The old vyritsa is on Wittgenstein's estate. Historical pages from the life of the village of Vyritsa Vyritsa population

Vyritsa is located on the banks of the Oredezh River, 40 km south of St. Petersburg. Vyritsa is an urban-type settlement and the center of the Vyritsky urban settlement. The first known information about people living here dates back to the 11th century, as evidenced by the discovered mounds. The first written mention of a settlement on the site of Vyritsa is found in Swedish chronicles in 1676. In the middle of the 19th century, the lands of Vyritsa became the patrimony of Prince Wittgenstein. At the beginning of the 20th century, after construction here railway Here the construction of summer cottages for the nobility began, two churches were built, and the surrounding villages united, forming the village of Vyritsa. During the war, Vyritsa was subjected to fascist occupation, and a children's concentration camp was organized here. After the war, a hydroelectric power station was built on Oredezh, which supplied electricity to neighboring villages until the opening of the Leningrad NPP.

Currently, Vyritsa is a holiday village. The summer population increases several times. According to some reports, this is the largest village in Russia by area (164 sq. km).

What to see in Vyritsa

The Church of the Kazan Icon of the Mother of God is located in Vyritsa. Here, at the end of his days, St. Seraphim Vyritsky lived. A chapel was built near the Kazan Church in which his grave is located. The village is also home to the Church of the Holy Apostles Peter and Paul, and the largest community of Ionna Churikov, in which parishioners fight drunkenness and other addictions. In the Vyritsa village library there is a museum of the writer I. Efremov, and his monument, created by the hands of enthusiasts.

Another interesting place— reservoir and waterfall of the Vyritskaya hydroelectric power station, now used only to regulate the water level in the river. In addition, there is a memorial stele on the site of a former concentration camp, a monument to the heroes of the Second World War and a monument to Stalin, located on private territory. On the banks of the Oredezh there is also a private palace, which is a smaller copy Catherine's Palace in Pushkin.

The village of Vyritsa in the Leningrad Region is also called the “dacha empire”, and in the old days it was called the Princely Valley. The settlement is inferior in popularity to the same Komarovo and Peredelkino, however, there is much more more beautiful nature and the magnificent Oredezh River, Pine forest. Such a unique atmosphere provided the opportunity for the development of more than one extraordinary personality: the science fiction writer Ivan Efremov, the leader of the teetotalers Ivan Churikov, Saint Seraphim of Vyritsky and others. There is something to see in the village, there are old country houses of non-poor people and modern buildings, the cost of which is estimated in millions.

About the village

Vyritsa in the Leningrad region has the status of an urban-type settlement, assigned to the Gatchina district. It is located on the banks of the Oredezh River, 60 kilometers from the northern capital - St. Petersburg. The city of Gatchina is 32 kilometers away.

As of the beginning of last year, 12,430 people live in the village. IN summer period The population more than doubles due to vacationers.

There are several small and medium-sized enterprises operating in the settlement: a weaving factory, an experimental mechanical plant, a sawmill and a number of others.

A little history

There are several versions of the origin of the name. According to one of them, the word “vyr” in Russian means abyss on the river. Other researchers claim that the word was taken from the Old Russian language, namely “Iriy-sad”, which over time transformed into “Vyriy-sad” and means paradise.

Until the 16th century, the lands of modern Vyritsa, Leningrad region, belonged to the Novgorod Vodskaya Pyatina. Then the territories not yet inhabited are transferred to the Gryaznevsky Nikolsky Pogost.

According to some sources, the founders of the settlement were fugitive Saratov serfs from St. Petersburg. They liked it local beauties, and they settled here. There is even a legend that an oak tree is still growing on the banks of the Oredezh River, which was planted in honor of the first settlers.

Until the end of the 19th century, there were no more than 1.5 hundred people in the village.

When a railway and a station appeared in the village in 1906, plans were born to create a conceptual settlement - a “garden city”. That is, it was planned to create all the conditions for comfortable living in the lap of nature. In the same year, a school was opened in the village, and 2 years later a temple was opened. In St. Petersburg newspapers there are constantly advertisements with offers to purchase land on the fertile land of Vyritsa. One of the very first and wealthy settlers was the father of Ivan Efremov.

During the Second World War, the city of Vyritsa, Leningrad region, was occupied; Germany's allies, the Spaniards and Romanians, settled here. The Germans themselves opened a concentration labor camp for children.

Already in 1944 locality They began to restore, erected hydroelectric power stations, factories and even 8 five-story residential buildings.

Labor camp for children

Few of the local population even suspected the existence of a children's forced labor camp between September 1942 and the end of 1943. The Germans organized it on the basis of one of the rest houses.

After the construction of the hydroelectric station, the water rose high, began to wash away the banks, and the remains of small children began to appear, these were bones and skulls. The school principal working at that time became interested in this fact and, together with his students, began studying history.

As a result of the research, it was found that after the liberation of the village, the 72nd division discovered Kid `s camp. There were still 50 living, but severely exhausted children from work and hunger. They were brought from nearby villages; they were mainly orphans and children from large families. The territory was surrounded by barbed wire, and escape was punishable by execution.

It was also possible to find out that during the existence of the camp, about 2 thousand children died. The remains were collected and buried near the cemetery in 1964.

The children of the village of Vyritsa, Leningrad Region, decided to erect a monument; for its construction, the children worked on the state farm, at local enterprises, and collected scrap metal. As a result, a monument was erected in 1985.

Father Seraphim helped the children as best he could; even a paper was found drawn up in the form of an act of acceptance and transfer of things to the children. Some former prisoners remembered this holy man.

Preserved architectural monuments

Pos. Vyritsa, Leningrad region, is famous not only for its tragic events; many interesting and ancient dacha buildings have been preserved on the territory of the settlement. For example, the houses that once belonged to Countess Thompson are located in Kommunalny Lane, these are Nos. 13, 15, 17, 19. And the banker Bumagin owned 6 houses, and at his own expense he built a bridge, which is named after in his honor.

Village districts

Only by the end of 1913 the central part of the village was formed. The settlement is conventionally divided into 5 districts.

Prince's Valley (modern hydroelectric power station area). There were about 15 houses here, and they all belonged to wealthy people or princely families. It was located in the area of ​​modern Lieutenant Schmidt Avenue (Petrovskaya Embankment) and Melnichny Avenue. In the center of the area there was a paved road surrounded by larches. Where the dam is now located, there was wooden bridge, which had to be rebuilt every year in the spring, after ice drift.

Here lived: Prince Wittgenstein, Count Moss and Countess Zhukova.

Red Valley. Located in the area of ​​Kirovsky and Kommunalny Avenues, Rechnaya Street. It was on this street that the trainer Anisimov’s dacha was located, which was later transferred to Chkalov.

Petrovka. The area is located in a place where members of the Christian temperance community still live, and in fact its founder was Churikov. Since 1906, over the course of 20 years, the area has grown rapidly; the settlers, who vowed never to drink again, grew vegetables here, kept livestock, that is, they conducted subsistence farming.

Central part. Once upon a time there was a huge bazaar in the center, and in the area there were small houses where merchants who came to the market lived. The central part was more of a shopping area.

In the area of ​​the experimental mechanical plant. This is the youngest part of the village, which is still being formed today.

Palace-estate of the Vasiliev brothers

Despite the fact that the palace was built in 2006, it has already been classified as an exclusive object and attraction of Vyritsa, Leningrad region. This is a unique architectural object, located in one of the most scenic spots settlement, owned by oil tycoon Sergei Vasiliev. All decoration of the house is made exclusively from natural materials, and behind the palace there is a magnificent landscaped park.

The object is located on Rabochaya Street, but you won’t be able to admire it up close; this is only possible from the other bank of the river.


Temple of the Kazan Icon of the Mother of God

This temple in Vyritsa, Leningrad region, is located on Kirova Avenue, 49. The building was laid on July 14, 1913 and was already consecrated on July 26, 1914. At first, services were held only in the summer. In 1933, Seraphim became the parish's confessor after the Alexander Nevsky Lavra closed. In 1938, the temple was closed and the OSOAVIAKHIM society was located.

The doors of the church open after the Germans arrived in the village in 1941. After the end of the war, the temple never closed. However, since 1959, the Council for Church Affairs has not appointed a priest in any way so that there is an official reason to close the parish. However, the village residents took an active position, but sought the appointment of a permanent priest only by 1966.

The structure was erected in the style of tented wooden churches in the north of Russia, and has the shape of an octagon on a quadrangle. Designed for 700 parishioners and has 3 side-chapels. On the territory there is a refectory, a small cemetery, a spring and a chapel.

The following shrines are kept here: the stole of Seraphim Vyritsky, the relics of Nikander of Gorodnoezersk, the Great Martyr Catherine and other saints.


Church of Peter and Paul

Another Holy place in the village on Pavassara Street there is the Church of the Holy Apostles Peter and Paul. It was consecrated in 1908. The temple was built entirely at the expense of parishioners.

This is a wooden structure, shaped like a cross and designed for 800 parishioners. Like most churches in the country, in 1938 the church was closed and a club was placed in it, then the building was occupied by the military, and with the arrival of the Germans, a stable was located here.

In 1942, when the Germans were in the village, local residents received permission to restore the church and carried out all the work in almost a matter of days. It was consecrated by Archimandrite Seraphim. As soon as the German troops left the village, the church was closed again. Only in 1944 did the doors of the holy place open again.

The main shrine is the reliquary ark.


House of the Christian Temperance Community of Brother John Churikov

On Pavlovsky Avenue in Vyritsa, Leningrad Region, to this day there is a unique institution - a community of Christian teetotalers.

The founder and ideological inspirer of the society, Ivan Alekseevich Churikov, read his sermons since 1894 in St. Petersburg and Kronstadt. However, in 1897 he was expelled, citing the anti-Orthodox nature of his sermons. He returned to Samara province and continued his activities. In 1900, Churikov was accused of sectarianism and thrown into prison.

After leaving prison, Ivan is helped by merchants from Vyritsa, and near the village he creates a colony of teetotalers. But the community not only engages in propaganda; members who have joined the society are engaged in subsistence agriculture. And in 1924, the commune was even awarded a distinctive badge for achievements in agriculture. After much persecution, the commune was registered again only in 1980. And after 11 years, the direction splits into:

  • followers of Churikov, who believed that he was a saint;
  • “radical” forces that do not believe in the divine origin of the founder and consider another branch a sect.

It is the latter branch that operates in Vyritsa these days. At two o'clock in the afternoon, every Sunday, a service takes place in the community house. It is very reminiscent of a Protestant meeting. The society publishes brochures and a newspaper about promoting a healthy lifestyle.


Museum of science fiction writer Ivan Efremov

In their reviews, people note another attraction of Vyritsa, Leningrad region - a museum dedicated to the science fiction writer Ivan Efremov, who is a native of these places (1907). The museum is located at 35 Efimova Street, in the library building. The science fiction writer's traveling chest, compass, expedition route (1949) and other things of the writer are kept here.


Children's holiday

As soon as the children's holidays begin, parents immediately begin to think about what to do with their child in the free time, especially if the family lives in big city, in the same St. Petersburg. This issue can be resolved quite simply by sending the child to the Mayak camp in Vyritsa, Leningrad region. It is located on Kommunalny Avenue, building 29.

Judging by the reviews, children aged 7 to 17 years old are accepted here all year round. The convenient location allows you to send your child on vacation without any problems. Experienced and professional teachers work here who will not let children get bored. In addition to entertainment, the child will breathe fresh air and communicate with peers.


Where to live?

There are a sufficient number of hotels in Vyritsa, Leningrad region, and at affordable prices. So, for example, you can stay in the Lida mini-hotel (Victims of the Revolution Street, 25). Visitors and vacationers are offered all the conditions, a shower and toilet room, free parking and Wi-Fi. Room cost from 2,000 rubles.

In their reviews, people often praise another inexpensive mini-hotel - “Center Mayak” (Kommunalny Avenue, 29). Guests are provided with rooms with all amenities, priced from 1.3 thousand rubles.

If you want to get as close to nature as possible, you should stay in the houses “Vyritsky Tarkhany”, Vyritsa, Leningrad region. The photos of the wooden houses are impressive; they have all the amenities, a kitchen and a balcony. The area is surrounded by greenery, there is a sauna and a barbecue area. The facility is located in Lermontov Lane, 2. Accommodation costs from 3.5 thousand rubles.

How to get there?

How to get by train to Vyritsa, Leningrad region? From St. Petersburg, from Vitebsky station there are regular departures commuter trains. The journey will take about 1 hour and 10 minutes (63 kilometers). In the village itself there are 4 railway platforms: platform 1, 2, 3 and the Poselok station. If you move from the Oredezhsky direction, then there are two - the Vyritsa station and the Mikhailovka platform.

There is a bus service between the city of Gatchina and the village; public transport, following the route: K-534-A and 534.

The P40 “Kempolovo-Shapki” highway runs through the village.

From Moscow

By car. On the M10 highway – 685 km. Travel time – 9.07 hours.

By plane. From Domodedovo, Sheremetyevo and Vnukovo airports on flights Moscow - St. Petersburg. Next by taxi or commuter train.

By long-distance train. From Leningradsky station by train "Moscow - St. Petersburg". Travel time – 3.50-11.07 hours. Then by taxi or commuter train.

From Saint-Petersburg

By car. Along Kievskoe or Moskovskoe highway – 62-76 km. Travel time - 0.50-1.15 hours.

By local train. From Vitebsky station or from the Kupchino platform on trains going to Vyritsa, Poselok, Oredezh, Chascha, Cholovo and Novinka. Travel time – 1.00-1.20 hours.

Walk around Vyritsa

You can start your walk around Vyritsa near railway station . Most of the village's guests come here. Although it is possible to get to Vyritsa by bus or minibus who go to the village from Gatchina.

The railway station was opened in 1906. Then in this beautiful place it was planned to create an “ideal garden city” whose residents could live in harmony with nature.

Train Station

From the station, through the neighborhoods of the village, about 1.5 km, you need to go east to Siverskoye Highway, near which there is a Peter and Paul Church(Pavassara St., 28). It was consecrated in 1908. This is one of the wooden churches that in the 30s of the last century was used by the community of the so-called Catacombs or the so-called True Orthodox Christians. In the 20s, a split occurred in the Russian Orthodox Church, and some of the believers, who did not accept the cooperation of the higher clergy and the Bolsheviks, separated. They behaved the same way as the Old Believers did in their time. But now no traces of this religious community have survived.

Church of Peter and Paul

From the Peter and Paul Church along Pavassar Street you can go to the Oredezh River. On its opposite bank there is an interesting building - an intricate blue tower, where the Christian teetotaler community(Pavlovsky Prospekt, 1). This religious movement was founded by late XIX century Samara peasant I.A. Churikov, whom his followers call Brother John of Samara. Churikov preached until his arrest by the OGPU in 1929.

House of the Christian Temperance Community of Brother John Churikov

The modern community is officially registered. And her services resemble Protestant prayer meetings. The Churikovites call their blue tower the “House of Sobriety.”

From here along Naberezhnaya, Syzranskaya and Moskovskie streets you can go to former hydroelectric dam. A small hydroelectric power station was built on the Oredezh River after the war to restore the economy destroyed during the war years. Now the dam serves as a pedestrian bridge.

Former hydroelectric dam

From here along the dam you need to cross to the other side of Oredezh and along Kirov Avenue to Kazan Church(Kirova Avenue, 49). The wooden temple was built with public donations in 1913 to mark the 300th anniversary of the Romanov dynasty. It is widely known among Orthodox pilgrims who come here to venerate the grave of the holy elder Seraphim. Monk Seraphim Vyritsky settled here at the beginning of the 20th century and lived until last days own life. And the old man died after the war. Next to the Kazan Church there is a beautiful wooden chapel named after the saint.

Temple of the Icon of the Mother of God of Kazan

And you can finish your walk around Vyritsa near Vasilyevsky Palace. The path to it starts along Borovaya Street. Then along the Siverskoye Highway you need to cross to the opposite bank of the Oredezh. Here the river, dammed below by a hydroelectric dam, floods widely. Beregovaya and Vatutina streets lead to the palace along the western bank of the river.

Vasilyevsky Palace

The palace belongs to one of the Vasiliev brothers, Sergei, a St. Petersburg oligarch. He, who was born in this village, decided to build a palace here for representative functions. The palace building, erected in the mid-2000s, is striking in scale. The area of ​​floors made of colored marble mosaics alone exceeds 600 square meters. m. And the height of some large halls reaches 14 m. During the construction of the building and its interior decoration, architects and craftsmen used the best ancient technologies.

The village of Vyritsa is undoubtedly one of the best dacha areas in the Leningrad region. Everything here is conducive to outdoor recreation: the Oredezh River with its sandy beaches, pine and spruce forests, clean air, spring water. Many summer residents find here cozy corners for secluded relaxation and creative inspiration. Blessed, protected area has long been resort place, a children's health resort. At the same time, in our time, Vyritsa combines all the qualities of a modern, actively developing village, the largest in the region. In terms of area, it is the largest settlement-type settlement in Russia. The Vyritsa land is associated with historical events, its holy places are well known, and it is no coincidence that numerous pilgrims and tourists come here. For many years, the village has rightly been called the spiritual capital of the Gatchina region.

Like the village of Dvernitsa became Vyritsa...

The village of Vyritsa has been known since the Middle Ages. In the Novgorod scribe book of 1499/1500, among the villages and hamlets of the Nikolsko-Greznevsky churchyard, which is part of the Vodskaya Pyatina of Veliky Novgorod, the village of Dvernitsa on the banks of the Oredezh River, the predecessor of the future village, is mentioned. Some researchers are trying to find Finno-Ugric roots in its origins, and, indeed, along the middle reaches of Oredezh and the lower reaches of the Suida River, the border of two ancient indigenous peoples once passed: the Vodi and the Izhora, and, apparently, on the territory of modern Vyritsa there was a Vodian settlement. Later the Slavs came to these places.

For a long time, burial mounds dating back to the 12th-13th centuries have been preserved on the territory of the village. In 1907, students of the St. Petersburg Archaeological Institute excavated a burial mound group in Vyritsa, which was located along Beregovaya Street. In 1974, here, on the edge of the terrace, along the left bank of the Oredezh River, the 4th detachment of the Staraya Ladoga expedition recorded three earthen embankments 0.2 meters high and 3-4 meters in diameter. Finds from the Vyritsa burial mounds, mainly women's jewelry, are kept today in the depository of the State Hermitage and are of considerable interest. Some decorations have duck-shaped details. As is known, the Finno-Ugric peoples had a cult of waterfowl and some domestic animals.

From documentary sources, the so-called Watch Books, it is known that in 1612 the village of Dvernitsa was registered with the landowner Grigory Muravyov, who occupied various responsible positions on the lands of Veliky Novgorod, whose family was known since the era of Tsar Ivan III. Muravyov owned not only the Greznevsky churchyard, but also the neighboring Nikolsko-Suydinsky one. The Oredezh region at that time was practically deserted; on the site of previously existing villages there were wastelands. In the village of Dvernitsa itself there were only five courtyards. The names of its inhabitants, family peasants, have been preserved: Vaska Kuzmin, Tereshka Malafeev, Mikhalka Danilov and the boys Larioshka Stepanov and Savka Grigoriev.

The history of this village during the time of Swedish rule is interesting, when the Russian-Swedish border passed several miles south of Vyritsa, and one of the border stones, according to the stories of old-timers, was located near the modern village of Borisovo. On the Russian side, a cross was stamped on it, and on the Swedish side, a crown.

Since 1617, the village of Dvernitsy, located in the Swedish province of Ingria, is often mentioned in documentary sources of the 17th century. In the earliest Land Books of the Swedish period, a wasteland is indicated on the site of the village: apparently, the Orthodox inhabitants of Dvernitsy, fearing persecution from overseas owners who instilled the Lutheran faith, left it - crossed the border and went to the Russian side.

However, the abandoned village was empty for long. Soon Finnish settlers appeared here, arriving in search of a good life from Eastern Finland. In 1645, three peasant households were recorded in Dvernitsy, assigned to the parish of the Kobrin Lutheran Church. During this period, the village belonging to the Kurovicka Manor belonged to the landlord-tenant Frans Faller.

On the pages of the Land Books the name of the village is mentioned in different versions: Duеrnitza (1618-1623), Duiritza (1644), Duarnitza (1678). On the map of 1676 the village is indicated - Werektza, and in 1699 - Wiritza. On the “General Map of the Province of Ingria” of 1704, the village of Duarnitza is indicated. It should be noted that Finnish does not have a voiced "d", and Swedish scribes at that time often wrote place names as they sounded, creating confusion. Cartographers were more attentive in this regard.

By the beginning of the 18th century, the village of Dvernitsa finally turned into Vyritsa. This is not surprising: the change geographical names under the Swedes, many local villages were affected. For example, the village of Zmeino, neighboring Vyritsa, became the village of Mina after a hundred years of Swedish rule. Miraculously, the medieval villages retained their historical names: Ustye on Oredezh (now the village of Vvedenskoye), Kletno, Borisovo. An interesting toponym is a village named Gorodok, indicated on the Swedish map of 1676 and located in the vicinity of modern Vyritsa, which was subsequently completely lost.

Three hundred years ago...

After the liberation of the Prinevsky region from the Swedish invaders by Peter the Great, the valiant Russian troops again saw a wasteland on the site of the Chukhon village, and Vyritsa had to be settled anew. The lands located along the banks of the Oredezh River, assigned to the Kurovitskaya manor, were granted by the sovereign to his son Tsarevich Alexei. Since 1718, after the well-known tragic events that happened to Alexei Petrovich, the royal estate belonged to the palace department and even for some time belonged to the monks of the Alexander Nevsky Lavra.

There is a legend that the founders of the Russian village of Vyritsa were four peasant families of immigrants who arrived from the Saratov province. According to other sources, they, according to the royal order, arrived here to build St. Petersburg. Old-timers even named the year the settlers arrived - 1717. It is not yet possible to admit or refute this version. According to legend, among the first inhabitants of Vyritsa there was a large peasant family of the Davydovs, whose descendants still live in these places today.

A huge old oak tree still grows on Beregovaya Street today. They say that it was planted by the first settlers. It was here, on the river bank, that the “old” part of the village of Vyritsa was located.

Davydovs

I was able to trace the pedigree of this peasant family back to 1737. Since the time of Peter the Great, Vyritsa was assigned to the Church of the Transfiguration of the Lord, located in the village of Orlino. Among the local peasants, Kondraty Eliseev and his children – Leonty, Irina and Ivan – are mentioned on the pages of the metric books of this temple. For example, the book “Confessional paintings of the Orlinskaya Church for 1817,” indicating the names of the peasants who were at confession, reports: “Kondraty Eliseev, 80 years old, his wife Ksenia Vasilyeva, 70 years old, their son Ivan, 49 years old, his wife Paraskeva Yakovleva, 44 years old, their children Vasily – 21, Maxim – 18, Timofey – 13, Gregory – 8, Daria – 5, Egor – 1, Vasily – 1.”

Ivan Kondratyev, born in 1768, had a son, Vasily Ivanov (born in 1796). Among the latter's children are mentioned: David, Philip, Agafya and Klimenty Vasilyev. All descendants of David Vasiliev (1835-1921) received the surname Davydov. Among his children are known: Mikhail, Maria, Evfimy and Irina. One of them, Mikhail Davydovich Davydov (1860-1918), held the post of village headman. His son Ivan Mikhailovich (born 1893) was the chairman of the Khalturin collective farm created in Vyritsa in 1931. In 1967, his memories of the past, including the legend of Saratov settlers, were recorded by young members of a search group from Vyritskaya high school No. 1. Even in the pre-revolutionary period, many representatives of the Davydov family intermarried with other peasant families from the village of Vvedenskoye, the villages of Mina and Kurovitsy.

The first Vyritsky landowner Sablukov

Empress Catherine II granted the Ustinskaya manor with the villages of Ustye, Mina, Gorki, Kauzha (now Kaushta), Borisovo, Kletno and Vyritsa to the “foreman” Alexander Alexandrovich Sablukov (1746-1828). His forest dacha, bordering the lands of the Novgorod district, which arose on the site of the modern village of Vvedenskoye, at the confluence of the Suyda River with Oredezh, is mentioned in one of the archival documents for 1780. Personality A.A. Sablukov deserves a separate story, and only some episodes of his biography can be recalled.

He was the son of a court chamberlain, who began his service in 1762, first as a page, and then as a page-chamber at the court of Empress Catherine II. In 1767, Alexander Sablukov began military service as a lieutenant in the Life Guards Preobrazhensky Regiment. In August, he was sent to Moscow along with other officers to pacify the unrest due to the “pestilence” that was raging there. In the same year, for the zeal shown in this campaign, captain-lieutenant Sablukov was promoted to guard captain, and in 1778 - to brigadier. But he held this rank for about a year, soon leaving military service.

In 1780 A.A. Sablukov was appointed assessor of the upper Zemsky Court of the St. Petersburg province, and soon, having received the rank of full state councilor, he went to serve in the St. Petersburg State Treasury. It was during this period that he was awarded the orders of St. Vladimir (1786) and St. Anne (1789). At the beginning of the reign of Paul I, he managed the Expedition of State Expenditures.

In 1796, his rapid career: Sablukov, having received the rank of Privy Councilor, is appointed senator, and the following year - associate minister of the Department of Appanages and president of the Manufactory College. On the day of the coronation of Emperor Paul I (1798), he received from the sovereign 500 souls of serfs. However, despite the tsar's patronage, in 1799 he fell into disgrace and was removed from service and all positions.

In 1800 A.A. Sablukov, favorably pardoned by the emperor, received the rank of full state councilor. Under Alexander I, he was a member of the State Council, was an honorary guardian of the St. Petersburg Orphanage and chairman of the Council of Guardians. His grave is located in the Alexander Nevsky Lavra.

The patrimony of General Borozdin

At the end of the reign of Empress Catherine II, Lieutenant General Mikhail Savvich Borozdin, a landowner of the Pskov province, who died in 1796, became the owner of Vyritsa and the villages adjacent to it. By inheritance, the estate passed to his son, Nikolai Mikhailovich Borozdin (1777-1830), who at that time served in His Majesty’s Life Guards Cuirassier Regiment.

The boyar family of Borozdins was well known in Russia. The future Vyritsky master was also an extraordinary person. He received a good education at home, and at the age of 11 he entered the Main German School at St. Peter's Church. After graduating in 1794, Nikolai entered military service as a cornet in the Life Guards Cavalry Regiment, and in 1799 he was transferred to the Cavalry Regiment.

A blond, handsome young man, a brilliant swordsman and equestrian who knew several languages, a freemason (he had an order name - “Knight of the Armed Lion”), he quickly gained leadership in “fashionable” companies and was admitted into the entourage of the heir, Grand Duke Alexander Pavlovich. Being under the protection of the crown prince, Nicholas allowed himself to behave defiantly towards the sovereign. As contemporaries recalled, in the summer of 1800, the tsar became jealous of Borozdin with Anna Gagarina (later Lopukhina): during a ball, he picked up a fan that the tsar’s favorite had dropped, after which they began an affair. For this, Paul I sent Colonel Borozdin to serve on guard duty at the Peter and Paul Fortress for six weeks, for “bread and water.” Fortunately, the conflict ended quite peacefully. The cavalry guard was one of the people who became participants in the conspiracy against the emperor

Paul I. From May 1803 he became the aide-de-camp of Emperor Alexander I...

During the breaks between the service N.M. Borozdin came to his country estate. His land holdings were extensive, but in Vyritsa itself in 1801 there were only 20 male souls. The village consisted of nine courtyards. There was a mill on the Oredezh River. The description of the master's estate itself has not been preserved.

It is known that in 1804 part of the Borozdinsky estate was put up for auction. An ancient document from the Russian State Historical Archive reports: “The land belonging to the Cavalry Regiment of Colonel and Cavalier Nikolai Borozdin in the Sofia district in the village of Vyritsa was sold from him to the first guild of the Merchant Yegor Karpov, son Sukhtov.” Thus, one of the owners of these places became the landowner Sukhtov, who in 1810 was listed as a court councilor.

Our hero on the Borodino field

Since 1805 N.M. Borozdin took part in battles with the French army, fought bravely in Silesia and Prussia, and was awarded the Order of St. George, 4th degree, and a gold sword with a diamond hilt for pursuing the enemy army. In 1808, he was with his regiment in Finland, where he commanded the vanguards of various detachments, and in 1810 he was appointed commander of the 1st brigade of the Cuirassier Division. A year later, he was entrusted with the formation of the Astrakhan cuirassier regiment, which he did brilliantly.

At the head of the Cuirassier Brigade, Borozdin took part in the Patriotic War of 1812, as part of the army of M.B. Barclay de Tolly. Here he showed his heroic qualities and repeatedly attacked the French cavalry. For the Battle of Borodino he was awarded the Order of St. George, 3rd degree. This war became the pinnacle of his military glory.

Appreciating the merits of N.M. Borozdin in the Battle of Borodino,

M.I. Kutuzov especially noted the merits of the military leader in his report to the emperor: “Major General Borozdin brought the 1st cuirassier division and led it with great order and courage into the attack, overturning the enemy cavalry, together with the regiments of the 2nd and 3rd cavalry corps... and after a fierce cavalry battle, the enemy cavalry was completely shot down and forced to retire.”

After the Russian army abandoned Moscow, Borozdin commanded a partisan detachment, inflicting considerable damage on the enemy trapped in the city. Later he took part in the battles of Tarutin, Maloyaroslavets and the Berezina. In the city of Vilna, due to illness, he temporarily surrendered his detachment to General Dibich and returned to the army in June 1813, already on a campaign abroad, commanding the 1st Dragoon Division. Lieutenant General Borozdin showed his valor in the battle of Ferchampenoise in 1814, attacking French units several times and forcing the enemy to surrender their weapons.

Upon returning to Russia in 1816, Nikolai Mikhailovich was appointed commander of the 4th Reserve Cavalry Corps. Received the military rank of “cavalry general.” He took part in the Russian-Turkish War of 1828-1829, after its end, due to poor health, he was forced to retire.

N.M. died Borozdin in 1830. According to the will he left, he was buried in the family crypt of his father’s estate “Kostyzhitsy” in the Porkhov district of the Pskov province.

Andrey Burlakov

(To be continued)

 

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