"

Construction of the 150-meter-long icebreaker was completed in 1986, and it was launched 3 years later. Initially, the ship was called “October Revolution”, and in 1992 it was renamed “Yamal”.

In 2000, Yamal went to the North Pole to celebrate the third millennium. In total, the icebreaker made 46 expeditions to the North Pole. Yamal became the seventh ship that managed to reach the North Pole. One of the advantages of the Yamal icebreaker is the ability to move forward and backward.

"Healy"

On an icebreaker 128 meters long, which is the largest in America, Americans for the first time independently managed to reach the North Pole. This event happened in 2015. The research vessel is equipped with the latest measuring and laboratory equipment.

Polar Sea

Construction of the 122-meter-long icebreaker was completed in 1976; the ship is still in working order, although it was not in service between 2007 and 2012. Diesel engines and gas turbine units together produce a power of 78 thousand horsepower. In terms of power characteristics, it is practically in no way inferior to the icebreaker Arktika. The speed of the icebreaker "Polar Sea" in ice 2 meters thick is 3 knots.

"Louis S. St-Laurent"

Construction of the Canadian icebreaker, 120 meters long, was completed in 1969. In 1993, the vessel was completely modernized. "Louis S. St-Laurent" is the first ship in the world to reach the North Pole (the expedition ended in 1994).

"Polarstern"

A German vessel with a length of 118 meters, designed for scientific and research work, can be operated at temperatures down to -50 degrees. In ice up to 1.5 meters thick, the icebreaker Polarstern moves at a speed of 5 knots. The ship mainly travels in the directions of the Arctic and Antarctic in order to study these areas.

In 2017, the new icebreaker Polarstern-II is expected to appear, which will be assigned to watch duty in the Arctic.

Giant construction site

The largest icebreaker in the world today is “50 Let Pobeda”. It was built in Russia in 2007 at the Baltic Shipyard. Construction of the icebreaker began in 1989, then was stopped due to a lack of funding, and resumed in the late nineties. The length of the icebreaker is 159 m, width - 30 m. The power plant consists of two reactors with a total power of 75,000 hp.

Such power could provide electricity to a modern metropolis with a population of 2,000,000 people. The icebreaker's displacement is 25 thousand tons. The giant is capable of overcoming ice up to 2.8 m thick at a speed of 18 nautical knots.

Virtues of a Champion

“50 Let Pobedy” is the eighth icebreaker built at the Baltic Shipyard, and is the result of a modernized project of nuclear-powered icebreakers of the “Arktika” type. During its development, the designers used the spoon-shaped bow tip, first used in the construction of the Canadian icebreaker Canmar Kigoriyak, which proved highly effective during sea trials.

The vessel is equipped with an automatic control system complex, which uses new generation digital sensors. The radiation and nuclear safety system of the power plant has also been modernized and has been re-certified by Gostekhnadzor. The nuclear-powered ship is equipped with a modern Anti-Terror security system. The environmental compartment of the icebreaker is equipped the latest equipment for the accumulation and disposal of waste produced during the life of the vessel.

Icebreaker equipment

The icebreaker has a crew of 138 people and can carry 128 passengers. The comfortable cabins are equipped with air conditioning, have separate bathrooms and toilets, safes, refrigerators, TVs, DVD players and telephones. Passenger cabins are divided into standard, junior suite, deluxe, Victoria suite and Arctic suite. The infrastructure also includes a restaurant and two bars, a music salon, a swimming pool with warm sea water, two saunas, a gym, a sports ground, a store, a library, a lecture hall, a hospital and a laundry.

Cruises to the North Pole are becoming increasingly popular, although this is, of course, an expensive type of vacation. Many are attracted by the opportunity to visit the northernmost geographical point of the Earth, to see marine life in natural conditions: seals, walruses, polar bears. Passenger access to the navigation bridge is not closed almost 24 hours a day.

Triumphal procession

Recently, “50 Years of Victory” completed another passage of sea tankers through the ice Gulf of Finland. More than 100 ships used the services of the world's largest nuclear icebreaker during the scheduled passage.

Atomic - ships, built specifically for use in waters covered with ice all year round. They break ice with a specially adapted bow, and in some cases, with their stern.

Nuclear icebreakers much more powerful than diesel ones. They were designed in Russia to ensure navigation in the cold waters of the Arctic. One of the main advantages of the nuclear one is the absence of the need for frequent refueling, which can arise when sailing in ice, when this is not possible, or such refueling is very difficult. All nuclear ones have electrical transmission to the propellers. In winter, ice thickness in the Arctic Ocean varies from 1.2 to 2 m, and in some places reaches 2.5 m. Nuclear icebreakers capable of traveling in waters covered with such ice at a speed of 20 km/h (11 knots), and in ice-free waters - up to 45 km/h (up to 25 knots).

Since 1989, atomic ones have been used for tourist trips on North Pole. , which lasts three weeks, costs $25,000. For the first time atomic " Russia"was used for these purposes in 1989. Since 1991, nuclear power has been used for this purpose. Soviet Union"and since 1993 - nuclear " Yamal" It has a special section for tourists. Built in 2007 " 50 years of Victory"There is also the same section.

This icebreaker is used for cruise trips to Greenland

All ten nuclear powered ships in the world (although one of them is not actually an icebreaker, but with an icebreaker nose) were built in the USSR. These ships were built at the Admiralty Shipyards and the Baltic Shipyard in St. Petersburg. Two icebreakers - river " Vaygach" And " Taimyr" - were built at the new Helsinki shipyards in Finland and then transported to Leningrad for the installation of nuclear reactors.

icebreaker "50 Years of Victory"

Today the largest in the world icebreaker ship is " 50 years of Victory"built at the Baltic Shipyard. The vessel is equipped with a new generation digital automatic control system. The complex of biological protection means for the nuclear power plant has been modernized. An ecological compartment has been created, equipped with the latest equipment for the collection and disposal of all waste products. vessel. Vessel belongs Russian Federation FSUE " Atomflot».

Icebreaker technical data« 50 years of Victory»:

Length - 160 m;

Width - 30 m;

Draft - 11 m;

Displacement - 25,000 tons;

Power plant - 2 nuclear reactors with a power of 75,000 hp;

Cruising speed - 21.4 knots;

Maximum fuel reserve is about 4 years;

Crew - 140 people;

Passengers - 128 people;

Arktika-class icebreakers

Icebreakers class " Arctic" - the basis of the Russian nuclear icebreaker fleet: 6 out of 10 nuclear icebreakers belong to the Arctic class. Since these icebreakers took thirty years to build, there are some differences between them. As a rule, new icebreakers are faster, more powerful and require smaller crews to operate.

Technical data of the Arktika-class icebreaker:

Length - 150 m;

Width - 30 m;

Draft - 11.08 m;

Height - 55;

Maximum speed: 25 knots;

Crew - 150 people (including 50 officers and engineers);

Passengers: 100 people;

Marine propulsion system: two reactors - 900 with a capacity of 171 MW;

Icebreakers this class has a double hull; the thickness of the outer casing in places where ice breaks is 48 mm, in other places - 25 mm. Between the hulls there are water ballast tanks, which serve to change the trim in difficult ice conditions. Some ships coated with a special polymer to reduce friction. Icebreakers This class can break ice by moving both forward and backward. These are designed to operate in cold Arctic waters, which complicates the operation of a nuclear plant in warm seas. This is partly why crossing the tropics to work off the coast of Antarctica is not among their tasks. Typically, to ensure ship Only one of the ship's two reactors is sufficiently energetic, but both are used during voyage (at less than 50% power).

As a rule, on the class " Arctic" there are all the necessary amenities for the crew and passengers: swimming pool, sauna, cinema, Gym, bar, restaurant, library and Volleyball Court. For everyone nuclear powered ships class " Arctic" There is Helipad, for two helicopters that can be attached to them, for complex flights or tourist cruises.

 

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