What is the coastline of the Black Sea? Physiographic characteristics of the Black Sea. An excerpt characterizing the Black Sea straits

Black Sea is located in the middle latitudes, approximately between 41 and 47 degrees northern latitude and 28 and 42 degrees east longitude. Northern Shores belong to Ukraine, eastern - to Russia, Georgia and Abkhazia, southern - to Turkey, western - to Romania and Bulgaria. For almost 400 km, the Black Sea washes Krasnodar region, beneficially influencing its climate. Through the Straits Bosphorus, Dardanelles and through Sea of Marmara the Black Sea waters merge with the Mediterranean, and through Kerch Strait With Sea of Azov.

Black Sea known to mankind since ancient times! Over the course of thousands of years and centuries, it has changed several names. The first Greek navigators called it Pont Aksinsky, that is, inhospitable. However, later the ancient Greeks changed their minds and began to call it Pont Aksinsky, that is, a hospitable sea. In Rus' in the old days Black Sea called Pontic, and Russian by sea.

Scientists explain the modern name in different ways. Some called the Turks Karadeniz, that is, the inhospitable “Black” Sea, because all the conquerors who came to its shores received decisive rebuff from the tribes that inhabited it. According to another hypothesis, the name is associated with storms and the fact that the water in it darkens during a storm. And there is a third version, which is related to the fact that metal objects lowered onto greater depth Black Sea, turn black under the influence of hydrogen sulfide.

The ancient Greeks, sailing along the Black Sea coast, saw here the settlements of the Scythians, Taurians, and in the east - the Colchians. The Greeks named the Black Sea coast of Kavakaz after the names of these tribes Colchis, Crimea - Tavrida, and the Northern Seaside region - Scythia.

Bays of the Black Sea

There are few bays in the Black Sea, the largest of which are Odessa, Karkinitsky, Kalamitsky, Feodosia, Tamansky and Sinopsky. The most convenient bays for receiving ships are Tsemesskaya and Gelendzhikskaya.

The Black Sea is poor in islands, the largest - Serpentine(0.17 sq. km). The most significant of the peninsulas are Crimean, Kerch and Taman.

Characteristics of the Black Sea

total area The Black Sea is 413,488 sq km. Water volume 537,000 cubic meters. km. The sea represents deep depression oblong in shape with a fairly flat bottom and steep slopes (from 6 to 20 degrees). The greatest depth is 2245 m, the average is 1271 m.

They flow into the Black Sea Danube, Dniester, Southern Bug, Dnieper, Rioni, Chorokh, and within the Krasnodar Territory - over 80 small rivers. Half of the river flow comes from the Danube. The annual runoff from land into the Black Sea is 400 cubic meters. km, the same amount evaporates from the surface of the sea. The Black Sea receives 175 cubic meters per year. km of salty Mediterranean water and 66 cu. km of Azov water of low salinity.

Most of all, the Black Sea water contains sodium chloride (77.8% of the total salt content), magnesium chloride (10.9%), calcium sulfate (3.6%). In addition, the Black Sea water contains about 60 more chemical elements: iodine, bromine, silver, radium etc.

The Black Sea is the warmest in our country. The winter temperature in the open part is + 6..7 degrees Celsius, in the southern part + 8..10, in the northwestern part it often drops to -1 and ice fast ice forms there. In summer, the water temperature averages +24 degrees; near Sochi it can warm up to +28 degrees Celsius. At a depth of 50-70 meters the temperature is stable at +6-7 degrees.

Surface currents in the Black Sea are weak, their speed usually does not exceed 0.5 m/s. The main causes of surface currents are river runoff and wind.

Ebbs and flows in Black and Seas of Azov very weakly expressed. Their amplitude is 3-10 cm. Secular changes in sea level - an increase of 20-50 cm per hundred years.

During storms in the Black Sea, waves up to 10 m high and 150 m long develop. Usually the wave sizes are much smaller.

The force of the waves hitting the shore is enormous. In the Sochi area it reaches 20 tons per 1 sq. m.

Flora of the Black Sea quite rich and varied. In coastal waters there are thickets of brown algae - cystorhiza. On sandy and muddy shallows there are entire underwater fields of sea grass - zosters. Deeper there are extensive thickets of red algae - phyllophores.

The fauna of the Black Sea is very diverse, but due to the presence of hydrogen sulfide it is concentrated mainly in the upper 200-meter layer of water.

Based on books: Korovin V.I. Nature of the Krasnodar region. Krasnodar: Book publishing house, 1979

The length of the Black Sea from west to east is 1130 km, the greatest width is 613 km. From the south, the coast of Anatolia (the Asian part of Turkey) juts into it in a wide arc, and from the north the Crimean peninsula cuts deeply into it. The shores are mountainous almost everywhere, there are few large bays and coves. The largest bays, such as Odessa, Karkinitsky, Tendrovsky, are inscribed in the low steppe shores of the northwestern part of the sea. Some of the bays are fenced off from the sea by wide sand spits - bay bars. Convenient bays of Sevastopol and Balaklava are hidden among the rocks of the mountainous Crimea, and on the Taman Peninsula, shallow bays are overgrown with reeds and reeds (flush). Ridges approach the sea from the east Greater Caucasus, and even such large Perths as Tuapse, Novorossiysk, Batumi have only small bays. A large bay once existed where the largest of the rivers of the Caucasian coast, Rion, flows into the sea. Later, on the site of the bay, the wide Colchis lowland was formed. And from the south, the Pontic mountains approach the sea. On the wide protrusion of Anatolia there are three small peninsulas: lowland Bafra and Charshamba, and mountainous Indzhe-burun with Sinop Bay. The name of this bay recalls the victory of the Russian fleet under the command of P. S. Nakhimov in 1853, during the Crimean War. Less familiar are the names of Turkey's major ports - Zanguldak, Samsun, Trabzon. Giresun, Ordu and the rivers Yeshil-Irmak, Chorokh, Kyzyl-Irmak flowing from its territory into the Black Sea. The Thracian Peninsula (European part of Turkey) has recently been connected to Anatolia by a huge bridge, under which large ocean-going ships can freely pass along the Bosphorus Strait. To the west of this strait, the spurs of the Balkans approach the Black Sea - and here the mountains. The maritime roads of Bulgaria begin from the large ports of Burgas and Varna. Romania is crossed by the Lower Danube Lowland leading to the sea, along the low shore of which a chain of salt lakes stretches. Only the port of Constanta got a convenient bay. The Danube Delta stretches widely at the northern border of Romania. That’s the entire Black Sea coastline of 4090 km. Surrounded on all sides by land, it is one of the inland seas. At the same time, the Black Sea is “assigned” to the basin Atlantic Ocean: it is connected to it through the Marmara and Mediterranean Seas. The area occupied by the Black Sea (423 thousand sq. km) can accommodate two Great Britains. The water surface is only interrupted here and there near the coast by small islands, for example Berezan, located 13 km from Ochakov. Of the few Black Sea islands, the island is the most distant from the coast. Zmeiny (Fndonisi), located 40 km from the Danube Delta.

Length of the Black Sea from west to east - 1167 km, from north to south - 624 km. The greatest depth is 2,212 m, and the average is 1,271 m. The length of the coast along the perimeter is 4,090 km, the length of the coastline reaches 4,340 km. The area of the Black Sea is 423,000 square meters. km.

Due to the excess inflow of fresh water from the rivers Danube, Dniester, Dnieper, Southern Bug, Mzymta, Bzybi, Kodor, Inguri and others. (more than 300 rivers) above evaporation it has less salinity than the Mediterranean Sea. Rivers contribute 346 cubic meters to the sea. km of fresh water and 340 cubic meters. km of salt water flows from the Black Sea through the Bosphorus.

Depth of the Black Sea

Black Sea is one of the deepest sedimentary basins in the world. The thickness of sedimentary deposits on the seabed is 14 km. The bottom relief is a deep basin with steep slopes, its maximum depth is up to 2211 m. The area of the Black Sea is 413,488 square meters. km. The maximum length is 1148 km, the maximum width is 615 km, the length of the Black Sea coastline is 4077 km.

The Black Sea washes the shores of Russia, Abkhazia, Georgia, Turkey, Bulgaria, and Ukraine.

There are few bays, bays and peninsulas in the Black Sea and almost no islands. This is due to the constant rise in sea level.

Composition of Black Sea water

Salty taste Sodium chloride gives sea water, and magnesium chloride and magnesium sulfate give it a bitter taste. Water contains 60 different elements. But it is assumed that it contains all the elements found on Earth. Sea water has a number of healing properties. Water salinity is about 18%.

About 87% of the Black Sea water volume is deprived of oxygen and is contaminated with hydrogen sulfide. At a depth of over 150 m, the water contains hydrogen sulfide, and therefore the sea is devoid of living organisms at great depths. The source of hydrogen sulfide is the decomposition of the remains of aquatic organisms; at a depth of 150-200 m, the hydrogen sulfide content reaches 7.5 cubic meters. cm per liter of water, and its total amount is a billion tons. The uniqueness of the Black Sea lies in the fact that in the deep layers of its water there are no algae, invertebrate animals and fish, there are no living creatures except sulfur bacteria.

Determined that age of the Black Sea about 8 thousand years.

(Characteristics of the Black Sea, composition of water in the Black Sea, Black Sea and Ancient Greece, rivers flowing into the Black Sea, bays of the Black Sea, holidays on the Black Sea, plant and animal world Black Sea)
Black Sea is located in the middle latitudes, approximately between 41 and 47 degrees northern latitude and 28 and 42 degrees east longitude. The northern shores belong to Ukraine, the eastern - to Russia, Georgia and Abkhazia, the southern - to Turkey, and the western - to Romania and Bulgaria. For almost 400 km, the Black Sea washes the Krasnodar region, beneficially influencing its climate. Through the Straits Bosphorus, Dardanelles and through Sea of Marmara the Black Sea waters merge with the Mediterranean, and through Kerch Strait With Sea of Azov.

Scientists explain the modern name in different ways. Some called the Turks Karadeniz(as a football player of FC "Rubin"), that is, the inhospitable "Black" Sea, because all the conquerors who came to its shores received a decisive rebuff from the tribes that inhabited it. According to another hypothesis, the name is associated with storms and the fact that the water during a storm it becomes dark. And there is a third version, which is related to the fact that metal objects lowered to great depths of the Black Sea turn black under the influence of hydrogen sulfide.

Bays of the Black Sea

There are few bays in the Black Sea, the largest of them Odessa, Karkinitsky, Kalamitsky, Feodosia, Tamansky and Sinopsky. The coast of the Krasnodar Territory is extremely sparse in terms of bays, with the exception of Gelendzhik and Novorossiysk (bays). The most convenient bays for receiving ships are Tsemesskaya and Gelendzhikskaya.

The Black Sea is poor in islands, the largest - Serpentine(0.17 sq. km). The most significant of the peninsulas are Crimean, Kerch and Taman.

Characteristics of the Black Sea

The total area of the Black Sea is 413,488 sq km. Water volume 537,000 cubic meters. km. The sea is a deep, oblong-shaped depression with a fairly flat bottom and steep slopes (from 6 to 20 degrees). The greatest depth is 2245 m, the average is 1271 m.

The Black Sea is the warmest in our country. Temperature in the Black Sea in winter in the open part + 6..7 degrees Celsius, in the southern part + 8..10, in the northwestern part it often drops to -1 and ice fast ice forms there. In summer, the water temperature averages +24 degrees; near Sochi it can warm up to +28 degrees Celsius. At a depth of 50-70 meters the temperature is stable at +6-7 degrees.

Surface currents in the Black Sea are weak, their speed usually does not exceed 0.5 m/s. The main causes of surface currents are river runoff and wind.

The ebb and flow of the tides in the Black and Azov Seas are very weak. Their amplitude is 3-10 cm. Secular changes in sea level - an increase of 20-50 cm per hundred years.

During storms in the Black Sea, waves up to 10 m high and 150 m long develop. Usually the wave sizes are much smaller.

The force of the waves hitting the shore is enormous. In the Sochi area it reaches 20 tons per 1 sq. m.

Fauna of the Black Sea is very diverse, but due to the presence of hydrogen sulfide, it is concentrated mainly in the upper 200-meter layer of water. There are sharks in the Black Sea - katrans, but they are harmless. Of the large mammals in the Black Sea, there are many dolphins - bottlenose dolphins and gray dolphins; they often swim close to the shore and swim among vacationers.

Holidays on the Black Sea you can choose according to your taste - you can, like 30 years ago, with grandmothers on folding beds, or in expensive hotels. Almost all cities and towns Black Sea coast Krasnodar region is built up with private hotels. Their prices are cheaper than flying to Turkey. The summer season on the Black Sea begins in mid-May and ends at the end of October. In Sochi, in some years you can swim until mid-November.

Ancient Greece and the Black Sea

Black Sea in ancient times

During the era of the Great Greek colonization on the coast Black Sea Many cities were built, which by the beginning of the 5th century BC. turned into economically stable policies closely associated with city-states Aegean Greece. The largest of them were Heraclea Pontica and Sinope on south coast(modern Türkiye), Apollonia and Istria- in the west (modern Bulgaria and Romania, respectively), Olbia, Theodosia, Panticapaeum and Phanagoria- in the north (modern - the first two are Ukraine, Phanagoria - Russia, Krasnodar region), Dioscuriad and Phasis on east coast Black Sea (modern Russia and Georgia (or Abkhazia)).

Materials for abstracts on the Black Sea.

Compiled by

P. A. Tilba, R. A. Mnatsekanov, V. A. Krutolapov.

Geographical coordinates

45°17’34’’ N, 36°45’46’’ E

Height

0-5 m above sea level.

Square

38,400 hectares, including water surface: 38,400 hectares.

a brief description of

Shallow water sea bays, the banks of which are covered with steppe or wetland vegetation.

Wetland type

A, E, G, J; predominate: J, A.

Ramsar Criteria

4, 5.

Criterion 4: The site is one of the wintering centers for waterfowl, the importance of which increases in cold winters when the water area of the estuaries of the Eastern Azov region freezes.

Criterion 5: Up to 1 million birds stop here during migration (Wetlands of Russia, 2000). During mid-winter surveys carried out from the shore using spotting scopes, within the boundaries of the land we counted about 20,000 in 2003, in 2004 - about 10,000, in 2005 - up to 8,000, in 2006 - about 49 500 os. waterfowl and semi-aquatic birds.

Location

Taman Peninsula, southwestern part of the Krasnodar Territory, 30 km from the city of Temryuk.

Physiographic characteristics

The site is a low-lying relief that was formed as a result of slow tectonic subsidence of the land, occurring at a rate of 2-5 mm per year (Kanonnikov, 1984). The surface of the coastal land is composed of deltaic and alluvial deposits, under which lie Neogene and Paleogene marine deposits. Bays are permanent bodies of natural origin. The salinity of the water in them reaches 11.3‰, decreasing near the coast to 2-3‰. The depth of the bays varies between 0.5-2.5 m. The characteristic formations of the Taman and Dinsk bays are lagoons - salt lakes Markitanskoe, Tuzla, etc. In the water area of the bays there are shell-sand islands and spits of various configurations. The Blevako mud volcano is located off the coast of the Chushka Spit in the waters of the Taman Bay.

The banks of reservoirs are unstable rocks and are subject to severe destructive sea activity. The soil cover is predominantly southern chernozems with a low humus content. The climate type of the site area is coastal-steppe, moderate continental. average temperature January −0.8°; July 23.6°C, precipitation during the year is 330-340 mm.

The importance of the land in the natural water cycle

The drainage basin of the site is a hilly plain formed by marine sediments. The hills (reaching a maximum height of 164 m above sea level) are active or extinct mud volcanoes. The soil cover is represented mainly by chernozems, including their solonetsic and saline varieties; thick chestnut soils are also found. Main types of land use: field farming, vegetable growing, viticulture, livestock farming. The climate is moderate continental.

Environmental parameters

Along the shores of the bays there are communities of psammophilic and hydrophilic vegetation. Coastal shallow waters, shell spits, and islands are extremely important for the existence of waterfowl.

Valuable flora

One of the most widespread plant communities on the site is psammophilous vegetation. In floristic terms, this is the best preserved natural ecosystem, both in the coastal part of the Taman and Dinsky bays, and in Taman as a whole. Typical species on the coastal sands are sandy grate, common sea mustard, hogweed, Pontic katran, naked licorice, gorse-leaved toadflax and others. Of the halophytes on the coastal sand-shell dunes, white sweet clover, tangled and creeping sweda, solifa and tragus, Meyer's kermek, etc. are widespread.

And on wet salt marshes there are bluegrass-wheatgrass, rush-sedge and saltwort associations. The vegetation of reservoirs is formed from plant species immersed in water: hygrophytes, hydrophytes and hydatophytes. Phytocenoses of eelgrass and eelgrass are widespread, often forming pure groups over large areas. An equally common species is the holly pondweed. Two types of uruti grow in the reservoirs of the area: spiked urut and whorled urut. In some coastal areas there is typical floodplain vegetation with the presence of common reed, cattails, and sedges (Tilba, Nagalevsky, 1996).

Valuable fauna

The role of the area as a nesting site for birds. The site has a certain significance as a place of reproduction of semi-aquatic bird species listed in the Red Books Russian Federation and Krasnodar Territory: shelduck, oystercatcher (subspecies Haematopus ostralegus longipes), sea plover, little tern. On the territory of the islands there are colonies of great cormorant with a total number of 750 pairs, common tern - 300 pairs, and spotted tern - 300 pairs.

The role of the area as a place of bird migration. The site is located on an intensive bird migration route running along the coasts of the Azov and Black Seas. Within the Temryuk and Dinsky bays, autumn concentrations of laughing herons, black-headed gulls, and red herons were noted (Vinokurov, 1965). In the fall of 1995, 200 thousand wasps were counted here. coots, 54 thousand - mallards, 200 thousand - red-headed ducks, 1.5 thousand - mute swan (Vinogradov, 2000). The site is a stopover site and large concentrations of migratory waders: Turukhtan, turnstone, grasshopper, etc.

The role of the area as a wintering site for birds. The site is a traditional wintering site, primarily for waterfowl. Between 1967 and 1972. there were from 6 thousand to 250 thousand wasps here. Recently, there have been up to 48.5 thousand waterfowl within the area
(2006 data).

Swans. Mute swan and whooper swan are found in the wintering grounds. Last view predominates in numbers in colder winters (1,500 were counted in 2003).

Ducks. The most numerous wintering species is the tufted duck (according to 2003 data - 11,500 individuals). In more warm winters the number of tufted ducks is significantly lower. Of the other duck species, the most common are mallard and red-headed duck.

Other types of waterfowl. The most characteristic species include the great grebe, great cormorant, coot, and laughing gull.

Waders. On the site in winter period noted: herbal, greater snail, medium-sized curlew, greater curlew, snipe, dunlin, in the adjacent coastal area Kerch Strait spits Chushka was recorded at the wintering grounds of the oystercatcher (Mnatsekanov et al., 2004b; Dinkevich et al., 2005).

The role of the area as a habitat for rare and vulnerable bird species.

Black-throated loon. A common species during the migration period, found in small numbers during the winter.

White-tailed eagle. Regularly wintering species.

Demoiselle crane. Breeding species of adjacent territories.

Bustard. Breeding species of adjacent territories.

Little Bustard. Checked in winter time in the coastal part of the site.

Oystercatcher. Common breeding species; rare, irregularly wintering species.

Great curlew. Not numerous, regularly found in winter.

Black-headed gull. Occasionally observed in winter.

The role of the area as a habitat for marine mammals. The Taman and partly Dinskaya bays are the habitat of the Black Sea bottlenose dolphin, a subspecies listed in the Red Books of the Russian Federation and the Krasnodar Territory.

Social and cultural significance of the site

Within the boundaries of the site there are the most valuable historical and archaeological monuments associated with the Tmutarakan principality of the 11th-12th centuries.

In addition, on the territory of the site there is a house-museum of M. Yu. Lermontov.

Forms of land ownership

State.

Land use

The main activity on the site is fishing; In the surrounding area there is winemaking.

Factors negatively affecting the condition of the land

Expansion of the area for the construction of the Port Kavkaz port.

Environmental measures taken

Part of the site is part of the Zaporozhye-Taman Zoological Reserve. By order of the Government of the Russian Federation dated April 12, 1996 No. 591-r, the reserve (the name “Tamano-Zaporozhye Reserve” is given in the order) is classified as a specially protected natural area of federal subordination. According to the Regulations of the reserve, its area is 30,000 hectares.

Proposed environmental measures

Resolving the issue of the status of the reserve. Adjustment of the Regulations on the reserve taking into account the significance of the territory as a mass wintering site for shorebirds, including rare species, as well as a nesting site for rare bird species. Giving the status of a Ramsar site to the entire water area of the Taman and Dinsk bays.

Scientific research Scientific research within the site has been and is being carried out in the course of studying the biota Taman Peninsula generally. Besides, in last years special mid-winter counts of waterfowl are conducted here as part of the Wetlands International project on the Central Asian Flyway, funded by the Ministry Agriculture

, nature and food of the Netherlands.

Environmental education

Not currently available. There are good opportunities for organizing observations of migrating and wintering birds.

Recreation and tourism

The site is intensively used for tourism purposes, mainly for historical and cultural reasons. Recreational pressures on plant and animal habitats are low.

Jurisdiction

Administration of the Temryuk district of the Krasnodar region.

Site management body The Tamano-Zaporozhye reserve is under the departmental subordination of the Department Federal service on veterinary and phytosanitary supervision for Krasnodar region

and the Republic of Adygea.