The highest point in Iran. Mountain peaks in Iran. Legends of Elburz

In the southwest of the Iranian Plateau lies the Zagros, a mountain range that separates the highlands from the plains of Mesopotamia. Parts of the Zagros ranges are also located in Iraq.

As in the old days, it is not possible to cross the Zagros everywhere: if in the northwest and southeast there are quite a lot of roads, then the central section is the highest and most inaccessible; there is only one Shiraz pass, along which the Isfahan-Bushehr highway is laid, crossing the richest and most flourishing part of the southern half of Zagros - the Shiraz Basin.

In turn, the central Zagros is divided into eastern and western. In the east there are valleys located high in the mountains, short and dry. In the west there are long narrow river valleys, where the main population of Zagros lives.

The Zagros is part of the Mediterranean fold belt. These mountains are young, they began to grow about 15 million years ago (±10 million years depending on the site), approximately when the Alpine folding was formed: the Pyrenees, the Alps, the Carpathians, the Balkans and the Elborz. The formation of the Zagros itself was caused by the collision of two tectonic plates - the Arabian and Eurasian. As with the entire Mediterranean belt, the Zagros orogeny is still ongoing and the mountains are growing.

The mountains are composed mainly of Mesozoic and Cenozoic limestones and shales. Large salt domes come to the surface in the central part and in the southeast - where outcrops of the pre-Mesozoic basement occur.

Due to the presence of limestones and watercourses, karst landforms are everywhere - numerous caves and sinkholes.

At the western foot of the central part of the mountains are most of Iran's oil fields - some of the largest in the world.

The Zagros Mountains stretch for more than one and a half thousand kilometers - from northwest to southeast. From the city of Bokan in the province of Western Azerbaijan, presumably about 3 thousand years ago this city was called Isertu and was the capital of the ancient state of Manna - until 843 BC. e., when the Assyrian king Shalmaneser III invaded the country and destroyed the city, which subsequently took a long time to recover. And to the port city of Bandar Abbas, which controls the most important city, and was named so in 1615 in honor of the Persian Shah Abbas I the Great (1571-1629) from the Safavid dynasty.

The predominant landscape is mountain deserts, the mountain slopes are covered with steppe and semi-desert vegetation. In the intermountain basins, salt marshes are common, not numerous and small lakes- centers of oases in which date palms, citrus fruits and grapes grow. The western part of the Zagros is the most humid: forests and woodlands of oak, elm, maple and acacia appear in the middle zone. Above are alpine meadows and low-growing shrub vegetation.

Typical wild animals of Zagros are gazelle, mountain goat and ram. There are many species of birds, including flamingos.

The parallel ridges of the Zagros are separated by longitudinal and transverse narrow canyon-like gorges - in Persian they are called tengs.

It is in the Zagros and its foothills that one can find wild analogues of wheat and barley, later domesticated by nomads who switched to a sedentary lifestyle.

In the eastern part of the Zagros the climate is drier than on the western slopes, hotter and drier, with large temperature differences throughout the year and day. In these places are the sources of the deepest (and only navigable in the country) river Karun. It flows through Bakhtiaria and Khuzestan and flows into the Shatt al-Arab River (Persian Ervendrud), formed at the confluence of the Tigris and Euphrates. The largest Iranian hydroelectric power stations, Karun-3 and Abbaspur, were built on Karun.

The Karun River begins west of the city of Isfahan, at an altitude of about 4 km, on the slopes of the highest peak of the Zagros Mountains - Mount Zerdkuh. Its name translated from Persian means Yellow Mountain. At the top there are several small glaciers, their uniqueness is that they are salty, and some are also black.

Snow-capped mountain peaks are located in the Shalo-i-Mongasht conservation area. Those who imagined Iran as a country of sand and heat are greatly impressed by traveling along roads among many kilometers of snow-covered winter valleys Zagros.

On the slopes of the peak Zerdkukh originates and main river Central Iran - Zayanderud. Generally speaking, almost all of Iran’s never-drying rivers are concentrated in the Zagros Mountains.

In ancient times, the Kassite and Gutian tribes lived in the Zagros region, and later the Assyrians, Elamites and Mitannians.

Today, in the provinces where the Zagros is located, mainly the two largest nomadic tribes of Iran live - the Bakhtiari and the Qashqai, who have largely preserved their traditional way of life. Twice a year - in autumn and spring - the nomadic Bakhtiari travel hundreds of kilometers across the Zagros in search of suitable pasture for huge herds of goats and sheep. Presumably, it was the ancient Bakhtiari who were the first people to domesticate wild goats.

The Bakhtiars inhabited the lands of present-day Iran even before the Arab conquests and call their direct ancestor Faridun (Traetaonu), the legendary hero of the national Persian epic “Shahnameh”. Bakhtiari women have much greater rights and freedom than most Iranian women.

The Qashqai people are confident that they appeared in Iran along with the army of Genghis Khan. The Kurdish population of Zagros considers the mountains sacred and even during Muslim holidays they do not forget the ancient custom: young people make a large fire and jump over it.

The settled inhabitants of Zagros are mainly engaged in work in the countless rice paddies in the valleys.

Add to list World Heritage UNESCO has included several sites of global historical and cultural significance located in the Zagros Mountains region.

In the south - and Pasargadae. In the center is the Behistun Inscription - cuneiform text on the Behistun rock, the Jami Mosque and Meydan Imam Square in Isfahan.

General information

Location : Western Asia, west and southwest of Iran, northeast of Iraq.
Administrative affiliation : Kurdistan, Kermanshah, Ilam, Hamadan, Lurestan, Isfahan, Khuzestan, Cheharmehal and Bakhtiaria, Kohgiluyeh and Boyerahmed, Fars, Bushehr, Hormozgan - provinces of Iran and Iraqi Kurdistan (Iraq).
Cities: Isfahan - 1,945,765 people, - 1,460,665 people, Kermanshah - 851,405 people. (2011).
Languages: Farsi, Bakhtiari dialect, Qashqai dialect, Kurdish, Laki.
Ethnic composition : Persians, Bakhtiars, Qashqais, Kurds, Lurs.
Religion: Islam (mainly Shiism, in the west and southwest - Sunnism); religious minorities - Christianity, Yazidism.
Currency : Iranian rial.
Rivers: Karun, Zayanderud, Marun.
Lake: Kuhgol.

Numbers

Square: 533,512 km 2 (Iran - 83%, Iraq - 17%).
Length: from northwest to southeast about 1600 km.
Width: 200-300 km.
The most high point : 4548 m, Mount Zerdkukh.
Other peaks: 4469 m, Ezar; 4409 m, Dena; 4374 m, Lalezar; 4290 m, Putak; 4135 m, Dzhupar.

Climate and weather

Mountain and highland tropical zone, in the north - subtropical.
Dry, with a wide range of daily temperatures.
Dry hot summers, relatively cold winters.
Average January temperature : (1500/2000/2500 m): +6/-1.5/-4°С.
Average temperature in July : +30/+24.5/+19°С.
Average annual precipitation : 300-500 mm.
Average annual relative humidity : from 10% in the highlands, to 60% on the southern slopes.

Economy

Minerals : oil and natural gas (mainly at the foot), polymetallic ores, chromium, lead, bauxite, rock salt.

Agriculture : oasis crop farming (tobacco, cotton, date palm, citrus fruits, grapes), livestock farming (pastoral farming - sheep, goats).

Service sector: tourist, transport, resort ( ski resort Chelgerd), trading.

Attractions

Natural

    Fresh and salt glaciers on top of Zerdkukh

    Tang-e Meyran Pass (Gateway of Persia)

    Salt lakes Teshk and Urmia

    Shalo-i-Mongasht and Arasbaran reserves

    Waterfalls Margun, Atashgakh, Kuhrang and Shivand

    Bakhtegan National Park

    Ercan Nature Reserve

    Stalactite caves Gar-Nul and Gar-Mes

    Volcano Sahand

Historical

    Shanidar Cave (Iraqi Kurdistan, remains of Neanderthals, 50-70 thousand years ago)

    Early Neolithic site of Jarmo (9 thousand years ago)

    Ancient cities of Choga-Zanbil (XIII century BC), Persepolis (518 BC), Pasargadae (546 BC)

    Behistun inscription (VI century BC)

    Cultural and historical landscape of Ized-Khast (from the 3rd century)

Isfahan city

    Zoroastrian Temple Ateshgah (III-VII centuries)

    Ali Minaret (XI century)

    Swinging minarets of Manar Jonban (XIV century)

    Meydan Imam Square (XVI century)

    Chehel Sotun (Palace of Forty Columns, 1647)

    Khaju Bridge (1650)

    Vank Cathedral (1655)

    Hasht Behesht Palace (Eight Gardens of Eden, 1669)

Hamadan city

    A salt glacier is formed when an ancient salt dome breaks through to the surface in the mountains. It feeds the glacier, which is saturated with salt. A necessary condition for the appearance of such a glacier: the salt dome must be very large so that
    don't melt. The salt domes of Zagros are made of ordinary rock salt. The black color of some glaciers is due to the fact that there are oil deposits underneath them.

    During excavations in the Zagros Mountains, near the villages of Haji Firuz and Godin, archaeologists discovered traces of the world's oldest wine in one of the clay vessels. It is believed that it was made during the era of the Sumerian city-state of Uruk - 5 thousand years ago.

    Shah Abbas I, after whom the city at the southern tip of the Zagros is named, was the first to recognize the new Romanov dynasty in Russia in 1613, when Mikhail Fedorovich Romanov was elected king. As a sign of friendship, the Shah gave the Tsar a loan of 7 thousand rubles (a huge amount at that time). And in 1625 he sent him as a gift, among other things, a luxurious robe and a throne.

    The meaning of the name of Mount Zardkukh - Yellow Mountain - is interpreted differently by different peoples living around this mountain.
    In some folklore, the mountain is likened to a golden stallion. Others indicate yellowish rocks at the foot of the mountain. Still others compose poems about the yellow flowers that cover the slopes of Zardkukh in the spring.

    The cuneiform text on the Behistun Rock, known as the Behistun Inscription, is carved in three languages ​​- Old Persian, Elamite and Akkadian - by order of King Darius I and tells how the king defeated the Mede rebels. The inscription made it possible to begin deciphering the cuneiform writing of the peoples of the Ancient East. The inscription was deciphered by the British archaeologist, linguist and diplomat Henry Rawlinson (1810-1895), at the same time risking his life mortal danger. The reason is that, by order of King Darius I, the lower part of the rock under the inscription was hewn down and made impregnable so that no one could destroy the inscription. Sir Rawlinson 1837-1844 climbed the Behistun rock dozens of times, copying the inscription fragment by fragment.

Review of the geography of Iran from the corresponding section of the Iranian publication in Russian “Spring of Freedom”, released by the Press Service of the Embassy Islamic Republic Iran in Moscow. We have supplemented this publication with current data, specifically mentioning them in the notes. Unfortunately, despite active activity in Russian (Iran has several large websites in Russian, Iranian radio broadcasts broadcast in Russian, and recent months It was announced that Iran will soon launch a satellite TV channel in Russian), Iranian government media rarely publish basic publications on the geography of Iran for the Russian-speaking audience. In this review you can get acquainted with one of them. Also in this review, we presented several separate materials on the geography of Iran, broadcast by the Iranian foreign broadcaster “Voice of the Islamic Republic of Iran”. You will also find on these pages materials about the provinces of Iran.

Geographic map of Iran.

Geographic map of Iran. It shows the mountains, deserts, rivers and lakes of Iran, as well as the main cities.

Geography of Iran:

Location and territory

“Having a territory of 1,648,195 sq. km (16th largest country in the world by territory (According to other sources, the 17th country. Note website).

Iran is located in the eastern part of the northern hemisphere, in southwest Asia, and is considered one of the countries of the Middle East.

Geographically, Iran is located between 44 degrees 05 minutes (about 50 km from Maku) and 63 degrees 18 minutes (150 km southeast of Saravan) east longitude and 25 degrees and 03 minutes (85 km from Chabahar) and 39 degrees and 47 minutes (80 km north of Maku) north latitude.

Iran borders the newly independent states of the former USSR (the border partly runs along the Caspian Sea), Afghanistan, Pakistan, Iraq and Turkey. The total length of Iranian borders is 8,731 km.

About 90 percent of Iranian territory is located in the western part of the Iranian plateau. Thus, Iran can be considered a mountainous country. Mountains occupy more than half of the country's territory, one quarter of which is desert, and the rest is agricultural land.

The mountainous parts of Iran can be divided into northern, western, southern and central mountain ranges.

Northern mountain range starts from Mount Ararat on the Turkish border and includes the following mountain ranges and peaks:

Alamdar, Sahand, Sabalan, Talesh, Kaflankukh in Azerbaijan;

Alborz mountain range in the north of Tehran province and in the south of Gilan and Mazandaran provinces;

Mountains Aladag, Binalud, Hezar Masjed and Qaradag in Khorasan (this chain ends with the Hindu Kush in Afghanistan).

Most high mountain in Iran is Damavand (5671 m).

Mount Damavand -

highest point in Iran

On the collage: Mount Damavand is the highest point in Iran.

On the collage: Mount Damavand is the highest point in Iran. On the left is a plan of the climbing route to Damavand from Tehran. This plan shows that the Caspian Sea is visible beyond the mountain range. It is this mountain range that cuts off the Tehran region from the Caspian Sea. Top right in the collage: View of Damavand from Tehran. Bottom right: During the summer months, the snow on the summit melts.

(The name of Mount Damavand is also known in Russian spelling as Damavand, or Damavand. The mountain is part of the Alborz mountain range (Name is different famous mountain in the Caucasus - Elbrus also comes from the Persian word Alborz. The Persian term Alborz means "high mountain").

Damavand is covered with snow in winter, and in summer the snow melts. But the snowy appearance of the mountain also gave rise to the origin of its name. Damavand means “frozen, frosty mountain”.

Damavand is a symbol of Iranian resistance against despotism and foreign rule in Persian poetry and literature. According to Zoroastrian texts, the three-headed dragon was chained inside Mount Damavand to remain there until the end of the world. In general, in Iranian mythology the mountain played the role of the Greek Olympus.

“Damavand has a special meaning for Iranians. There are many legends and stories about this mountain. The old legends of Iran speak at length about the peak of Damavand. Writers and poets, especially epic poets like Ferdowsi, dedicated many poems to her. Mount Damavand is celebrated in ancient and modern Persian literature as a symbol of valor and perseverance, and has inspired great poets such as Malek al-Shoara Bahar. Sir Percy Sykes in his book “History of Iran” writes the following about this mountain: “In the south of the Caspian Sea is located the magnificent Damavand volcano, whose height reaches more than 19 thousand feet and which is considered the highest point on the Asian continent, west of the Himalayas.”

The Damavand mountain peak with a height of 5671 m is the most majestic and beautiful peak in Iran. Due to its slender conical shape, it is considered a unique peak. Among other cone-shaped mountain peaks in the world, one can point out Fuji in Japan with a height of 3770 m and Ararat in Armenia with a height of 5000 m. However, they are inferior in height to Damavand.

Judging by assumptions, the Damavand volcano went extinct about 100 thousand years ago. The rocks at the foot of the mountain have a sulfur composition. In memory of this prehistoric volcano, a large pool 30 m deep on the funnel-shaped peak of Damavand, which is usually filled with ice, has been preserved. Note that the air temperature at the top of Damavand in mid-summer is about -4 degrees. There are many routes to conquer the peaks of Damavand,” notes the Iranian station.

The Western Mountains include several mountain ranges collectively known as the Zagros. They start in the northwest of Iran and go in a southeast direction. Among the most important peaks of the Zagros, we should highlight such as Sari-Dash, Chekhsl-Cheshme, Panje Ali. Alvand, Bakhtiyari, Pishkukh and Poshtkukh, Oshtorankukh and Zardkukh (yellow mountain), which is the highest peak in this mountain range (4547 m above sea level).

Southern Mountains stretch from Khuzestan province to Sistan and Baluchestan province, ending in the Suleiman Mountains in Pakistan. Among the mountain ranges belonging to this group are Sepidar, Meymand, Bashagsrd, Bam Posht, etc.

Central and Eastern Mountains include several scattered, dilapidated mountain ranges and peaks that cover much of the east of the country. They are separated from each other by vast deserts. Large mountains in this group are the Taftan volcano in Balochistan, as well as Mount Bozeman and Mount Khezar, which is the highest peak in this part of Iran (4465 m above sea level).

Due to climate restrictions in Iran there is no big rivers, and due to the fact that the mountains cover the entire country along the perimeter, most of water flows has an internal direction. There are four main water basins in Iran: the Caspian Sea, the Persian Gulf, the Sea of ​​Oman and Lake Orumiye.

The most important rivers of the Caspian Sea basin: Kyzyl Ozan, Sefidrud, Shur, Akharchay, Zanjanchay, Shahrud, Karasu, Araks, Chlus, Khoraz, Tajan, Gorgan and Atrek.

Main rivers of the basin Persian Gulf and the Sea of ​​Oman: Karun, Jarrahi, Karhe, Dez, Zohra, Mond, Hendijan, Dalaki, Seimare, Tiyab, Shur, Arvand-rud, Kol, Mehran, Alvand, Minab, etc. The Karun River is the only navigable river in the country.

The rivers Simins, Zarrine, Adzhichay (Talherud) and Nazluchay flow into Lake Orumiye).

In the interior of Iran, few rivers have a constant flow. Many of them are seasonal in nature and, as a result of the active use of their waters for irrigation, turn into small streams in the summer months. Among the internal rivers of Iran, the following can be distinguished:

Karaj, Jajrud and Hable Rud, which provide drinking and irrigation water to Tehran and its surrounding areas;

Zayande-ore, irrigating the valleys and populated areas in Isfahan and near this city;

Bampur and Khalil-orud, which supply water to the Jasmuriyan lowland in Balochistan;

Kalshur, Jovein and Kashafrud in Khorasan (the last of these at the end of its course disappears into the saline deserts of Turkmenistan);

The Kor rivers in Fars and Mashkel provinces in eastern Baluchistan, as well as the Hirmand river, the delta of which is located in the east of the country, support life in the historical and strategically important region of Sistan.

Climate of Iran

The diversity of relief also determined the diversity of climate in Iran. IN In general, we can say that Iran has a continental climate, which covers most of hinterland countries. Air temperatures are subject to significant fluctuations depending on the time of year and the location of each specific area: Iran's interior deserts are among the hottest in the world, but mountains play a very important role in reducing air temperatures. Although average temperature air temperature across the country is 18 degrees Celsius, it should be noted that in mountainous areas the minimum temperature can remain at -30 degrees, and in the southern regions of the country the maximum temperature reaches more than 50 degrees.

Rainfall in Iran is quite scanty and rare. Especially central regions . The exception is the coast of the Caspian Sea. On the plateau, rain falls mainly as a result of winter cyclones that come here from the Mediterranean Sea.

The distribution of rain depends on the topography.

It can be said that on the Caspian coast the climate is temperate with heavy rainfall, while in the northwestern hills a Mediterranean climate prevails with cold, rainy winters and dry, hot summers. The coast of the Persian Gulf is subject to a hot, humid, but rainy climate. The remaining central and eastern regions of Iran have a continental climate.

Lake Orumiye (Urmia) -

Iran's largest inland water basin

As mentioned above in the Iranian publication, four main water basins can be distinguished in Iran: the Caspian Sea, the Persian Gulf, the Sea of ​​Oman and Lake Orumiye (also called Urmia in Russian). But three of these water mirrors are, so to speak, outer seas. But the purely inland sea of ​​Iran is not very big lake Urmia. “The Voice of the Islamic Republic of Iran” in one of its relatively recent broadcasts talked about Lake Urmia as follows:

“Urmia National Park in northwestern Iran contains one of the country's largest inland lakes. The lake has an area of ​​about 5,700 square kilometers, length from 130 to 14 km, width from 15 to 50 km. The lake is located at an altitude of 1267 m above sea level. The most deep point Lake Urmia has a depth of about 15 m, and the average depth of the lake is 5 m.

Urmia is considered the second largest (after Dead Sea) salt lake world and one of 59 natural gas storage facilities. This lake, due to its magnificent natural conditions serves as a permanent and temporary habitat for many rare bird species. The beautiful ecosystem of Lake Urmia has prompted UNESCO to recognize it as a “repository of the biosphere”.

Lake Urmia is considered one of the world's largest salt reserves; it contains up to 8 billion cubic meters of various salts. On the territory of the lake there are more than a hundred large and small islands, the most important of which are the residential islands of Islami, Kabudan, Espir, Ashk and Arezu.

Most of the water in the lake comes from rivers that originate in the adjacent heights and mountains. The main sources of water in the lake are the rivers Adzhi-chay, Sufi-chay, Zarrine-rud, Simine-rud, Shahri-chay, Mahabad-rud and Nazly-chay.

The reason for the increased salinity of the water in the lake is the existence of salt structures and layers in the northern part of the lake and the flow of large amounts of salt along the Adzhi-chay River (Bitter River). The water of the lake has a high density, and although it varies with different seasons, on average it is about 300 grams. per liter

The high density of water prevents it from freezing during the cold season. This feature of the lake caused the winter period A huge number of birds flock here. Despite the cold weather, the presence of a large number of migratory birds on the lake gives it inimitable beauty. It is appropriate to note that Lake Urmia in the summer is a special great place for relaxation and swimming. The high salt content annually attracts many patients with rheumatism, skin diseases and nervous disorders to the shores of the lake. Every summer, supporters of the healing properties of the water and mud contained in the lake take the opportunity to heal a little in Urmia. The beaches near the ports of Sharafkhane and Gelemkhane welcome many nature lovers who come here from all over Iran.

It is also worth noting that the excessive salinity of the water in Lake Urmia does not allow the existence of fish and other marine animals in it. However, research shows that one species of geoplankton called Artemia may still exist in this lake, its food being the green lichen growing in Urmia.

Artemia is one of the most valuable species of plankton, capable of living in extremely saline environments. It, in turn, provides food for many species of farmed marine animals: shrimp, fish and even birds. Moreover, Artemia living in Lake Urmia is one of the most persistent species of Artemia, has a high calorie content and is known in the world under the name Artemia Urmiana. Artemia became famous as the “yellow gold” of Lake Urmia.”

Seas

The Persian Gulf, which washes the south of Iran, is shallow and has an area of ​​240 thousand square kilometers. Through the Strait of Hormuz it provides access to the open ocean and thus has enormous economic and strategic importance for the country.

There are numerous islands in the Persian Gulf, the most important of which are:

Qeshm ( largest island Iran with an area of ​​1491 sq. km), (89.7), Lawan (76), Larak (48.7), Hormoz (41.9), Hengam (33.6), Bani Forour (26.2), Hendorabi (21.1), Hark (20.5) and Sirri (17.3).

The Caspian Sea has an area of ​​424,200 square meters. km is largest lake in the world. It is located in the north of Iran and provides connections not only with the former USSR, but also with European countries. This is the most important source of products for the fishing industry.

There are numerous inland lakes in Iran, many of which have salt water and can dry out completely during long periods of drought. Main Iranian lakes: Orumiye, Namak, Jazmuriyan, Bakhtegan, Tashk, Maharlu, Khouz Soltan, Famur (Parishan), Zerivar.

Flora and fauna

180200 sq. km of Iranian territory are occupied by forests. We find the most significant forest areas on the northern slopes of the mountain range running along the coast of the Caspian Sea. These forests are mixed deciduous (oaks, pines, cypresses, etc.). In addition to these forests, isolated oak groves and thickets of wild pistachios are found on the well-moistened slopes of the Zagros.

In the central regions of the country, spring meadows predominate at relative elevations and sparse thickets of bushes in the lowlands. Most inland deserts are completely uninhabited, with no sign of vegetation or life of any kind during the long, hot summers.

Representatives of Iran's fauna include mountain bears, wild sheep and goats, gazelles, wild donkeys, wild boars, wild cats and panthers, and foxes. Pheasants, partridges, hawks and kites are widely represented.

Population of Iran

The population of Iran is 58,110,227 people (according to the 1992 census). By Iran's population ranks fifteenth in the world, the average population density in the country is 35.26 people per square kilometer. Ten years ago, the population density was 20.4 people per square meter. km, indicating the rapid growth of Iran's population. (The population of Iran, as of 2009, was 80,208,000 people (17th place in the world). Population density 42 people/km² Note website).

According to the 1992 census, 33,137,567 people (57.3 percent) lived in cities and the rest in rural areas. There are cities with a population of more than a million, half a million and one hundred thousand people. Tehran, the capital of the country, is home to at least 17.37 percent of the country's population.

The highest level of urbanization in Iran is observed in the Tehran province (87%). The provinces least affected by urbanization are Boyer Rahmad and Kohgiluyeh, where for every 100 people only 30 live in cities.

The literacy rate among persons over 6 years of age is 82.5% in urban areas and 63.1% in rural areas. Among people over 10 years of age, 88.6% are employed and 11.4% are unemployed.

Ethnic groups

Modern Iranians are generally regarded as descendants of the Aryans who settled on the plateau in the second millennium BC.

Over the course of Iran's long history, many other ethnic groups entered the Iranian plateau and settled there. Thus, 45.6 percent of the population are Persians, 16.8% are Turks, 9.1 - 1.2 are Arabs. The remaining 26.3% are from other ethnic groups. It should be noted that non-Aryan ethnic groups live mainly in the north-west and in the border western regions of the country.

(According to 2008, Persians make up 51% of the population, Azerbaijanis and related Turkic-speaking peoples - 20%-35%, Kurds - 7%, Arabs -3%; Iranian-speaking peoples - Talysh, Gilyans, Mazandarans, Lurs and Bakhtiyars - 10 %, Persian-speaking Baluchis and Turkic Turkmen - 2% each. In addition, there are national minorities (1%) of Armenians, Circassians and Georgians.

Information on the topic:

Fars Province - Beginning of Iran

From the name of this province, foreigners began to call the entire country Persia. The Voice of the Islamic Republic of Iran reported about this province in a broadcast dated 02/08/2011:

“Fars province, one of the most ancient regions in Iran...

The province of Fars, with a history almost equivalent to the entire history of Iran, is constantly considered one of the main centers of the formation and prosperity of Iranian and world civilizations...

Relief patterns of four thousand years of history, imprinted from the time of the Elamites (an ancient dynasty that ruled even before the Achaemenids, considered the ancestors of Persia (today Iran) Note site) on the slopes of the mountains of the province of Fars, the giant ruins of Persopolis and Pasargades, preserved from the times of the Achaemenids, (VI century BC AD) (including the tombs of the famous kings Cyrus and Darius. Note site) together with the monuments of the Sassanid era (one of the subsequent dynasties, it preached Zoroastrianism - the worship of fire. Note site), scattered throughout the cities of the province of Fars, represent signs development and prosperity of ancient Persian culture in this part of Iranian land. In addition, Fars is rich in its cultural history. Fars was the birthplace of such outstanding Iranians as Mulla Sadra, Hafiz, Saadi, Sibuya, etc., authors of immortal scientific, philosophical, religious and literary works.

Regarding the history of Fars, it is said that around 1100 BC. some tribe of the Aryan (ancient Iranian) race, having overcome a long distance and various natural barriers, penetrated from the north to the Iranian Plateau. This tribe, which bore the name “Persians,” settled in the temperate zone in the south of modern Iran, giving it its own name. Thus, one of the ancient centers Iranian culture, which has been repeatedly elected as the capital of Iranian states.

The Persian tribe, which we know as the "Achaemenids", in 559-330. BC ruled in Fars and gradually expanded its sphere of influence to other areas of the civilized world. During this period, Fars, as the center of the state, combined most of the modern crafts. The land of "Persia" (in Greco-Roman pronunciation) was one of the oldest cultural centers in Iran. Proof of this are the historical ruins of Persepolis (Takhti-Jamshid) and Pasargadae (Tomb of Cyrus).

After the spread of the Islamic religion in Iran, Fars became the center of rule of such dynasties as the Atabeks of Fars (543-684 AH), the Inju, Muzaffarid and Zendid dynasties. During the reign of the Zendids, this area received special development and socio-cultural prosperity, which we will talk about in the following programs when studying the historical monuments of Fars.

Fars province with an area of ​​133 thousand square kilometers is considered one of southern provinces Iran, which is administratively divided into 29 districts...

The center of Fars province is the city of Shiraz, which, due to its enormous cultural and historical significance, is one of the most popular cities peace.

Fars Province in general is mountainous region, and the heights existing in this province are a continuation mountain range Zagros extends from the northwest to the south of the country. Fars province, due to its proximity to the Persian Gulf in the south and proximity to desert areas in the northeast, has a unique climatic diversity.

In total, Fars province has three distinct climate zones. The northern and northwestern parts are mountainous areas with cold winters and temperate summers, while the central parts have relatively rainy, moderate winters and dry, hot summers. In the south and southeast of the province the weather is moderate in winter, but in summer it is extremely hot.

The water resources of Fars Province are divided into groundwater and flowing water. Due to its climatic diversity, Fars province has an abundance of rivers, springs, waterfalls and lakes. The Kor River, one of the most important rivers in Fars Province, originates in northern mountains and flows into Lake Bakhtegan. The Firuzabad, Qara Amaj and Fahliyan rivers also originate in the mountainous heights of the province and ultimately flow into the Persian Gulf. There are numerous lakes in Fars province. Three lakes, Bakhtegan, Maharlu and Parishan (or Famur) are larger in size than all other lakes in the province.

The presence of numerous waterfalls, natural springs and river banks at high altitudes contributes to the creation tourist centers and hunting grounds in this province, which we will talk about in the following programs.

Due to the presence of abundant water resources and fertile lands, Fars province is considered one of the main centers agriculture in Iran. Wheat, barley and corn form an important part of the province's grain production. Rice and citrus fruits in Fars province are also of good quality. In Fars province, along with agriculture, cattle breeding is also widely developed, partially meeting the country's need for meat and dairy products.

The population of Fars province, according to the latest census, is about 5.4 million people. The majority of the population of Fars speaks Persian, but due to the diversity of nationalities, other languages ​​and dialects such as Turkic, Lur and Arabic are widely spoken in this province. The presence of different religious minorities: Jews, Christians, Zoroastrians, etc. in Fars is one of the distinctive cultural features of this province.

It is pertinent to know that Fars province is considered one of the main centers of nomadic tribes in Iran. The Qashqai, Hamsa, Mamasani and Alwar Kohkiluya tribes lead a nomadic lifestyle in this area, each of which is divided into numerous clans. The nomadic tribes of Fars have created a rich culture throughout history. Their life partially preserves the clan-tribal culture, which is considered one of the tourist attractions of this part of Iranian land.

Fars Province is also famous for the production of handicrafts such as carpets, rugs, mats and gebbes.

In the cities of Fars, mosaic work and inlay work, wood carving, etc. became widespread. In the field of metal industry and related arts, Fars province has a long track record. Silver carving, engraving and embossing on silver stand out here.

The flora of Fars province consists of forest trees and industrial and medicinal plants. The most important tree species there are: mountain almond, willow, oak and some other industrial and pharmaceutical plants, among which are licorice, oxwort, cathira, asafoetida and astragalus. Due to its inherent climatic diversity, Fars Province is home to a variety of animals. These include mammals, birds, aquatic and sea animals. There are protected animal habitats in Fars province.”

Religion and language

According to the latest population census (1986), 98.8 percent of Iran's population is Muslim. Among them, 91% are Shiites, and the rest belong to the Hanafis, Shafi'is, Malekites, Hanbalis, Zaydis and other Muslim sects.

Religious minorities in Iran make up 1.2% of the population and are distributed as follows: Christians - 0.7%, Jews -0.3%, Zoroastrians - 0.1%, followers of other religions -0.1%.

Persian (Farsi) is the official language of Iran. In Iran it is used (for Persian Note. In addition, in various parts of the country they speak Azerbaijani, Arabic, etc.

Administrative division of the country

According to the Law on administrative division from 1992, Iran consists of 24 (as of 1994) provinces (stop), 277 urban regions (shahrestan) and 604 districts (bakhsh). Each province is divided into several regions, which in turn consist of districts, and the districts are divided into several rural counties. Counties consist of several villages.

The province is ruled by the governor-general (ostandar), the urban region by the governor (farmandar), the district by the district governor (bakhshdar), the rural district by the head of the district (dehdar) and each village by the headman (kadhoda). (In 2004, Khorasan was divided into 3 separate stops, and Tehran in 2010 into 2 separate stops. In total, according to 2011 data, Iran is divided into 31 stops. Note website).

Agriculture

Major crops grown in Iran include wheat, barley, fruits, vegetables, pistachios, cotton, rice, tobacco, corn, dates, olives, tea, jute, citrus fruits, sugar cane and sugar beets. The main agricultural products in 1990 were the following crops: wheat (5,775,428 tons), barley (2,589,812 tons), rice (1,227,325 tons), sugar beets (3,536,000 tons), sugar cane (1,448,000 tons), cotton (394,000 tons ) and tobacco (16,000 tons).

Livestock

The main occupation of the nomadic and semi-nomadic population of Iran is cattle breeding. In addition, each agricultural village keeps herds that graze on less fertile lands and special pastures. Cattle breeding is mainly developed in Khorasan, Azerbaijan, Kurdistan, Lurestan and Fars. In recent times, nomadic pastoralism has largely given way to mechanized livestock and poultry complexes located around cities. In 1991, there were 40,665,000 sheep, 21,759,000 goats and 6,368,000 cattle in the country.

Iran has large fisheries resources in the Caspian Sea in the north and in the Persian Gulf and Oman Sea in the south. Iranian fishermen constantly fish in these areas. Many types of fish, in particular salmon and sturgeon, which produces the famous caviar, are caught in the Caspian Sea, and shrimp are caught in the southern waters. One of the most important centers of the fishing industry is the city of Bandar Abbas on the Persian Gulf coast, where several canneries are located. In 1990, Iran received about 270 tons of caviar, at least 9,246 tons of shrimp and lobsters, and 320,887 tons of various types of fish.

Industry

Iran is one of the largest oil producers in the world. The Iranian oil industry dates back to the very beginning of the 20th century. For many years, Iranian oil was exploited by foreigners, but now this huge industry, including oil refineries, is managed and maintained by Iranian personnel. Oil refineries are located in many Iranian cities, and petrochemical complexes are concentrated in Shiraz, Bandar-e Imam Khomeini and Kharq Island. (Iran has 10% of the world's proven oil reserves and ranks second in the world in natural gas reserves (15%). Most of the oil and gas provinces are located in the provinces of Khuzestan and Bushehr, as well as on the shelves of the Persian Gulf and in Khorasan. Despite it is Iran that imports petroleum products due to the lack of oil refining capacity in the country.

Iran has some of the largest gas reserves in the world With oil reserves gradually depleting, Iran may rely on its gas reserves in the future.

Iran's total electricity production in 1990. 54,896 million kW, including 6,083 million kW at hydroelectric power stations, 38,836 at thermal power plants, 8,723 at gas stations and 1,254 million kW at diesel stations. (Iran's energy sector allows the annual production of 33,000 megawatts of electricity (2004). 75% of this amount comes from natural gas, 18% from oil, 7% from hydroelectric power plants. Wind, geothermal and solar power plants began operating in the country. At the same time, Iran is experiencing a shortage of electricity. Electricity imports exceed exports by 500 million kilowatt hours.

In 1990, there were 967 active mines in Iran. The main minerals mined in Iran include coal, copper, iron, tin, zinc, chromite, salt, manganese, building materials, decorative stones, dolomite, gypsum, talc, sulfates, etc.

The main processing industry operating on local minerals is metallurgy, developed mainly in the province of Isfahan. This industry is still at the development stage; after all work is completed, Iran will become one of the most important industrial countries in the world. Other industrial facilities include automobile factories, pipe factories... in addition, throughout the country there are numerous textile, tobacco, clothing, canning, sugar, glass, paper, wood processing, cement factories and factories, as well as factories for the production of building materials , mosaics, matches.

Among the main Iranian folk crafts one can highlight carpet weaving and the production of rugs, enamels, metal work, wood work, ceramics, etc.

(As of 2011, about 45% of Iran's budget revenues come from oil and gas exports. Iran's main exports in the 2000s: crude oil and petroleum products, metal ores, fruits and nuts, carpets. Iran's main imports : heavy engineering and chemical industry products, cars, iron, steel, minerals, food, consumer goods, textiles, paper.

With the exception of the southern part of the Karun River and Lake Orumiye, there are no navigable rivers or lakes in Iran. Therefore, the main part of transport is carried out through various types ground transport, incl. expressways.

In 1939, the Trans-Iranian Railway was built exclusively with local capital. railway length 1392 km.

It connected the port of Bandar-e Torkaman, located on the Caspian Sea, and Bandar-e Imam Khomeini on the coast of the Persian Gulf. This important highway runs from the south to the north of the country, passing through cities such as Ahvaz, Dezful, Arak, Qom, Tehran, Garmsar, Firuzkuh, Gayem Shahr and Behshahr... (A number of other lines have now been built).

Air transport began in Iran in 1926...

Maritime transport in Iran is carried out through the Persian Gulf and the Sea of ​​Oman in the south and the Caspian Sea in the north.

The Iranian ports of Bandar-e Imam Khomeini, Khorramshahr, Abadan, Mahrshahr, Kharq, Bushehr, Bandar Abbas (Shahid Bohonar-Rajaei) and Chabahar (Shahid Beshekhti) contribute to the establishment of the country's maritime connections...

In the Caspian Sea, this role is assigned to the ports of Anzeli and Nowshahr. (Section on the geography of Iran from a book published by the Press Service of the Embassy of the Islamic Republic of Iran in Moscow in 1994..

Date: Apr 15, 2017 Date:

Geographically, Iran is located in Western Asia and borders the Gulf of Oman, the Persian Gulf and the Caspian Sea. The mountains of Iran surround several broad plains on which the main agricultural and urban settlements are located.

The main mountain range is the Zagros Mountains, which, along with parallel ridges and plains, cut the country from northwest to southeast. Many peaks in the Zagros are higher than 3,000 meters above sea level, and in the central part there are five peaks that are over 4,000 meters high.

The average height of the peaks of the Zagros mountain range drops sharply to 1,500 meters as you move towards the southeast of the country. On the coast of the Caspian Sea there is another mountain range, Elborz. The Damavand volcano, whose height is 5,610 meters, is located in the center of Elborz. It is not only the highest peak in Iran, but also the most high peak in Eurasia west of the Hindu Kush.

Elborz mountain range

The Elborz Mountains, pronounced Alborz in Persian, are about 900 km long and are the main mountain range in northern Iran. The mountains stretch from the borders of Azerbaijan and Armenia in the northwest to the southern tip of the Caspian Sea and end in the east near the borders of Turkmenistan and Afghanistan.

Elburz is the name given to all the mountains located in northern Iran. Mountains have maximum height along south coast The Caspian Sea creates an obstacle that separates the coastal plains from the Iranian plateau. The proximity to the Caspian coast created a humid environment on the coastal plains and northern slopes of the mountains. In some places, such as near the coastal cities of Ramsar and Noshahr, the strip of land between the sea and the mountains is no wider than one kilometer.

The southern slopes of Elborz extend to the Iranian plateau. The average height of the plateau at the base of the mountain is about 1,500 m. In contrast to the green northern slopes, southern slopes Elbrus mountains are deserted. Meadows, mountain tundra and permanent snow cover the high slopes of the Elborz mountain target. In winter, heavy, powdery snow falls, creating ideal skiing conditions. A sufficient amount of snow provides the necessary amount of fresh water to nearby cities, including the capital Tehran. The distance between Mount Damavand and the 1,000 m high Kharaz Valley in the northeast is less than 17 kilometers.

Mount Damavand

Damavand is the highest mountain peak in Iran. The height of the mountain is 5,610 meters above sea level. Damavand - extinct volcano on the Elburz ridge.

Damavand, like many volcanic mountains, has a conical shape. Although Damavand is an extinct volcano, it still emits sulfur dioxide. This means that Damavand is going through the last stage before completely turning into an extinct volcano. Still hot mineral springs, the absence of extensive glaciers and frequent earthquakes prove that there is still a long way to go.

The surrounding area of ​​Damavand is one of the most picturesque surroundings along with its fields full of wild poppy flowers and purple lilies, with springs and long green grass. The top and slopes of the mountain are always covered with snow. In Iranian history, Damavand has always been a symbol of pride.

Zagros mountain system

The Zagros mountain range stretches from the borders of Turkey and Iraq to the Persian Gulf and is Iran's largest mountain range (but not as high as Elborz).

The Zagros stretches for more than 1,500 km and extends from northeast Iraq to the Strait of Hormuz. The height of many peaks is higher than 2,987 m. The height of the high peak Dena of the Zardkukh mountain range 4,409 m. This mountain range of folded mountains consists of limestone and dolomite.

In winter there is always snow, and on many peaks there is snow even in summer. Winters are harsh, with temperatures often dropping to -18°C. The rivers Karun and Zayanderud originate in these mountains.

The most common ecosystems are forest and steppe regions, which have a semi-arid temperate climate.


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On the territory of Iran, about 100 coal deposits are known in Tebes (Kerman) and Elburs coal basins. Coal-bearing intensively dislocated Triassic and Jurassic sediments. The productive strata with a thickness of 1.5-4 km (sometimes up to 8 km) contains up to 92 coal seams, of which from 4 to 18 have working capacity (3.8-10.9 m). Coals are low- and medium-grained, high-ash, requiring enrichment. Content phosphorus up to 0.1%, calorific value 35.2-37.4 MJ/kg (a significant part of the coals is coking).

About 40 iron ore deposits have been identified in Iran; the largest are located in the Bafq and Sirjan regions, the small ones in Elbrus and in the south of the country. The main deposits are Chogart (explored reserves 215 million tons), Chadarmalyu (410 million tons), Zerend (230 million tons), etc. Most of the deposits are skarn and metasomatic, hydrothermal, metamorphogenic, sedimentary and related deposits are also known weathering crusts.

The most important deposits chrome ores located in the Minab and Sebzevar districts. The largest Shahriar field (reserves 2 million tons) consists of 31 ore body, reserves of which are measured from 1 to 500 thousand tons each. Probable reserves in the Sebzevar region are 1.2 million tons, promising - 10 million tons. The largest deposit is Mir-Makhmud with proven ore reserves of about 100 thousand tons.

Most of the raw materials (since 1979 about 60%) are exported to capitalist (including the EEC countries and Japan), developing and socialist countries. The main export loading terminals are located on the islands of Sirri, Lawan and Khark (1982). Large oil and product pipelines: Tehran - Mashhad; Abadan - Ahvaz; Tehran - Qazvin - Rasht; Abadan - Ahvaz - Ezna - Tehran; Ahvaz - Teng - Fani - Tehran; Maroun - Isfahan; Isfahan - Tehran. Total length oil and product pipelines 7.9 thousand km (1982). The Country Acts (1982) 6 oil refineries(in the cities of Tehran, Tabriz, Shiraz, Isfahan, Bakhtaran and Mesjed-Soleiman; one of the world's largest oil refineries in Abadan annually production capacity over 30 million tons disabled) total annual production capacity 26 million tons, which does not fully meet Iran’s internal needs.

The development of natural gas fields began in Iran in the early 70s. 20th century Production is carried out at fields Hangiran, Gorgan, Kengan(Pars and Seraj fields are not being developed). The main amount of gas is produced from gas and oil fields, in terms of associated gas reserves, Iran ranks 2nd among industrialized capitalist and developing countries (up to 150 m3 per 1 ton of oil). Gas is used for injection into oil fields, in chemical and petrochemical production, as well as as fuel and energy raw materials (in 1981, out of 16.8 billion m 3 extracted, it was pumped into layer 1.9 billion m 3, used for various needs, 7.2 billion m 3 and 7.7 billion m 3 burned in flares). A small amount of liquefied gas from Khark Island (1982) is exported to Japan(1982). To pump gas, the main gas pipeline Bir Boland - Qom - Qazvin - Regit - Astara was built, which has branches in the cities. Shiraz, Isfahan, Kashan and Tehran. In addition, transportation is carried out by a gas pipeline system from the Khangiran field to the cities. Mashhad, Gorgan, Neka, etc. There is also a branched gas distribution network to supply gas to local consumers. The total length of gas pipelines is 2.1 thousand km, the throughput capacity is 18.2 billion m 3 (1982).

Coal production in Iran has reached industrial scale scale in the 70s 20th century The impetus for its development was the need to create a fuel base for the Isfahan Metallurgical Plant. The maximum production level was reached in 1974 - 1.2 million tons, in the early 80s. — 0.9 million tons (in terms of commercial value). Development is controlled mainly by state-owned companies subordinate to National Iranian Steel Corp., as well as Iran Mining and Metal Smelting Co. In Tebessky coal basin The main development area is Kerman (the volume of coking coal in 1980 was over 500 thousand tons). The largest Kerman deposit includes the Pabdane and Babnizu mines (production capacity of 133 and 87.5 thousand tons of coking coal, respectively, 1981). Prospects for further expansion of production are associated with the transition to downstream horizons and involvement in the development of new areas of the field. In the Elborz basin, development is carried out in the Agusbinsky (Sengrud mine), Alashtinsky (Karmozd mine), and Shahrud district (Tazare deposit - Kalariz and Mamedou mines). In addition, it is known in Iran large number small and poorly studied deposits that are exploited by private companies. There are Shahrud, Rigabad, Zerenda, Karmozdekaya and others in the country processing plants, heavy medium ones are used separators and flotation installations. Hard coal is consumed on the domestic market. Part of the high-quality coking coal is imported from Germany (51 thousand tons in 1979). Development prospects mining related to intelligence northern parts of the Tebes coal basin (Perverde, Masnan, Kadir, Kuchek-Ali deposits).

Copper ore mining. Industrial mining of copper ore began in the 60s. 20th century The maximum level was reached in 1978 - 20 thousand tons. Development is carried out mainly by the state company "National Iranian Copper Industries Co." and its subsidiaries, as well as the organization Bonyade Mostazafin (Foundation of the Oppressed). The main production areas are located in the northern part of Iranian Azerbaijan (Sengan and Mezree fields), southwest of the city of Kerman (Serchesmeh and Chahar-Gonbad) and in the eastern part desert Dashte-Lut (Kale-Zere). The most important enterprise for the production of copper-molybdenum ore (design production capacity of 40 thousand tons of ore per day) is the mining and metallurgical complex at the Serchesme deposit, which includes an enrichment plant and a copper smelter (design production capacity of 145 thousand tons of copper per year). Operated by the state company "Sar-Cheshmehb Copper Mining Co." The method of field development is open-pit. Main mining transport equipment - excavators, wheel loaders, dump trucks (load capacity 120 tons). Production capacity of the concentration plant is 600 tons of copper concentrate per day containing 34% Mo, and 10 tons of concentrate with 54% Mo: copper smelter - 70 thousand tons per year (1982). The Kale-Zere field is being developed by the Society Maaden Louto with the participation of Japanese companies. In 1980, 225 thousand tons of ore were mined here; The processing plant operating at the deposit produced 14 thousand tons of concentrate (design capacity 50 thousand tons of concentrate per year). In addition, there are enterprises at the Sengan, Mezree, and Chahar-Gonbad fields. Part of the produced concentrates is processed into crude and refined copper (maximum output in 1977-78 - 7 thousand tons); the bulk is exported to Japan. Once the Sercheshm complex reaches its design capacity, copper ore processing will be carried out in Iran.

The extraction of lead-zinc ores began in the country in the 20th century, and the export of lead-zinc concentrates began in the late 40s. Since the beginning of the 60s, due to the attraction of foreign capital, ore production has gradually increased. The development is controlled mainly by the state-owned Iran Mining and Metal Smelting and the Bonyade Mostazafin organization. The main fields being developed are located north of the Kerman - Yazd line (fields Kushk, Dere-Zendzhir, Mehdi-Abad, Tare), west of the city of Isfahan (Hosseinabad, Lekan, Engire - Tiran) and south of the city of Miane (Enguran). The underground mining method predominates. The largest enterprise for the extraction of lead-zinc ores (production capacity of about 200 thousand tons of ore per year) has been operating since 1956 at the Enguran deposit. Combined mining; ore enters the processing plant. The Kushk deposit has been developed since 1957 using the underground method; there is an enrichment plant with a capacity of about 150 thousand tons of ore per year. At small enterprises, mining and enrichment are carried out manually. A project for the construction of a lead smelting plant has been developed in Iran. zinc. The main part of lead-zinc ores and concentrates is exported.

Production ornamental stones, mainly turquoise, is carried out at the Nishapur deposit. Its level is constantly falling due to depletion of reserves. In 1972, about 300 tons of turquoise were mined, in 1978 - 35 tons. The main amount of turquoise is exported in raw and processed forms. In 1979, exports in value terms amounted to 1.3 million dollars (including 600 thousand dollars to Switzerland and 580 thousand dollars to Switzerland).

Non-metallic mining building materials carried out primarily by small private enterprises and state-owned companies. Production amounted to in the late 70s. (thousand tons): gypsum 8000, (processed) 450, 1500, travertine (processed) 350-400.

Mining and Geological Service. Personnel training. Mining activities in Iran are controlled by the Ministry of Heavy Industry and regulated by the Mines Law of 1957. geological exploration work- Geological Department of the Ministry. Research is carried out by industry companies, as well as at the Institute geophysics at the University of Tehran (publishes works). Personnel training is carried out mainly at the Abadan Institute of Technology, the Institute of Standards, the University of Tehran, and training centers of industry companies.

 

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