Population of Madagascar. Population of Madagascar: size, density, age and racial composition Age and sex structure of the population

Option No. 2217089

When completing tasks with a short answer, enter in the answer field the number that corresponds to the number of the correct answer, or a number, a word, a sequence of letters (words) or numbers. The answer should be written without spaces or any additional characters. The answers to tasks 1-26 are a figure (number) or a word (several words), a sequence of numbers (numbers).

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Specify the number of pre-positions, in which it is correct to transfer to the MAIN information, co-holding -I'm in the text. Write down the number of these proposals.

1) The root of the souls of the dead, at night they return into the world of the living and bringing misfortune and death.

2) Europeans, having met on Ma-da-ga-ska-re living ones with luminous eyes in the dark, they were called le-mu-ra-mi, and the name stuck.

3) The Europeans who fell on Ma-da-ga-skar in the 16th century met there for the first time harmless animals from a long distance -mi pu-shi-sty-mi tails-sta-mi, chain-ki-mi la-pa-mi and huge-mi eyes-behind-mi - le-mur-ditch, or “poppies”, as they call them na-zy-va-li abo-ri-gen-ny.

4) Root-to-the-se-le-nie Ma-da-ga-ska-ra calls for the ko-sha-whose le-moirs - animals with huge the light in the dark behind the eyes - the word “poppies”.

5) Having arrived at Ma-da-ga-skar in the 16th century, the Europeans met there le-moors, harmless animals with long pu-shi-sty-mi tail-sta-mi, chain-ki-mi la-pa-mi and huge-mi eyes behind-mi, which local residents are on- call me "poppies".

<...>

Answer:

Which of the following words (co-words) should be in the place of the pass in the third clause?

Thus

Fortunately,

Because the

That's why

Answer:

About the fragment of the vocabulary article, which contains the meaning of the word OWN. Determine the meaning in which this word is used in the third (3) sentence of the text. You write a number that corresponds to this meaning in the given fragment of the vocabulary article.

OWN, oh, oh.

1. Lying above someone. by right of ownership. S. house.

2. Your own, personal. See your own eyes behind you. In your own hands. Sense of self-worth(feeling of self-respect). According to his own opinion.

3. Living in a non-middle-of-mind, position, under-control of someone. S. cor-respondent.

4. Literal, real. V. own meaning of the word.

5. Peculiar only to someone, without any additional additions (special). C. body weight.

6. actually, introductory. More precisely, in essence. Actually, I don’t argue.

7. actually, part. You are limited: without something, something else, something else. The Volga system is made up of the Volga and its tributaries.

(1) The indigenous population of Madagascar calls ring-tailed lemurs, harmless animals with long fluffy tails, tenacious paws and huge, wide-open eyes, with the word “maki”, but the modern name - “lemur” - was given by Europeans. (2) In Ancient Rome, lemurs were the name for the souls of the dead who did not find peace in the kingdom of the dead and return at night to the world of the living, bringing misfortune and death. (3) With the fall of Rome, the mystical lemurs disappeared into oblivion,<...>When in the 16th century the first Europeans came to Madagascar and met small animals with huge eyes glowing in the dark, they remembered Roman superstitions about the ghosts of the dead and gave “maquis” their own name, which stuck.

Answer:

In one of the words given below, there is a mistake in the stan-nov-ke of the de-re-tion: INCORRECT you are on the letter, denoting cha-yu-shchaya stressed vowel sound. You-pi-shi-te this word.

pro-iz-ve-den

obituary

about-li-las

Answer:

One of the sentences below uses the highlighted word incorrectly. Correct the lexical error by choosing a paronym for the highlighted word. Write down the chosen word.

In the Sea of Okhotsk, the RESCUE operation of the Ministry of Emergency Situations to remove ships from ice captivity has ended.

Rosa Lvovna rose from her chair and walked towards the door with a ROYAL gait.

Lesha dressed his little sister, and they went to meet dad from work.

The estate was surrounded by a high STONE fence.

During the year, the production development plan underwent significant changes.

Answer:

In one of the words below, there is an error in the formation of the word form. Correct the mistake and write the word right.

according to THEIR own

in TWO THOUSAND fifth year

KRA-SI-VEI-SHY drink

PRO-PO-LO-SCHI underwear

pair BO-TI-NOK

Answer:

Establish a correspondence between grammatical errors and the sentences in which they were made: for each position in the first column, select the corresponding position from the second column.

GRAMMATICAL ERRORS

OFFERS

A) violation in the construction of a sentence with an inconsistent application

B) incorrect use of the case form of a noun with a preposition

C) disruption of the connection between subject and predicate

D) incorrect construction of sentences with indirect speech

D) an error in constructing a sentence with homogeneous members

1) Athletes who will compete at the World Championships are now training hard, dreaming of victory.

2) A.I. Kuindzhi in the painting “Birch Grove”, using a technique not previously used in Russian landscape, created the image of a sublime, sparkling, radiant world.

3) Thanks to the work of linguists, we learned the names of those who lived thousands of years ago real people: artists and sculptors, emperors and priests.

4) Those who were unable to watch the new film were very sorry about it.

5) Those who have studied mathematics, of course, know about Euclid.

6) An educated person knows both literature and history well.

7) N.M. Karamzin wrote that “let there be honor and glory to our language.”

8) Kuindzhi considered himself Russian and called the Greeks, who had inhabited the Black Sea coast since antiquity, his ancestors.

9) By following the rules of etiquette, you can even express displeasure in such a way that no one will be offended.

Write down the numbers in your answer, arranging them in the order corresponding to the letters:

A	B	IN	G	D

Answer:

Define the word in which about the unstressed unstressed vowel of the root. You write this word by inserting a letter.

rest...lie

parade..ksal-ny

bending

subtract

Answer:

Define a series in which both words contain the same letter. You write these words by inserting a letter.

not..pretty, in..plump (of light);

pr..attract, pr..sit;

counter..gra, rise..play;

in..travel (visa), premiere;

from..move, come..lie down.

Answer:

You write a word, in which the letter I is written in place of the letter I.

satisfy

otvo..vav

elbow..howl

ugly

cheap..nice

Answer:

You write a word, in which the letter U is written in place of the letter U.

laugh..t (they)

hear..t (they)

Answer:

Definition of a sentence in which NOT is written with the word COLLECTED. Open the brackets and write this word.

Ivan Ivanovich listened to his son with a tense and (in)incomprehensibly smile.

The topic of co-chi-not-revelation (not) revealed.

Yes, there is a (not) clear plan for the development of the production of cri-ti-to-va-li in the ministry.

This place is (not) for-nya.

No (un)needed information.

Answer:

Definition of a sentence in which both of your words are written together. Open the brackets and write these two words.

Water Bai-ka-la! The sun quietly sank behind the mountains, threw out a farewell green ray, and Baikal immediately yourself some tender greenery.

Mu-zy-ka Sho-pe-na be-re-di-la vo-po-mi-na-niya. Its sounds, JUST like in childhood, made my throat ache and I wanted people to be happy.

Andrei Rublev was (PO)IS-TI-NOT you-y-y-y-s-master of ancient-Russian life-in-pi-si, about-la-da-yu- such a very creative ma-not-roy. However, not much is known about him: (FROM) THAT distant time only a mi-ni-a-ty-ra has been preserved, for some -the swarm is sealed by the hu-dozh-nick.

If only the nature of the SAME (SAME) could feel gratitude towards a person (FOR) THAT he penetrated into her life, exalted and sang it, this gratitude would fall to the lot of Pri-shvin.

SO that you can call from Russia to Europe via mobile phone, you must spend at least five hundred rubles.

Answer:

Indicate all the numbers, in place of which NN is written.

De-lav-shie for-mas-ki-ro-va (1) search for robbery for only what was in the table, other boo-ma-gi left (2) s so-top-she (3) about not-tro-well-you-mi.

Answer:

Place pre-pi-na-niya signs. Indicate the number of prepositions in which you need to put ONE comma.

1) In the 15th century, they used both heavy cannons for the siege of fortresses and light guns in field battles.

2) The word expresses thoughts and can serve to unite and separate people.

3) Mi-ke-lan-je-lo depicted people with a mighty body and a strong will, brave and untamed, calm and determined tel-nykh.

4) In the lu-ka-mischievous and unusually-ven-but-ly-rich voice of the Russian ba-la-lay-ki, you hear a sko-mo- Ro-shya prowess of the first mu-zy-kan-tov in Rus'.

5) Due to the current situation after the revolution, Kup-rin found himself in emigration and for almost twenty years passionately - come back to Russia.

Answer:

When the village (1) located in the valley (2) was covered by a wide, cool shadow from the mountain (3) covered with a roof west (4) people gathered at the white old church.

Answer:

Arrange all the not-to-one-hundred signs of pre-pi-na-tion: indicate the number(s), in place of which one(s) in the sentence there should be one hundredth place(s).

Ag-ro-but-we often use certain qualities of living organisms for our own purposes. So (1) for example (2) in agriculture, some types of organic matter serve to protect the crop from harm the actions of others (3) that is (4) are their own biological guardians.

Answer:

Arrange all the signs of pre-pi-na-niya: indicate the number(s), in place of which one(s) in the sentence there should be one hundredth place(s).

To catch pro-pteras, the inhabitants of Su-da-na use a special ba-ra-ban (1) with the help of (2) some (3) sounds (4) raindrops.

Answer:

Place all punctuation marks: indicate the number(s) in whose place(s) there should be a comma(s) in the sentence.

At sunset it began to rain (1) which immediately dispelled the stuffiness that had accumulated in the air (2) and (3) while it made a loud and monotonous noise in the garden around the house (4) the sweet freshness of wet greenery came through the open windows in the hall.

Answer:

Which of your sayings correspond to the text? Specify the number from the ve-tov.

1) The appearance of the country, the face of the country should be the subject of concern for the state.

2) The landscape, the landscape of the country are completely perfect, but do not depend on the person’s idea of beauty.

3) The economic activity of a person largely determines the landscape and landscape of the country.

4) The landscape of the country tells a lot about the relationship between society and man, nature.

5) It’s not possible to create a department to protect the external appearance of the land.

(According to V. Soloukhin*)

* Vladimir Alekseevich Soloukhin

Option 4.

Answer:

Which of the following statements are true? Specify the number from the ve-tov.

Indicate the numbers in order of origin.

1) In sentences 1-4 there is a presentation of judgment and description.

2) In pre-lo-zhe-yahs 6-8 pre-sta-le-but-news-in-va-nie.

3) Sentences of 8-10 elements of judgment.

4) Sentence 17 contains an explanation of the statement in sentence 16 of the judgment.

5) In sentences 13-14 there is a description.

(1) Just as an artist creates a landscape painting, so a whole people gradually, involuntarily, even perhaps, stroke by stroke over the course of centuries, creates the landscape and landscape of their country.

(2) The face of old, pre-revolutionary Russia was determined, for example, to a large extent by those hundreds of thousands of churches and bell towers that were located throughout its expanses in predominantly elevated places and which determined the silhouette of each city - from the largest to the smallest, as well as hundreds monasteries, countless wind and water mills. (3) Tens of thousands of landowner estates with their parks and pond systems also contributed a considerable share to the landscape and landscape of the country. (4) But, of course, first of all, small villages and villages with willows, wells, sheds, bathhouses, paths, gardens, vegetable gardens, pledges, spinning wheels, carved frames, skates, porches, fairs, sundresses, round dances, mowing, shepherd's horns, sickles, flails, thatched roofs, small individual fields, horses plowing... (5) The face of the country changed when all these factors determining the landscape disappeared.

(6) Just as a landscape artist puts a piece of his soul into his creation and creates a landscape, essentially speaking, in his own image and likeness, so the soul of the people and the idea of beauty that is in the soul turns out to be invested in the landscape of any country. this or that people lives.

(7) It is bad if the soul is asleep, if it is distracted, drowned out by side circumstances, interests, noise, self-interest or other considerations, if it is dead or, more precisely, in lethargy. (8) Then spirituality leaves the landscape. (9) The landscape remains a landscape, but it seems to be emptying, the form remains in the absence of content, it emanates coldness, alienation, indifference and, precisely, emptiness. (10) It becomes indifferent to an individual and an entire nation: what will it look like? (11) What will the house, village, river, valley, hills, and country as a whole look like? (12) What will the face of the country be like?

(13) There are departments for the development and extraction of mineral resources, for road construction, for agriculture, for electrification, for light, heavy and automotive industries, but there is no department for the appearance of the country (land), for its neatness, tidiness, spirituality.. (14) We think about the strength of structures, about the nature and volume of excavation work, about the amount of wood, about centners and tons, about cubic meters and square meters, but we don’t think about what it will look like? (15) How it will look not only on its own, but in combination with the surroundings, with the terrain, in accordance with traditions and with projection into the future.

(16) The landscape in all its complexity and totality is not just the face of the earth, the face of the country, but also the face of a given society.

(17) trashed forest, rutted roads with stuck cars, shallow rivers, green meadows striped by tractor tracks, half-abandoned villages, agricultural machines rusting under open air, standard houses, fields infested with weeds, speak about the residents of this or that village, this or that area no less than an unsightly and neglected apartment about its residents.

(According to V. Soloukhin*)

* Vladimir Alekseevich Soloukhin(1924-1997), poet, prose writer. Reflecting on modern man, V. Soloukhin highlighted the problems of his interaction with the earth, nature, culture, and the heritage of the past.

Source of text: Unified State Exam 2013. Russian language: training tasks / I.P. Tsybulko, S.I. Lvova - M.: Eksmo, 2012. - 136 pages.

Option 4.

Answer:

From pre-lo-zhe-niya 7 you-pi-shi-those terms.

(16) The landscape in all its complexity and totality is not just the face of the earth, the face of the country, but also the face of a given society.

(17) trashed forest, rutted roads with bogged cars, shallow rivers, green meadows striped by tractor tracks, half-abandoned villages, agricultural machines rusting in the open air, standard houses, fields infested with weeds, speak of the inhabitants of this or that village, this or that another area is no less than an unsightly and neglected apartment about its residents.

(According to V. Soloukhin*)

Source of text: Unified State Exam 2013. Russian language: training tasks / I.P. Tsybulko, S.I. Lvova - M.: Eksmo, 2012. - 136 pages.

Option 4.

(7) It’s bad if the soul is asleep, if it’s distracted, behind-the-scenes, in-the-world. re-sa-mi, shu-ma-mi, ko-ry-stiyu or other co-o-ra-same-ni-i-mi, if she is dead or, more precisely, na-ho -di-tsya in le-tar-gy.

Answer:

Among the sentences 1-5, find one(s) that is connected with the previous one(s) with the help of -schi define-de-li-tel-no-go and indicate-for-tel-no-go-place-names. Write the number(s) of this proposal(s).

(16) The landscape in all its complexity and totality is not just the face of the earth, the face of the country, but also the face of a given society.

(According to V. Soloukhin*)

Source of text: Unified State Exam 2013. Russian language: training tasks / I.P. Tsybulko, S.I. Lvova - M.: Eksmo, 2012. - 136 pages.

Option 4.

Answer:

Pro-chi-tai-te fragment-ment of re-cen-zii. It contains a variety of languages, special-ben-no-sti texts. Some terms used in the review are discussed. Insert in the places of the blanks the numbers corresponding to the number of the term from the list.

“Dedicating the text to the creation of the landscape and landscape of the country, V. So-lo-ukhin already in the first pre-lo-zhe- nii, using a technique such as (A)_____, compares the work of the rain over the landscape with the creation -I don’t eat the landscape as a whole whole house. The same technique is repeated in the sixth sentence. Using multiple (B)_____ (prepositions 4, 7, 14, 17), the author tries to describe it more accurately or other phenomenon. The key to understanding the problem, put by the author, is in the sentences 7-12. (B)_____ (“the soul is sleeping, it is dead”) in the 7th sentence makes the reader take a new look for the usual things. The text is about-nick-nut by the author-in-no-ma-no-about-we. An unequal-spirited attitude towards what the author writes about, the emphasis is exactly correct, for example, “neatness, neatness, spirituality”, as well as (G)_____ (“of course”, “first of all”).”

Spi-juk ter-mi-nov:

1) comparative turn-mouth

2) whether or not

3) contextual an-to-none-we

4) ranks of one-kin members

5) oli-tse-tvo-re-nie

6) co-creation

7) introductory words and constructions

8) simple-sto-river lek-si-ka

9) ri-to-ri-che-skoe-ra-sche-nie

Write down the numbers in response, placing them in a row, corresponding to the letter for you:

A	B	IN	G

(16) The landscape in all its complexity and totality is not just the face of the earth, the face of the country, but also the face of a given society.

(According to V. Soloukhin*)

Source of text: Unified State Exam 2013. Russian language: training tasks / I.P. Tsybulko, S.I. Lvova - M.: Eksmo, 2012. - 136 pages.

Option 4.

(4) But, of course, first of all, small villages and villages with vet-la-mi, ko-lo-tsa-mi, sa-ra -ya-mi, ban-ka-mi, tro-pin-ka-mi, sa-da-mi, ogo-ro-da-mi, behind-lo-ga-mi, spin-la-mi, cut-ny -mi na-lich-ni-ka-mi, horse-ka-mi, wing-lech-ka-mi, yar-mar-ka-mi, sa-ra-fa-na-mi, ho-ro-vo- yes-mi, po-ko-sa-mi, past-tu-shy-mi horn-ka-mi, ser-pa-mi, tse-pa-mi, so-lo-men-ny-mi roof-sha- mi, ma-len-ki-mi eat-no-lich-ny-mi po-la-mi, lo-shad-ka-mi on pa-ho-te...

Answer:

Write an essay based on the text you read.

Formulate one of the problems posed by the author of the text.

Comment on the formulated problem. Include in your comment two illustrative examples from the text you read that you think are important for understanding the problem in the source text (avoid excessive quoting). Explain the meaning of each example and indicate the semantic connection between them.

The volume of the essay is at least 150 words.

Work written without reference to the text read (not based on this text) is not graded. If the essay is a retelling or a complete rewrite of the original text without any comments, then such work is graded 0 points.

Write an essay carefully, legible handwriting.

(16) The landscape in all its complexity and totality is not just the face of the earth, the face of the country, but also the face of a given society.

The ethnic formation of the peoples of Madagascar was carried out in the process of resettlement to the island, first of Africans and Asians, and later of traders from India and Portugal and French colonists. Today's indigenous people Madagascar is the result of the assimilation of these peoples. The state of Madagascar is currently inhabited by 18 main ethnic groups - clans, the majority of the population is formed by Malagasy.

The official languages of Madagascar are Malagasy (or Malagasy), English and French. About half of the population adheres to a religion based on the cult of ancestors and traditional for the area. About 40% of the country's inhabitants are Christians (Catholics and Protestants). Part of the population is trying to combine the religion of their ancestors with Christianity. A little less than 10% are Muslim.

The majority of Madagascar's population lives in rural areas, with less than a quarter of the country's population living in cities. The highest population density is in the central part of the island and on its east coast, the average density is about 22 people. per sq. km.

The average life expectancy in the Republic of Madagascar is low - 56.5 years, so more than half of the island's population are young people under the age of 20; less than 4% survive to the age of 65. Population growth in the country is stable and amounts to about 3%.

Population size:
21,281,844 (July 2010 estimate)

Gender and age structure of the population:

0-14 years:
43.5% (Men 4,523,033/Women 4,460,473)

15-64 years:
53.5% (Men 5,483,684/Women 5,557,098)

65 years and older:
3% (Male 280,677/Female 348,591) (2010 est.)

Average (median) age:
General:
18.1 years

Men:
17.8 years

Women:
18.3 years (2010 est.)

Population growth/decrease rate:
2.993% (2010 estimate)

Fertility indicator (rate):
37.89 population births/1,000 (2010 est.)

Mortality rate (rate):
7.97 deaths/1,000 population (July 2010 est.)

Net migration rate:
0 migrant(s)/1,000 population

Urbanization:
Urban population:
29% of total population (2008)

Urbanization indicator (coefficient):
3.8 Annual % change (2005-10)

Sex ratio:
At the time of birth:
1.03 men(s)/women

By age 15:
1.01 men(s)/women

15-64 years:
0.99 men(s)/women

65 years and older:
0.8 Men(s)/Women

In the general population:
0.99 men(s)/women (2010 est.)

Infant mortality rate (rate):

52.84 deaths/1,000 live births

Men:
57.69 deaths/1,000 live births

Women:
47.84 deaths/1,000 live births (2010 est.)

Life expectancy at birth (average life expectancy):
In the general population:
63.26 years

Men:
61.27 years

Women:
65.3 years (2010 estimate)

General indicator (coefficient) of fertility (complete offspring of a woman during her childbearing period):
5.09 children born/woman (2010 est.)

HIV/AIDS prevalence rate among adults:
0.1% (2007 estimate)

Number of people living with HIV/AIDS:
14,000 (2007 estimate)

Number of people who have died from HIV/AIDS:
less than 1,000 (2007 estimate)

Nationality:
Malagasy, Malagasy

Official language:
Malagasy, English, French

Ethnic groups:
Antayfasi, Antaymypy, Antaisaka, Antambaxyaka, Antankapana, Antanysi, Antandryi, Bara, Betsiley, Betsimikapaka, Bezanuzanu, Bezu, Maxafali, Merina, Masumbiki, Sakalava, Tanala, Tsimixeti

Religious composition of the population:
local beliefs 52%, Christians 41%, Muslims 7%

Linguistic composition of the population:
English (official), French (official), Malagasy (official)

Population literacy level:
Definition:
A person is 15 years old and can read and write

In the general population:
68.9 %

Men:
75.5 %

Women:
62.5% (2003 estimate)

Expected duration of study (from primary to higher education):
10 years

Men:
10 years

Women:
10 years (2008)

State expenditures on education:
2.9% of GDP (2008)

When planning a trip to distant countries, many tourists are interested in the life there. There are many interesting facts that everyone who is planning their holiday in this country should definitely know. There is unique flora and fauna here, rich story, originating in ancient times.

Nature of Madagascar

The entire island is one state located in the Indian Ocean. It is often referred to as Africa, and geographically this is true. The most interesting facts about Madagascar are the following:

Historical interesting facts about the country of Madagascar

The first people appeared on the island more than 2000 years ago. During this historical period, local residents experienced a huge number of important events. The most interesting of them are:

The island was first discovered in the 16th century by explorer Diego Diaz from Portugal. Since then, Madagascar has been used as an important trading hub.
In 1896, the French captured the country, turning it into their colony. In 1946, the island began to be considered an overseas territory of invaders.
In 1960, Madagascar gained independence and gained complete freedom.
In 1990, Marxist rule ended here, and the veto on all opposition parties was lifted.
The peak of the royal mountain of Ambohimanga is considered an important historical one on the island. It is a place of worship for Aboriginal people and is a religious and cultural asset of the state.

Ethnic Interesting Facts about Madagascar

The number of inhabitants in the country is almost 23 million people. They all speak the official languages: French and Malagasy. The traditions and culture of the Aboriginal people are quite multifaceted; the most interesting facts are:

98.8% of the population of Madagascar are indigenous people of the republic. In addition, the French live in the country, people from the Comoros Islands and Reunion.

Although in their anthropological type the Malagasy are sharply different from the population of the African continent and have an undoubted connection with the inhabitants South-East Asia, however, the modern population of Madagascar cannot be unconditionally called Malay: along with clearly Mongoloid people, there are also clearly Negroid ones. The I'te and others are represented among all groups of the population of Madagascar, although unevenly. According to the Malagasy anthropologist A. Rakutu-Ratsimamanga, in the central part of the island 90% of the population is of the Mongoloid type, among the inhabitants of the southern regions - 60%, and in the western part of the island, facing the African continent, the population of the Negroid anthropological type predominates.

All residents of Madagascar speak related dialects of the Malagasy language, which is close in vocabulary and grammar to the languages of the population of Western Indonesia.

The ethnic and linguistic unity of the Malagasy people is largely explained by intensive internal migrations of the population given the relative isolation of the island, as well as the widespread spread of exogamy - a custom according to which marriages between representatives of the same clan are prohibited.

The most significant migrations have long been associated with overpopulation in the Central Highlands and parts of the east coast, with poverty and famine in the barren areas of the south and the lack of labor in the northwest. These reasons determined three main flows of migrants: from the Central Highlands - to the north-western part, from the south-eastern regions - to the west coast and from the south - to the north along the east coast.

After World War II, when workers were needed for road, industrial and housing construction, resettlement into cities spread. contribute to the mixing and assimilation of individual groups, the erasure of racial and ethnic differences, and the disappearance of individual dialects. The development of commodity production leads to the strengthening of economic ties between regions, the emergence of an economic community, and contributes to the process of formation of a single Malagasy nation.

Nowadays, there are 18 ethnic groups of Malagasy, each of which has some characteristics of material culture and spoken language. Economically, the most developed are the Merina (2.2 million people) - residents of the Central Highlands. The Yetzileu (1 million) live south of the Merina people in central mountainous country; betzimisaraka (1.3 million) - on the east coast; Sakalava (500 thousand) - on the west coast; bara, antaisaka and antandruy - in the southern regions; Tsimikheti - in the northern Tsaratanana mountain range.

54% of the country's population still adheres to traditional beliefs (especially widespread), 41% are Christians, 5% are Muslims. Active activity of Christian religious missions began in Madagascar in the first half of the 19th century, during the period when the island became the object of Anglo-French rivalry. Missionaries - Catholics and Protestants - entered the country and gained the trust of the Malagasy rulers and began to establish schools. Christian missions played the role of conduits of European influence. The French managed to gain a foothold on the east coast, and English missionaries penetrated into parts of the country. In the coastal areas, Catholics predominate among Christians, while in the central part of the island, especially in the capital and its environs, as well as in the Fianarantsoa region, Protestants predominate.

But many of the island's indigenous people practice Christianity only formally, continuing to adhere to deeply rooted traditional beliefs, especially ancestor worship. In accordance with traditional beliefs, the souls of ancestors are present in the house, watching over the living and monitoring the observance of age-old customs in the household, everyday life and religious rituals.

It is perceived by the Malagasy as a continuation of life in a different form: it brings peace with itself to deceased relatives and friends. “The Malagasy,” notes the scientist R. Ra-bemanandzara, “feels like a link in a huge endless generation.” The funeral of relatives and the care of graves are of the greatest importance to the Malagasy people. Funeral and memorial ceremonies are performed with the participation of the entire village, accompanied by music, drumming, singing, dancing, sacrifices and abundant food, on which all the family’s savings are often spent. If the deceased is not a native resident of the village, he is transported to his homeland, even if this means crossing the entire country, otherwise “he will not find peace.”

Large amounts of money are spent on maintaining cemeteries. Among the Merina people, burial structures are a large crypt with an entrance covered with a heavy stone. Among the peoples of the coasts and southern regions, expensive, monumental structures, decorated with wooden and stone sculptures, rise above the graves. Distributed in the form of a hewn stone several meters high with numerous zebu horns attached to it, sacrificed in funeral rites.

About 90% of Malagasy live in rural settlements with a population of less than 5 thousand people each, about 3% live in villages with a population of 5 to 20 thousand; 7% is the population of almost all cities with over 20 thousand inhabitants. The latter include the centers of six provinces of the country and industrial. A significant part of the townspeople retain close ties with the village and the land. About half of the population is classified as economically active.

Annual growth is estimated at 2.1%. More than 46% of residents are under J5 years old.

The average population density is 15 people per 1 sq. km. The highest density (130 people per 1 sq. km) is in the Central Highlands with its temperate climate and favorable conditions for agriculture. About 3 of the country's population is concentrated here on 4% of the territory. The least populated are the arid, infertile plateaus of the West and the semi-deserts of the South.

Madagascar or Republic of Madagascar - Island state in the western part Indian Ocean, located on island of the same name and several small islands off the east coast of Africa. The island is separated from the continent by the Mozambique Channel (400 km). total area countries - 587,040 sq. km. The length of the island is about 1600 km, the maximum width is over 600 km. The capital is Antananarivo.

The central part of the island is occupied by the high-mountain Anjafi plateau, gently sloping to the west and abruptly ending in the lowlands of the eastern coast. Highest point Madagascar is dormant volcano Marumukutru (2,876 m), which is located in the Tsaratanana mountain range, in the northern part of the island.

Madagascar has three large lakes: Alaotra, Kinkony and Ihotry.

Although Madagascar is located close to Africa, the animal and vegetable world The island is unique, containing 5% of the world's animal and plant species, 80% of which exist only in Madagascar. The most famous of them are lemurs. Most species are endemic. Because of this, Madagascar is often called the “small continent”.

Climate in Madagascar

Climate of Madagascar formed by the southeast trade wind and the South Indian anticyclone. The island has three climatic zones: Tropical monsoon climate on the east coast, temperate maritime climate in the central highlands, and arid desert climate on the southern tip of the island. In different areas of the island, the climate can vary greatly.

The climate on the east coast is humid and tropical. Rain continues all year round. They can be short-term (less than an hour a day), and sometimes do not stop for several days in a row. The most sunshine occurs in May and September. Average temperatures from January to February are 25°C; from March to April - 30°C; from May to July - from 20 to 25°C; from August to September - 15°C; from October to November - from 20 to 25°C; December - 30°C.

The climate on the west coast is arid and tropical. It rains extremely rarely. Average temperatures: from January to February - 25°C; from March to April - 30°C; from May to October - from 22 to 25°C; from November to December - from 30 to 32°C.

The climate in the south of the island is arid, tropical, hot. Average temperatures - January - 20°C; from February to May - 30°C; from June to September - 25°C; from October to December - from 28 to 32°C. The Tropic of Capricorn lies in the southern part of Madagascar.

The climate in the north of Madagascar is tropical. During the rainy season, vast areas receive abundant moisture, including the island of Nosy Be, which explains its lush vegetation. Average temperatures from January to April are from 25 to 30°C; from May to July - from 20 to 25°C; from August to September - from 15 to 20°C.

Last changes: 05/18/2013

Population

Population of Madagascar- 22,599,098 people (2012).

Average life expectancy is 61 years for men, 65 years for women. Urban population - 29%.

The Malagasy are the main ethnic group of Madagascar. The total number is about 20 million people.

The Malagasy are divided into two subgroups - the mountain people and the coastal people. The mountain peoples are the Imerina (Merina), Sihanaka and Betsileu, and the coastal people are all the others, for example, the Betsimisaraka, Sakalava and Mahafali. The division into two subgroups is due to the history of human migration to the island.

In the second to fifth centuries AD, Madagascar was inhabited by people from Austronesia, mainly settling in the central highlands. After some time, a second wave of migration, consisting of representatives of the Bantu tribes, came to the island from East Africa through the Mozambique Channel.

Recent studies of the mitochondrial DNA of the island's inhabitants have confirmed the guesses of some scientists about the Austronesian origin of the population. It can be concluded that the Malagasy blood contains approximately equal amounts of Austronesian and African genes, with a slight admixture of Arab, European and Indian.

Religion

Approximately half of the country's population practices the traditional ancestor cult of the Austronesian settlers, which places special emphasis on the connection between the dead and the living. The largest number of adherents of this religion live among the Merina people. They believe that every person after death joins the souls of his ancestors, and that all souls form a kind of hierarchy of “divinity.”

Among the Merina and Betzileu, a rather strange tradition from a European point of view is practiced, known as famadihana, which translated means “turning over the dead.” During this ritual, the remains of the deceased are taken out of the crypts, wrapped in a new shroud (silk sheet) and throughout the holiday they have fun and dance next to them, sometimes even carrying the remains in their arms. At the end of the ceremony, the bodies are placed back in the crypts.

About 45% of the population professes Christianity, Catholicism or Protestantism. Most believers try to combine the cult of ancestors with Christian traditions. For example, not all Christians abandon the practice of famadihan, this is especially true for Catholics. Pastors from the Catholic Church may even come to the ceremony and bless the participants. The Protestant Church has a very negative attitude towards the practice of the cult of ancestors and calls on its flock to abandon “worship of the Devil.” Christian church in Madagascar is a fairly influential political institution.

The rest of the population (about 7%) practices Islam, which was brought to the island by Arab traders around the 10th century. Islam is especially widespread on the west coast of the island due to the large number of harbors that were once Arab outposts. It should be noted that thanks to Islam, the Malagasy language was first written down in Arabic script, which, however, did not take root as the main means of writing Malagasy (the Latin alphabet is now used).

Since the 90s of the 20th century, Orthodoxy began to spread on the island. Some villages of Madagascar as a result of the missionary activities of the Alexandrian Patriarchate in in full force accepted Orthodoxy. The mission is just beginning, but according to the current situation on the island there are now already more than 10,000 Orthodox Malagasy.

Language

official languages- Malagasy, French, English.

Malagasy is not related to nearby African languages. It is the westernmost of the Malayo-Polynesian languages, belonging to the Austronesian family. This fact was established back in the 18th century. The Malagasy language is related to the languages of Indonesia, Malaysia and the Philippines. The languages closest to it are those spoken on the island of Borneo.

The basic vocabulary of the Malagasy language is 90% identical to the vocabulary of the Ma'anyang language in the Barito River region in southern Borneo. This means that Madagascar was inhabited by people from there. It is not known exactly why this colonization occurred. Later, Indonesian settlers mixed with people from East Africa and Arabs.

The Malagasy language has borrowings from Bantu, Swahili and Arabic, as well as from French (formerly the language of the colonial government of Madagascar) and English (spoken by pirates based on the island in the 18th century).

Last changes: 05/18/2013

About money

Malagasy Ariary(MGA) - currency unit State of Madagascar.

One ariary is equal to 5 iraimbilanja. In circulation there are banknotes in denominations of 100, 200, 500, 1000, 5000 and 10000 ariary, coins: 1, 2, 4, 5, 10, 20 and 50 ariary, as well as 1 and 2 iraimbilani.

Banks are usually open from Monday to Friday from 8:00 to 15:00. Currency can be exchanged at any bank branch, at the airport, in exchange offices and some hotels. The last option is the least profitable, as a commission is charged. Changing money on the street is prohibited.

ATMs can only be found in the capital and major tourist centers.

To travel around the province, you will have to stock up on Malagasy ariary in small bills, since it will be almost impossible to change large bills.

Last changes: 05/18/2013

Communications

Calling code: 261

Internet domain: .mg

Ambulance: 211-70, fire service: 225-66, police: 229-72

Telephone codes cities

Antananarivo - 22

How to call

To call from Russia to Madagascar, you need to dial: 8 - dial tone - 10 - 261 - 20* - area code - subscriber number.

To call from Madagascar to Russia, you need to dial: 00 - 7 - city code - subscriber number.

* - there are several operators in the country, so when dialing a number, after the country code, the operator company code of two digits is added (20 - TELMA, 30 - Telecel, 31 - Sacel, 32 - SRR and 33 - Madacom).

Landline communications

Madagascar's communications system is quite outdated, but is undergoing intensive modernization. The number of payphones on the streets is small; they are mainly concentrated near banks, hotels and large stores. International telephone communication is available only in the main cities of the country.

mobile connection

Cellular communications use the GSM-900 standard, coverage areas cover mainly only big cities and tourist areas, as well as main roads.

The local mobile operator is Orange.

Internet

Regular Internet access can be obtained in Internet cafes in the capital of the country - Antananarivo and in some other large cities.

Last changes: 05/18/2013

Shopping

Shops are open from Monday to Friday from 8:00 to 17:00-17:30, on Saturdays from 8:00 to 13:00. Most shops are closed on Sunday. In the southern and south-eastern regions of the country, most retail outlets close for the afternoon siesta from 12:00-13:00 to 15:00-16:00.

You can bargain almost everywhere, but the locals themselves usually hardly bargain. Sellers rarely cheat or inflate the price when they see a foreigner, so prices are more or less adequate everywhere.

When purchasing emeralds, processed, cut and polished stones ready for jewelry purposes, you should definitely take a certificate from the seller, which will be required at customs. All products made from representatives of Malagasy flora and fauna (including dried flowers) also require export certificates for export, which must be obtained at the time of purchase.

It must be borne in mind that the vast majority of souvenirs of this kind, sold in markets and souvenir shops, are manufactured illegally and therefore do not have any certificates for export from the country, and the tourist who buys them can be subject to a fairly large fine.

Last changes: 05/18/2013

Where to stay

Categories of Madagascar hotels are designated by the usual “stars”, from 1 to 5. But the rules by which these “stars” are assigned are often incomprehensible to Europeans: for example, some “five-star” hotels are almost identical to “three-star” hotels in terms of the range of services offered and the level of service.

High-level hotels have two types of tariffs: one for their citizens and the other for foreigners. In addition, payment from tourists is taken in foreign currency.

Last changes: 05/18/2013

Sea and beaches

Along the entire coast of Madagascar there are quiet lagoons with beaches from white sand, surrounded by coral reefs with a colorful underwater world.

IN in terms of tourism The western coast of the island is the most developed; sharks are more likely to appear on the eastern coast.

Most popular beach resort Madagascar is the island of Nosy Be.

Last changes: 05/18/2013

Story

By archaeological standards, the settlement of Madagascar occurred relatively recently. Madagascar was settled around 200-500 AD by Austronesian colonists who arrived there by canoe. This theory is supported by many parallels between the Austronesian culture and the culture of the inhabitants of Madagascar, for example, a special type of canoe or a special way of growing rice, as well as the close relationship of the Malagasy language with the language of the population of the southern part of the island of Kalimantan and genetic research conducted at the beginning of the 21st century. There is no evidence of Austronesian colonization of mainland Africa.

Around the same time or a little later, settlers from the Bantu tribes moved to the island through the Mozambique Channel. At the same time, the new arrivals occupied mainly coastal territories, while the descendants of the Austronesians lived in the middle of the island. Genetic studies have shown that the mixing of Austronesian and African populations began around the 10th century, as a result of which the self-named Malagasy people were formed.

In the seventh century, with the arrival of the Arabs on the island, written references to Madagascar begin.

The name of the island was given by the famous Venetian traveler Marco Polo, who casually mentioned in his notes about the island of countless treasures called Madeigascar. Most modern researchers believe that in fact it was not about the island at all, but about the current capital of the state of Somalia - the port of Mogadishu. However, after the island was marked on Italian maps as Madagascar, the name stuck and has not changed since then.

Despite the widespread influence of Muslim culture on the island, Islam did not take root in Madagascar. However, some signs of Arab influence, such as patriarchy and calendar names for days, months and seasons, still exist to this day.

The first visit to Madagascar by a European occurred in 1500, when the ship of the Portuguese traveler Diogo Diaz, heading to India, deviated from its course and landed on the island. In light of the important geographical position of Madagascar for spice traders who skirted all over Africa, France and Britain tried to establish their outposts on the island. However, the inhospitable climate and even less hospitable natives made this task almost impossible.

In the 17th century, important geographical position The islands and the virtual absence of colonial authorities made Madagascar what it became famous for throughout Europe - a paradise for pirates and slave traders. Many famous pirates, such as William Kidd, Robert Drury, John Bowen and others, could call Madagascar their second home. Merchants were robbed both towards India (gold, silver, fabrics) and back (spices, jewelry, silk). The island's aborigines, very warlike tribes, used the latest European achievements to wage internecine wars, and subsequently sold captives to slave traders. Sometimes, if prisoners could not be taken, the leaders sold their own subjects.

At the beginning of the 19th century, the mountainous state of Merina, living in cultural isolation from the rest of Madagascar, made a successful attempt to expand throughout the entire island. In 1818 Radama I was declared king of Madagascar. His dynasty ruled the island until 1896, when the last king was overthrown by French troops who invaded Madagascar in 1883.

In 1890, the French protectorate was recognized by Britain, in exchange for French recognition of the British protectorate of what is now Tanzania (then Tanganyika and Zanzibar). In 1897, the French finally abolished the native monarchy, removing King Ranavalona III from power.

After France's defeat by Nazi Germany in 1940, the protectorate came under the control of the Vichy regime, but after the Madagascar operation, British troops occupied the island, keeping it from Japanese conquest. Germany had its own plans for the island: it was planned to resettle 4 million Jews from Europe here (see the Madagascar plan).

After the transfer of Madagascar to France in 1943, revolutionary unrest began on the island, which culminated in the 1947 uprising for independence. The uprising was suppressed, but the French government released the colony from direct control in 1958.

On October 14, 1958, the Autonomous Republic of Malagasy was proclaimed under a French protectorate.

On June 26, 1960, the independent Malagasy Republic was proclaimed on the island. The country was led by the Social Democratic Party led by Philbert Tsiranana.

In May 1972, unrest among students began in the capital of the country, which detonated a political crisis. The President handed over power to the military, led by General Ramanantsua.

On December 31, 1974, a group of military officers attempted to overthrow General Ramanantsua. However, the general was soon removed from power by his comrades. The new Prime Minister Ratzimandrava was assassinated three days later on January 27, 1975. Power passed into the hands of the military directory. In the spring, high-profile trials against the conspirators took place in the country. In 1975 the country changed its name to Democratic Republic Madagascar, a country under the leadership of Didier Ratsiraka, has set a course towards building socialism. Ties with the USSR are strengthening. French troops are being withdrawn from the country.

Soviet Perestroika leads to similar processes in Madagascar. In 1990, multi-party system was restored. In 1991, an anti-government demonstration was shot. In 1992, Albert Zafi becomes the new president of the country: the process of democratization and market reforms begins in the country.

The year 2009 began in Madagascar with protests. On January 31, at an anti-government rally, the mayor of the capital, Andrew Rajoelina, declared himself head of state. On March 9, a group of military personnel mutinied at the central Suanierana military base to protest the brutal suppression of anti-government protests. On March 13, rebel tanks entered the capital of the country. On March 16, rebels captured the Ambuhitsuruhitra presidential palace in the center of the capital. President Mark Ravalomanana evaded arrest by taking refuge in the country residence of Iavulukh, 20 km from the city. On March 17, he handed over power to the military, who handed over power to the opposition leader and mayor of the capital, Andrew Rajoelin. The next day, the constitutional court recognized the legal transfer of power and on March 22, Rajoelina took the oath of office as president. A number of countries, including the United States, condemned the “coup” and threatened sanctions.

Last changes: 05/18/2013

When to go to Madagascar

The best season to visit the country is considered to be the local summer from April to October. Traditionally high season The months associated with the influx of tourists from Europe are July and August.

But, in general, the choice of a favorable time for a trip is determined by the places planned to visit and the type of vacation - beach, eco-tourism, activity aquatic species sports, animal watching, visiting national parks etc.

Last changes: 05/18/2013

Helpful information

Raw or untested water on the island should not be drunk under any circumstances. Water used for drinking, brushing teeth or making ice must be boiled.

Safe places for swimming in the ocean - lagoons and areas protected by coral reefs. In other places, sharks are common, and dangerous reptiles live in river mouths and mangrove forests.

The Malagasy people are extremely hospitable and welcoming to tourists, without the ingratiating and humiliating begging that is so common in African countries. There are no restrictions on the form of clothing here, with the exception of quite reasonable requirements for modesty when visiting places of worship. It is not recommended to wear military-style clothing - it is not accepted and can even lead to detention by the police.

When visiting any Malagasy home or ceremony, it is recommended to make small offerings (usually a bottle of rum, cigarettes or some kind of food), especially when visiting necropolises (money cannot be given!!). Many local taboos (fadi) should also be respected, but since they differ in different areas of the country, this is quite difficult. It is recommended to listen to the advice of guides.

A characteristic feature of local residents is also slowness. Public transport, for example, will not move until the cabin is full - regardless of the schedule and how long it takes. A meeting or event scheduled for a certain hour will most likely start half an hour later than planned, and the order at the restaurant will be completed very late.

A pass is required to visit the reserves. Any form of logging, hunting or fishing prohibited in the country's reserves.

Last changes: 05/18/2013

How to get to Madagascar

There are no direct flights from Russia to Madagascar. You can get there through major European cities.

The easiest option is to fly with Air France with a connection in Paris. The flight duration from Moscow to Paris is 3 hours 55 minutes, from Paris to Antananarivo - 10 hours 15 minutes (including connections, the total travel time is about 15.5 hours). The approximate cost of a round trip flight is 2000-2300 USD.

Regular flights carried out between Madagascar and Kenya, Mauritius, Reunion, Seychelles, Tanzania and South Africa.

Last changes: 05/18/2013

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