Which is safer: plane or train?

Introduce modern life impossible without transport. But once upon a time he was not there! Just think, the first wheeled cart appeared in Mesopotamia in 3500 BC! The need to carry heavy loads forced man to use animal strength. Then he invented a boat, a sail, and built the first ship. The invention of the engine gave new impetus to further development transport and the emergence of its new types. Transport has undergone a long process of development and further improvement since those ancient times. And now in the 21st century, life without transport is not only difficult, for many it is almost impossible. Society is developing, the modern rhythm of life requires increased activity from a person, so the need to travel long distances increases.

Nowadays, being in another country or even another continent within a few hours is no longer a problem. Humanity has achieved amazing success in the development of transport. For ease of movement by humans, the following were invented:

Water transport.
Air.
Ground.

Now people have cars, trains, planes, helicopters, ships, yachts, motorcycles, ATVs, buses, and trams in their service. The list goes on. Moreover, new types are also appearing, for example, the electric car. Progress cannot be stopped.

With the advent of such a variety of means of transportation, the problem of covering long distances was solved. However, another question has arisen that concerns everyone without exception, which type of transport is the safest. The safety criterion when choosing a particular means of transportation is perhaps the most important.

Surely everyone has thought at least once about what is safer to drive. There are a lot of misconceptions and erroneous conclusions. For example, some people think that management own car- This is the most reliable way of transportation. This is argued by the fact that following traffic rules and being attentive on the road is the key to safety. However, we should not forget that there are many unscrupulous drivers on the road, and some do not even know the traffic rules. Sad but true. Only one thing is clear: there is no absolutely safe form of transport. However, humanity will never be able to completely abandon transport. But do not despair and go to extremes, limiting yourself on trips and long journeys. Everything is not as sad as it might seem.

To determine the most safe look transport, you need to turn to statistics. Interestingly, according to research, air transport is the safest. This fact causes surprise and distrust among most people. This is partly due to the large size of the aircraft themselves. When a plane crash occurs, a large number of people die, and the scale of the tragedy seems enormous. However, in reality this is not at all the case. The organization of flights is approached with great responsibility and caution. There is always pre-screening at airports. Airplanes must undergo a technical inspection (before each flight!). If you analyze the statistical indicators for the year, you can see that many more people die in car accidents. In Russia, more than 35 thousand people die in one year. The ratio of fatalities in plane crashes and car accidents is 1:1000.

Airplanes are becoming safer. By technical faults accidents (fortunately!) are happening less and less. In crowded cities where the roads are congested, the likelihood of getting into an accident increases. However, many (almost 85% of the population) continue to think that airplanes are more dangerous. Fear of flying leads to the development of aerophobia. It’s hard to fight it, and to convince a person that the plane is the most safe means, almost impossible. However, the facts indicate the opposite. More people die on the roads in 4 days than in 10 years of airplane flights.

The Boeing 737 is considered one of the most reliable and safe aircraft. If we look at the average frequency of flights, we can say that every second there are about 1,250 Boeing aircraft in the air. The accident rate is as follows: for every two million flights (possibly) 1 aircraft. Indeed, reliability is high! Moreover, the chances of survival in a plane crash are much greater than in any other accident. This is confirmed by studies conducted in the USA: out of 53,487 people, 51,207 survived as a result of plane crashes. In the event of splashdown, the chances of survival increase by 50%. The next safest modes of transport after airplanes are water transport and rail.

All data and facts indicate that the safest is still an airplane. You should not be afraid of flying and refuse to fly, thereby depriving yourself of the opportunity to see new countries, experience the beauty of the world and broaden your horizons. Experienced pilots and crews do everything to ensure flight safety.

Any movement by transport is more or less risky, but there are nuances. We often use cars, the metro and other types of urban transport, we fly less often by plane and travel on trains, and we don’t get on ships every year. How to determine the degree of security?

“The greatest danger in life is taking too many precautions” - Alfred Adler.

Unfortunately, there is no need to talk about a 100% safe form of transport. There is none, period. But there are more and less dangerous ones. So which means of transportation - flying, land or water - is best to trust with your safety and security? Statisticians have calculated how many deaths occur for every 160 million km or 150 billion km of travel done in different types transport, and compiled the following safety rating.

1. Airplane

So, according to experts, the safest mode of transport is an airplane. Amazing, isn't it? Many people experience paralyzing fear at the mere thought of possible flight. How can you be sure that this bird-like colossus will not crash onto the ground at some point, getting caught in a flock of birds or getting caught in a thunderstorm...

But nevertheless, it is in flight that we are least at risk of becoming a victim of a disaster. The numbers speak to this: 0.6-0.7 deaths per 160 million km of travel – the smallest figure among all modes of transport.

According to the statistics of plane crashes, they happen due to a combination of rare circumstances, the likelihood of which is minimal. One plane crash every million flights - these are the data of the International Organization civil aviation. And according to statistical calculations International Association air transport, in 2012, out of 29,600,000 flights of airliners from Western manufacturers, there were 6 crashes, and not a single one in Europe. The risk of crashing with a plane is approximately 1 in 8,000,000, and the risk of death is 1 in 45 million flights. Moreover, a person can spend 123 thousand years in the cabin of an airplane and never come close to death.

This reliability of air transport is associated with several factors. Firstly, before taking to the skies, each aircraft undergoes a thorough check, and absolutely everything is analyzed: from the operation of instruments and systems to the slightest defects in the coating. Moreover, the airship is inspected not only by technicians, but also by the captain himself, because he is obliged to accept it in excellent condition.

Secondly, security systems are constantly being improved. Each aircraft has several overlapping systems installed. As a result, even if one of them fails, its functions will be immediately performed by the other. So if, for example, one of the engines fails, the plane will still be able to take off or land safely.

Thirdly, landing tactics are changing. If previously it was customary to land the plane softly, now it is recommended to do it roughly, for better adhesion of the landing gear to the runway. However, even if the worst happens, the victims have a much greater chance of survival compared to other modes of transport. Thus, from 1983 to 2000, 568 air accidents were recorded in the United States, but only 5% of the passengers on board died in them: out of 53,487 people, 51,207 survived!

Having analyzed 26 major accidents in which the airliners hit the ground hard, broke into pieces and caught fire, experts found that approximately 50% of the participants in the disaster were saved. And here I would like to ask a question: if everything on an airplane is so reliable and safe, why are millions of people afraid to fly and why does it have such a bad reputation? It turns out that the whole point is that news of any plane crash is immediately picked up by many media mass media and is shared around the world with hundreds of photographs and videos detailing the crash. As a result, viewers and readers get the impression that flying is unusually dangerous.

2. Train

70% of Russians, according to a survey conducted from 2011 to 2013, feel most secure in a train carriage. Although, according to statistics, according to this criterion, this type of transport is inferior to an airplane. On railway There are many more collisions and crashes than in the sky, but they are not as widespread and do not receive such public attention as similar accidents in aviation. And the mortality rate here is higher: 0.9 per 1.6 million km of travel.

But we ignore the numbers and continue to treat trains with special confidence. However, there are undeniable reasons for this. Firstly, a train is a ground mode of transport that moves along its own special path. Secondly, its movement is controlled and directed by the dispatch service. Thirdly, it is customary to strictly observe safety rules on the railway. Therefore, major accidents with numerous casualties are rare here.

However, strict adherence to safety rules is typical for railway employees, but not for the majority of passengers. According to statistics, the main cause of railway accidents is indiscipline. Thus, 65-75% of victims were injured when they tried to cross or run over railway tracks in unspecified places, 25-35% - by violating safety rules at stations and platforms, and 9% - due to carelessness when boarding and disembarking from carriage.

3. Bus

This is one of the safest types of land transport: there are 0.5 deaths per 1.5 billion km of travel. According to a VTsIOM survey, the majority of Russians feel most comfortable on a bus, while the subway and planes, in their opinion, are the most dangerous.

Then why is the number of bus-related accidents growing every year, especially in international transport and especially in summer period? Almost every week we hear reports about another crashed bus with tourists - falling into a river, falling off a cliff... The cause of numerous disasters is not bad roads, but the so-called human factor: fatigue of drivers who are continuously driving for several days.

4. Car

Traveling by car is twenty times more dangerous than traveling by train. For every 1.6 million km of travel there are 1.5 deaths, or for every 1.5 billion - 1.6. The surest way to prevent an accident is to follow the rules traffic and keep an eye on technical condition car. It's simple: fasten your seat belt, don't speed, and don't overtake. If you have the financial opportunity, choose an SUV - it is more reliable than other types of cars.

5. Spaceship

7 deaths per 1.5 billion km of travel. This type of transport could be considered the safest if flight kilometers are taken as the main criterion. Thus, since the conquest of space, 530 people have overcome the gravity of the Earth, and only 18 of them have not returned back. Of all the launched spaceships, 2 American ones and one ours did not reach the ground. However, all fatal accidents did not occur in Space, but during takeoff or landing.

Maybe it's with high level security, and not just related to curiosity rapid development space tourism. Flights are incredibly expensive, but the number of applicants does not decrease.

6. Ferry

20 deaths per 1.5 billion km of travel. Many people still remember the tragedy that happened in 1994. Wrecked on the night of September 27-28 Estonian ferry, built in Germany in 1979. Of the 989 people on board, 95 were killed and 757 were missing. It is Europe's worst maritime disaster in peacetime.

7. Bicycle

35 deaths per 1.5 billion km of travel. According to sociologists, a trip to the store by bicycle is 4.25 times more dangerous than a trip there by car. Most often, teenagers become victims of road accidents when they collide with a car. However, recently, despite such depressing statistics, the popularity of the bicycle has been growing. This is a cheap, fuel-free, environmentally friendly form of transport, which also helps us fight the consequences of physical inactivity. The main thing is to be careful and use bike paths whenever possible.

8. On foot

41 deaths per 1.5 billion km. These numbers were a revelation to many. What happens: moving around the city on your own feet becomes dangerous? According to some reports, going to the store on foot is no less dangerous than driving there. Of course, collisions with pedestrians on the sidewalk are not uncommon. But still, most often they die while crossing streets in places not designated for this or ignoring traffic lights.

9. Motorcycle and moped

An extremely dangerous form of transport! 42 deaths per 160 million km of travel, or 125 deaths per 1.5 billion km. These are real murderers, and their drivers are suicide bombers: 20% deaths Motorcyclists account for most of the traffic on the roads, although motorcycles make up only 1% of traffic. A motorcyclist has a much greater chance of losing his life than a motorist, because a motorcycle traveling at 70 km/h is the most unstable and dangerous vehicle in the world.

10. Broom and mortar

This traditionally “female” type of transport can perhaps be called the most dangerous. Imagine what could happen if pedestrians and drivers notice a lady flying above them on a broom. Someone will lose consciousness, and someone will try to throw a stone at the floating figure. Therefore, in order not to expose yourself mortal danger, it is better to fly out for a walk or on business at night.

To feel more confident in the sky, experts advise choosing not small aircraft, but commercial airliners and those models whose reputation is impeccable: Boeing-777 (not a single passenger has died in 17 years), Airbus A340 and Airbus A330 (not a single passenger has died in 19 years). one fatality), as well as the Airbus A319 (in 11 years, not a single accident - only one breakdown).

To ensure that the journey in the carriage is not overshadowed by anything, you just need to consistently follow the basic safety principles: do not stand at the edge of the platform, approach the doors only after the train has stopped; when purchasing tickets, choose middle carriages, since in extreme situations they are more stable than the head and tail ones, and also give preference to seats facing the movement of the train. And, of course, don’t try to fly over a railroad crossing under the nose of an approaching train.

Do not use tourist buses in Egypt and similar countries.
Always wear a seat belt in a car and do not get into a car with an unfamiliar driver.
When riding a bicycle, be sure to wear a helmet and not ride at maximum speed.
Never ride a motorcycle or moped.

Against the backdrop of a large variety of Vehicle many specialists and experts, of course, want to know which of them are the safest. Statistics show that the safest mode of transport is an airplane.

Experts divide transport into 2 groups:

By service sector:

Public options
Special forces
Private

By environment of use:

Ground - this includes wheeled and rail versions
Underground - metro
Air
Space
Water and underwater
Pipeline

Passengers boarding an airplane often shudder at the thought of taking off and landing. However, official statistics are clear - airliners are quite safe from the point of view of movement.

The calculations are based on the number of victims per 100 million miles. According to the results of such calculations, the mortality rate in plane crashes is 0.6 people. You can die in a plane crash in 1 case in 8 million. If compared with other options traditionally considered safer, then this figure will turn out to be completely ridiculous. Thus, in accidents with mopeds and motorcycles, the statistics is 125 deaths per 1.5 billion km. Cyclists die on the roads in considerable numbers - 35 deaths per 1.5 billion km of travel. Even in the metro, more people die than in air transport - 25 cases per 1.5 billion km.

What ensures the safety of the airliner?

The reliability of aircraft, as experts note, is ensured by a certain number of factors. First of all, each aircraft undergoes a whole range of serious tests before flying. Moreover, it is inspected by both technicians and the captain of the ship, who must be personally confident in the excellent condition of the airliner he is accepting for flight.

Secondly, this is the work of security systems. Today, advanced systems are installed on airplanes, and even in quantities of several, which can duplicate each other. Accordingly, if something happens to one of them, the other will be able to duplicate it. The plane can fly and land even with one faulty engine.

Thirdly, landing tactics change regularly. Previously, pilots practiced landing the plane softly, but now they advise doing it roughly, which improves the grip of the landing gear on the runway.

Is it possible to survive a plane crash?

Many people are afraid of the inability to survive a plane crash. But this is also a myth. Yes, in many cases the plane is destroyed. But the cases when passengers remained alive are quite numerous. This is due to the fact that everything aircraft designed by those people who are well versed in aerodynamics and gravity. And it’s not so easy for an airplane to fall from a height of 10,000 km.

In the USA, for example, 500 aviation incidents occurred in 20 years. The number of deaths in these is about 5% of the total number of passengers on board the liner. Even in situations like these, when planes crash and break in half, passengers have a chance of surviving.

Choosing a safe place on the plane

Against the background of determining the safety of a particular vehicle, many are, of course, interested in whether it is possible to find safe places on board the aircraft. Back in 2007, statistics were published that clearly identified the most quiet places in airplane.

To compile statistics, the researchers took data published by the National Security Council of America over 30 years. They took as a basis the dependence of the number of victims on the place where the passengers were located. It turned out that 70% of the crash survivors were located in the section behind the edge of the aircraft's wing. Also, those sitting above the wing have a chance to survive in half the cases.

The part of the plane closer to the tail is in a more advantageous position due to the fact that when it falls, the plane mainly falls with its nose. This means that those sitting behind have a greater chance of salvation.

Statistics of the safest planes

Airbus A340 - a total of 340 of these models were produced, which totaled 13.5 million flight hours, 5 accidents were recorded in which there were no casualties
Airbus A330 - about 600 copies produced. The planes flew 14 million flight hours, and during this time only 1 accident occurred. A total of 8 examples were lost, killing 346 people.
Boeing 747 – in aircraft of this brand there was 1 accident per 17.5 million flights. There are 941 vessels in operation. Over the years of use of such liners, 941 ships were lost, 51 were lost due to accidents in which 3,732 people died
Boeing 737 – 3 tragedies have occurred since 1997

The safest plane on this moment considered a Boeing 777. There are 748 copies in the world. Over the years, this model has flown 20 million hours. During this time, 3 people died in two incidents. Only one ship was lost during this time.

So you shouldn’t be afraid of airplanes because of the high accident rate. Moreover, the crew also undergoes special training, has the necessary skills and is not very eager to die. In addition, an airplane is an opportunity to get to your destination quickly and completely safely.

We studied many official statistics sites and found out that there is no clear answer to such a seemingly simple question, but still we compiled this rating, taking into account all the conclusions and all the principles of calculation.

Let's start with the fact that the complexity of risk calculation arises from the first minute of calculations, from the question of what indicator to calculate. If we take the total number of deaths from accidents for a specific type of transport, we get an obvious answer, because thousands of people in every country in the world, including pedestrians, die in car accidents every year. Unlike a train or an airplane, where no more than 1,000 people die per year worldwide, incidents with this type of transport lead to a large number victims, but they occur relatively rarely, no more than 2-3 every year. But if most of us do not travel by plane and train every day, then by car or bus, almost every day.

In principle, there are three possible ways to calculate transport risks, in terms of distance (deaths per billion km), number of trips (deaths per billion trips) or travel time.

Stakeholders typically choose the form of calculation of statistics according to their own purposes.

For example, in the airline industry, they almost always choose a method based on calculations in kilometers, which is optimal for them, since most fatalities occur during landing and takeoff, and the distances in between are large. For land transport, on the contrary, there will be a tendency to choose a method based on calculating sacrifices per number of trips or hours of travel, since the risks are evenly distributed. Thus, both modes of transport are able to demonstrate that they are the safest mode of transport.

Statistics are based on data from the statistical bureau DETR (Department of the Environment, Transport and the Regions - American bureau 2000). They record the number of deaths per billion km, the number of trips and travel times.

Transport safety calculation by mileage:

1. Air travel 0.05

2. Buses 0.4

3. Railway 0.6

3. Minibuses (Van) 1,2

4. Water transport 2.6

5. Cars 3.1

6. Bicycles 44.6

7. On foot 54.2

8. Motorcycle 108.9

It is clear that you can’t walk very far, and there are a lot of accidents with pedestrians on the road.

Transport safety calculation based on the number of trips:

1. Buses 4.3

2. Rail transport 20

3. Minibuses (Van) 20

4-5. By car and on foot 40

6. Water transport 90

7. Air travel 117

8. Bicycle 170

9. Motorcycle 1640

Transport safety calculation based on travel time:

1. Buses 11.1

2. Railway 30

3. Air transport 30.8

4. Water transport 50

5. Minibuses (Van) 60

6. Car 130

7. Walking distance 220

8. Bicycle 550

9. Motorcycle 4840

And as we already wrote in the article, about . Over the past 10 years, the number of serious incidents in air transport has fallen by 36%. The mortality rate during air travel is 1 death per 1 million passengers. As a result, the chances of dying in a car are now 62 times higher than while flying on an airplane, say experts from the Ascend agency. Which, accordingly, raises air transport in the ranking, in any of the calculations, both on the number of trips and on the time of travel. And based on the time of movement, he bypasses railway transport.

Conclusions, there is no safe transport, due to big amount transport, crossing the streets is also quite dangerous, but no matter what, you should refrain from such a type of transport as a motorcycle. Since the statistics were taken from the American bureau, it is worth making adjustments for our countries; our minibuses are just as unsafe as regular cars. And the airlines are quite reliable, ().

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Every day we are bombarded with negative information from the news: plane crashes, train crashes, mass road accidents. Going to long trip, a person involuntarily thinks: what is the safest mode of transport according to statistics and how to insure yourself against an accident. Sociological surveys show that people panic before flying, but they safely board buses and private cars.

General characteristics of all types of transport

Water transport

Water transport is designed to transport people and goods along rivers, canals, and lakes. With the development of aviation, transcontinental transportation came to naught. The most popular river boats are trams, cruise ships and ferries. They run between populated areas or shores according to a set route and schedule. The ferry is used to transport a large number of people, cargo, and vehicles.

Ground transportation

Rail (railway) transport is represented by long-distance and suburban trains. Passenger train- a reliable and comfortable way to move from one settlement to another in a relatively short time.

Trains attract passengers with affordable ticket prices, run at any time of the year and day, and are independent of weather conditions. The disadvantage is the cessation of the construction of new railways due to high competition with buses and personal cars.

Wheeled transport

Buses, minibuses and minibuses. Used to transport people over various distances. The advantages are affordable ticket prices and relatively high speed. Disadvantages - dependence on weather conditions.

Air Transport

The technological progress of the 20th century did not bypass aviation. Today, the air industry is developing dynamically; thousands of domestic and international flights are carried out around the world every day. Features of air transport are good maneuverability and large territorial coverage.

The main advantage is high speed. Once you board a plane in Moscow, within a few hours you can admire the sunset in the tropics.

To the disadvantages modern aviation This may include the high cost of tickets and dependence on weather conditions. The problem is especially noticeable in winter time- massive flight delays, airports overcrowded with passengers.

Incident statistics

Official mortality figures differ from the perceptions of ordinary citizens. The latter believe that movement on ground transport carries minimal risk.

World statistics use different methods to count those killed in transport accidents. The most popular is the number of deaths per 160 million km.

Buses and cars

Familiar and comfortable buses, minibuses and cars - the most dangerous transport. The only competition will be a motorcycle or a bicycle. More than 10 people die on Russian roads every day and even more are seriously injured.

Frequent causes of accidents are speeding, attempts to overtake, weather, car malfunction. In second place is the human factor: drunk driving, lack of sleep, distraction by talking, music, snacking.

According to statistical research, the number of road accidents varies significantly by region. This is due to the unsatisfactory condition of highways and the lack of normal lighting at night.

The mortality rate in road transport is 1.6 people per 160 million km when traveling by car. passenger buses. Among cars, the figure is higher - 3.1 people per 160 million km. More than a million people die in road accidents every year. This is significantly higher than in a train, plane or ship. In 2016, car accidents claimed over 20,000 lives.

Railway

Rail transport is considered the most reliable and safe of land means of transportation. According to mortality statistics, there are 0.9 passengers per 160 million km - less than one person. It is not surprising that in the Russian Federation, according to statistics, the lowest mortality rate is in railway transport.

Considering the speed of modern trains, this is a good indicator. Most accidents are associated with a defect in the railway track, malfunction of the rolling stock, or violation of safety regulations at crossings.

During 2014-2016, 40 major disasters, about 100 dead and over 1000 injured. From 2014 to 2015, Rosstat counts about 20 deaths as a result of the railway tragedy. This is 16% higher than in 2013.

Water transport

Since ancient times, water has taken human lives as payment for movement. Modern ferries, trams and motor ships guarantee relative safety for passengers. The cause of the crash is often weather conditions - storms, fog, hurricanes, icebergs. The statistics are disappointing: 2.6 people per 160 million km.

Note! Half of the deaths on the water are caused by falling overboard due to violation of safety rules.

The water mortality statistics are spoiled by cases in the waters of Africa and Asia. Ships overcrowded with refugees and illegal migrants are heading to the shores neighboring countries in search of a better life. Safety comes last in such cases.

Air service

Of all the above, the safest mode of transport is an airplane. The mortality rate is 0.5 people per 160 ml km. The chances of becoming a victim of a plane crash are 1:8,000,000. It turns out that the probability of death is greater on the way to the airport than in the sky.

Attention! People make a big deal about plane crashes, losing confidence in aviation. In fact, when a plane crashes, we are broadcast about it every day from TV screens and newspaper pages for 1-2 weeks. The result is negative emotions and fear of flying.

There were 15 plane crashes in 2017, most of them related to cargo planes. The death toll was 22 people. This is a record low rate, hundreds of times lower than the victims of road tragedies.

When a plane crashes, the insurance company is obliged to pay a large sum to the families of the victims. If plane crashes happened frequently, insurers would have gone bankrupt long ago. A strong argument in favor of the aircraft.

To the very dangerous species Transport statistics include land vehicles. But you can insure yourself by increasing the chance of salvation in the event of a tragedy.

When driving a car, the rear seat behind the driver's seat is considered safe. If there is a threat of a collision, the driver will instinctively try to turn the car in the opposite direction in order to deflect the impact from himself.

Note! On buses and minibuses, seats in the middle of the cabin are considered safe.

When traveling by train, it is recommended to purchase tickets for middle carriages. In the event of a collision, the main impact falls on the locomotive and the first cars. When the last cars derail, they often overturn, increasing the chances of injury or death. It is always better to choose places with your back to traffic. During emergency braking, this will help avoid injury.

When traveling on water, it is important to know the location of life jackets. It is strongly recommended to find a quick way from the cabin to the deck, so that in case of an emergency you do not panic and quickly prepare for evacuation.

It sounds strange, but there are also places on the plane that increase the chances of rescue. This tail section airplane. It’s not comfortable for everyone to be there because of the noise, but when you fall, the first and strongest blow falls on bow. World Stats data recorded cases of survivors of plane crashes.

Interesting: most of the survivors of the flight took seats in the back rows.

The safest mode of transport is the airplane. Every minute thousands of airliners take to the skies around the world. Considering the capacity of the aircraft is 200-300 people, a significant part of the world's population travels on flights. If there were frequent crashes, the Earth would be devastated. One plane crash occurs in every million flights, which includes cargo and military aircraft.

Speed is an important factor. The plane covers 160 million km faster than a train or bus. Hence the conclusion: for long distances it is better to choose a flight, because the mortality rate is the lowest (0.5 people).

Airplane - 0.5.
Train - 0.9.
Buses, minibuses, minibuses - 1.6.
Water transport - 2.6.
Personal car - 3.1.

The above studies are just a dry rating based on statistical research. Transport itself is a zone increased risk. When choosing one type of travel or another, you can only partially prepare and protect yourself.

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