Tire - details about the city, weather, what to see, entertainment, reviews, photos, etc. Fulfillment of biblical prophecies Tire in the Bible

In the photo, the Sidon Fortress, which in the past protected the city port, was built in the 13th century. by the crusaders as a fortress on an island that is connected to the mainland by a narrow isthmus. The fortress was repeatedly destroyed by invaders and restored by themselves. Today, what remains of the castle is a pair of towers connected by a wall.

History of Sidon

Ancient city Sidon is located on the coast. In ancient times it was a Phoenician city-state, one of the largest in the Eastern Mediterranean.

The exact time of Sidon's appearance has not yet been established. According to the generally accepted point of view, it apparently arose in the 4th millennium BC. e. This ancient city of Phenicia was located in a coastal valley less than 2 km wide.

In the 2nd millennium BC. e. it was a major center international trade. To defend its right to this, Sidon waged a stubborn struggle, including an armed one, with its neighbor, the city of Tire, for a dominant position in the politics and trade of Phenicia.

At the end of the 2nd - beginning of the 1st millennium BC. e. Sidon took an active part in the Phoenician colonization Western Mediterranean.

It became the metropolis of many colonies, and its ships, as Herodotus noted, were known for their fast speed. Like all the main Phoenician cities, Sidon was ruled by royal dynasties. Built partly on the mainland and partly on small islands, the city had two excellent harbors - in the north and in the south.

At the beginning of the 1st millennium BC. e. the influence and power of the city weakened, and it fell under the rule of Tyre. This marked the beginning of the slow decline of Sidon.

In 701 BC. e. it was captured by the Assyrian army. The rulers of Assyria appointed their governors to the city, but the Sidonians, accustomed to freedom over many centuries of independence, repeatedly raised anti-Assyrian uprisings. When the patience of the king of Assyria ended, in 677 BC. e. he ordered the destruction of Sidon.

However, Sidon did not give up and was rebuilt, although little remained of its former splendor and grandeur, and now it was destined to become an ordinary port city. From those times, the remains of the temple of Eshmun, the Phoenician god and patron of Sidon, have been preserved.

In the second half of the 6th century. BC e. Sidon was forcibly annexed to the Achaemenid power, and its kings became vassals paying tribute to the Persian rulers. It is known that the Phoenician dynasty of Sidonian kings enjoyed special respect at the Persian court. But ordinary Sidonians repeatedly rebelled against the Persians. Until in 342 or 351 BC. e. both of its harbors and strong coastal fortifications were not destroyed by order of the Persian king Artaxerxes III, after which the city became easily accessible to the enemy.

But, since some of its berths remained intact, the city was again restored by alliances of traders and seafarers. And in ancient times, Sidon remained a bustling trading port. In the 4th century. BC e. he began to intensively develop relations with Athens, and subsequently with the power of Alexander the Great. A prominent military leader practically rebuilt Sidon and held the Olympic Games there. Then the supreme power over Sidon successively belonged to the Ptolemies and Seleucids.

During the Roman era, the Hellenization of Sidon continued, and the city's economy was based on the production of ivory carvings, gold and silver jewelry, colorful glassware, the manufacture of purple dye, and purple cloth.

At the time of Jesus, most of the inhabitants of Sidon were Greek.

The heaviest damage to the well-being of the city was caused by the earthquake of 501. In 637, Sidon surrendered to the Arabs without resistance. Subsequently, he suffered a lot from the crusaders, who robbed him constantly. They left behind a fortress of two towers on the island and the ruins of the castle of Saint-Louis.

Today Sidon is the third largest city in Lebanon, it is called Saida and is located west of the ancient city, where ruins do not interfere with the construction of new houses.

In our time, there is little that reminds us of the past greatness of the Phoenician cities, and the current Sidon and Tire are relatively small towns fishermen After thousands of years, the sea swallowed up the dams, jetties and embankments. Today they are studied by submarine archaeologists.

History of Tyre

Under King Hiram, a contemporary of the legendary King Solomon, Tire became the capital of a vast power. Its colonies were scattered throughout the Mediterranean.

The city of Tyre is now called Sur. It is the fourth largest city in Lebanon (after Sidon Saida) and one of the country's main ports. The city's economy depends almost entirely on tourism. Among the local attractions is the ancient Roman hippodrome, included in the list World Heritage UNESCO. At the same time, El Rashidiya is located here: one of the largest Palestinian refugee camps for 20 thousand people.

The coast of Tire is included in nature reserve: here is the most important nesting site for migratory birds, as well as a place where offspring are raised sea turtles- green and loggerhead, inhabited by the pygmy pipistrelle bat and the rare flower of sea pancratium grows.

Tire is an ancient Phoenician city-state on east coast Mediterranean Sea, located relatively close to Sidon-Saida. The historical fate of Tire is in many ways similar to the fate of Sidon.

Presumably it arose, like Sidon, in the 4th millennium BC. e. The main buildings were on the island; only suburbs and cemeteries remained on the mainland. In the 3rd-2nd millennium BC. e. it was an important craft and trade center.

At the end of the 2nd - beginning of the 1st millennium BC. e. immigrants from Tire became famous as skilled and brave sailors. They founded numerous colonies on the islands of the Mediterranean, in particular Cyprus and Sicily. But their main colony was in North Africa and was called Carthage, there was also a settlement of Lyke on Atlantic coast Africa. Tire also had colonies in what is now Spain, for example Gades (Cadiz) west of the Strait of Gibraltar. The glory of Tire gradually eclipsed the glory of Sidon. In the 10th century BC e. under King Hiram - a contemporary of the legendary King Solomon - Tire became the capital of a vast maritime power.

Tire has always been not only a neighbor, but also the main rival of Sidon.

“It is richer in fish than in sand,” it is said about Tire in an ancient Egyptian papyrus. The biblical prophet Ezekiel noted the strength and luxury of his ships.

From the 8th century BC e. Tire came under the rule of Assyria and remained a vassal of it until the beginning of the 6th century. BC e., when it was captured by the Neo-Babylonian kingdom. At that time, part of the Assyrian territories separated from Assyria, then contributed to its fall and division along with Tire.

From the second half of the 6th century. Tire is part of the Achaemenid power, having ended up there during the aggressive campaigns of the kings of Ancient Persia. Despite this, navigation and trade flourish in Phenicia, and Tire still remains the “sea gate” of the Ancient East.

In 332 BC. e. Tyre was taken and destroyed by Alexander the Great. But still, Tire rose from the ruins and, as the ancient geographer Strabo wrote, “returned again, thanks to navigation, in which the Phoenicians always surpassed other peoples.”

In 64 BC. e. Roman legions landed in Tire, and it became part of the province of Syria.

Tire's port facilities amazed contemporaries. Underwater archaeological research has shown that the first ancient breakwater went 200 m into the sea, the width of the breakwater was 8 m. A second, even larger breakwater, 750 m long, was found even deeper. A passage for ships was left in the middle of the breakwater. Underwater, fortifications were discovered on each of the two piers, as well as two dams 100 m long.

When Phenicia fell into decay, no one began to repair all these capital structures. Port buildings went under water, dams, harbors, jetties, even embankments ancient Tire ended up at the bottom of the Mediterranean Sea.

general information

Location : southwest Lebanon.

Administrative affiliation : Sidon - Saida region, Tire - Sur region, South Lebanon governorate.

Founded: around 4th millennium BC e.

Language: Arabic, Armenian, Greek.

Ethnic composition : Arabs, Armenians, Greeks.

Religions: Islam - 90%, including Shiism 50%, Sunnism 40%; Alawism, Druze religion; Christianity - about 10%, including Catholicism (Maronites) and Orthodoxy.

Currency unit : Lebanese pound.

Rivers: Sidon - Avali and Sainik.

Airport: them. Rafika Hariri-Beirut (international).

Numbers

Square: Sidon - 7.86 km 2 , Tire - 17 km 2 .

Population: Sidon - 57,800 people, Tire - about 90,000 people. (2008).

Population density : Sidon - 7353.9 people/km 2 , Tire - 5294 people/km 2 (2008).

Average altitude : Sidon - 22 m, Tyre - 10 m.

Remoteness: Sidon - 40 km. south of Beirut, 35 km north of Tire (40 km by road), Tire - 75 km south of Beirut.

Climate and weather

Subtropical, Mediterranean.

Mild and rainy winters, hot and dry summers.

Average January temperature : -14°C.

Average temperature in July : +27°С.

Average annual precipitation : 820 mm.

Average annual relative humidity : 70%.

Economy

Fishing.

Services sector: tourism, transport, trade.

Attractions

Sidon

Ruins of the Phoenician temples of Eshmun (VII century BC) and Melqart (VII century BC)

Temple and throne of Astarte (III century BC)

Synagogue (833)

Sidon Sea Castle (XIII century)

Castle Saint-Louis (XIII century)

Khan el-Franj (French caravanserai, 17th century)

Ottoman Debbani Palace (1721)

British War Cemetery (1943)

Soap Museum (2000)

Shooting Range

Ruins of the Phoenician temple of Melqart (XXVIII century BC)

Arc de Triomphe (332 BC, reconstruction)

Archaeological complex of al-Mina excavations - ruins of ancient Roman buildings of the 2nd-3rd centuries. (theater, agora square, palaestra (gymnastic school), baths, necropolis, hippodrome)

Ruins of the Church of the Holy Cross (XII century)

Thira Coast Nature Reserve (1998)

Phoenician springs of Ras al-Ain

Curious facts

The city's name comes from a Phoenician word meaning " fishing" The Arabic "saidah" means the same thing.

In ancient times, the name Sidon was often applied by both foreign and local sailors to the entire Phoenician coast of the Eastern Mediterranean. This was explained by the importance of Sidon at that time.

There is a legend that during an unsuccessful uprising against the Persians in 342 or 351 BC. e. 40 thousand inhabitants of Sidon burned themselves along with their property in their homes, so as not to fall into the hands of the victors and not be subjected to painful execution. It could be quite probable historical fact: in ancient times, the area of the city was much larger, and up to 100 thousand people lived in it.

Sidon was mentioned several times in biblical sources. Joshua calls the city the great Sidon (Joshua 11:8; 19:28). In Jacob's blessing it is called the border of the settlement of the tribe of Zebulun (Gen. 49:13). The Bible says that Sidon, when dividing the land, was assigned to the tribe of Asher (Joshua 19:28), which, however, never took possession of it (Judges 1:31). Jesus came to the borders of Sidon (Matthew 15:21; Mark 7:24), and the inhabitants of this city came to him to receive help from Him (Mark 3:8; Luke 6:17; Matt 11:22 ). On his way to Rome, Paul found here Christian Church(Acts 27:3).

The Israelites, while conquering Canaan, were unable to take possession of Sidon. Zion's steadfastness infuriated the Israelites, who considered the Sidonians to be enemies of Israel and its faith. For this reason, the Old Testament prophets more than once foreshadowed the coming judgment of Sidon, “mired” in luxury and vice (Jer. 27:3ff.; Joel. 3:4ff.; Ezek. 28:21ff.). The sad fate of Sidon is perceived by the Israelis as the fulfillment of ancient predictions.

The ancient Greek poet Homer wrote in his poems about “copper-rich Sidon” and the “skillful Sidonians.” Copper was not mined in Sidon, it was brought there for glass production: copper oxide is used in the production of glass and giving it green and blue colors, as well as in the production of copper-ruby glass.

Sidon was for a long time the first among the Phoenician cities in what is today southern Lebanon. There is an assumption that Tire was founded by a group of Sidonians dissatisfied with the “ruling regime”. For a long time, Sidon did not pay attention to its rapidly growing competitor, until around 1200 BC. e. was not surpassed by Tyre. The Bible reports that Tire bypassed Sidon so much that Sidonian woodcutters and sailors were in his service (3 Chron. 5:6; Ezek. 27:8).

Unlike Sidon and other Phoenician cities, Tire did not want to surrender to the mercy of the conqueror of the Persians, Alexander the Great. Nothing surprising: before this, no one had ever managed to take this fortress city, located on an island, by storm. At first, Alexander the Great did not succeed either. And then the commander, accustomed to solving any problem on a grand scale, decided: if the troops cannot take the island-fortress, then it is necessary to make sure that it ceases to be an island. By order of the emperor, an embankment was built across the strait separating Tire from the mainland in seven months: it has survived to this day. The city fell, was destroyed and plundered, and the people who survived the assault and wild massacre were sold into slavery.

The biblical prophet Ezekiel, addressing Tire, says this about his ships: “All your platforms were built from the Senir cypresses; they took cedar from Lebanon to make masts for you; They made your oars from the oak trees of Bashan; your benches were made of beech wood, with frames of ivory from the islands of Chittim; patterned fabrics from Egypt were used for your sails and served as a flag; blue and purple fabrics from the islands of Elisha were your veil” (Book of the Prophet Ezekiel, chapter 27, 5-7).

In 53 BC. e. Tire fell under Roman rule. Cleopatra asked Mark Antony to transfer the city to her, but he refused, since Tyre had the status of a free city.

One of the oldest cities in Lebanon and a place of pilgrimage for lovers ancient history tourists, Tire boasts a remarkable archaeological park - and its scale is so huge that UNESCO, including the city on the World Heritage List in 1984, was forced to divide the attractions into three large zones: in Al Mina 1 and Al Mina 2 you can see the oldest evidence of the activities of the civilizations of the Middle East - the Egyptians, Romans and Byzantines, and Al-Bass is entirely dedicated to Roman “works”, of which the most notable are the hippodrome for 20 thousand spectators and the arched gallery. NATO soldiers and the Al-Bass refugee camp are almost at the entrance to archaeological park slightly darken the picture, and there are no people willing to stay in the city for a long time, so it makes sense to come here on a one-day excursion.

According to the Gospel of John, Jesus Christ performed his first great miracle, turning water into wine, at a wedding celebration in Cana, 13 km from Tire.

How to get to Tyre

The easiest way to get to Tire is by road from Beirut - buses, minibuses and minibuses"service". The bus ride will take from one to one and a half hours and will cost 3,000 LBP; they depart every 15 minutes from 5 am to 9 pm from the Cola transport station in the Lebanese capital. Minibuses from Beirut limp along for one to two hours, depending on the driver’s skills; travel will cost 2000-3000 LBP. "Service" is the most quick way get to Tyre. The cars set off as soon as all the seats are filled; fare - 10-15,000 LBP.

Prices on the page are as of March 2019.

Search for flights to Beirut (closest airport to Tire)

How to navigate the city

The most old part The city is located on a narrow cape jutting out into the sea. Here, right behind the fishing port, where colorful boats of local fishermen and large trawlers are moored intermixed, is the Christian quarter, and immediately behind it begins the Al-Mina archaeological park, both of its parts. Al-Bass Park is located deep in the city, in close proximity to the Palestinian refugee camp of the same name.

Transport

Considering small sizes Tyra, you can easily get around him on your own two feet. If by the end of the day you are quite tired from walking, a taxi is at your service. Meters have not been heard of in Tire since the time of Queen Elissa, so you should discuss the amount of payment with the driver before boarding the taxi.

4 things to do in Tire

Shout “Carthage, I’m coming!” on the embankment of Tire, becoming like the Phoenician fugitive queen Elissa. Then, of course, hurry to Tunisia.
Walk along the main street of the Roman city, intricately paved with mosaics - it is 18 centuries old!
Take a walk through the grandiose thermal baths and regret that the scale of washing is not the same today.
After visiting the ruins, dine in style at the Little Phoenician in the old port.

Fira Hotels

It is especially not customary to stay overnight in Tire - it is quite possible to see archaeological sites during daylight hours. However, for fans of the excavations, there are several accommodation options that are especially convenient if you decide to head to Sidon the next morning. The most pompous hotel bears the simple name “Rest House” and offers spacious modern rooms, an excellent restaurant, a cozy bar, two outdoor swimming pools and own sand beach for 140-170 USD (suites are also available for 400 USD). A simpler option, but no less charming, is the Al-Fanar hotel-restaurant. There is a homely atmosphere here, they prepare delicious traditional dishes and ask you to pay an affordable 70-90 USD per night.

Among the park's most notable ruins are the large-scale Roman baths and the adjacent rectangular area that could accommodate up to 2,000 spectators, presumably watching an ancient form of water polo.

Cuisine and restaurants

Fast food establishments cluster on the busy Abu Deeb street. They serve the ubiquitous falafel and shawarma; The most popular eatery among the locals is called Abu Deeb. For something more substantial, we recommend going to the Tanit restaurant near the fishing port. Their traditional dishes are great amount meze, steaks and a bar with foreign strong drinks, beloved by NATO soldiers. Another pleasant option is called “Tiros” - there is delicious food at affordable prices, and on Saturdays there is music live music. For a pompous dinner, head straight to the “Little Phoenician”, which is in the old port - the “trick” there is delicious fish dishes and an open terrace above the ancient pier.

The splendor of the monuments of Tyre

Entertainment and attractions of Tire

Al Mina Archaeological Park includes ruins dating back to the 3rd millennium BC - once the site of an Egyptian harbor, the sea later receded to make way for later Roman construction. Notice the mosaic-paved street, flanked by columns made of green marble imported from Greece. Among the most notable ruins of the park are the large-scale Roman baths of the 2nd-3rd century and the adjacent rectangular spectator area, which could accommodate up to 2000 spectators - presumably watching the ancient form of water polo.

There are ruins 5 minutes' walk from Al Mina medieval castle Crusader (12th century), to which several streets from the Roman and Byzantine periods lead.

Al Bass Archaeological Park is located approximately 2 km from the Al Mina ruins. The first thing to do here is to explore the ancient Roman necropolis with hundreds of magnificently carved marble sarcophagi - on some you can read the names of the “inhabitants”, others are poetically decorated with lines from the Iliad. Next, you should definitely admire the amazingly well-preserved arched gallery of Emperor Hadrian (2nd century), rising to a height of 20 meters, walk along a 1.6 km long Roman road and take a walk along the largest and first preserved ancient Roman hippodrome in the world - it once housed more than 20 thousand spectators! Here are also the ruins of the aqueduct that delivered water to the Al-Mina baths.

Cave of Kana

According to the Gospel of John, Jesus Christ performed his first great miracle, turning water into wine, at the wedding celebrations at Cana. Regarding where it was located biblical city Kana, there is still a lively debate, but the residents of Lebanon are sure that a miracle happened in the town of Kana, located 10 km southeast of Tire. Evidence of the miraculous transformation of drinks, of course, has not survived, but the main attraction of the village - Kana's cave - is well worth attention. According to legend, this is where Jesus spent the night before performing the miracle. On the way to the cave, pay attention to the ancient wall bas-reliefs carved into the rock, depicting the life of the Savior.

The cave is open from 8 a.m. to sunset and admission costs 4,000 LBP for adults and 2,000 LBP for children.

Continuing the journey another 18 km, you can reach the town of Tibnin to admire the 12th century Crusader castle built on a hill in the center of the city. In clear weather, the castle walls offer breathtaking views of fields, mountains and the coast.

By the way, why Tyr? The modern Arabic name of the city is Sur, but for some reason both in Russia and in the West it is called by the ancient Phoenician name, while in the case of Sidon the modern Arabic name Saida has taken root.
From Saida to Tire – 40 kilometers. A minibus (2 thousand liras) covers this distance in an hour, along the coastal highway with a couple of checkpoints - the second is already at the entrance to the city itself, with a propaganda poster depicting a recognizable guy with a goatee and an inscription (in English), which he translated as “Uncle Sam, don't get carried away!" :)

Tire in ancient times was one of the largest Phoenician city-states; it appeared, apparently, in the 4th millennium BC. Immigrants from Tire founded numerous colonies throughout the Mediterranean, including Carthage and Hades. IN different time the city was under the rule of Egypt, Assyria, Babylonia, and the Achaemenids, but retained autonomy. In 332 BC. After a long siege, the city was taken and destroyed by Alexander the Great. Then he was part of the powers of his successors, the Ptolemies and Seleucids. In 64 BC. became part of the Roman Empire and was the capital of the province of Syria Phoenician. In Byzantium, Tire was the center of an archbishopric. In 635, the Arabs conquered it and built a fleet here, with which they captured Cyprus. During the Crusades, Tire became a real symbol of resistance to the crusaders - they captured it only in 1124, after a couple of sieges. And they held it until 1291. In modern Lebanon, Tire has the fate of a “border city.” Now Tire is one of the strongholds of Hezbollah.

You can feel this right away - driving through the streets hung with Hezbollah flags (in the complete absence of Lebanese ones), portraits of Sheikh Nasrallah, his associates, young heroes of the fight against Zionism.

When you get off the minibus at the market, overpowering the noise of the Arab bazaar, your ears are immediately hit by the battle marches of Hezbollah, coming from the speakers at the door of a shop selling the corresponding symbols. So, if you are interested in “Hezbolic” exoticism in Lebanon, then it is not in Baalbek, but in Tire.

Due to the abundance of Hezbollah, the Lebanese army in Tire is not as visible as in Beirut, Tripoli and Saida - only one armored personnel carrier was seen. Much more often on the streets you came across white UN jeeps with blue-helmeted peacekeepers of Latin American appearance - they looked a little hunted :)

What else can you see in Tire? Leftovers ancient city, which are even included in the UNESCO World Heritage List - completely undeservedly, in my opinion. They are presented in a pair of archaeological zones - Al-Bass and Al-Mina (entrance - 6 thousand liras each).

Such are the archaeological excavations with various obscure columns and piles of stones with tablets.

Tire itself is located on a peninsula jutting out into the Mediterranean Sea - so they are in Tire on three sides at once.

When entering the city, the minibus first stops at the Al-Bass roundabout, where most passengers get off. Nearby is the vast Palestinian camp of Al-Bass. It is not surrounded by any wall - just semi-slum-like city blocks, decorated here and there with Palestinian flags and portraits of Arafat. Behind the camp is the archaeological zone of the same name.

Then the bus drives along a long embankment with heavy traffic - to the Al-Mina ring. This is where the local bass stand is located, combined with a branch. The local juice shop makes the best juices in all of Lebanon - orange in real Syrian large mugs cost 3 thousand lire.
From the ring, walk a little south and you will reach the archaeological zone of Al-Mina.

On the other hand, it looks like ancient quarters with mosques.

At the very end of the peninsula are the former Christian quarters with a lighthouse.

Shooting Range An ancient Phoenician city state on the eastern coast of the Mediterranean Sea. Ancient city Shooting Range was formed in the 3rd millennium BC. Its founders were the Phoenicians. Nowadays, at a distance of 20 kilometers from its outskirts there is the border of Lebanon with Israel. Tire is believed to be the first Phoenician settlement. According to an ancient legend, the city was founded on the area where the god Melqart was born. According to ancient legend, before the settlement of the territory of present Tyre, in its place there was a small island, freely moving along Mediterranean Sea. Over time, an eagle was sacrificed at the birthplace of the Phoenician god. After drops of blood fell on the island, he stopped his movement.

In the 28th century BC, a temple was erected in Tire in honor of Melqart. In front of the entrance there were two columns made of gold. The height of each of them reached 9 meters. Every day in the halls of the temple a ritual of sacrifice was performed, which was accompanied by dancing. Only barefoot people were allowed to walk indoors. In the 6th century BC, the city was captured by the troops of Nebuchadnezzar with the aim of plundering the ancient settlement. But the inhabitants of the city managed to escape to an island located next to Tire, where they built new town under the same name.

In the 9th century BC, the island territories, by order of King Hiram, were connected to the mainland by an isthmus. As a result, an artificial cape was formed. During the period of the conquests of Alexander the Great, the isthmus was destroyed, replacing it with a pier. The great commander himself took part in its construction. It is known that the first two buckets of sand were poured into the base of the dam. All construction work was carried out manually. Due to a lack of raw materials, townspeople were forced to demolish their own homes. Over time, the island turned into a peninsula.

Shooting range - was the only city that did not surrender voluntarily to Alexander the Great. The townspeople bravely fought the enemy who attacked them. The invaders were forced to attack the city for 7 long months. After the capture of Tire, most of the townspeople were destroyed, the survivors were driven into slavery.

In the era of Alexander the Great, Tire was famous for its cedar, which was used for the construction of dams and ships. During Phoenician times, the city was famous for its glass and textile craftsmen. On its territory minted coins began to be used for the first time. Over the entire period of its existence, Tire changed its rulers more than once from different countries. Temples are witnesses to those events, historical monuments and ancient ruins of ancient buildings.

The monograph, based on archaeological and written sources, restores the history of Thira, the social structure and culture of the city, its place among other ancient cities and its role in the life of the tribes of the North-Western Black Sea region for a millennium.

One of the most famous ancient Phoenician cities and one of the largest commercial centers of the Ancient World, the city of Tyre, was founded in the 28th century BC. Currently, this city is known as Sur and is located in modern Lebanon. According to Phoenician legend, the city of Tire was built by the sailor god Usos, who sailed on a log to the island on which he built an altar.

Mentions in ancient sources regarding Tire and its inhabitants can be found in the chronicles of Ancient Egypt, and in other important historical documents of Antiquity. Tire was originally an important port and trading city, which traded with many countries in the region, including Ancient Egypt. Also, the vast majority of Phoenician colonies in the western Mediterranean were colonies of Tire (including Cadiz and Carthage).

The prosperity of Tire constantly aroused the envy of the rulers of powerful empires Ancient world, and as a consequence it was constantly besieged by Assyrian, Babylonian, Judean, Persian and Egyptian troops. These constant wars and sieges led to the decline of Tire's power in the region and the weakening of its power in the colonies.

During the period of rise Ancient Greece, Tire became an important educational and scientific center, retaining this status during the period Ancient Rome. Tire also entered the history of Christianity as one of the first Christian cities; The Apostle Paul lived and preached here for a short period of time.

Sources: guide.travel.ru, tochka-na-karte.ru, www.bookarchive.ru, sredizemnomor.ru, interpretive.ru

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Tire (properly Tsur, lit. "Rock"), a coastal city-state in Phenicia (modern Sur in Lebanon). According to legend and archaeological data, it was founded around the 28th century. BC e. Proto-Phoenicians-Canaanites (see Canaan). It existed as an independent urban community, later a city-state, where the royal government had to reckon with a strong communal organization. Since ancient times, the city, inaccessible to the enemy who did not have a powerful fleet, consisted of two parts - a settlement on the mainland (Wushu) and an island citadel, where the population took refuge in case of danger. The main center of city life was the temple of the city's patron god Melqart.

Around 1468 Tire was conquered by the pharaoh and entered the Asian territories of Egypt (around 1355-1300 under Hittite influence). Initially inferior to neighboring Sidon, after the defeat of which by the “peoples of the sea” around 1175 (which also caused a massive resettlement of the Sidonians to Tire, so that all southern Phoenicians, including the Tyrians, were subsequently called “Sidonians”; perhaps the newcomers even dominated Tire at first) moved to the first plan. In the late 12th and early 11th centuries, Tire carried out the first stage of Phoenician colonization of the Mediterranean [colonies in Spain (Gadir, modern Cadiz), Africa (Utica, Lix), Sicily and some Aegean islands], becoming a Mediterranean maritime power.

Around 1075, Egypt loses power in Asia, and Tire begins an era of independence. By the beginning of the 10th century, the kings of Tire subjugated Sidon, in memory of its power, took the title “kings of the Sidonians” (meaning “all Phoenicians in general”) and controlled all of Southern Phenicia. The greatest prosperity of the Tyro-Sidonian kingdom falls during the reign of Hiram I (969-936), who turned Tire into impregnable fortress. Hiram strengthened the Mediterranean power of Tyre, bought part of Galilee and included some cities of Cyprus in the Tyrian sphere of influence. The alliance he concluded with Israel, whose king at this time was Solomon, lasted about a century. In the 10th century The shooting gallery turns into the largest shopping mall Mediterranean, living primarily through shipping, piracy and the sale of purple, glass, and slaves. In the 9th century The Phoenicians were driven out of the Aegean by the Greeks. The usurper Itobaal (from 879) strengthened the position of Tire and resumed the colonization of the Western Mediterranean (including Sardinia), where many new Phoenician centers appeared (including Carthage, 823).

In 743, Tire recognized its dependence on Assyria (before that, in 876 - about 780 it paid tribute), however, excessive tribute and Assyria’s attempt to tear away all its possessions in Phenicia from Tire (725) led to a war (724-720), as a result of which Eluli of Tire finally recognized Assyrian power, but regained everything lost. A new revolt of Eluli (about 704) ended with the siege of Tire by the Assyrians, the flight of the king overseas and the loss of all Phoenician cities previously subject to Tire (701). After the recognition (about 696) of Assyrian supremacy, Tire rebelled repeatedly, incurring new Assyrian campaigns, and in 644 it was defeated on its mainland by Ashurbanipal. At the turn of the 8th-7th centuries. BC e. lost his overseas possessions (although ideas about the seniority of Tire persisted until the 5th century BC).

Around 630, as a result of the sharp weakening of Assyria in the war with the Scythians, Tire again became a virtually independent city, its merchants controlling the trade routes of the Mediterranean, right up to east-central Asia Minor, southern Arabia, Spain, and perhaps even Britain. However, the invasion of the region by the Egyptians (early 610s) and then the Babylonians (605) put Tire between two fires. Coming out on the Babylonian side and pressed by the Egyptians, Tire went over to the side of the latter (588), but a 13-year siege (about 587-575), organized by the king of Babylon

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