Where is Balkan located? What countries are located on the Balkan Peninsula

The Balkan Peninsula is in southern Europe. There are few such places on the Balkan Peninsula. Modern photo The Balkan Peninsula has rich vegetation.

In antiquity, the Balkan Mountains were called in ancient Greek Αἶμος, in Latin Haemus. In addition, the Balkan countries are a real center of recreational childhood: there are a lot of children’s and youth camps and a whole bunch of schools teaching foreign languages. You can stay continuously in the territory of visa-free Balkan countries for 30-90 days within a six-month period.

In the north and northwest, the Balkan Peninsula, which is part of Southern Europe, borders on countries such as Austria, Hungary and Italy. To get acquainted with the color of the countries on the map of the Balkan Peninsula, it is worth visiting the eight most interesting directions. The climate in the north and east is temperate continental, in the south and third it is subtropical Mediterranean. In the N. and E. broad-leaved and coniferous forests, in the south and 3rd - Mediterranean hard-leaved forests and shrubs, the plains are cultivated.

The steppes and forest-steppes in the north and east are plowed; corn, wheat, tobacco, and grapes are grown; gardens; in the south there are plantations of olives, citrus fruits, and pomegranates. Southern Europe. On ter. The peninsula contains parts of Slovenia and Romania, Croatia, Serbia and Montenegro, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Albania, Macedonia, Bulgaria, Greece and the European part of Turkey. It juts out into the sea for 950 km. It is washed by the Mediterranean, Adriatic, Ionian, Marmara, Aegean and Black seas.

To the south it forms the Morea Peninsula (Peloponnese). To the east are the Balkan Mountains and the eroded Dobruja Highlands. With the intensification of the struggle for markets, the Balkan Peninsula with its 43 million population is also gaining interest as a place for selling goods.

Balkan Mountains (see Stara Planina). In the mountains there is a high altitude climate. On the north and in the mountains int. parts of the Baltic region are dominated by forests from Central Europe. The shores of the peninsula are strongly dissected. The northern border of the peninsula is considered to be a conventional line drawn along the Danube, Sava and Kupa rivers, and from the source of the latter to the Kvarner Strait.

Faith - and only the Orthodox faith - lifts this peninsula above the East and West. In ancient times, Greeks, Macedonians, Illyrians, Thracians and other ancient peoples lived on the peninsula. After the conquest of most of the peninsula by the Roman Empire, many peoples became Latinized, although some remained under the influence of Greek culture.

What countries are located on the Balkan Peninsula?

As a result of the collapse Austro-Hungarian Empire At the end of the First World War, the political structure and organization of the Balkan region changed significantly. Jovan Kvizic, the compiler of this “ethnographic map” of the Balkan region, published in 1918 by the American geographical society New York, taught geography at the University of Belgrade.

The Balkan Peninsula and adjacent islands are washed by Mediterranean Sea. The climate on the Balkan Peninsula is favorable. The people who inhabited this territory had to conquer difficult mountains, because they occupy 4/5 of the Balkan Peninsula. Find Mount Olympus on the map (p. 113). Describe its location. Occupations of the ancient Greeks The population of the Balkan Peninsula was engaged in agriculture, cattle breeding, fishing, and hunting.

Look at the map and name the areas and islands near the Balkan Peninsula that are rich in the named minerals. Fresco Ancient Greek ship The sea played a huge role in the life of the ancient Greeks. The shores of the Balkan Peninsula are indented with a great variety of bays and coves in which one could hide from bad weather. An ancient, highly detailed map of the Balkans with an additional map of Constantinople (modern Istanbul) and the Central Balkans in the area of ​​Philippopolis (modern Plovdiv, Bulgaria).

The southeast of Europe, washed by the waters of the Mediterranean and Black Seas, the Balkans is a kind of corner for intimate neighborly gatherings in a friendly way. In a general cultural sense, the Balkans are all of the above without taking into account Turkey and Italy: the first is usually attributed to Asia, the second to Southern Europe.

Macedonia and Serbia are landlocked, but holidays mountain lakes these countries, on their balneological resorts could be a great addition to excursion tours across the Balkans. In the south of this country the climate is reminiscent of the Mediterranean - mild and warm.

Balkan Peninsula, its nature

South Europe, jutting into the Mediterranean Sea. Hall. the shores are indented, rocky, eastern. - low. The relief is predominantly mountainous (Rhodope Mountains, Dinaric Highlands, Rida Mountains - up to 2925 m). Plains in the north and in intermountain depressions, in places along the coasts. The peninsula has been inhabited since ancient times. See these articles. This book will be produced in accordance with your order using Print-on-Demand technology.

The coasts are heavily indented, with many adjacent islands, especially in the south (Greece) and east. In the west stretch the Dinaric Mountains, to the south passing into Pindus and the mountains of Greece. More significant flat areas (Lower Danube and Thracian lowlands, Bulgarian plateau) - in the east. parts. The rivers (except the Danube) are small. Europe south to Aegean Sea and further to Asia. The interests of England, Italy, France, and before the war, Germany, Russia and Austria-Hungary are connected with these directions of world communications.

When planning to get acquainted with new countries, take a close look at the Balkan Peninsula. The majority of countries on the Balkan Peninsula practice visa-free regime entry

The Balkan region is often called the “powder keg” of Europe. And not by chance. In the 20th century, wars and conflicts of various scales broke out here every now and then. Yes and the first World War began right here, after the heir to the Austro-Hungarian throne was killed in Sarajevo. In the early 90s, the Balkan countries experienced another serious shock - the collapse of Yugoslavia. This event significantly changed political map European region.

Balkan region and its geography

Comparatively small area All Balkan countries are located in 505 thousand square kilometers. The geography of the peninsula is very diverse. Its coastline is heavily dissected and washed by the waters of six seas. The Balkans are predominantly mountainous and heavily rugged deep canyons. However, the most high point peninsula - Mount Musala - does not even reach 3000 meters in height.

Two more natural features characteristic of this region: this presence huge amount small islands off coastline(mainly in Croatia), as well as the widespread occurrence of karst processes (it is in Slovenia that the famous Karst plateau is located, which served as the donor of the name for a separate group of landforms).

The name of the peninsula comes from the Turkish word balkan, which means “large and wooded.” mountain range". The northern border of the Balkans is usually drawn along the line and Sava.

Balkan countries: list

Today, there are ten state entities in the Balkans (of which 9 are sovereign states and one is partially recognized). Below is a list of them, including the capitals of the Balkan countries:

  1. Slovenia (capital - Ljubljana).
  2. Greece (Athens).
  3. Romania (Bucharest).
  4. Macedonia (Skopje).
  5. Bosnia and Herzegovina (Sarajevo).
  6. Serbia (Belgrade).
  7. Montenegro (Podgorica).
  8. Croatia (Zagreb).
  9. Republic of Kosovo (a partially recognized state with its capital in Pristina).

It should be noted that in some regional classifications Moldova is also classified as a Balkan country.

In the second half XIX century all Balkan peoples were under the yoke of Turkey, as well as the Austro-Hungarian Empire, which could not contribute to their national and cultural development. In the 60-70s of the century before last, national liberation aspirations intensified in the Balkans. Balkan countries, one after another, are trying to take the path of independent development.

The first of them was Bulgaria. In 1876, an uprising began here, which, however, was brutally suppressed by the Turks. Outraged by such bloody actions, which resulted in the death of about 30 thousand Orthodox Bulgarians, Russia declared war on the Turks. Ultimately, Türkiye was forced to recognize Bulgaria's independence.

In 1912, following the example of the Bulgarians, Albania also achieved independence. At the same time, Bulgaria, Serbia and Greece created the so-called “Balkan Union” in order to finally free themselves from Turkish oppression. Soon the Turks were driven out of the peninsula. Only a small piece of land with the city of Constantinople remained under their rule.

However, after the victory over their common enemy, the Balkan countries begin to fight among themselves. Thus, Bulgaria, with the support of Austria-Hungary, attacks Serbia and Greece. The latter, in turn, received military support from Romania.

The Balkans finally turned into a big “powder keg” on June 28, 1914, when the heir to the Austro-Hungarian throne, Prince Ferdinand, was assassinated in Sarajevo by the Serbian Princip. Thus began the First World War, which involved almost all of Europe, as well as some countries in Asia, Africa and even Central America.

Collapse of Yugoslavia

Yugoslavia was created back in 1918, immediately after the liquidation of the Austro-Hungarian Empire. The process of its collapse, which began in 1991, significantly redrew the then existing political map of Europe.

Slovenia was the first to leave Yugoslavia as a result of the so-called 10-day war. Croatia followed, but the military conflict between Croats and Serbs lasted 4.5 years and claimed at least 20 thousand lives. At the same time, it continued and resulted in the recognition of the new state entity of Bosnia and Herzegovina.

One of the last stages of the collapse of Yugoslavia was the referendum on the independence of Montenegro, which took place in 2006. According to its results, 55.5% of Montenegrins voted for secession from Serbia.

Kosovo's shaky independence

On February 17, 2008, it unilaterally declared its independence. The international community's reaction to this event was extremely mixed. Today, Kosovo, as an independent state, is recognized by only 108 countries (out of 193 UN members). Among them are the USA and Canada, Japan, Australia, most and some countries in Africa and Latin America.

However, the independence of the republic has not yet been recognized by Russia and China (which are part of it, which does not allow Kosovo to become a full member of the main international organization on the planet.

Finally...

Modern Balkan countries began their path to independence back in late XIX century. However, the process of border formation in the Balkans has not yet been completed.

Today, there are ten countries within the Balkan region. These are Slovenia, Greece, Bulgaria, Romania, Macedonia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Serbia, Montenegro, Croatia, as well as the partially recognized state of Kosovo.

505,000 km²

Nature

Shores

Minerals

Balkan Peninsula. origin of name

The modern name of the Balkan Peninsula comes from the name of the mountains of the same name, which in turn go back to the tour. Balkan "big, tall" Mountain chain, overgrown with forests,” chag. Balkan"mountain range". In antiquity, the Balkan Mountains were called in ancient Greek. Αἶμος , lat. Haemus.

Historical reference

In the 19th century the struggle of the Balkan peoples to establish independence flared up; c - as a result of the Balkan Wars, Turkey’s borders on the peninsula moved to modern borders. The First World War began in the Balkans, the immediate casus belli of which was the assassination of the Austrian heir Franz Ferdinand in Sarajevo.

In the 1990s, the region was rocked by conflicts in the republics of the former Yugoslavia, which ended with the breakup of the country into Serbia, Croatia, Montenegro, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Slovenia, Macedonia and, partially recognized, Kosovo.

see also

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Notes

Literature

  • // Military Encyclopedia: [in 18 volumes] / ed. V. F. Novitsky [and others]. - St. Petersburg.
  • ; [M.]: Type. t-va I.V. Sytin, 1911-1915. Murzaev E. M. Folk dictionary
  • ; [M.]: Type. geographical terms

. 1st ed. - M., Mysl, 1984.

Polar regions

Oceans
An excerpt characterizing the Balkan Peninsula
- Why ask me? General Armfeld proposed an excellent position with an open rear. Or attack von diesem italienischen Herrn, sehr schon! [this Italian gentleman, very good! (German)] Or retreat. Auch gut. [Also good (German)] Why ask me? - he said. – After all, you yourself know everything better than me. - But when Volkonsky, frowning, said that he was asking his opinion on behalf of the sovereign, Pfuel stood up and, suddenly animated, began to say:
– Nun ja, was soll denn da noch expliziert werden? [Well, yes, what else is there to interpret? (German)] - Paulucci and Michaud attacked Wolzogen in French in two voices. Armfeld addressed Pfuel in German. Tol explained it in Russian to Prince Volkonsky. Prince Andrei silently listened and observed.
Of all these persons, the embittered, decisive and stupidly self-confident Pfuel most excited the participation of Prince Andrei. He alone, of all the people present here, obviously did not want anything for himself, did not harbor enmity towards anyone, but wanted only one thing - to put into action the plan drawn up according to the theory he had developed over years of work. He was funny, unpleasant in his irony, but at the same time he inspired involuntary respect with his boundless devotion to the idea. In addition, in all the speeches of all the speakers, with the exception of Pfuel, there was one common feature that was not present at the military council in 1805 - it was now, although hidden, a panicky fear of the genius of Napoleon, a fear that was expressed in everyone objection. They assumed everything was possible for Napoleon, waited for him from all sides, and with his terrible name they destroyed each other’s assumptions. Only Pfuel, it seemed, considered him, Napoleon, to be the same barbarian as all the opponents of his theory. But, in addition to a feeling of respect, Pful instilled in Prince Andrei a feeling of pity. From the tone with which the courtiers treated him, from what Paulucci allowed himself to say to the emperor, but most importantly from the somewhat desperate expression of Pfuel himself, it was clear that others knew and he himself felt that his fall was close. And, despite his self-confidence and German grumpy irony, he was pitiful with his smoothed hair at the temples and tassels sticking out at the back of his head. Apparently, although he hid it under the guise of irritation and contempt, he was in despair because now the only opportunity to test it through vast experience and prove to the whole world the correctness of his theory eluded him.
The debate continued for a long time, and the longer it continued, the more the disputes flared up, reaching the point of shouting and personalities, and the less it was possible to draw any general conclusion from everything that was said. Prince Andrei, listening to this multilingual conversation and these assumptions, plans and refutations and shouts, was only surprised at what they all said. Those thoughts that had long and often occurred to him during his military activities, that there is and cannot be any military science and therefore there cannot be any so-called military genius, now received for him the complete evidence of the truth. “What kind of theory and science could there be in a matter in which the conditions and circumstances are unknown and cannot be determined, in which the strength of the war actors can be even less determined? No one could and cannot know what the position of our and the enemy’s army will be in a day, and no one can know what the strength of this or that detachment will be. Sometimes, when there is no coward in front who will shout: “We are cut off!” - and he runs, and there is a cheerful one, brave man in front, who will shout: “Hurray! - a detachment of five thousand is worth thirty thousand, as at Shepgraben, and sometimes fifty thousand flee before eight, as at Austerlitz. What kind of science can there be in such a matter, in which, as in any practical matter, nothing can be determined and everything depends on countless conditions, the meaning of which is determined in one minute, about which no one knows when it will come. Armfeld says that our army is cut off, and Paulucci says that we have placed the French army between two fires; Michaud says that the disadvantage of the Dris camp is that the river is behind, and Pfuhl says that this is its strength. Toll proposes one plan, Armfeld proposes another; and everyone is good, and everyone is bad, and the benefits of any situation can only be obvious at the moment when the event occurs. And why does everyone say: a military genius? Is the person who manages to order the delivery of crackers in time and go to the right, to the left, a genius? It is only because military men are invested with splendor and power, and the masses of scoundrels flatter the authorities, giving it unusual qualities of genius, that they are called geniuses. On the contrary, the best generals I have known are stupid or absent-minded people. The best Bagration, - Napoleon himself admitted this. And Bonaparte himself! I remember his smug and limited face on the Austerlitz Field. Not only does a good commander not need genius or any special qualities, but, on the contrary, he needs the absence of the best highest, human qualities - love, poetry, tenderness, philosophical inquisitive doubt. He must be limited, firmly convinced that what he is doing is very important (otherwise he will lack patience), and only then will he be a brave commander. God forbid, if he is a person, he will love someone, feel sorry for him, think about what is fair and what is not. It is clear that from time immemorial the theory of geniuses was falsified for them, because they are the authorities. The credit for the success of military affairs depends not on them, but on the person in the ranks who shouts: lost, or shouts: hurray! And only in these ranks can you serve with the confidence that you are useful!“
So Prince Andrey thought, listening to the talk, and woke up only when Paulucci called him and everyone was already leaving.
The next day, at the review, the sovereign asked Prince Andrei where he wanted to serve, and Prince Andrei lost himself forever in the court world, not asking to remain with the sovereign’s person, but asking permission to serve in the army.

Before the opening of the campaign, Rostov received a letter from his parents, in which, briefly informing him about Natasha’s illness and about the break with Prince Andrei (this break was explained to him by Natasha’s refusal), they again asked him to resign and come home. Nikolai, having received this letter, did not try to ask for leave or resignation, but wrote to his parents that he was very sorry about Natasha’s illness and breakup with her fiancé and that he would do everything possible to fulfill their wishes. He wrote to Sonya separately.
“Dear friend of my soul,” he wrote. “Nothing but honor could keep me from returning to the village.” But now, before the opening of the campaign, I would consider myself dishonest not only before all my comrades, but also before myself, if I preferred my happiness to my duty and love for the fatherland. But this is the last parting. Believe that immediately after the war, if I am alive and everyone loves you, I will drop everything and fly to you to press you forever to my fiery chest.”
Indeed, only the opening of the campaign delayed Rostov and prevented him from coming - as he promised - and marrying Sonya. Otradnensky autumn with hunting and winter with Christmastide and Sonya's love opened to him the prospect of quiet noble joys and tranquility, which he had not known before and which now beckoned him to themselves. “A nice wife, children, a good pack of hounds, dashing ten to twelve packs of greyhounds, a household, neighbors, election service! - he thought. But now there was a campaign, and it was necessary to remain in the regiment. And since this was necessary, Nikolai Rostov, by his nature, was satisfied with the life that he led in the regiment, and managed to make this life pleasant for himself.
Arriving from vacation, joyfully greeted by his comrades, Nikolai was sent for repairs and brought excellent horses from Little Russia, which delighted him and earned him praise from his superiors. In his absence, he was promoted to captain, and when the regiment was put under martial law with an increased complement, he again received his former squadron.
The campaign began, the regiment was moved to Poland, double pay was given, new officers, new people, horses arrived; and, most importantly, that excitedly cheerful mood that accompanies the outbreak of war spread; and Rostov, aware of his advantageous position in the regiment, completely devoted himself to the pleasures and interests of military service, although he knew that sooner or later he would have to leave them.
The troops retreated from Vilna for various complex state, political and tactical reasons. Each step of retreat was accompanied by a complex interplay of interests, conclusions and passions in the main headquarters. For the hussars of the Pavlograd regiment, this entire retreat campaign, in the best part of summer, with sufficient food, was the simplest and most fun thing. They could become despondent, worry and intrigue in the main apartment, but in the deep army they did not ask themselves where and why they were going. If they regretted retreating, it was only because they had to leave a comfortable apartment, a pretty lady. If it occurred to someone that things were bad, then, as a good military man should, the one to whom it occurred to him tried to be cheerful and not think about the general course of affairs, but think about his immediate business. At first they cheerfully stood near Vilna, making acquaintances with Polish landowners and waiting and serving inspections of the sovereign and other senior commanders. Then the order came to retreat to the Sventsyans and destroy the provisions that could not be taken away. Sventsyany was remembered by the hussars only because it was a drunken camp, as the whole army called the Sventsyany camp, and because in Sventsyany there were many complaints against the troops because, taking advantage of the order to take away provisions, they also took horses among the provisions, and carriages and carpets from the Polish gentlemen. Rostov remembered Sventsyany because on the first day of entering this place he replaced the sergeant and could not cope with all the men of the squadron who had drunk too much, who, without his knowledge, took away five barrels of old beer. From Sventsyan they retreated further and further to Drissa, and again retreated from Drissa, already approaching the Russian borders.

Peninsula in Southern Europe. The area is about 505 thousand km2. The greatest extent from west to east is about 1260 km, from north to south 950 km. It is washed with the W. Adriatic and Ionian seas, with the E. Black, Marmara, Bosphorus and Dardanelles, Aegean... ... Great Soviet Encyclopedia

Balkan Peninsula- Balkan Peninsula. Rhodes Island. View of ancient acropolis. BALKAN PENINSULA, in southern Europe (Albania, Bulgaria, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Macedonia, Yugoslavia, most of Greece, part of Romania, Slovenia, Turkey, Croatia). Area 505 thousand... ... Illustrated Encyclopedic Dictionary

In South Europe. The name comes from the oronym Balkan Mountains or Balkans, which was used in the past (from Turkic, balkan chain steep mountains); Nowadays the mountains are called Stara Planina, but the name of the peninsula has been preserved. Geographical names world: Toponymic dictionary.... ... Geographical encyclopedia

In the south of Europe. 505 thousand km². It juts out into the sea for 950 km. It is washed by the Mediterranean, Adriatic, Ionian, Marmara, Aegean and Black seas. The northern border runs from the Trieste Hall. to the river Sava and further along the Danube to the mouth. The shores are strong... ... Big Encyclopedic Dictionary

In the south of Europe. 505 thousand km2. It juts out into the sea for 950 km. It is washed by the Mediterranean, Adriatic, Ionian, Marmara, Aegean and Black seas. The northern border runs from the Gulf of Trieste to the river. Sava and further along the Danube to the mouth. The shores are strong... ... encyclopedic Dictionary

The southeastern tip of Europe, on which the European possessions of Turkey, the Principality of Bulgaria, the kingdoms of Serbia and Greece and the regions of Bosnia and Herzegovina occupied by Austria under the Berlin Treaty are located. See these articles. MAP OF THE BALKAN... ... Encyclopedic Dictionary F.A. Brockhaus and I.A. Ephron

Balkan Peninsula- Balkan half island... Russian spelling dictionary

Balkan Peninsula- in South Europe. The name comes from the oronym Balkan Mountains or Balkans, which was used in the past (from Turkic, balkan, a chain of steep mountains); Nowadays the mountains are called Stara Planina, but the name of the island has been preserved... Toponymic dictionary

Balkan Theater of Operations World War I ... Wikipedia

Books

  • Slavic sword
  • Slavic sword, F. Finjgar. The novel by the Slovenian writer Franz Saleška Finjgar refers to that critical moment in the history of the Slavic tribes, when they, having crossed the Danube, poured into the Balkan Peninsula to...

List of Balkan countries. Tourism: capitals, cities and resorts. Maps of foreign countries in the Balkans region.

  • Tours for May Worldwide
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The southeast of Europe, washed by the waters of the Mediterranean and Black Seas, the Balkans is a kind of corner for intimate neighborly gatherings in a friendly way. In the mountainous expanses of the Balkan Peninsula, everything, of course, is European... but still completely native: taverns, potatoes and sweet peppers, Orthodox churches, cross stitch on linen napkins, related languages ​​and strengthened in Soviet time friendship that continues to this day. Balkan nepotism is special: the brotherhood of Slavic peoples, bound by the socialist past, united in the face of a formidable external “enemy” in the surroundings of their native landscapes - the same valleys and picturesque mountains, birch trees bending in the wind and fat herds wandering through the meadows with an indispensable shepherd, equipped with a pipe, rubble and bast shoes. So there is nothing surprising in the fact that we are drawn to the Balkans again and again - both abroad, it seems, and our native expanses at the same time, plus a real kinship of souls.

Let's look at the hard facts for a second. In a geographical sense, the Balkan Peninsula consists entirely of Bulgaria, Albania, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Greece, Montenegro and Macedonia, as well as most of Serbia, half of Croatia, a third of Slovenia and just a little bit of Romania, Turkey and even Italy (province of Trieste). In a general cultural sense, the Balkans are all of the above without taking into account Turkey and Italy: the first is usually attributed to Asia, the second to Southern Europe. As for the coasts and the various waves washing them, the Balkans can boast of truly biblical diversity: only a convinced skeptic would say that there are only two seas here. In fact, not only the Mediterranean and Black Seas were noted here, but also the Adriatic, Ionian, Marmara and Aegean - six in total! - choose to suit any water transparency, sand graininess and pebble hardness.

Balkan happiness

From a tourist point of view, the Balkans are an ideally balanced region in terms of types of recreation. Here, perhaps, there is nothing with the prefix “super”, but what is available is quite enough to satisfy vacationers with a wide variety of needs. In short, a holiday in the Balkans means quite nice beaches surrounded by almost native nature (sand or pebbles plus coniferous forests, deciduous groves and low mountains on the horizon), ample opportunities for treatment on thermal springs, not an outstanding, but quite interesting “excursion” (what are the macabre castles alone worth!) - and all this at divine prices, often without a language barrier, with Slavic hospitality and all sorts of “avec plaisirs”. In addition, the Balkan countries are a real center of recreational childhood: there are a lot of children’s and youth camps and a whole bunch of schools teaching foreign languages. So if you are wondering where to take an anxious grandmother with a restless grandson for the mutual benefit of both, don’t hesitate: better than Bulgaria, Serbia, Croatia and Montenegro cannot be found!

 

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