Information about one of the oldest monasteries in Europe. The oldest monastery in Europe: an interesting shrine. Bulgaria: Cave churches in Ivanovo

Today, there are three ancient shrines located on the territory of Western and Eastern Europe, despite the fact that each of them has its own unique story. And first of all, the Monastery of St. Athanasius, located near the small Bulgarian village of Green Meadow, claims to be the oldest monastery in Europe.

It is noteworthy that the oldest medieval monastery in Europe, the foundation of which dates back to 344, does not look at all like a majestic Gothic structure, but like a tiny, but no less charming white church paved with a red tiled roof, relevant for the southern and eastern regions of the Old World. The uniqueness of this monastery lies not only in its antiquity, but also in healing waters well dug on its territory. In addition, in the rocks surrounding the shrine there is a miraculous niche - a monastery, in which the founder of the monastery, St. Athanasius, and his followers once prayed, and today any pilgrim can not only see this beautiful place with his own eyes, but even pray in it.

Unfortunately, over all the years of its existence, the ancient shrine was destroyed more than once, and after the passions subsided, it was rebuilt again. For example, during the development of communist ideas in the country, the monastery of St. Athanasius was completely turned into an inn, with all the ensuing consequences, and only after the eighties of the Twentieth century everything returned to normal and this building was completely restored and enlarged, as a result of which it happened to become one of the largest monasteries in Bulgaria. Today, any tourist can visit this ancient shrine absolutely free of charge, despite the fact that the doors of the monastery are open daily from seven in the morning to seven in the evening.

The second contender for the title of “The most ancient monastery in Europe” is the Scottish monastery of St. Mauritius, the date of its foundation, according to the chronicles, falls in the fourth century. The history of this shrine is also very interesting, because it was erected on the site of the execution of the great legionnaire Mauritius and his six thousand army, who died a heroic death for refusing to carry out the criminal order of the Roman Emperor Maximian to kill Christians. A little later, King Sigismund, inspired by the heroic feat of Mauritius, began the construction of a monastery of the same name, in which his relics now rest as one of the holy martyrs. It is noteworthy that for one and a half thousand years the monastery did not stop functioning, and in 1998 its portal underwent restoration, as a result of which hundreds of names of saints who died as martyrs in different points were inscribed on it globe. There are also names of Russian martyrs on the gates of the basilica, and although there are not very many Orthodox pilgrims in Swiss St. Moritz, they are always very cordially and warmly received within the walls of the monastery of St. Mauritius.

Another famous the most ancient shrine in the territory Western Europe is the Montserrat monastery, located on the most picturesque highlands of bizarre limestone rocks (the height is 725 meters above the level Mediterranean Sea) in the Spanish province of Catalonia. The first mention of this Benedictine monastery of wondrous beauty dates back to 880, but it is possible that it was founded much earlier. Today, this monastery is an unofficial center for all Catholic pilgrimages, however, it attracts people from all over the world not only with its holy places, but also with its picturesque landscapes and rich flora natural complex, adjacent to the shrine, due to which the area was officially declared a Provincial National Park in 1987.

The infrastructure of this shrine is also very developed, because in addition to cable car there is also a jagged road connected to the Montserrat monastery Railway, very popular among tourists. Unfortunately, the building underwent numerous changes, because only Napoleon’s troops literally incinerated this cathedral, as a result of which only fragments of the Romanov portal remained. And only in 1844 the Catalans began to slowly restore Montserrat, using it subsequently as a reliable support and stronghold already during the harsh dictatorship of Franco, who prohibited the use of native language and customs of the inhabitants of the province. Meanwhile, the best artists and sculptors of the 20th and 21st centuries worked to recreate this beautiful monastery, sparing no effort, time, or money (the most expensive materials were used for the interior decoration of the cathedral).

If we talk about the most ancient monastery in the world, then today it continues to be considered the famous Monastery of St. Catherine in Egypt (Sinai Peninsula), founded in the fourth century, which is included in the list World Heritage UNESCO.

Monastery of St. Catherine, Egypt

Many pages of the Bible are devoted to the Sinai Peninsula, because there, on the top of the mountain of the same name, Moses was given the Ten Commandments, inscribed on the Tablets of the Covenant. It is no wonder that this part of Egypt has been serving as a place of pilgrimage and a site for archaeological excavations for centuries. Where, according to legend, the Lord God appeared to the prophet and the Burning Bush grew, in 557 one of the oldest Christian monasteries in the world appeared, named after its creator, St. Catherine. 12 chapels, a library, an icon hall, a refectory, sacristies and even a hotel are hidden by a monumental monastery fortified during the time of Emperor Justinian. Over the centuries of its existence, it has acquired more and more new buildings, without ceasing to hold services and receive believers. The temple turned into a real city in the desert. The archbishop of Sinai, the smallest diocese in the world, presides there. Among the shrines, in addition to the Burning Bush and the chapel named after her, which houses the ancient mosaic of the Transfiguration, guests of the monastery can also find a well, near which Moses met his future companion - one of Joseph’s daughters. The holy temple was never destroyed: even the Prophet Muhammad and the Arab caliphs, the Sultans of Turkey and Napoleon Bonaparte provided assistance to it. Only in the fall of 2013, due to political unrest in Egypt, the monastery of St. Catherine was temporarily closed.

Monastery of Monte Cassino, Italy
The significance for the history of the oldest monastery in Europe, created by Benedict of Nursia back in the sixth century, cannot be overestimated. The stronghold of the Benedictine monks, erected where Apollo had once dominated, became the most major center European Enlightenment in the Dark Ages. The luminaries of medieval thought lived and worked here, including Thomas Aquinas himself, the most valuable books and manuscripts were kept, magnificent works of art were created, for example, unique frescoes the works of Bruegel and the famous “Rule of the Benedictine Order”, which is still in force today. More than once Monte Cassino became the target of enemy attacks: in 718 the Lombards encroached on the monastery, one hundred and fifty years later - the Saracens, and in 1799 - Napoleon's troops. The treasury of knowledge withstood everything: the passage of time, earthquakes, raids, changes of power, and fell only during the Second World War. Neither preliminary agreements nor centuries-old history could restrain the onslaught of the allied forces - on February 15, 1944, the beautiful monastery disappeared from the face of the earth, and with it hundreds of people who found refuge within its powerful walls. On the personal orders of Pope Paul VI, Monte Cassino was restored in 1964 and became a place of pilgrimage, although more likely for tourists.

Photo: Wikipedia

Admont Abbey, Austria
The oldest Benedictine monastery in Styria, built in 1074, owes its existence to Archbishop Gebhart of Salzburg. A beautiful monastery, decorated in the best Catholic traditions, has become an important religious and Cultural Center: Active scientific and educational activities were carried out within the walls of the monastery, and a prestigious school for girls functioned nearby. From those distant times begins the history of the most important attraction of Admont Abbey - the best library in the world at the monastery. Its collections are so unique that huge queues form from those wishing to be here: the number of annual visits to the temple of books exceeds 70 thousand. The library building, designed by Josef Huber in 1774, harmoniously combines architectural elements of Baroque, Romanesque and Neo-Gothic styles. In the depths of the beautiful halls, decorated with sculptures of Catholic saints and exquisite frescoes, there are over 70 thousand manuscripts and engravings, as well as more than 200 thousand volumes, including texts written before the 8th century. No less interesting for guests of Admont Abbey are the museums of natural history and art history, the picturesque Mary's Park, where music festivals are held, and the exhibition hall where exhibits for the blind are shown.

Photo: liveinternet. ru

Jokhang Monastery, Tibet
Already in the fifteenth century, the “House of God” has existed in the mysterious Tibet - the great Jokhang monastery, where the initiations of the Panchen Lama and the Dalai Lama take place. Legend has it that it was in this place that Tibetan Buddhism was born. The first valuable item brought into the temple was ancient statue, consecrated personally by Buddha Shakyamuni. Lhasa grew around the Jokhang, and with it the temple itself grew: an impressive four-story structure, decorated with a dharma wheel and golden hinds, was rebuilt in the 17th, 18th and 19th centuries. The Buddhist shrine suffered a difficult fate: much was destroyed during the Mongol invasion, and during the Chinese Cultural Revolution the Jokhang was used as a stable for pigs and military base. Fortunately, the monastery was restored in 1980 and was soon inscribed on the UNESCO World Heritage List. Many treasures are hidden behind its walls: a golden urn donated by the Chinese Emperor Qianlong, a luxurious edition of the Tripitaka created from sandalwood, ancient thangkas dating back to the 7th-9th centuries, and gilded statues of the founders of Tibetan Buddhism - King Srontsangambo and his wives The monastery is open to adherents of any religion: religious rites of all schools of Buddhism and even the indigenous religion of Tibet, Bonpo, are held here.

Photo: dic.academic. ru

Holy Spassky Monastery, Russia
The history of the Holy Spassky Convent, located near the village of Kostomarovo in Voronezh region. One of the legends attributes its construction to Andrew the First-Called himself, the other dates back to the 12th century. True or not, there is no doubt about the venerable age of the unique Russian monastery, carved right into the rock. Much here is reminiscent of Byzantium: 12 chalk pillars support the rounded vaults of the temple, which can accommodate up to two thousand believers, and its walls are decorated with beautiful Orthodox frescoes. A long and low corridor leads to the Cave of Repentance - to get here you need to bow down. Only a miracle saved the Holy Spassky Monastery during the reign of the Soviets: the last monk, Father Peter, was shot, and the temple was flooded so as not to distract people from building communism. But the Russian Golgotha survived: in 1993, the first service after oblivion was held here. The temple was restored and turned into convent, and only the miraculous Kostomarovskaya icon of the Mother of God, riddled with bullets, reminds of the terrible times. Those who have visited the Holy Spassky Monastery claim: this is a real place of power, where natural harmony and divine purity are combined. Those who have not yet reached Russian Palestine will have to travel by train from Voronezh to Rossosh (exit at Podgornoye station), and then by bus to the village of Kostomarovo.

Photo: bakaras-tur. ri

Tatiana Solomatina

Rock monasteries of South-Eastern Europe

Hello, dear readers! Have you ever seen a monastery in the rock? Believe me, you will definitely enjoy a trip to such places. A feeling of unreality and spiritual uplift accompany all tourists already on the approach to the Shrines.

Read about the most ancient rock monasteries in South-Eastern Europe. Perhaps someone would like to see them with their own eyes.

The rock monasteries of Europe use natural rock formations in an unusual way. Their design uses caves and cavities in the rocky mountainsides, created by erosion or made by human hands. The austere interior was ideally suited and served as stone cells for the reclusive life of the monks. South-Eastern Europe is extremely rich in such monasteries.

In some monastic complexes, grottoes were converted into chapels, while in others, luxurious temples were built near caves inhabited by monks. The interior walls of the rock-cut monasteries are covered with colorful frescoes dating back to the Middle Ages. They represent the most common scenes from the life of Christ, Saints or portraits of the founders of monasteries. This type of work can be seen, among others, in the complex of temples in Ivanovo (Bulgaria).

There are monasteries and churches of varying degrees of preservation in Moldova, Turkey, Ukraine, Bulgaria and Georgia. Each of them is interesting object religious architecture, which attracts many tourists. Which of them was on the list of the most beautiful and most important rock monasteries in Europe? Perhaps they will interesting idea for your next vacation.

Montenegro: Ostrog Monastery

The Ostrog monastery in the rock is the most visited, as well as one of the largest attractions in Montenegro. The monastery was built and founded in the 17th century by St. Vasily Ostrozhsky. It is located in the Zeta Valley and is divided into the Lower, located about an hour's drive, and the Upper, which contains the church itself.

Pilgrims and tourists come here not only because of the monastery's magnificent interior and breathtaking scenery, but also because of the relics of the founder located here, which are considered miraculous.

Official website: http://manastirostrog.com/

81400 Niksic
PO Box 16
+382 68330336

Türkiye: Panagia Sumela Monastery

Panagia Sumela is an Orthodox monastery of St. Virgin Mary. It is located in the Trabzon region and is located at an altitude of 1200 meters above sea level on the slope of Mount Mela. Sumela consists of a series of rooms and chapels located in a huge cave in the rock. They are protected from the outside world by a high-rise building built in the 18th century, which houses more modern monastic cells and guest rooms.

Official website: http://www.muze.gov.tr/en

Altındere Mahallesi, Altındere Vadisi

61750 Macka/Trabzon

Georgia: David Gareji Monastery Complex

The complex of monasteries of the Georgian Orthodox Church is located in the southeastern part of Georgia, 30 km from Tbilisi, on the border with Azerbaijan. It consists of 19 medieval monasteries with 5 thousand cells for monks. The most ancient monastery is the Lavra, founded by the Christian monk David Gareji. You can visit the cave in the rock where he lived, and the Church of the Transfiguration of the Lord, where the founder’s tomb is now located.

The monastery complex of David Gareji is also known for its frescoes of the 13th century. The oldest of them is located in the main chapel of the Udabno monastery.

David Gareji Monastery, Rustavi-Jandara 12th km.

Georgia: Vardzia Monastery Complex

Vardzia is not just a monastery in the rock, but an entire rock city. Its location on a hillside made it invisible to enemies. The city, built in the 12th century by Queen Tamara, is still the main attraction of the Javakheti region.

The monastery complex itself consists of more than 250 rooms on 13 levels. Having visited the rock monastery, you cannot miss the Church of the Assumption, which is best preserved in it. Its walls are covered with 12th century frescoes depicting scenes from the New Testament and portraits of Queen Tamara. From the church, a dark tunnel leads to a source called “Tamara's Tears”. To explore the tunnels of the monastery, you need to take a flashlight with you.

Türkiye: Selime Monastery in Cappadocia

Selime Monastery is located in the Ihlara Valley in the south of Cappadocia. Carved out of the rock by monks in the 12th century, it houses a church the size of a Cathedral. Inside the church there are two rows of columns that divide the entire space into three parts. The monastery is open to the public: you can stroll through its mysterious passages and corridors. From holes in the rock, tourists observe an unusually beautiful panorama of the Ihlara Valley. The surrounding landscapes are reminiscent of scenes from " Star Wars».

Bulgaria: Cave churches in Ivanovo

The complex in Ivanovo is a group of churches, chapels and monasteries in the rock. It gained its fame thanks to the icons of the 13th century. The best preserved church is the Church of the Mother of God with frescoes depicting the Passion of Christ. The first buildings in the monastery complex date back to the 12th century. In the Middle Ages, it included more than 40 monasteries and 200 utility rooms. They were inhabited by monks until the 17th century. Today the monastery complex in Ivanovo is included in the UNESCO World Heritage List.

Official page: http://www.museumruse.com/expositions/ivanovo_bg.htm

7088 Ivanovo, Bulgaria
+359 82 825 002

Bulgaria: Aladzha Monastery Complex

Aladzha is a complex of rock buildings. Located just 3 km from popular resort Golden Sands and includes two churches, chapels, crypts, and numerous utility rooms: kitchens, cells and a cattle barn. The two levels of rooms are carved into the 40-meter-high rock and connected by an external staircase. Entrance to the complex costs 5 levs; for this money you can visit the nearby catacombs and an exhibition dedicated to archaeological finds around the monastery.

Complex page: http://www.bulgariamonasteries.com/aladja_manastir.html

Golden Sands Reserve, Varna, Bulgaria
+359 52 355 460

Bulgaria: Basarbovo Monastery

One of the few monasteries in Bulgaria that has been completely restored. The Basarbovsky Monastery is located in the valley of the Rusenki Lom River, 10 km from the city of Ruse. In the complex you can see a church with a beautiful icon of the monastery’s patron, numerous cells in the rock and utility rooms. Next to it is a complex of churches in Ivanovo.

Moldova: Old Orhei Monastery

Moldova is a small but still little-known and mysterious country between Ukraine and Romania. The Reut River in the village of Old Orhei creates a picturesque canyon. On a hill overlooking the valley is a church with a blue dome. A tunnel is built from it that leads to an underground monastery in the rock. In addition to this unusually beautiful monastery in Old Orhei, it is worth visiting the beautiful waterfalls, the way to which only local residents.

Ukraine: Pechersk Lavra in Kyiv

The Pechersk Lavra, also known as the Pechersk Monastery, is huge complex Orthodox monasteries located on the Dnieper. It consists of more than 80 buildings: secular and spiritual. The golden domes create a fairy-tale atmosphere and make the river valley sparkle. Many of the buildings have underground network corridors and caves that were inhabited by monks back in the 11th century, and some of them were converted into chapels and temples.

Official website: https://lavra.ua/

Kiev, Ukraine, 01015, Vulitsya Lavrska, 15

380 44 255 1105

Crimea: Inkerman Cave Monastery

The Inkerman Cave Monastery is part of a group of Orthodox monasteries located near the city of Inkerman in western Crimea. The first hermit caves here date back to the 10th century; there were about two hundred of them then. In the 19th century they were adapted to monastery. Now tourists can visit the rock chapel, the Church of the Holy Trinity, and the monastery of St. Clement at the Monastery Rock.

Sevastopol, 3rd Bastionnaya st., 25,

Crimea: Assumption Monastery

It is also known as the Monastery of the Assumption of the Virgin Mary. It was founded in the 8th century; pilgrims were attracted by the icon of the Mother of God located here. For a long time, the Assumption Monastery was the center of Orthodoxy in Crimea. In the 19th century, a number of churches were built and new caves were created in the rock. Currently, tourists can only visit half of the monastery. In the second part there is a monastery, the cells of which are closed to the public.

Crimea, Bakhchisaray, st. Mariampol, 1

Rock monasteries are two in one: the call of the Orthodox soul and the music of architecture, frozen in stone. Whether the creation of human hands or natural forces, caves and grottoes have become an excellent “host” for monastic complexes. Although not all of them are operational, and not all have been preserved in their original form, they are worth seeing if only because they are magnificent! In addition to architectural beauty, they give us religious relics of distant centuries: beautiful frescoes and icons.

Perhaps you managed to visit some monastery in the rock? Share your impressions in the “Readers' Travels” section. I wrote how to do this. There is an article on the blog if you are interested in rock monasteries, the information will be useful to you.

Subscribe to blog updates, do not forget to share materials in in social networks, leave comments, your additions will help others organize their trip.

With this I say goodbye to you, see you again!
Tatiana Solomatina

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Authors: Egorova Ksenia, Zgerya Inessa Head: Zagrebina Svetlana Nikolaevna 2015 Municipal Autonomous educational institution urban district of Balashikha "Gymnasium No. 3" Design - research in history Topic: Medieval monastery 

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Introduction Main part 1.1. The first monasteries in Europe 1.2. Monastery of St. Gallen 1.3. Work on the model of a medieval monastery Conclusion Contents 

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Project goal: To create a model of a medieval monastery. Project objectives: 1. Study the time of the appearance of the first monasteries in Europe 2. Consider the features of medieval monasteries 3. Make a model of the St. Gallen monastery Stages of work on the project: 1) Study of literature on the topic 2) Selection of illustrative material 3) Search for information about surviving medieval monasteries 4) Creating a layout plan for the monastery 5) Working on creating a layout 6) Working on creating a presentation 7) Preparing to defend the project Introduction

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Bethlehem is a holy city for Christians, the second most important after Jerusalem, because here, according to the Gospel (Luke 2:4−7, Matthew 2:1−11), Jesus Christ was born. From the first centuries of Christianity to the present day, millions of pilgrims have been heading to this holy land. At the end of the fourth century, a follower of Blessed Jerome of Stridon, the rich and noble Roman matron Paul, arrived here. Having gathered around her a fairly large female community, she opened the first nunnery in Bethlehem on this day in the year 395. Pavla became its abbess, and subsequently organized two more convents. Bethlehem (nunnery)

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Montecassino The Benedictine monastery of Montecassino rises on a high hill above the highway, 120 km from Rome. This is one of the oldest monasteries in Europe, but fate was unmerciful to it; what we see now dates back to the 20th century. You should not go here to feel the spirit of antiquity or the special atmosphere of old monasteries; this is not left in Montecassino, but from a historical point of view, the monastery is of interest. Montecassino was founded in 529 by Saint Benedict of Nursia, on the site of a pagan temple of Apollo. The abbey became the birthplace of the Benedictine Order.

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Lérins Abbey Lérins Abbey. The monastery, located on the islet of Saint-Honorat, off the coast of Cannes, is the most striking attraction of this city. It is believed to be one of the oldest Gallic buildings of its kind, having been founded around 410. Now the complex belongs to the Cistercians. The monastery has regular ferry connections to the coast of Cannes, so getting to it is easy: you just need to visit the old port. Saint Honorat, the founder of Lérins Abbey, wanted to build a temple that would become the residence of the brethren. TO VIII century the complex already had enormous influence in Europe, and at that time more than 500 monks lived here, who were distinguished by asceticism. Many of them later became bishops or founded new monasteries. A fort was built next to the abbey in the 11th century, which housed a refectory, a chapel and a library. There are chapels around the monastery, six of which have survived to this day, and only ruins remain of one. The main building was erected more than 1000 years ago, but after the monastery was closed in the 18th century, it was destroyed and the relics of the founder were transferred to Grasse Cathedral. The monastic life was revived here only a century and a half ago, thanks to the efforts of the Cistercian order, which restored many buildings, although not in the original style, but in the Romanesque style, so that the appearance of the monastery has changed completely.

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Monastery of St. Gall - a monastery located in the center of the city of St. Gallen, was once one of the largest Benedictine monasteries in Europe. The Monastery of Saint Gall was founded in 613 by the hermit monk Gallus. The monastery gradually developed into an early territorial principality. An important element of the territorial reorganization carried out by the monastery was the unification of rules. In 1468, all existing customs and orders were collected and recorded on paper. From now on, all loyal subjects of the land had to obey the established orders. Unlike other members of the Swiss Confederation, the monastery continued to be directly subordinate to the Holy Roman Empire of the German nation. In 1525, the Reformation came to the monastery, and two years later the monastery of St. Gallen was dissolved, but by 1532 it was reopened. Thirty years later, all subjects of the monastery's lands converted back to the Catholic faith, and by the end of the 16th century the monastery had once again become a modern centralized territorial principality. St. Gallen (St. Gall)

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The monastery experienced its last heyday in the 18th century - this is primarily evidenced by extensive construction work in the period from 1755 to 1767. The monastery was rebuilt in the Baroque style under the direction of the architects Peter Thumb and Johann Beer. After the French Revolution of 1789, the assigned monastic lands demanded freedoms and rights, and with the annexation of Toggenburg, the political dominance of the monastery came to an end. In 1803 the new canton of St. Gallen was formed, and two years later the monastery was finally dissolved. The former monastery church of St. Gall is today the cathedral church of the Bishopric of Gaul. The church is listed cultural heritage UNESCO. The Baroque building was erected in the 18th century (1755) on the site of an older religious building from the 9th century. It is considered one of the last monumental religious buildings of the late Baroque era. The cathedral is divided by a rotunda into western (nave) and eastern (choir) parts.

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The church owes its artistic and sculptural decoration in the Rococo and Classicist styles to South German masters. The frescoes were executed by the brothers Johann and Matthias Gigl, the bas-reliefs by Christian Wenzinger, and the paintings by Joseph Wannenmacher. The two rows of wooden benches installed in the choir are decorated with carvings depicting scenes from the life of St. Benedict. The towers of the eastern facade are 68 meters high. The relief on the pediment depicts the Ascension of the Virgin Mary, beneath it are statues of Saints Desiderius and Mauritius.

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The monastery library is located in the western wing of the monastery. The library premises were created under the direction of the architect Peter Thumb in 1758 - 1767. Currently, the library has about 150,000 volumes, including about 2,000 manuscripts (four hundred of them are more than a thousand years old). For example, the library contains a Latin-German dictionary from 790, the oldest book in history. German. Also in the western wing there is a lapidarium, which displays fragments of the Carolingian cathedral of 830 - 837, found during archaeological excavations, as well as a collection of paintings on wooden panels. In the western part of the court wing today is the residence of the bishop.

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From a historical and cultural point of view, the greatest value here is the bishop’s personal chapel, the main hall, and the chapel of St. Gall. Today the cantonal court sits in the northern wing. The outbuilding was erected in the 19th century and was used for various purposes - from an arsenal to a fire station. In the eastern part former monastery there is the Karlstor gate, built in 1570. They are named after Archbishop Charles Borromeo and are the only external gate of the city that has survived to this day. The front building on the eastern side of the monastery square is called the New Palace (Neue Pfalz). After the dissolution of the monastery, this former residence of the abbot of the monastery became the seat of the Diet of the newly formed canton of St. Gallen.

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1 - main church; 2 - library and scriptorium; 3 - sacristy; 4 - towers; 5 - patio; b - chapter hall (meeting place for monks); 7 - monks’ common bedroom and bath; 8 - refectory; 9 - kitchen; 10 - pantry with cellar; 11 - room for pilgrims; 12 - outbuildings; 13 - guest house; 14 - school; 15 - abbot's house; 16 - doctor's house; 17 - place for growing medicinal herbs; 18 - hospital and premises for novices with a separate church; 19 -garden with cemetery and vegetable garden; 20 - goose house and chicken coop; 21-barns; 22 - workshops; 23 - bakery and brewery; 24 - mill, threshing house, dryer; 25 - barns and stables; 26 - house for servants.