China disputed territories on the map. Territorial claims: who wants as much from Russia. Everything for China

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On September 28, 1939, a Treaty of Friendship and Border between the USSR and Germany was concluded. It was signed by German Foreign Minister Ribbentrop and People's Commissar for Foreign Affairs of the USSR Molotov. We decided to talk about five disputed territories of Russia with other states.

The treaty between Nazi Germany and the Soviet Union was concluded on September 28, 1939. It was signed after the invasion of Poland by the armies of Germany and the USSR by the German Foreign Minister Ribbentrop and the People's Commissar for Foreign Affairs of the USSR Molotov. According to this treaty, the territory of Poland was divided between Germany and the USSR. The text of the treaty and a map with the border line between the USSR and Germany were published in the Soviet press. According to this agreement, Lithuania passed into the sphere of influence of the USSR. This ensured the Soviet Union that Germany would not interfere in its relations with Lithuania, which ultimately led to the establishment of the Lithuanian SSR on June 15, 1940.

Disputed Islands

Kurile Islands include 30 large and many small islands. They are included in Sakhalin region Russia and have important military-strategic and economic significance. However southern islands archipelago - Iturup, Kunashir, Shikotan and the Habomai group - are disputed by Japan, which includes them in the Hokkaido Prefecture.

Moscow’s principled position is that the southern Kuril Islands became part of the USSR, of which Russia became the legal successor, and are an integral part of the territory Russian Federation on legal grounds based on the results of the Second World War, enshrined in the UN Charter, and Russian sovereignty over them, which has appropriate international legal confirmation, is not subject to doubt.

In Japan, they say that the northern territories are centuries-old territories of this country that continue to be under the illegal occupation of Russia. According to the Japanese position, if it is confirmed that the northern territories belong to Japan, it is ready to be flexible in the time and procedure for their return. In addition, since Japanese citizens living in the northern territories were forcibly evicted by Joseph Stalin, Japan is willing to reach an agreement with the Russian government so that Russian citizens living there will not suffer the same tragedy. In other words, after the return of the islands to Japan, it intends to respect the rights, interests and desires of the Russians currently living on the islands.

They took one and a half islands

Problem disputed islands Tarabarov and Bolshoy Ussuriysky arose in 1964, when it was developed new project border agreements between Russia and China. And the story was like this. In 1689, the Treaty of Nerchinsk was concluded, when Russia recognized China's rights to lands on the right bank of the Amur and in Primorye. In the middle of the 19th century, taking advantage of China's weakness, Russia annexed 165.9 thousand square kilometers of Primorye, which were under joint management. China was left without access to the Sea of Japan. During World War II, between Stalin and the commander-in-chief of the PLA, Mao Zedong, who controlled northern regions China, an agreement was concluded to draw a border line along the Chinese bank of the Amur and Ussuri rivers. Thus, China was actually deprived of the right to use the fairway of these rivers, but received support from the USSR.

In 2004, an agreement was signed between Russia and China on the Russian-Chinese state border on its eastern part. The document defines the border in two sections: in the area of Bolshoy Island in the upper reaches of the Argun River (Chita Region) and in the area of Tarabarov and Bolshoy Ussuriysky islands at the confluence of the Amur and Ussuri rivers near Khabarovsk. Tarabarov was completely given to China, and Ussuriysky - only partially. The border line, according to the document, runs both in the middle of the rivers and on land. The territory of both sections (about 375 sq. km) is distributed approximately in half.

They wanted to chop off a piece

Estonia lays claim to the Pechora district of the Pskov region and the right bank of the Narva River with Ivangorod. On May 18, 2005, the Ministers of Foreign Affairs of Russia and Estonia Sergei Lavrov and Urmas Paet signed agreements on the state border and delimitation of maritime spaces in Narva and Gulf of Finland, which secured the passage of the state border between the two states along the former administrative border between the RSFSR and Estonian SSR“with minor adjustments subject to adequate territorial compensation.” One of the main subjects of negotiations on the Russian-Estonian border is the “Saatse Boot”. It was planned to transfer it to Estonia in exchange for other territories. The treaty was not ratified by Russia due to amendments made to it by the Estonian side.

Fish war

For almost half a century, Russia has been waging an undeclared fish war with Norway. Most of the fighting takes place in the famous “twilight zone” in the Barents Sea. This is a disputed body of water the size of half Germany or Italy, two thirds Great Britain.

The essence of the dispute comes down to the fact that Russia drew the border along the coast of the island of Spitsbergen, Norway believed that the border should be equidistant from Spitsbergen on one side and Franz Josef Land and the island New Earth with another. Since the states were on friendly terms, the border dispute rarely resulted in any action, and Russian fishing vessels were occasionally detained. However, the dispute later escalated, as hydrocarbon reserves were discovered in the Barents Sea, including in the disputed territories. In April 2010, the parties agreed that a new delimitation line would divide the disputed territory into two equal parts; the 40-year-old dispute was finally resolved on September 15, 2010 after the signing of the agreement “On the delimitation of maritime spaces and cooperation in the Barents Sea and the Arctic Ocean” transfer of 90 thousand sq. km. in favor of Norway.

Crimea territory of disputes

For many years, controversy has not subsided around, perhaps, the most beautiful and favorite vacation spot of the Soviet people. Crimea is not only an “all-Union health resort”, but also a strategic territory.

In 1991, when the Soviet Union collapsed, relations between Ukraine and Russia worsened. The people living in Russia, after the loss of so many territories, remembered Crimea, which could be returned, because... many did not approve of its transfer to Ukraine in 1954. At the same time, 80 percent of Crimean residents said that they consider themselves citizens of Russia, and Crimea is part of its territory. But Ukraine still had one very significant lever of pressure on Russia - the Black Sea Fleet. In January 1992, the then President of Ukraine L. Kravchuk announced taking the Black Sea Fleet under his wing. This was a disaster for Russia. But the transfer of Crimea to Ukraine is a very huge loss for Russia.

SEPTEMBER 28,

DISPUTED ISLANDS

The Kuril Islands include 30 large and many small islands. They are part of the Sakhalin region of Russia and have important military-strategic and economic significance. However, the southern islands of the archipelago - Iturup, Kunashir, Shikotan and the Habomai group - are disputed by Japan, which includes them in Hokkaido Prefecture.

Moscow’s principled position is that the southern Kuril Islands became part of the USSR, of which Russia became the legal successor, and are an integral part of the territory of the Russian Federation on legal grounds following the Second World War, enshrined in the UN Charter, and Russian sovereignty over them, having the corresponding international legal confirmation is beyond doubt.

TOOK ONE AND A HALF ISLANDS

The problem of the disputed islands of Tarabarov and Bolshoy Ussuriysky arose in 1964, when a new draft agreement on the border between Russia and China was developed. And the story was like this. In 1689, the Treaty of Nerchinsk was concluded, when Russia recognized China's rights to lands on the right bank of the Amur and in Primorye. In the middle of the 19th century, taking advantage of China's weakness, Russia annexed 165.9 thousand square kilometers of Primorye, which were under joint management. China was left without access to the Sea of Japan. During World War II, an agreement was concluded between Stalin and the commander-in-chief of the PLA, Mao Zedong, who controlled the northern regions of China, to draw a border line along the Chinese bank of the Amur and Ussuri rivers. Thus, China was actually deprived of the right to use the fairway of these rivers, but received support from the USSR.

WE WANTED TO CHOP OFF A PIECE

Estonia lays claim to the Pechora district of the Pskov region and the right bank of the Narva River with Ivangorod. On May 18, 2005, the Ministers of Foreign Affairs of Russia and Estonia Sergei Lavrov and Urmas Paet signed agreements on the state border and delimitation of maritime spaces in the Narva and Finnish Gulfs, which secured the passage of the state border between the two states along the former administrative border between the RSFSR and the Estonian SSR “with minor adjustments to the conditions adequate territorial compensation." One of the main subjects of negotiations on the Russian-Estonian border is the “Saatse Boot”. It was planned to transfer it to Estonia in exchange for other territories. The treaty was not ratified by Russia due to amendments made to it by the Estonian side.

FISH WAR

The essence of the dispute comes down to the fact that Russia drew the border along the coast of the island of Spitsbergen, Norway believed that the border should be equidistant from Spitsbergen on one side and Franz Josef Land and the island of Novaya Zemlya on the other. Since the states were on friendly terms, the border dispute rarely resulted in any action, and Russian fishing vessels were occasionally detained. However, the dispute later escalated, as hydrocarbon reserves were discovered in the Barents Sea, including in the disputed territories. In April 2010, the parties agreed that a new delimitation line would divide the disputed territory into two equal parts; the 40-year-old dispute was finally resolved on September 15, 2010 after the signing of the agreement “On the delimitation of maritime spaces and cooperation in the Barents Sea and the Arctic Ocean” transfer of 90 thousand sq. km. in favor of Norway.

CRIMEA - TERRITORY OF DISPUTES

"Ogonyok" presents a dozen completed and not yet resolved territorial disputes between the constituent entities of the Russian Federation

Prepared by Olga Shkurenko

1. Sunzha and Malgobek districts

The conflict arose in 1992 after the division of the Chechen-Ingush Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic. Ingush President Ruslan Aushev agreed with the leaders of Ichkeria that they would not “divide the regions.” Since then, the issue of the border between the regions has not been resolved. The conflict escalated in 2012, when the head of Chechnya, Ramzan Kadyrov, accused his neighbors of seizing “original Chechen lands” and promised to document his claims. Now two administrations have been established in the Sunzhensky district - Chechen and Ingush, and Malgobeksky is under the control of Magas.

2. Suburban area

In the fall of 1992, a dispute over the ownership of the Prigorodny district resulted in an armed conflict between Ossetians and Ingush, which stopped only after the introduction of federal troops and claimed the lives of over 500 people. The area was transferred to North Ossetia in 1944 after the deportation of the Ingush and the liquidation of the Chechen-Ingush autonomy. The conflict remains frozen, and the issue of the return of refugees who fled their homes in 1992 has not been resolved.

3. Norilsk

Since 1992 the authorities Krasnoyarsk Territory and Taimyr Autonomous Okrug argued about the distribution of taxes from the Norilsk MMC. The fact is that Norilsk, located on the territory of the Okrug, was transferred to regional subordination in 1953 by decree of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the RSFSR. Twice - in 1995 and 2002 - the presidents of the Russian Federation personally intervened in the dispute and supported Krasnoyarsk. After the latest aggravation, the idea of uniting the regions arose, its implementation brought the conflict to naught.

4. Sokolsky district

In February 1994, the Federation Council approved the transfer of the Sokolsky district of the Ivanovo region to the jurisdiction of the Nizhny Novgorod region. Locals have been achieving this since the 1950s, since after the filling of the Gorky reservoir they found themselves cut off from the main territory of the Ivanovo region. In 1993, a local referendum was held in which 80 percent of participants were in favor of the transition. After this, the regional authorities agreed to change the borders.

5. Sheremetyevo, Shcherbinka and MKAD

Since the mid-1990s, Moscow and the Moscow region have been unable to agree on the ownership of about 30 sites. The prerequisite has traditionally been the legal uncertainty of the Soviet era. The most heated disputes unfolded around the territory of Sheremetyevo Airport (in 2006, the Supreme Arbitration Court of the Russian Federation assigned it to the Moscow region), 390 hectares in Shcherbinka (in 2008 Supreme Court gave it to Moscow) and lands adjacent to outside MKAD. Only in 2011, as part of the process of Moscow’s expansion, the parties agreed to resolve mutual claims.

6. Black lands

In January 2003, the Presidium of the Supreme Arbitration Court declared Kalmykia's claims to the "Black Lands" - 390,000 hectares on the border with the Astrakhan region - illegal. The case was initiated by Elista, who had been trying to get these territories for a long time. The origins of the dispute lie in the events of the 1940-1950s, when the Kalmyk Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic was temporarily liquidated and its lands were divided between its neighbors. In 2004, after lengthy negotiations, Kalmykia also renounced its claims to seven islands in the Caspian Sea, including Maly Zhemchuzhny.

7. Mouth of the Nemda River

In December 2006, the Kostroma Regional Duma appealed to the president with a request to resolve a dispute with the Ivanovo region about the passage of the border in the area of the mouth of the Nemda River, rich in fish. The conflict began in 1956, when, by a decree of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the RSFSR, the estuary was assigned to the Kostroma region, and on a map compiled on the basis of the decree - to the Ivanovo region. In 2007, Kostroma residents prepared an appeal to the Constitutional Court, but its filing was not reported. The last negotiations between the parties took place in 2011.

8. Village Zarechnoye

In February 2007, the Federation Council approved the transfer of the village of Zarechnoye, which was previously part of the Amur Region, to the Jewish Autonomous Region. The settlement was originally located on the territory of the Jewish Autonomous Region, but in the 1940s, due to a cartographer’s error, it fell under the control of its neighbors. In 2006, at a village meeting, residents of Zarechny voted to move under the jurisdiction of Birobidzhan, which provided them with light, heat, communications and transport. But Blagoveshchensk still has arable land under its jurisdiction, which villagers now have to rent.

9. Villages Central and Gruzdevsky

In 2008, the governors of the Nizhny Novgorod and Vladimir regions created a working group to resolve the issue around the villages of Tsentralny and Gruzdevsky, as well as the Bolshoye peat enterprise. The situation arose due to the fact that, due to the expansion settlements crossed the administrative border. The issue is supposed to be resolved through an exchange: Central will completely go to Nizhny Novgorod region, and Gruzdevsky and “Bolshoye” - to Vladimirskaya.

10. Pastures in the Neftekumsky district

In 2012, the plenipotentiary mission of the President of the Russian Federation in the North Caucasus Federal District began resolving a dispute over the ownership of pastures in the Neftekumsky district of Stavropol. In 1954, by resolution of the USSR Council of Ministers, these lands were transferred to Dagestan collective farms. In the 1990s, they came under regional subordination, and in 2009, local authorities handed over the plots to Stavropol tenants on the basis of a competition. Attempts by the Dagestan farms that previously occupied them to defend their right in the courts were unsuccessful. A working group has been created to resolve the dispute.

Territorial claims from time immemorial have had a significant influence on public policy, although the further we move from the Middle Ages, the less reasonable disputes about small islands, bays and patches of land seem.

However, from time to time the issue of territorial claims attracts attention.

IN modern world the importance of territorial disputes is still decreasing: all more states Today they understand that a large territory is not at all a reason for pride, but if we talk about the past (sometimes very close), then -

From the depths

Historians usually divide territorial disputes into several categories. These are disputes over areas of military strategic importance, economic importance and political importance.

This division is quite arbitrary, since each controversial case has its own characteristics and nuances.

Territories that can become “transshipment points” for attack in the event of war are of military importance. Particularly dear to states are areas that can be used for reconnaissance activities, today, for example, for the placement of radar stations.

Economically important regions include straits, canals, as well as areas rich in natural resources or having great potential for development tourism business. Most often, disputes between states arise when dividing water areas rich in fish, as well as when determining the boundaries of oil shelves.

Territories that are historically disputed have political significance, and they usually do not play an important role in geographical or economic terms. But territorial claims can become a way to score political points in the election fight.

Who is applying for what?

Today, almost everyone knows that some islands Kuril ridge are the subject of Japanese territorial claims. But not only Japan makes territorial claims to Russia.

The issue of current borders has been periodically raised or raised by other neighbors, not to mention the former republics of the USSR. The roots of these problems go deep into centuries, when many different lands were annexed to the Russian Empire. The Russian Empire included present-day Finland, a significant part of Poland, the Caucasus, and the famous Alaska.

After the redivision of the world map as a result of wars in the 20th century, many controversial issues if they did not remain unresolved, they left a significant mark in the “collective unconscious” of the neighboring nations. After the collapse of the USSR, several more problems increased. In terms of the length of its borders, Russia ranks first in the world - 60 thousand kilometers.

Moving along the border, let us comment on the problems in relations with neighboring states related to the territorial issue.

Russia v USA

Russia and the USA have the longest sea border in the world. The only problem for a long time was the issue of delimiting the waters of the Bering Strait. In 1990, an agreement was signed between the USSR and the USA on the delimitation of maritime spaces (territorial waters, economic zone and shelf were delimited). This is about five thousand kilometers.

Russia v Japan

Russia and Japan do not have a border agreement. There is no peace treaty either. The Japanese link his conclusion with the solution to the problem of the South Kuril Islands.

Russia v North Korea

There is an agreement on the demarcation (marking on the ground) of borders and delimitation of maritime space; the borders are clearly marked not only on the map, but also on the ground. And they are securely guarded. To China, Japan and South Korea North Koreans sneak in illegally at a much higher rate, and most of the North Korean illegals reported in the media in the 1990s were workers who fled North Korean-owned logging enterprises in Russia.

Russia v China

Border disputes have marred relations between the USSR and China since the 1960s. The culmination of border disputes is considered to be the events of 1969, when China sacrificed more than one thousand of its soldiers in the battle for Damansky Island (at that time, this piece of land measuring one and a half by half a kilometer, covered with silt and overgrown with reeds, was not yet a peninsula).

In 1991, an agreement was signed on the demarcation of the eastern part of the border with a length of about 4,200 km. Demarcation is complete. However, the parties were unable to agree on two of its sections: on the Argun River (Bolshoy Island) and on the Amur (Bolshoy Ussuriysky and Tarabarov Islands). Here it was not possible to even delimit the borders (mark them on the map), let alone demarcate them.

There is a delimitation agreement in force on China's western border with Russia, which is about 50 km long. Demarcation has begun.

Russia v Mongolia

The border treaty and demarcation agreements are in force.

Russia v Kazakhstan

The border issue has not yet been raised by either side. Now there is a very conditional “inter-republican border”.

Caspian Sea

Russian-Iranian agreements on the division of the Caspian Sea are still in effect. However, the new independent Caspian states - Azerbaijan, Turkmenistan and Kazakhstan - demand the division of the Caspian Sea (primarily its bottom). Azerbaijan, without waiting for the status of the Caspian Sea to be determined, has already begun to develop its subsoil.

Russia v Azerbaijan

A bilateral commission on border delimitation has been created. Its activities are complicated by the fact that in some areas on both sides of the border Lezgins live - the people are divided.

Russia v Georgia

Since 1993, a border delimitation commission has been operating. Its activities are hampered by the presence of unrecognized entities in Abkhazia, South Ossetia (Georgia) and Chechnya (Russia). The problems of the Black Sea border have not been resolved: territorial waters, economic zone and shelf have to be demarcated.

Russia v Türkiye

All border problems were resolved during the Soviet period.

Russia v Ukraine

Russia believes that the Sea of Azov with the Kerch Strait should be considered an internal sea of Russia and Ukraine. Kyiv insists on its division. The problems of the land border are discussed together with the entire complex of bilateral Russian-Ukrainian problems and are solved just as difficult as all the others.

R Russia v Belarus

The question of the border between the two states has not yet been raised.

Russia v Latvia

After gaining independence in 1991, Latvia raised the issue of recognition of the 1920 treaty with the RSFSR and the illegality of transferring the Abrensky (Pytalovsky) region of Latvia to Russia in the late 1940s. Latvia did not actually demand the return of the territories, and in the mid-1990s it completely dropped all claims against Russia, fulfilling the conditions necessary for joining the EU.

Russia v Estonia

Despite statements disseminated by a number of media outlets, Estonia does not officially make any claims against Russia.

Kaliningrad region

This Russian semi-enclave has common boundaries with Poland and Lithuania. There are no border problems here, although, according to a number of Russian media, the idea of annexing the region is growing in popularity in Germany and Lithuania.

Russia v Lithuania

An agreement on border demarcation was signed. However, Russia has not yet ratified this treaty.

Russia v Finland

The agreement on the state border is in force, documents on its demarcation have been signed.

Russia v Norway

The land border and territorial waters are documented and demarcated. The main problem of bilateral relations is the delimitation of the maritime economic zone and the shelf. Negotiations on this have been going on unsuccessfully since 1970. The Norwegians believe that the Russian “border of polar possessions” should be revised, and insist on the principle of equal distance between the border and island possessions both countries.

The border of Russia's polar possessions was established by a decree of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee in 1926. In this sector, the apex abuts North Pole, included all the islands of the eastern part of the Arctic Ocean. Many countries are increasingly making statements about its illegality.

How real are the claims?

It is unlikely that any of Russia's current neighbors are capable of getting involved in a war in order to realize their territorial claims. However, in the modern world there are many other ways to achieve your goals. Russian experts love to build scenarios like:

“Border conflicts and fuss over border demarcation are possible, as was the case with the Verkhniy Lars border checkpoint on the border with Georgia.”
“We cannot ignore the possible provocation of ethnic and interethnic conflicts on Russian territory from the outside. As is happening now in the Caucasus in connection with Chechnya, on the border with Dagestan, with Abkhazia and Georgia.”
“There may be a gradual change in the ethnic balance in the adjacent Far Eastern territories, not in favor of Russian citizens, due to the penetration and settlement of Chinese citizens there.”
“A kind of “economic blackmail” as a reaction to the internal cataclysm in Russia. If something happens here, some of our neighbors may present their deferred territorial claims to Russia, like bills of exchange for payment.”

This is interesting

In addition, according to journalists’ calculations, in Russia itself, over the past 10 years, about 30 territorial claims of the constituent entities of the Federation against each other have emerged.

Moscow is arguing with the Moscow region about the ownership of the Sheremetyevo and Vnukovo airports, the Tver region is arguing with the Yaroslavl region about the islands on the Mologa River. Shadrinsky and Dolmatovsky districts of the Kurgan region tend to Sverdlovsk region. Because of disputed territories Kalmykia and Astrakhan region. And this is not a complete list.

Particularly dangerous are regions such as Kabardino-Balkaria and Karachay-Cherkessia, where calls for division have long been heard.

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