Tom how the plane works and what. The safest plane and places in case of a crash. Classification by design characteristics

Many people wonder: how does an airplane work? Indeed, it is precisely thanks to the special design of this vehicle and the materials used, such large and heavy airliners are able to rise into the air. Main components:

wings;
fuselage;
"plumage";
take-off and landing device;
power point;
control systems.

Each of these components has a special structure and may contain Various types components depending on the specific aircraft model. Detailed description parts of the aircraft will allow you not only to find out how it works, but also to understand the principle by which it is possible to fly at high speed.

Airplane structure

The fuselage is a body that includes several components. He collects wings into a single system, tail unit, power plant, chassis and other elements. The housing accommodates passengers, if we consider the device passenger plane. This part also houses equipment, fuels, engines and chassis. Any payload, be it passengers, luggage or transported equipment/goods, is placed in this part. For example, in military aircraft this part contains weapons and other military equipment. The characteristic streamlined drop-shaped body shape helps to minimize drag while the aircraft is moving.

Wings

When listing the main parts of an aircraft, one cannot fail to mention the wings. The wing of the aircraft consists of two consoles: right and left. The main function of this element is to create lift. As an additional aid for these purposes, many modern aircraft have a fuselage with a flat bottom surface.

The wings of the aircraft are also equipped with the necessary “organs” for control during flight, namely for making turns in one direction or another. To improve takeoff and landing performance, the wings are additionally equipped with takeoff and landing mechanisms. They regulate the movement of the aircraft during takeoff and run, and also control takeoff and landing speeds. In some models, the design of the aircraft wing allows fuel to be placed in it.

In addition to two consoles, the wings are also equipped with two ailerons. These are moving components that make it possible to control the aircraft relative to the longitudinal axis. These elements function synchronously. However, they deviate in different directions. If one leans up, the other leans down. The lifting force on a console tilted upward decreases. Due to this, the fuselage rotates.

Vertical tail

Plumage

The aircraft structure also includes a “tail”. This is another significant design element that includes the fin and stabilizer. The stabilizer has two consoles, like the wings of an aircraft. The main function of this component is to stabilize the movement of the aircraft. Thanks to this element, the aircraft manages to maintain the required altitude during flight under various atmospheric influences.

Keel– a component of the “feather”, which is responsible for maintaining the desired direction during movement. To change direction or height, two special rudders are provided, with the help of which these two elements of the “tail” are controlled.

It is worth considering that parts of the aircraft may have different names. For example, the “tail” of an aircraft in some cases refers to the rear fuselage and empennage, and sometimes this concept is used to refer solely to the fin.

Chassis

This part of the aircraft is also called the landing gear. Thanks to this component, not only take-off, but also a soft landing is ensured. The chassis is a whole mechanism of various devices. It's not just wheels. The takeoff and landing mechanism is much more complex. Its component alone (the cleaning/exhaust system) is a complex installation.

Power point

It is through the operation of the engine that the airliner is set in motion. The power plant is usually located either on the fuselage or under the wing. To understand how an airplane works, you need to understand the design of its engine. Main details:

turbine;
fan;
compressor;
the combustion chamber;
nozzle.

At the beginning of the turbine there is a fan. It provides two functions at once: it pumps air and cools all components of the engine. Behind this element there is a compressor. Under high pressure, it transfers air flow into the combustion chamber. Here, air is mixed with fuel, and the resulting mixture is ignited. After this, the flow is directed into the main part of the turbine, and it begins to rotate. The aircraft turbine design ensures the rotation of the fan. This ensures a closed system. To operate the engine, you only need to constantly supply air and fuel.

Assembly of simple airplanes

Aircraft classification

All airliners are divided into two main groups depending on their purpose: military and civilian. The main difference between aircraft of the second type is the presence of a cabin, which is equipped specifically for transporting passengers. Passenger aircraft, in turn, are divided into long-haul short-haul (fly at distances of up to 2000 km), medium (up to 4000 km) and long-distance (up to 9000 km). For long distance flights, intercontinental airliners are used. Also, depending on the type and device, such aircraft vary in weight.

Design features

The design of an airliner may vary depending on the specific type and purpose. Aircraft designed according to aerodynamic design, may have different wing geometries. Most often, for passenger flights, aircraft that are designed according to the classical design are used. The above-described arrangement of the main parts applies specifically to such airliners. Models of this type have a shortened bow. This provides improved visibility of the front hemisphere. The main disadvantage of such aircraft is the relatively low efficiency, which is explained by the need to use a large surface area and, accordingly, mass.

Another type of aircraft is called “duck” because of the specific shape and location of the wing. The main parts in these models are placed differently than in classic ones. The horizontal tail (installed at the top of the keel) is located in front of the wing. This helps increase lift. And also thanks to this arrangement it is possible to reduce the mass and area of the tail. In this case, the vertical tail (altitude stabilizer) operates in an undisturbed flow, which significantly increases its efficiency. Airplanes of this type are easier to fly than models of the classic type. One of the disadvantages is the reduced visibility of the lower hemisphere due to the presence of tail in front of the wing.

In contact with

The sky, the plane, the girl... No, no, we’re not talking about a book, or even a movie, but rather about ideal conditions for flying on an airplane. And not only for girls, but for all passengers.

Agree, for those who fly frequently, this factor is fundamental, because sitting, for example, in the middle row, sandwiched on both sides by “moderately well-fed” fellow travelers, is not very pleasant. Or “get” to the back row, where there may be no porthole and the seats do not recline, and the proximity to the toilet (constant movement and other disadvantages) is not conducive to comfort.

So, in order to have a great time “at altitude”, you need to know where the best places in airplane.

If you know the airline and the exact model of the aircraft you are going to fly on, look at the section with diagrams on our website. There are most of the aircraft diagrams of Russian air carriers.

If your plane has not been found or you do not have such information, this article provides general advice for you. In any case, it will be worth reading, that’s for sure.

Place near the porthole

pros

Firstly, no one will “squeeze” through your place to theirs and will not disturb you, and secondly, a wonderful view of the clouds and their fancy shapes They won’t let you get bored in case of a short flight.

True, it depends on the time of flight; at night, alas, you will not be able to see much.

Minuses

It is more difficult to get up from such a place, for example, to go to the toilet. You'll have to disturb your neighbors.

Aisle seat

pros

It is extremely convenient because you can stretch your legs into the aisle, get up, go to the toilet without hindrance, and also get to the exit a little earlier after the plane lands.

Minuses

People and flight attendants with carts will pass near you. They can hurt sometimes. Also, you will have to get up every time your neighbors want to get up from their chairs. These are more turbulent places.

Places “in the middle” - neutral places

These are "neutral" places. They combine the pros and cons of window seats and aisle seats. It’s quieter here than in the aisle and easier to get up than from the chair by the window.

But all the same, you will have to let one neighbor through if he wants to go out. And ask another neighbor to stand up if you want to go out.

Places located after emergency exits

pros

They are characterized by the fact that the distance to the next row is slightly increased, which allows you to pass the flight time with greater comfort - stretch your legs, stand up if necessary, without disturbing your neighbors. Some types of aircraft do not have a row of seats in front of the emergency exit/hatch seats at all.

Minuses

Often, airlines, for safety reasons, practice leaving these seats for people who meet the requirements of “a sound body, a sound mind” - it is assumed that in the event of an emergency evacuation such a person will not be confused, will be able to open the emergency hatch and help the staff get people out, but, Of course, not all airlines undertake such “planning”.

In this regard, passengers with children, animals and elderly people are not allowed here.

Another disadvantage is that the approach to the hatches cannot be blocked by hand luggage.

Places located in front of emergency hatches

Here, usually, there are only disadvantages - most often the backs of the seats in these rows are fixed or have a very small angle of deviation. This is done so as not to block the approaches to the escape hatches.

The row that is located in the section between two emergency exits also has a plus. In this case, there will be additional space in front of you (seen in the photo above, where the passengers are sitting).

Seats located in the front of the cabin

pros

More often than not, food service starts at the front, so the front rows offer convenience and a wide selection of drinks and food offered.

As a rule, if the seat is located at the rear of the plane, then the passenger is limited in the choice of assortment (everything is sorted out at the very beginning). In addition, the first row is an excellent opportunity to be one of the first to go down the ramp.

Minuses

But here, too, there are some disadvantages - often mounts for baby bassinets are installed in the bow, and there may be passengers with small children.

This does not contribute to comfort if you are going to work or relax.

Anyone who has flown near a child who does not tolerate the flight well and cries for 7 or 12 hours knows.

Places in the tail

The only significant advantage of this place is its relative safety.

According to American statistics, of all passengers who survived accidents, 67% were sitting in the back.

And if the airport is not equipped with telescopic bridges, then it happens that passengers are released/launched simultaneously from the bow and tail sections. If so, you'll get off the plane faster.

I will also note that on “unloaded” flights, the seats in the tail are usually empty. So you can comfortably sleep on 3 chairs at once. You can read about this in our article

First row/row in front of which there are no seats

If your row is the first (this can be not only the “first row” physically, but also the first row, after another class of service, or the first row in one of the sections of the cabin, in front of which there are no seats), then a significant advantage of this arrangement is that No one will throw back their seat on you. With short row spacing in economy class, this can be very important.

Of the minuses, we note that most likely there will be a partition or a kitchen/toilet in front of you. Some passengers find it not very convenient to look at the “wall” for the entire flight. Also, there may be mounts for baby cradles in the wall. What this entails - read above.

Last row/row behind which there are no seats

Most likely, the backs of the seats in this row do not recline or are very limited in this. This happens when there is an emergency exit, toilet, kitchen, other technical room or wall behind you.

Summarize

Here, in brief, is a list of good/bad places that a traveler can expect. But it is worth noting that the internal layout of aircraft differs significantly from each other, and this factor must also be taken into account.

In addition to the fact that there are 2, 3, 4 seats in a row, it is necessary to take into account the distance between the seats, the number of classes in the cabin, and other features. After all, the same company uses for the flight different types airplanes.

2. If you know specifically which seat you would like to get, you should ask this question when checking in for your flight at the airport (the seats that remain unoccupied after the flight are allocated there). If you have no idea about the location of the seats, ask to see a diagram of the aircraft’s interior - all free seats will be highlighted in the appropriate color.

Also, when checking in at the airport, you can simply ask for a window seat, an aisle seat, etc. Usually the staff does not refuse.

The traditional check-in method is best done two hours before departure. If places are registered in this way, the first registered ones have wide choose from available places.

The busiest days are Sunday and Friday, with morning and evening flights. If you have time, choose Monday, Tuesday, or Thursday, midday or afternoon flights.

5. In order not to get into trouble, you should take into account the spelling of the letters indicating the seat number - they can be either Russian or Latin, and in certain situations, these are, as they say, two big differences that can overshadow the impression of the flight.

After all, for example, seat 1 “B” will have a different location, meaning both a chair near the aisle and in the middle of the row. Also pay close attention to the letter “E”.

6. Be sure to take into account the direction of flight - with the right choice of place, the sun will not blind your eyes: East - West (the sun always shines on the left), West - East (on the right). If there is a need to take a morning flight, the direction North - South will be pleased with the sun on the left side, and South - North - on the right.

This is for fun... Su-26

This is a short article about something that everyone seems to have seen, but not everyone imagines it.

What is an airplane anyway? This is an aircraft designed to move various cargo and people through the air. The definition is primitive, but true. All planes, no matter how romantic they may look, are created for work. And only sport aviation exists solely for flight. And what a flight :-)!

What helps an airplane fulfill its purpose? What makes an airplane an airplane? Let's name the main ones: fuselage, wing, tail, takeoff and landing device.

Design elements and controls

Separately, you can also highlight the power plant, that is, engines and propellers (if the aircraft is propeller-driven). The first four elements are usually combined into one unit, called a glider in aviation. It is worth noting that all of the above refers to the so-called classical layout scheme. After all, in fact, there are several of these schemes. In other schemes, some elements may not be present. We will definitely talk about this in other articles, but for now we will pay attention to the simplest and most common, classical scheme.

Fuselage. This is, so to speak, the basis of the aircraft. It, as it were, collects all the other elements of the aircraft’s structure into a single whole and is a container for aviation equipment (avionics) and payload... The payload is, of course, the actual cargo or passengers. In addition, fuel and weapons (for military aircraft) are usually located in the fuselage.

But this is for work... TU-154

Wing. Actually, the main flying organ :-). Consists of two parts, consoles, left and right. The main purpose is to create lift. Although in fairness I will say that on many modern aircraft the fuselage, which has a flattened lower surface (this is the same lift force), can help in this. On the wing there are controls for rotating the aircraft around its longitudinal axis, that is, roll control. These are ailerons, as well as organs with exotic name interceptors. There, on the wing, there is the so-called. These are flaps and slats. These elements improve the take-off and landing characteristics of the aircraft (take-off and run length, take-off and landing speed). On many aircraft, fuel is also located in the wing, and on military aircraft, weapons are located.

Well, where is the fuselage?... Su-27

Tail. Not less important aircraft structural element. Consists of two parts: keel and stabilizer. The stabilizer, in turn, like the wing, consists of two consoles, left and right. The main purpose is flight stabilization, that is, they help the aircraft maintain the flight direction and altitude that were originally assigned to it, regardless of atmospheric influences. The keel stabilizes the direction, and the stabilizer stabilizes the height. Well, if the crew piloting the airliner wants to change the flight course, then for this there is a rudder on the fin, and to change the altitude, there is an elevator on the stabilizer.

I will definitely touch on my favorite topic about concepts. It is incorrect to say “tail” when referring to the keel, as can often be heard in non-aviation environments. Tail is generally a specific word and refers to the rear part of the fuselage along with the tail.

There is such a chassis... MIG-25

Another important part, an element of the aircraft’s design (although there are probably no unimportant ones :-)). This is a takeoff and landing device based on a simple landing gear. Used during takeoff, landing and taxiing. The functions are quite serious, because every plane, as you know, is simply obliged to “not only take off well, but also land extremely successfully” :-). The chassis is not just a wheel, but a whole complex of very serious equipment. The cleaning and release system alone is worth it... Here, by the way, the well-known ABS is present. It came to our cars from aviation.

And sometimes such a chassis... AN-225 "Mriya"

I also mentioned power plant. The engines can be located inside the fuselage, or in special engine nacelles under the wing or on the fuselage. These are the main options, but there are also special cases. For example, an engine in the root of the wing, partially recessed into the fuselage. Sounds complicated, doesn't it? But it's interesting. In modern aviation, in general, a lot of intricate things have appeared. Where, for example, is the pure fuselage on a MIG-29 or Su-27 aircraft. But he is not there. Technically, it certainly stands out, but externally... Solid wing, engines and cockpit :-).

Well, that's probably all. I have listed the main ones. It turned out a little dry, but that’s okay. We'll talk about each of these elements later, and then I'll go wild :-). After all, the variety of layouts, designs and composition of equipment is very large. This and various general schemes and different layouts of the tail, wings, different designs and arrangements of the landing gear, engines, engine nacelles, etc. From all this diversity comes a variety of different aircraft, both unique in their capabilities and incredibly beautiful, and mass-produced, but still beautiful and attractive.

Bye:-). Until next time...

P.S. How did I get separated, huh?! Well, just like talking about a woman :-)…

Photos are clickable.

Laboratory work No. 4. Airplane design

4.1. General structure of the aircraft

A modern airliner is a complex system, the creation of which uses the latest achievements of structural mechanics, high technology, radio electronics, and cybernetics. Therefore, first it is better to get acquainted with the design of a simpler machine - a single-seat sports aircraft (Fig. 2) of the monoplane type, i.e. with one wing.

The basis of the structure is the fuselage, or body, which connects all parts of the machine. Its cramped compartments contain equipment: a radio station, batteries, flight and navigation instruments, and often tanks for fuel and lubricants.

In flight, the lift that keeps the car in the air is created by the wing. The wing has a flat bottom surface and a convex top surface, so air flows around the top surface at a higher speed than the bottom. An area of low pressure appears above the wing, which “pulls” the wing, and with it the entire aircraft, upward. This is how lifting force arises. The wing is assembled (Fig. 1) from spars 5 (main longitudinal load-bearing beams), stringers 6 (longitudinal elements), ribs 7 (transverse elements) and skin.

Rice. 1. Wing diagram:
1 - aileron; 2 - double-slit flap; 3 - brake flap;
4 - wing attachment points; 5 - spar; 6 - stringer; 7 - rib;
8 - slat; 9 - casing

The center section 2 (the middle part of the wing) is attached to the lower part of the fuselage (see Fig. 2), and the right and left consoles 3 (detachable parts of the wing), or load-bearing planes, are attached to the center section. The wing is usually fixedly attached to the fuselage, but sometimes it can rotate relative to the transverse axis of the aircraft (for example, in vertical take-off and landing aircraft) or change its configuration (sweep, span).

At the trailing edge of the wing there are 4 ailerons - small movable planes, with the help of which the pilot regulates the roll of the machine (therefore, the ailerons are sometimes called roll rudders). If you move the control stick to the left, the left aileron will go up, the right aileron will go down, and the plane will roll to the left. If you move the stick to the right, the right aileron will go up, the left aileron will go down, and the car will roll to the right.

On the wing (see Fig. 1) there are flaps 3 and flaps 2. These are downward deflecting surfaces that are designed to increase the stability and controllability of the machine during takeoff and landing. When taking off, they are released at a small angle, and when landing (to reduce speed) - completely.

Propeller 6 (Fig. 2), or propeller (English propeller, from Latin propello - “drive”, “push forward”), is rotated by the aircraft engine. The propeller captures air and throws it back, creating thrust that pushes the car forward. When moving, a lift force is generated on the wing. The pilot adjusts the engine speed depending on the flight mode.

In the rear part of the fuselage there is a fin 7, a rudder 9, a stabilizer 8 and an elevator 10. All together these elements make up tail unit. It is necessary for the plane to be stable in flight - not to nod off, not to fall to the right or left, not to sag on its tail. To a certain extent, the tail unit can be compared to scales. I put the right weight at the right moment - and the scales balanced. Only the pilot’s rudders serve as such “weights,” with the help of which he changes the magnitude of the aerodynamic forces acting on the tail.

The steering wheel is deflected using foot pedals. “I gave it my right foot” - the rudder deviated to the right, and the plane turned in the same direction. “Gave your left leg” - the plane turned left.

The elevator is sometimes also called the depth control. When the control stick is “taken over,” the rudder tilts up and the plane lifts its nose. If it is “given away from itself,” the rudder is tilted down and the plane descends. A steep descent is called a dive, a gentle descent is called gliding.

On the ailerons, elevator, and rudder of most aircraft there are small deflectable planes called trim tabs (see Fig. 3). The trimmer is used in steady flight conditions to keep the rudders in a deflected state for a long time.

Rice. 2. Design of a sports aircraft:
1 - fuselage; 2 - center section; 3 - wing; 4 - aileron; 5 - motor;
6 - propeller; 7 - keel; 8 - stabilizer;
9 - steering wheel; 10 - elevator; 11 - cabin;
12 - chassis; 13 - sectional view of the cabin with the instrument panel

The controls themselves (handle, pedals, engine control lever) and instruments are located in the cockpit. The top of the cabin is covered with a folding transparent cap, which is commonly called lantern.

And finally, an airplane cannot do without a landing gear (French chassis, from Latin capsa - “box”): on it the airplane takes off during takeoff, rolls after landing, and moves around the airfield. In flight, the landing gear creates aerodynamic drag and reduces speed. Therefore, almost all modern aircraft are built with retractable landing gear. In the air, the wheels and struts are retracted into special compartments - domes, located inside the fuselage or center section, sometimes - the wing (see Fig. 5). The weight of the landing gear structure is about 4 - 7% of the aircraft's weight.

All elements of a sports aircraft presented in the figure are found in airliners (Fig. 5) and on modern fighter aircraft (Fig. 3). These are the basic elements of any aircraft. True, many modern large machines do not have a propeller, since they use turbojet engines (will be studied in laboratory work No. 5).

Rice. 3. Diagram of the MiG-15 aircraft

Rice. 4. Ejection seat

Rice. 5. Turbojet passenger aircraft:

fuselage: 1 - fuselage; 2 - radar fairing; 3 - cockpit canopy;

wing: 4 - center section; 5 - detachable part of the wing (GLASSES); 6 - slats; 7 - aileron;

8 - aileron trimmer; 9 - flaps; 10 - shields;

vertical tail: 11 - keel; 12 - steering wheel; 13 - steering trimmer;

horizontal tail: 14 - stabilizer; 15 - elevator;

16 - elevator trimmer;

chassis: 17 - front landing gear; 18 - main landing gear;

power point: 19 - engines; 20 - air intake

So, let's summarize. The main parts of the aircraft structure are:

The wing creates lift when the aircraft moves. Ailerons (roll rudders) and wing mechanization elements (slats, flaps, flaps) are installed on the wing.

The fuselage serves to accommodate the crew, passengers, cargo and equipment. Structurally, the fuselage connects the wing, tail, sometimes the landing gear and the power plant.

The landing gear is intended for takeoff and landing, as well as for moving the aircraft around the airfield. Airplanes can be equipped with wheeled landing gear, floats (on seaplanes), skis and tracks (on cross-country aircraft). The landing gear can be retractable in flight or non-retractable. Aircraft with retractable landing gear have less drag, but are heavier and more complex in design.

The tail is designed to ensure stability, controllability and balancing of the aircraft in flight.

4.2. Aircraft classifications

1. As intended.

Civil and military aircraft are distinguished by purpose.

TO civil aircraft relate:

Transport (passenger, cargo-passenger, cargo),

Sports, record (for setting records for speed, rate of climb, altitude, flight range, etc.), educational,

Tourist,

Administrative,

Agricultural,

Special purpose (for example, for rescue work, remote-controlled),

Experimental.

Rice. 6. Classification of passenger aircraft

Military aircraft designed to engage air, ground (sea) targets or perform other combat missions. They are divided into:

Fighters - for air combat,

Bombers - for destroying objects behind enemy lines and for bombing troops and fortifications,

Scouts,

Transport,

Communication aircraft,

Sanitary.

2. By design.

The classification of aircraft by design is based on external features:

Number and location of wings,

The shape and location of the plumage,

Engine location,

Chassis type,

Fuselage type.

A schematic classification of aircraft by design is shown in Fig. 7.

Rice. 7. Main types of aircraft

Depending from the number of wings distinguish:

Amphibians (seaplanes equipped with wheeled landing gear).

By engine type airplanes are distinguished:

Propeller,

Turboprop,

Turbojet.

When choosing a location for installing engines, their number and type, take into account:

The aerodynamic drag created by the engines is

The turning moment that occurs when one of the engines fails

The complexity of the air intakes,

Possibility of servicing and replacing engines,

Noise level in passenger compartment and so on.

Depending on flight speed airplanes are distinguished:

Subsonic (aircraft speed corresponds to the Mach number M< 1),

Supersonic (1 ≤ M< 5),

And hypersonic (M ≥ 5),

Mach number

M = V/a,

Where V– speed of the oncoming flow (or speed of the body in the flow);

A– speed of sound in a given flow.

The aircraft's power plant consists of:

Aviation engines,

Various systems and devices:

Air propellers,

Fire equipment,

fuel system,

Starting systems, lubrication,

Air suction systems, changes in thrust direction, etc.

4.3. Aircraft control systems and equipment

Control systems aircraft are divided into:

The main ones are air control systems (elevator, turn rudder, aileron - roll rudder),

Auxiliary – control systems for engines, steering trimmers, landing gear, brakes, hatches, doors, etc.

The aircraft is controlled using a control column or control stick, pedals, switches, etc., located in the cockpit. To facilitate piloting and increase flight safety, autopilots and on-board computers can be included in the control system; control is made double.

In aircraft control systems, to reduce the effort to deflect the rudders, hydraulic, pneumatic or electrical amplifiers (called boosters), as well as servo compensation devices (i.e., auxiliary surfaces relative to small area, usually placed on the trailing edge of the main air rudder; they deviate in the direction opposite to the deflection of the air rudder; for example, trimmers).

Aircraft control in cases where air rudders are ineffective (flight in a highly rarefied atmosphere, on vertical take-off and landing aircraft) is carried out by gas rudders (which vary in design: from plates that change the direction of gas flow thrust, to a complex nozzle apparatus).

Equipment aircraft includes:

Instrumentation, radio and electrical equipment,

Anti-icing devices,

High-altitude, household and special equipment,

For military aircraft - also weapons (guns, missiles, aircraft bombs) and

reservation.

Instrumentation, depending on its purpose, is divided into:

Flight navigation (variometers, attitude indicators, compasses, autopilots, etc.),

To monitor the operation of engines (pressure gauges, flow meters, etc.),

Auxiliary (ammeters, voltmeters, etc.).

The aircraft's electrical equipment ensures the operation of instruments, controls, radio, engine starting systems, and lighting. Radio equipment includes:

Radio communication and radio navigation equipment,

Radar equipment,

Automatic take-off and landing systems.

High-altitude equipment is used to ensure the safety and protection of people when flying at high altitudes (air conditioning systems, oxygen supply, etc.).

Household equipment provides convenient accommodation for passengers and crew and their comfort.

Special equipment includes automatic monitoring systems for the operation of equipment and aircraft structure, aerial photography, equipment for transporting the sick and wounded, etc.

4.4. Vertical take-off and landing aircraft (VTOL) and

short take-off and landing aircraft (STOL).

An increase in aircraft flight speeds leads to an increase in takeoff and landing speeds, resulting in the length of runways reaching several kilometers. In this regard, SKVP and VTOL aircraft are being created.

At high cruising speed (600-800 km/h), SVTOLs have a take-off and landing distance of no more than 600-650 m. Reducing the take-off and landing distance is mainly achieved by:

* using powerful wing mechanization,

* boundary layer control (a layer of gas formed at the surface of a streamlined solid body and having a flow speed much lower than the speed of the flow incident on the body),

* using accelerators during takeoff and speed reduction devices during landing,

* deviation of the thrust vector of the main (i.e. main) engines.

Vertical takeoff and landing of a VTOL aircraft is ensured by special lifting engines, either by deflection of jet nozzles, or by turning the main engines, usually turbojet ones.

Typical VTOL schemes are shown in Fig. 9.

Rice. 9. Vertical take-off and landing aircraft

Control questions

1. Name and briefly describe the main parts of the aircraft structure.

2. Tell us about the power structure of the wing (Fig. 1).

3. Tell us about the elements of the control system located on the wing (Fig. 1 and 5).

4. Tell us about the tail of the aircraft (Fig. 3 and 5).

5. Tell us what types of aircraft there are (Fig. 8) and the location of the tail.

6. Explain how the wing is attached to the fuselage (with what – show in Fig. 3 and 5 and about mobility).

7. What types of airplanes are there based on the number and arrangement of wings?

8. Talk about the fuselage of the airplane (purpose, what’s inside, what the canopy is).

9. Explain what types of aircraft there are by engine type and what is taken into account when choosing the installation location, number and type of engines.

10. Tell what types of airplanes there are according to the method of engine arrangement.

11. Tell us about the aircraft landing gear (purpose, weight, where it is located during the flight).

12. Tell us what types of aircraft there are by landing gear type.

13. Talk about the purpose and classification of civil aircraft.

14. Tell about the purpose and types of military aircraft.

15. Name what classifications of aircraft there are by design. Tell us in more detail about one of the classifications (as assigned by the teacher).

16. Write down and explain the formula for the Mach number. What types of airplanes are there depending on their flight speed?

17. Describe the aircraft control system (types, how the crew influences it, what is installed to improve flight safety)?

18. What is used to reduce the effort to deflect the rudders of an airplane? Tell us when air rudders are ineffective, and what is done in this case?

19. List the equipment available on the aircraft.

20. Talk about instrumentation, high-altitude and household equipment.

21. Talk about special and electrical equipment.

22. Tell us about VTOL and SKVP. Why is there so much interest in them at the moment?

23. Tell us about typical VTOL designs (Fig. 9).

24. Explain the purpose and operating principle of the ejection seat, and the pilot’s ejection diagram.

25. Describe the design of the aircraft according to Fig. 3.

When purchasing airline tickets, passengers try to choose their comfortable places, rarely does anyone think about safety. But not all places are equal at the time of an emergency. In this article we will show which are the most safe places on the plane, we’ll look at the topic in detail.

The front seats are usually considered very comfortable, they even have VIP areas, but this does not mean their safety, because in the event of a crash the plane takes the main impact on the nose.

Middle seats in the cabin

These places in the cabin of the car are also considered dangerous because they are located above the wing of the airliner, where the fuel is located. In the event of an accident, there is a high probability of it catching fire. However, statistics show that the number of survivors of plane crashes is approximately the same among those who sat in the front and in the middle of the cabin.

Seats in the “tail” of the cabin

Where it is safer on an airplane is at the end of the cabin. Accidents usually occur on runway when the plane takes off or during landing. The front part of the airliner bears the brunt of the impact, while tail section suffers less, which gives the passengers of this compartment a chance to survive. These seats on the plane can be considered the safest on the plane, although in the event of serious disasters, for example, when a car falls from a height of 10 km, they will not save you.

A good chance of rescue, especially during emergency evacuation of passengers, allows you to have seats at the emergency exit. Passengers occupying them will be the first to leave the aircraft.

Popular Mechanics Research

A popular science magazine conducted a study on which seats on an airplane are the safest. Having analyzed statistics for 30 years of the American National Safety Council and compared the number of victims of airplane accidents depending on their location in the cabin, the publication provides the following figures:

In the “tail” of the cabin there were most people who survived plane crashes - 69%;
In the middle part (above and in front of the wing) - 56%;
In the forward part of the liner, the survival rate was 49%.

Research Popular magazine Mechanics: where is it safer on an airplane?

If we consider the issue of greater safety for passengers on the left or right side of the plane, then statistics indicate that their chances are equal.

American Studies

The Americans spent one and a half million dollars on this research and crashed the old airplane. The pilot first controlled the Boeing, then parachuted, and the car was then controlled remotely. In the Sonoran Desert, the plane crashed and crashed into the surface of the earth at a speed of 225 km/h.

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