Download presentation on the topic South America. Traveling across countries and continents. South America. Presentation. presentation for a lesson on the world around us (preparatory group) on the topic. The largest clay city in the world

It is a massive continent, expanding to the north and narrowing to the south. It contains the wettest place on Earth. The nature of this continent is diverse. The Andes mountain ranges stretch throughout west coast. On their slopes, the rains pour out so much water per year that, without draining, it could cover the ground with a layer of up to 15 meters. This is the rainiest continent. But not far from the mountains is the Atacama Desert. This is one of the driest places on Earth: not a single drop of rain falls there for years. On the territory of South America flows the most big river Amazon lands. VegetationSightsAnimals

The main wealth of the mainland vegetable world. He gave humanity such valuable crops as potatoes, chocolate trees, and Hevea rubber plants. The main decoration of the mainland is tropical rainforests, where various types of palm trees, melon tree, and ceiba grow. The crowns of trees, grasses, and shrubs are located in 12 tiers, and the highest of them sometimes rise above the ground up to 100 m. For a naturalist, the forests of South America are a real storehouse that one can only dream of, a fairyland! AnimalsSights Home

This is one of the largest trees in South America. It reaches 3045 m in height, the trunk diameter is 12 m. Brazil nut lives up to 500 years or more. Its large spherical fruits, the size of a small melon, are used to obtain edible and technical grades of oils. The juice of the nut is used as food, and wax is also obtained from it, which is used for candles. VegetationAnimalsSights Home

These are low trees with shiny and thick leaves with inedible fruits. Local residents drink the juice of this plant as milk. But it flows out of the tree quite slowly: 1 liter of juice flows out of one cut in 1 hour. In addition, this drink must be consumed immediately, as it spoils quickly. When the juice is boiled, wax is released on its surface, which is used to make candles and chewing gum. In addition, the wood from these trees is perfect as a building material. VegetationAnimalsSights Home

This is a fairly large tree, up to m in height, and a fast-growing tree, the appearance of which is somewhat reminiscent of an ordinary oak. The bark is gray, smooth. Breadfruit bears up to 200 fruits per season. These fruits are the staple food for residents tropical islands. They are eaten fried, baked, and boiled. This food tastes like a cross between potatoes and bread. And the fried fruit breadfruit looks like fresh bread. Hence the name. VegetationAnimalsSights Home

Cocoa is a large tree. Reaches a height of 12 m. The fruit of the tree is cm long and resembles a large cucumber or an elongated melon; Fully matures in four months. The fruit contains almond-shaped seeds (cocoa beans) immersed in a sticky liquid that hardens into a whitish pulp when exposed to air. Cocoa beans are the main raw material for the production of chocolate and cocoa powder. Mexican Indians peeled the roasted seeds from the shell, boiled them in water, ground them, added cornmeal, flavored them with vanilla and whipped them into foam. The frozen mass was eaten cold and called “chocolatl.” VegetationAnimalsSights Home

In South America you rarely see a large animal. Sloths, armadillos, anteaters, exotic birds, snakes, countless hordes of insects are the basis of the animal world of this continent. The Amazon rivers are dangerous; they abound with crocodiles and predatory fish piranhas. VegetationSights Home

His height is small, his whole body is covered with a shell, or armor. This armor consists of separate shields fused together. It covers the head, back and tail, leaving only the belly exposed. The armadillo lives in burrows and feeds on worms, insects, fruits and leaves. And in their absence, it destroys bird nests and readily eats mice and snakes. VegetationAnimalsSights Home

The sloth lives high in the canopy of tropical trees. During the day, he usually hangs on a branch with his back down, clinging to it with his fingers. A harmless animal. His method of defense is to remain undetected. At night, he slowly moves along the tree, barely moving his paws, and with his hard, keratinized lips he picks off leaves, flowers, and fruits—this is his food. Drinks dew. The baby is born alone to the mother and at first hangs on her back, tightly grasping the fur with its paws. VegetationAnimalsSights Home

These are the smallest birds in the world. Hummingbirds hardly walk on the ground: they have very weak legs, but they flap their wings very quickly: only a light cloud is visible near their body and a faint noise is heard. The hummingbird's heart is three times larger than its stomach and takes up half the size of the bird's interior. During the day, these crumbs eat three times more food than they weigh themselves. Their body weight is 2-3 grams. Hummingbirds can instantly change direction of flight and hang in the air like bumblebees. VegetationAnimalsSights Home

The tarantula spider is a formidable predator. Lives alone. It makes a hole for itself in cracks between stones, among branches, in hollows, in the ground and entwines it with cobwebs. At night it sits at the edge of the hole, hiding, and guards its prey. Tarantulas weigh up to 100 g and their length reaches 10 cm. These are scary, shaggy spiders. Their brittle hairs hurt more than their bite. They catch small snakes, lizards, frogs, and birds. VegetationAnimalsSights Home

In terms of picturesqueness, the palm belongs to Iguazu Falls. In the language of the Paraguayan Indians, "Iguazu" means " big water" The river descends in two giant leaps. The first jump from a 30-meter height onto a gentle threshold, overflows over it and, making a second leap of 50 meters, collapses into the abyss. VegetationAnimalsSights Home

Machu Picchu is the secret city of the ancient Incas, located in Peru. Translated from the Quechua language it means “great peak”. It is also called “the city in the sky” or “the city among the clouds.” Machu Picchu is located at the top mountain range at an altitude of 2057 meters above the Urubamba River valley. According to Indian legends, the supreme rulers of the Inca Empire lived in Machu Picchu. Today, all that remains of the ancient palaces are walls made of volcanic stone. VegetationAnimalsSights Home

This completely white valley seems like a snowy desert to those who see it for the first time. But this is not so: sometimes the air temperature here rises to +45C. The soil of this desert is practically lifeless. In some places you can find low dunes on which rare trees and shrubs grow. Looking around white desert, thoughts about the seabed involuntarily come to mind. But geologists are quite skeptical about this kind of assumption: the climate in the desert is too dry, and there is too little precipitation here. VegetationAnimalsSights Home

The sculpture of Jesus Christ in Rio De Janeiro (Brazil) is one of the Seven Wonders modern world. The length of the statue is 38 meters and it is located on the peak of Mount Corsovado at an altitude of 710 m in the Tijuca Forest - National Park, towering above the city. As a powerful symbol of Christianity, the statue also became a symbol of the city. VegetationAnimalsSights Home

South America- a continent crossed by the equator, with an area of 18.13 million km², most of which is located in the Southern Hemisphere. South America is located between the Pacific Ocean and the Atlantic Ocean. The fauna of South America is distinguished by its exceptional richness and diversity of forms. About 1/4 of all bird species live in South America globe, which is 2.5 times more than in the Palearctic. The diversity of modern natural conditions is the first prerequisite that determines the richness of the fauna of South America. Uakari are small monkeys. Their body length is 45-48 cm, and their bushy tail is a third of the whole body. They are the only short-tailed monkeys in South America. They live in the forests of the Amazon, in the crowns of tall trees. They almost never go down to the ground. Their fur is soft, long, and silky. The ocelot is a feline predator. A very rare animal, listed in the Red Book. It is 1 meter in size and has a tail of 40 cm. It lives on the forest slopes of the Andes, at an altitude of up to 4 km. Found at the very edge of the snow, the Capybara is the largest rodent in the world. His body is covered with stiff bristles. There are swimming membranes on the fingers: the capybara swims and dives well. Lives along the banks of rivers, where there is tall grass. Eats aquatic plants.. Chinchilla is a rodent with soft, thick and durable hair. This is a small animal with the habits of a rabbit. Lives on the border of Peru and Chile, at an altitude of 3-6 km, in rock crevices. The maned wolf is a relative of the dog. Lives in the pampas and on the outskirts of swamps, among tall grass. Hunts birds, small animals, insects. Eats fruits and other vegetation. The Andean condor is a huge bird: its wingspan is slightly less than 3 m. It lives in the mountains, at an altitude of up to 5 thousand m, and sometimes higher. Condors live in flocks, but when it comes time to have chicks, they pair up. The manatee is an aquatic animal of the tropics and subtropics. His flippers have flat hoof nails. With their help, the manatee crawls along the bottom and turns over from side to side. It can grasp aquatic plants between its flippers and bring them to its mouth. The mother is very attached to her baby: she hugs him to herself with her flippers and does not leave her side, even if she herself is in danger. Tropical rainforests - selva - a unique ecosystem of South America The climate in the rainforest is the most even on the planet and does not change in different times In the rural areas, up to 150 species of woody plants can be found on two to three hectares. Unfortunately, forests in the Amazon are now being intensively cut down. Invaluable milky juice of the Brazilian Hevea Invaluable milky juice of the Brazilian Hevea is the main source of natural rubber. If it weren’t for him, scientists would have been looking for ways to make such an irreplaceable material like rubber for a long time. The bottle tree is characteristic of tropical woodlands in the north-east. Brazilian plateau. The trunks of some of them are several meters across. The leaf of the amazing Amazon flower Victoria regia can support a child weighing up to 35 kg. Russian botanist Nikolai Ivanovich Vavilov (1923-1933), during his expeditions to the mainland, established that the birthplace of plants such as beans, tomatoes, peanuts, pineapple and potatoes is South America. Equatorial forests are replaced by tall grass palm savannas. On the plowed lands of the savannas, not only the plants already mentioned above are grown, but also bananas (2/3 of the world's harvest), the homeland of which is India).

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South America

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The mainland is almost completely isolated from other continents. Communication with North America across the Isthmus of Panama formed only in the middle of the Cenozoic era. The main part of South America is located between the equator and the southern tropics.

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Extreme points: northern - cape Gallinas, south - m. Frowerd, eastern - Cape Cabo Branco (translated from Portuguese as “white cape”), western - Cape Parinhas.

The coastline of the mainland is slightly indented. The banks are mostly flat and straight. Only the southwestern coast of the mainland is indented by fjords (narrow, long bays); there are many small bays, islands, and straits.

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Settlement by Indians

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Slide 7 The discovery of America by H. Columbus is one of the greatest events of the era of the Great Geographical Discoveries. However, there are a number of hypotheses, legends and documents about voyages to the shores of America by inhabitants of Africa and Europe long before Columbus. The great event of 1492, when Spanish ships under the command of H. Columbus reached the shores of the New World, was prepared by the entire course of history - the development of science (Columbus believed that the Earth was spherical), navigation, the interests of trade, the search for new routes from Europe to Asian countries. H. Columbus made four voyages to the shores of America (1492-1504), but never realized what he had discovered New World turn open lands in the colony of Spain. The idea that the open lands are not the western shores of India, as H. Columbus believed until the end of his life, but a new part of the world, was first expressed by the Italian navigator Amerigo Vespucci, after whom the continent was named (1507).

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In 1519, Portuguese ships sailed off the coast of South America round the world expedition F. Magellan, who rightly assumed that, having circumnavigated South America, one could reach the Pacific Ocean. F. Magellan discovered atlantic coast South America and the strait between two oceans, later named after him.

Following the sailors, Spanish and Portuguese conquerors rushed to America, turning the continent into their colonial possessions. Many discoveries and explorations of the continent are associated with the period of colonial conquests. They were attracted by legends about the fabulous riches of the new lands. Thus, the Italian navigator, who was in the Spanish service, S. Cabot, in search of the “silver kingdom” in 1527, discovered the mouth of the Parana River and sailed far up the river. The Spanish conquistador F. Orellana and his detachment in 1542 were the first Europeans to cross the continent, sailing along the Amazon from the Andes to the Atlantic Ocean.

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During the period of colonization, the nature and population of the continent were studied unsystematically. The Spanish and Portuguese authorities tried to prevent scientific expeditions from entering their possessions. Only at the turn of the XVIII-XIX centuries. A study of the nature of the continent was carried out by the remarkable German scientist A. Humboldt. A. Humboldt's journey together with the French botanist E. Bonpland became the greatest in terms of scientific results. During his travels, A. Humboldt visited the Orinoco River and climbed some of the peaks of the Andes. He described the nature and population of the countries through whose territory his route passed, established many connections between geographical phenomena, substantiated the idea of altitudinal zonation using the example of the Andes, and also explained the role of the cold Peruvian Current for the climate of coastal areas.

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The famous naturalist Charles Darwin visited the Galapagos Islands during his circumnavigation of the world on the Beagle ship in the 30s of the 19th century. Observations of the unusual nature of the archipelago, where representatives of the organic world of the south and north meet (lianas and mosses, penguins and parrots, sea lizards, iguanas and seals), and on each island its own subspecies and species of the same are formed birds, but scientists could substantiate the theory of the origin of species.

Russian researchers also studied the nature and peoples of South America. In the first half of the 19th century. The Russian expedition of G.I. Langsdorf and N.G. Rubtsov worked in the interior regions of Brazil. Scientists are still studying the materials collected by the expedition and stored in museums in Brazil. The climate of South America was studied by the Russian climatologist A.I. Voeikov. Biologist N.I. Vavilov in the 30s of the 20th century. During expeditions to the mainland, he established the geographical centers of ancient centers of agriculture and the origin of a number of cultivated plants, including potatoes.

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Here is the largest lowland plain in the world, the Amazonian Plain, and the longest Mountain chain Lands - Andes.

The highest of the world's large lakes, Titicaca, is located in the Andes.

The tallest waterfall in the world is Angel.

The Amazon has the largest river system.

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The relief of South America is characterized by a clear division into two parts: flat in the east and center and mountainous in the west.

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Guiana Plateau. Waterfall.

The relief of the eastern part was formed on an ancient platform. The vast Brazilian and Guiana plateaus were formed in the area of shields (exit of the platform foundation to the surface). The flat Amazonian and La Plata lowlands are in the troughs of the platform, where the crystalline foundation of the platform is covered by a layer of sedimentary rocks.

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The Andes are one of the most majestic mountainous countries on Earth. They stretch in two and sometimes three parallel ridges along the entire western edge of the continent. Mountain ranges are separated by intermountain depressions, troughs, and dissected by deep gorges. The peaks of the Andes rise above 6000 m, many of them are volcanic cones.

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The highest point, Mount Aconcagua, reaches 6960 m. The peaks of the mountains are covered with snow and glaciers. Seven glaciers descend from Aconcagua. Earthquakes and volcanic eruptions often occur in the Andes. The most catastrophic events occurred in the Andes in 1960, 1970 and 1985. They claimed the lives of several tens of thousands of residents

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Andes Ranges

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BRASILIA

Savior statue in Rio de Janeiro

Machu Picchu Cartagena Potosi Nazca Cusco Tiahuanaco San Luis Ogliamtaytambo Urumamba Colca South America Slide 2. Machu Picchu is perhaps the most amazing urban structure of the Inca Empire. Archaeologists discovered this city in the summer of 1911. Its area is approximately 5 square km. Inside it are warehouses, churches, an observatory and the residence of the legendary Inca ruler Pachacuti. It is estimated that at least a thousand people lived in the city.

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CITY OF CARTAGENA

This locality Columbia is famous for the fact that in 1586 it was plundered by an English flotilla, which was controlled by a pirate who later became an English lord - Sir Francis Drake. The port fortifications were completely destroyed. Later, residents rebuilt them, mixing bull's blood into the solution for strength. Today, the old quarters of Cartagena are a single historical monument from the time of the colonial conquest of the mainland by the Spaniards.

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In the center of the city there is a bastion, in the prison of which captured pirates languished. On Artillery Square there is a 17th-century temple, the tower of which is twisted. There is also the Palace of the Inquisition and a monument to Christopher Columbus. The Alley of Martyrs commemorates those citizens who died in the war to liberate the country from colonialism.

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The city's heyday came in the first half of the 17th century, when more people lived in it than in London itself! Over these half a century, the Spaniards exported 16 thousand tons of silver to Europe from this locality! The phrase “Rich as Potosi” became a proverb. When the reserves of the precious metal in the mines dried up, the city fell into decay.

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Nowadays it has turned into a museum under open air. Tourists are attracted by visiting the Mint, where shiny doubloons with portraits of Spanish kings and Mount Sierra Rico were minted, from the top of which, according to legend, the great revolutionary of South America Simon Bolivar proclaimed the independence of these places from the Spanish crown.

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SAVIOR STATUE IN RIO DE JANEIRO

This grandiose stone sculpture, raised almost a kilometer high, stands in Rio de Janeiro on the steep Corcovado hill. It appeared as a result of an all-Brazilian open competition for the best monument that would express the idea of the unity of the nation. It was won by a simple man, Hector da Silva-Costa, who proposed to sculpt the figure of Christ the Savior. On October 12, 1931, Grand opening monument, the author of which was the French sculptor Paul Landowski

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CITY OF TIAHUANACO

It is located in Bolivia - on lands that once belonged to the Incas. But it is believed that this settlement was founded long before them. The city walls are made of huge stone blocks as if it were the work of giants. This is also hinted at by the majestic statues of people made of stone, towering next to the fortress.

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NAZCA DESERT

This plateau in Peru is located between the valleys of the Nazca and Ingenio rivers, 450 km from the city of Lima. There is a majestic historical monument there, the purpose of which has not yet been revealed. An area of 500 square kilometers is covered with giant, up to 300 meters in length, images of people and animals, lines, spirals and geometric shapes. The size of some of them is several tens of meters. And it is only possible to appreciate the work of an unknown artist from a bird's eye view.

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SALVADOR

This is the most ancient city Brazil. It was founded on November 1, 1501 famous traveler Amerigo Vespucci. It is not only an important economic center of the country, but also the heart of Brazilian culture. The most famous temples are located on Praça de Se. In the 17th century, a large Catholic cathedral was built here, the altar of which is decorated with gold leaf. Next to the temple there is another church - San Francisco, the material for which was exported from Portugal. The church of La Concei-san de Praia, dedicated to Our Lady, is also especially revered in Salvador. local residents considered their patroness.

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CITY OF BRASILIA

This is the third capital of the state of Brazil. The city was founded on April 1, 1960 on the Cerrado plateau. It is considered an architectural miracle Latin America. The author of the houses located in the central quarters of the capital was the most famous architect of the second half of the 20th century, Oscar Niemeyer.

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The general plan of the city was developed by another brilliant architect - Luisio Costa. From above, Brasilia resembles the figure of an airplane. On its “nose” were built the buildings of the Government, the National Congress and Supreme Court. The most impressive temple in this city is the Catholic Cathedral, to which Niemeyer gave the unusual shape of a crown of thorns.

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Another feature of Brazil is the lack of sidewalks and a limited number of pedestrian crossings. Half a century ago it was believed that this settlement was a prototype of the cities of the 21st century, strictly subordinated to one architectural idea. However, now this orderliness seems somewhat monotonous to modern people.

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HISTORICAL CENTER OF SAN LUIS

The city center, which was built by the French in the 17th century, then occupied by the Dutch, and was ruled by the Portuguese, was built according to a perpendicular street structure. Thanks to the period of economic stagnation at the beginning of the 20th century, most of the buildings of interest as historical monuments, has survived to this day. It is a striking example of colonial architecture

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OLIAMTAYTAMBO

This is the only Inca city that is still inhabited. Opposite the giant staircase in the rocks you can see the nature-carved face of the supreme creator god Viracocha. According to one legend, it was here that the first Incas woke up in caves (according to another, this happened on the Island of the Sun of Lake Titicaca). At the top of the Olyamtaytambo pyramid there is a huge array of 7 stone monoliths, carefully polished and fitted to each other. Judging by the stone processing technique, it can be assumed that craftsmen from another country worked here. great empire- Tiahuanaco (present-day Bolivia). The side valley, extending from Ollantaytambo into the mountains, is very rich in various ruins and Inca objects. Later, the Spaniards turned the city into a fort.

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URUMAMBA

28 km from Cusco, at the foot of the majestic snow-capped Chicon peak, lies the Urubamba Valley. It is protected on all sides by mountains and has a warm, mild climate, which has a beneficial effect on both human health and the yield of fruits and vegetables.

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CITY OF LIMA

This city of 7 million people is located at the foot of the Andes on the coast Pacific Ocean. It was founded by the Spaniards in 1535. Lima's main historical attractions are associated with the colonial period. Tourists are invited to visit the main square - Plaza de Armas (Square of Arms), the monastery of San Francisco and its underground catacombs, the Acho bullring, the Descalsos monastery, the Rimac quarter, Cathedral with the tomb of the conqueror of Peru Francisco Pizarro and the Government Palace.

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Lima's main historical attractions are associated with the colonial period. Tourists are invited to visit the main square - Plaza de Armas (Square of Weapons), the San Francisco monastery and its underground catacombs, the Acho bullring, the Descalsos monastery, the Rimac quarter, the Cathedral with the tomb of the conqueror of Peru Francisco Pizarro and the Government Palace.

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In the north of Arequipa in the upper reaches of the Colca River, famous for its rapids, among deep canyons is the Kolka Valley. The local population has been farming for many centuries and, thanks to the mild climate, reaps rich harvests. To preserve the harvest, unique ancient prototypes of refrigerators are used - “colcas”, which gave the name to this valley.

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CUSCO CITY

Translated from the Quechua Indian language, Cusco means “navel of the earth.” To this day, 500 years after the Spaniards arrived here, the city of Cusco remains a crossroads of two cultures. Cusco has a rich colonial past with many churches, such as the Church of La Compagnie and the Monastery of La Merced. The area around San Vlas, which is home to many artists and craftsmen, has not changed for hundreds of years. The foundations of the houses, masterfully finished by the famous Inca stonemasons, have survived to this day. Red tiled roofs and cobbled streets add a unique flavor to this ancient city.

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Cusco has a rich colonial past with many churches, such as the Church of La Compagnie and the Monastery of La Merced. The area around San Vlas, which is home to many artists and craftsmen, has not changed for hundreds of years. The foundations of some houses, skillfully finished by the famous Inca stonemasons, are still preserved in the city itself and outside it in the surrounding ruins. Red tiled roofs and cobbled streets add a unique flavor to this ancient city.

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