Khibiny height above sea level. The first routes of A.E. Fersman in Khibiny. Movement in defense of Khibiny

Khibiny. Firstly, it should be said about apatite-nepheline ores. Today their deposits have been established, these are Kukisvumchorr, Yukspor, Rasvumchorr, Koashva, Partomchorr, Kuelpor, Lyavoyok, Oleniy Ruchey, Nyorkpakhk, Suoluyayv, Poachvumchorr, Valleepakhk, Eveslogchorr. Being a mineral, apatite can have a different range of shades. As a rule, starting from white and ending with green, but black apatites are also found in nature.

Mineral fertilizers are made from apatite, the most famous and frequently used is superphosphate. It is obtained by treating apatite concentrate with sulfuric acid. But meanwhile, the phosphoric anhydride contained in apatite takes a completely different form, it turns out to be easily soluble, which is why it is well accepted by plants.

Moreover, nepheline concentrate is also extracted from apatite concentrate; it will subsequently become a product from which potash, soda, and much more are made. Then this fossil will be used in more than twenty areas of industry. Its content in ore varies from 5 to 50 percent. The composition of apatite and nepheline in the ore is interrelated, that is, if apatite predominates in it, then there will be much less nepheline, and on the contrary, if there is more nepheline in the ore, this means that there will be much less apatite.

Usually, apatite-nepheline ore contains sphene mineral, it consists of silicon, titanium oxide, tantalum, niobium and sodium. It is used to make high-quality titanium white, which is very durable and reliable. On top of that, titanium metal, which does not corrode, is not afraid of alkali and other acids, and is very light. The Yukspor rock is considered to be the most rich in minerals.

A ring structure can be considered a unique characteristic of the Khibiny mountain range. The mountains that make up the massif are arcs that are literally nested within each other.

The Khibinite landscape forms a partial ring of the Khibiny mountain range. The dominant minerals are aegirine, nepheline and potassium feldspar. The rocks are distinguished by the presence of a number of ores, such as titanium, zirconium, molybdenum and rare soil containing cerium and yttrium.

The second complex of rischorrites appears as a massive, gray, tinged with green rock.

And it contains crystals of feldspar and nepheline, as well as a mixture of colored minerals from aegirine-augite, mica, astrophyllite, enigmatite, sphene, lamprophyllite.

The latter is called ijolite-urtite, it is much different from other rocks due to the chemical component. It has higher levels of alkali and alumina, and much lower levels of silica. Iyolite-urtites largely consist of nepheline and aegirine-augite, and that is why they have a gray-green color. Minerals from the category of non-ferrous minerals of this complex- these are pyroxene and apatite.

Almost in the middle of the mountains there is a complex of medium-grained nepheline syenites. These rocks includes: spar, nepheline, aegirine and alkali amphibole. In the center of the mountain is the Foyait complex; it stretches over almost one third of the mountain range. The mineral composition is potassium-sodium feldspar and nepheline, and non-ferrous minerals are alkali amphibole, aegirine, biotite, sphene, apatite and others.

Academician Alexander Fersman believed that the Khibiny tundras are a natural mineralogical gallery. And of course, it is so; one hundred and eight varieties of minerals are mined in the mountain range, more than ten of which are of great value. These are apatites, sphene, aegirine, nepheline, titanomagietite, lovchorrite and others. At the same time, the remains of mining production, which are commonly called “nepheline tailings,” are the main deposit, and it is thanks to them that the territory’s needs for the required materials will be met for decades.

The first names of mountains and rivers Khibiny massif gave by the academician Alexander Evgenievich Fersman. It was he who immortalized the name of the Finnish explorer Wilhelm Ramsay, naming the pass between Poachvumchorr and Takhtarvumchorr, Ramzai Pass, in his honor. Ramsay, a participant in Finnish expeditions, studied the Khibiny and the entire Kola Peninsula from late XIX century. The name Ramsay Pass appeared in 1920, and in 1997 a memorial plaque was installed on the top, reminiscent of the scientist’s merits in the development of the Khibiny.

Ramsay was not a pioneer Khibiny Mountains, but is considered their pioneer. The first memories of the massif were found on a map of the Russian Academy of Sciences, dated 1745. At that time, the Khibiny were designated as unknown mountains located south of Lake Imandra. The lake was marked on maps back in 1611, which confirms the travel of people along the Kola Peninsula already in those years.

If the Russians got to Imandra, then they could not help but notice the snow-covered Lopar tundra. Nevertheless, the official discoverers mountain peaks steel mining engineer Nikolai Shirokshin and academician Alexander Middendorf. Scientists visited the Khibiny in 1834 and 1840; these years are considered the time of the discovery of the Khibiny mountain range.

Ramsay's predecessors were also Russian and French travelers Nikolai Kudryavtsev and Charles Rabaud. However, Alexander Fersman singled out Wilhelm Ramsay most of all, considering his works to be classics of scientific coverage and the basis for further study of the Khibiny. Wilhelm Ramsay was the first to begin geological, petrographic and mineralogical research in the region. One of the minerals found in the Khibiny - ramzaite - is named in his honor.

Merits of Wilhelm Ramsay in the study of the Khibiny Mountains

Wilhelm Ramsay took his first steps in studying the Khibiny in 1887, when he was part of a Finnish expedition sent to hinterland Lapland. The geologist was not the formal leader of the company of scientists, but subsequently the trip was certainly associated with his name. This hike began the long-term work of the Finnish naturalist to study the geological features of the Lopar tundra. They continued for 40 years until the death of Wilhelm Ramsay.

During a campaign in 1887, Wilhelm Ramsay and his colleagues crossed the Kola Peninsula from the Kola River to Cape Svyatoy Nos, passing Kildin Island, the Voronya River, Lake Lovozero and the Ponoy River. By allowing deviations north and south from the intended route, scientists were able to create more full map terrain, examining the “white spots” of the central part of the peninsula. Then the Lovozero and Khibiny mountains were discovered, which no one knew about before.

Khibinsky mountain range revealed to Wilhelm Ramsay near Umbozero, when he was climbing to the peaks of the Lovozero tundra or Luyavrurt. But it was not possible to stop and spend a long time in those places. Only in 1891 and 1982, a group of scientists led by Wilhelm Ramsay spent two field seasons in the mountains, studying in detail the territory, topography and soil composition. The Finnish geologist was helped by his faithful companions - petrography specialist Viktor Gakman, geodesist and part-time astronomer Alfred Petrelius and flora researcher Oswald Chilman. Each of them left their mark on the history of the Khibiny, giving their names to mountains and rivers.

In honor of Alfred Petrelius, Alexander Fersman named three natural object: river, mountain and pass. It was Alfred Petrelius who compiled the Khibiny relief map. Thanks to him, the Kola tributaries to the Imandra and Umbozero rivers were determined.

Victor Gakman, together with Wilhelm Ramsay, collected a collection of minerals and rocks in the Khibiny Mountains. After completing the expedition, he processed the materials obtained at the University of Heidelberg in Germany. As a result, he revealed the presence of new minerals, hitherto unknown to science. It was in the mountains of the Khibiny massif that deposits of sphene, loparite, lovenite, eudialyte, murmanite and astrophyllite were first found. The river flowing in the middle of Mount Yukspor was named after Victor Gakman.

Alexander Fersman gave the name to Mount Chilman in memory of the Scandinavian botanist Oswald Chilman. The mountain is located in the western part of the massif, although the scientist was studying vegetation in the east of the peninsula. It was Oswald Chilman who discovered the Cayva Hill.

No official confirmation of the discovery of the main wealth of the Khibiny by Wilhelm Ramsay has been found. There is no mention of apatite ore in his works. Nevertheless, academician Alexander Fersman compiled his map of useful minerals, where he pointed out the ring structure of the mountains, using the maps of Wilhelm Ramsay as a basis. Such information is presented in the multi-volume publication “Geological Study of the USSR”. Without the results of the work of the Finnish scientist, the apatite deposits would have remained unknown for a long time. Fersman himself said that the task of his research was a complete survey of the Khibiny Mountains based on the study of the works of Wilhelm Ramsay.

During the time of Wilhelm Ramsay, apatite ore was of no value to industry and Agriculture. Low level of technological development and special geographical conditions did not allow us to really evaluate the benefits of apatite and use it in practice. Therefore, the interest of science in this mineral was purely theoretical.

The Finnish geologist paid tribute to his predecessors. He named the peaks of the Khibiny Mountains after Charles Rabaud, Alexander Middendorf and Nikolai Kudryavtsev.

Wilhelm Ramsay described the research of the Kola Peninsula in 18 published articles and monographs. All works were published on German. Not a single article was ever published in Russian.

In the territory Murmansk region high ridges support the sky Khibiny Mountains, or Khibiny Tundra. They are located in the center of the Kola Peninsula and are remote from Barents Sea more than 100 kilometers, from Bely - 80 kilometers. Since ancient times, the Khibiny Mountains have been a mysterious region where no human has ever set foot. By wild slopes and in the dense forests the only inhabitants of the mountains, animals, roamed freely. Their freedom continued until the twentieth century, when humanity took the first steps towards developing the deserted region.

At the beginning of the last century, science became seriously interested in the Khibiny Mountains. Several expeditions were carried out by outstanding scientists, among them geologist Wilhelm Ramsay, spectrographer Viktor Gakman, botanist Oswald Chilman and their colleague surveyor Alfred Petrelius. Traveling throughout the Kola Peninsula, the researchers paid enough attention to studying the new, unexplored Khibiny region.

The result of their trips were scientific articles that caused a stir among scientists around the world. These articles became the basis for many scientific discoveries. The Khibiny turned out to be so rich that discoveries continue today. The names of the discoverers will be remembered forever; they are immortalized in the names of rivers and mountains of the Kola Peninsula. In the Ramsay Gorge travelers can rest, from the Gakmana stream a tired traveler can drink crystal mountain water, and a rock climber will enjoy climbing Mount Chilmana and the Petrelius Pass.

Study of Khibiny in the middle of the twentieth century

1916 was marked by the construction of a railway connecting the Khibiny region with St. Petersburg. The line began in the port of Romanov-on-Murman, where the sea never froze, and stretched along the western part of the Khibiny, to Petrozavodsk and the then capital of Russia. Among the first passengers on the railway line were scientists Alexander Evgenievich Fersman and Alexander Petrovich Karpinsky, who at that time headed the Russian Academy of Sciences, and Alexander Fersman was known as a promising young servant of science. They came to the Kola Peninsula with the goal of studying the possibilities of developing the Khibiny.

It was planned to expand the territories acquired for farming, and the mountainous terrain attracted the state. The cold region touched the young Alexander Fersman’s soul, and he began exploring the region with great enthusiasm. First World War, and after Civil War in Russia his plans were thwarted, but at the end of hostilities the scientist returned to the Khibiny Mountains at the head of the expedition. His associates were geologists N.N. Gutkov, A.N. Labuntsov, B.M. Kupletsky, E.E. Kostyleva and many others.


Inscription on the memorial plaque: We were attracted by the desire not only to study this wonderful nature, but also to take possession of its wealth, subordinate them to the will of Soviet people and thereby revive this deserted, uninhabited region. Signature: Alexander Evgenievich Fersman.

1920- members of the USSR Academy of Sciences found hitherto unknown mineral substances in the foothills of the Khibiny Mountains. The discovery was accidental as this route was not planned. The commission came to the North to analyze the prospects for the development of new territories. A walk from the Imandra railway station to the Khibiny Mountains was proposed by academician Alexander Fersman. As the head of the expedition, he convinced his colleagues to look at the geological composition of the mountainous area, as he was confident of their richness. The scientist was right. Subsequently, Alexander Fersman will write about how enthusiastic geologists, almost without equipment, food or warm shoes, began to explore uncharted lands.

In 1921 Active development of Apatite ore began near Mount Kukisvumchorr. Apatite deposits were found in that place. A year later, the so-called “Apatite Arc” was discovered, running through the Apatite Circus and the Kukisvumchorr, Rasvumchorr and Poachvumchorr mountains. At first, apatite deposits were not given due importance, but in 1923, geologists seriously thought about the benefits of mining the mineral.

1926 marked the beginning of the development of the apatite-rich foothills of Kukisvumchorr. Mining workers flocked to the peninsula.


Inscription on the memorial plaque: In 1930-1945, the first one in the Kola settlement was located at this place. scientific station of the USSR Academy of Sciences " Tietta"The organizer and leader of which was Academician Alexander Evgenievich Fersman.

In 1929 The Apatit trust was created to mine apatite in the Khibiny Mountains. With the help of Alexander Fersman, the city of Khibinogorsk was founded, which became the center of the mining industry in the Murmansk region. The academician thought for a long time about the name of the settlement. The options offered were Karpinsk, Tundra, and Polyarny. But Khibinogorsk, according to the scientist, was most suitable for the harsh city, preserving its unity with the mountains. In 1934 it was renamed Kirovsk, a young city was located near the lake Big Woodyavr.

New villages and stations grew near Khibinogorsk, their names became an echo of the main wealth of the region: Titan, Apatity, Nepheline Sands and others.

Khibiny (Kild. Umptek) is the largest mountain range on the Kola Peninsula. Geological age is about 350 million years. The peaks are plateau-shaped, the slopes are steep with isolated snowfields.

However, not a single glacier was discovered in the Khibiny Mountains.

Highest point— Mount Yudychvumchorr (1200.6 m above sea level).

In the center are the Kukisvumchorr and Chasnachorr plateaus.
At the foot are the cities of Apatity and Kirovsk.

At the foot of Mount Vudyavrchorr is the Polar-Alpine Botanical Garden-Institute.



The Khibiny combines the features of regional and local mountain climate. The outer slopes of the mountains experience a significant softening influence of the climate of the surrounding plains, and the microclimate of the central part of the massif is much more severe. There is snow in the mountains from October to June.

The polar night lasts 42 days. Frequent cyclones, sudden changes atmospheric pressure. In the open spaces of the peaks, winds can blow at speeds of up to 50 m/s. From August to mid-April you can observe the northern lights.

Summer is short, in the mountains there are 60-80 days without frost. In the foothills, the period with an average daily temperature above 10 °C lasts about 70 days. Summer also sees maximum precipitation. The polar day lasts 50 days.
In the Khibiny, precipitation falls from 600-700 mm in the valleys, to 1600 mm of precipitation on the mountain plateaus. Throughout the year, precipitation is distributed almost evenly, a little more in summer, a little less in winter. In summer, about 20% of days are without precipitation with an average precipitation of 2 mm/day, in winter only 10% with an average precipitation of 1.5 mm/day. Khibiny, Khibiny Mountains

Flora and fauna
Flora Khibiny is very valuable. A large number of species included in the “red books” of various ranks grow on the territory of the massif.
The fauna of terrestrial vertebrates of the Khibiny mountain range includes 27 species of mammals, 123 species of birds, 2 species of reptiles, 1 species of amphibian. Almost all mammals of the Murmansk region are represented here. Some of them are classified as protected or endangered.

Geology
The Khibiny alkaline massif is a large intrusive body of complex shape and composition. The age according to the helium-lead method is determined to be Carboniferous and is 290 ± 10 million years. A characteristic feature of the Khibiny massif is its circular (in plan) structure, which has a number of analogies among some other alkaline massifs. The rock complexes that make up the massif form arcs, as it were, folded into each other, open to the east, which is explained by the intrusion of magma along alternating circular and conical faults.

About 500 minerals are currently found on the territory of the Khibiny massif, dozens of which are of practical value, 110 are not found anywhere else. Such a concentration of a huge amount of minerals in a limited area has no analogues anywhere else. globe. The unique geochemistry of the Khibiny massif leads to the accumulation of rare minerals and creates deposits of completely new minerals. Khibiny, Khibiny Mountains

Rock complexes that make up the Khibiny massif:
complex of khibinites and endocontact nepheline syenites,
complex of trachytoid khibinites,
rischorrite complex,
complex of ijolite-urtites, malignites and lujavrites,
complex of medium-grained nepheline syenites,
foyait complex.
Within the Khibiny massif, unique [source not specified 558 days] mineral associations were found that are not typical for other alkaline rock massifs, including topaz and spinel. In the xenoliths of Mount Eveslogchorr there is a manifestation of blue sapphire - a gemstone of the highest category.

Long Lake, Khibiny

Mining
Khibiny mountains.
The largest deposits of apatite-nepheline ores are located on the territory of the Khibiny massif.

The following mines are currently operating: Kirovsky (Kukisvumchorr and Yukspor deposits), Rasvumchorrsky (Apatite Circus and Rasvumchorr plateau deposits), Central (Rasvumchorr plateau), Vostochny (Koashva and Nyorkpakhk deposits) and the recently opened Oleniy Ruchey (Koashva deposit). Mining is carried out both underground and open pit. The number of open-pit mining operations is decreasing and soon the development of deposits will be carried out only by underground methods.
The main minerals mined in the Khibiny are: apatite, nepheline, sphene, aegirine, feldspar, titanomagnetite. Previously, lovchorrite was mined.

Expeditions and travelers
1840 A. F. Middendorf.
1887-1892 V. Ramsay, A. Chilman, A. Petrelius and others.
1880 N.V. Kudryavtsev.
1907 M. M. Prishvin.

1914 construction of the Murmansk railway begins.
1920 Academician A.E. Fersman discovered rare alkaline minerals.
1925-1926 A. N. Labuntsov discovered large deposits of apatite.
1930 Construction of an apatite-nepheline processing plant (ANOP-1) began on the shore of Lake Bolshoy Vudyavr.
2012 Oleniy Ruchey mining and processing complex was opened in the eastern part of the Khibiny, on the shore of Lake Umbozero.

Currently, the Khibiny Mountains are popular among mountain and ski tourists, as well as climbers. To overcome them both in summer and winter, good physical preparation of the participants is required. However, most passes are non-category, or have 1-2 categories. All Khibiny passes can be divided into two types - saddle and gorges. Khibiny, Khibiny Mountains
Highest peaks:

Peaks
Height
Categorical
Yudychvumchorr 1200.6 m in winter 1A, in summer n/c -
Chasnachorr 1189 m -
Putelichorr 1111 m in winter 1A, in summer n/c -

An interesting fact is that until a certain time, Mount Chasnachorr (1189 m) was considered the highest point of the Khibiny. Although even now on the Internet there are often resources in which Chasnachorr is listed as the highest point. No less interesting is this fact: according to various sources, the height of Mount Yudychvumchorr ranges from 1200 to 1206 meters.

Mount Yudychvumchorr

KHIBINY OBJECTS

Yudychvumchorr (Kild: “humming mountain”) is a mountain with steep walls and a flat top, located on the Kola Peninsula in the southwestern Khibiny block. Height 1200.6 meters. From the south and southeast, Yudychvumchorr is limited by the deep valley of the Malaya Belaya River, and from the west by the valley of the Fersman stream. It is the highest point of the European Arctic of Russia.
Yudychvumchorr is sometimes also called Mount Fersman, in honor of the Khibiny researcher, the famous Soviet geochemist and mineralogist Alexander Evgenievich Fersman.
Kukisvumchorr is a mountain range on the Kola Peninsula. The largest of those included in the Khibiny Mountains. The highest point is Mount Kukisvumchorr (1143 m above sea level). Located in the center of Khibiny. It is composed of nepheline syenites. The mountain slopes are steep and covered with forest-tundra vegetation. The peaks are flat and rocky. In the northern part there are two glaciers. The Vudyavryok River flows along the western side of the massif. The Tulyok and Kuniyok rivers originate on the massif. At the foot of the mountains there are lakes Bolshoy Vudyavr and Maly Vudyavr. Lake Akademicheskoe is located in the mountains. In the foothills there is a remote area of ​​Kirovsk with the same name, where apatite-nepheline ores are being developed.

On the southern slope of Mount Kukisvumchorr there is a ski complex of the same name, which hosts annual freeride competitions.
On October 21, 2010, a man-made earthquake with a magnitude of 3.2 occurred in the Kukisvumchorr microdistrict. Tremors were also felt in Murmansk. The earthquake caused only minor damage to a nearby mine.

Kukisvumchorr pass

Chasnachorr (Sami - Woodpecker Mountain) is a mountain range located in the western part of the Khibiny. The second highest mountain is 1189 m.
The mountain limits the basins of the valleys of the Meridional Stream from the east (connects with the meridional ridge of Poachvumchorr), the Kuniyok River and the Petrelius Stream from the west. In the north it is separated from Mount Indivichvumchorr by the South Chorgorr pass, and in the southwest it joins the highest plateau Yudychvumchorr. The most difficult passes of the Khibiny Mountains are located on this bridge: Fersman and Krestovy. The Chasnayok River originates in the northern cirque of the mountain. The highest point is a plateau. The mountain is bounded on the north, east and south by steep walls.

KHIBINY PASSES

South Chorgorr town, Lake Imandra

view from Mount Kukis, great moon

Malaya Belaya River, Northern Lights

Lake Imandra from the Aku-Aku pass

Fersman Pass is a pass in the Murmansk region, height - 974 m above sea level. It is located in the western part of the Khibiny between the peak of Fersman and the Yudychvumchorr plateau, connecting the valleys of the Meridional Stream and the Small White River. Named in honor of the Soviet geochemist and researcher Khibiny - Alexander Evgenievich Fersman.

Risyok River Khibiny, Khibiny Mountains

REPORT ON HIKING AND MOUNTAIN TRIP TO KHIBINY
Mining report tourist trip II c.s. in the Khibiny Mountains
Date: July 14 - August 2, 2006
Route book No. 177-04/3-216
Head: Olkhovskaya I.G. (Moscow)

1. Background information about the hike
Organization: GOU DDYUTE YuOUO DO Moscow, GOU Secondary School No. 1037 "Lingua".
District: Southern.
Trekking area: Kola Peninsula, Khibiny Mountains.
Type of tourism: mountain.
Hiking difficulty category: second.
Route thread: Moscow - st. Apatity - Kirovsk - PSS Base - lane. Northern Lyavochorr (n/k, 713) - lane. Vysoky (1A, 1125) - lane. Northern Rischorr (n/k, 875) - PSS Base - lane. Southern Rischorr (n/k, 895) - lane. Nameless (1A, 925) - lane. Takhtarvumchorr (1B, 1093.8) - lane. Western Petrelius (n/k, 846) - lane. Orliny (1B, 1105) - st. Khibiny - Apatity - Moscow.
Route length: 127.5 km.
Duration of the trip: from July 14 to August 2, 2006.
Duration of the active part: 12 days.
Route book No. 177-04/3-216.

Tourist opportunities of the area
In Khibiny you can do hiking up to IV KS, mountain - up to III KS.
The passes Alyavumchorr Vostochny, Alyavumchorr, Burevestnik, Krestovy, Polnochny, Crack have a category of 2A in the summer and allow you to do this.
Khibiny and mountaineering region. Classified routes from 1B to 4B have been laid to the peaks of Takhtarvumchorr, Vudyavrchorr, Yumyechorr. The Murmansk publishing house "Sever" has published a catalog describing these routes.
Khibiny is a very popular ski area. Here you can plan routes to CS III. However, beginner ski groups must be prepared for a categorized route, have experience in cold overnight stays, and be able to operate in avalanche conditions.
Khibiny is a developing ski area. Directly from Kirovsk you can take the ski lifts and go to ski slopes. There are hotels, developed private sector. The slopes are rolled by snowcats.

Options for entering and exiting the route
The main mode of transport for entry and exit is Railway, which passes through the city of Apatity and further along the western edge of the Khibiny ( east coast Lake Imandra). After the city of Apatity, within the Khibiny, there are stations: Khibiny, Nepheline Sands and Imandra.
We traveled to Apatity by train No. 212. Departure from Moscow at 1.17. morning from Leningradsky station, arrival in Apatity the next day at 10.16. The fare is 1047 rubles. Back on it, No. 211. Departs from Apatit at 21.25, arriving in Moscow at Leningradsky Station at 4.40 am. The fare is 1140 rubles.
By prior arrangement from Moscow by phone at the railway station in Apatity, we were met by a ZIL 130 from the Kirov PSO and dropped off at the travel area, to Lake Goltsovoye. It cost us 2,500 rubles for a group of 14 people.

The city of Apatity is connected by bus to Kirovsk ( South part Khibiny) and with the village of Koashva ( East End Khibiny).
There is an airport in Apatity that can receive planes from distant places. There are currently no regular passenger flights from Moscow.
Several bus numbers run from Apatity to Kirovsk. Of these, only one number (101) comes from the railway station. If you travel by other numbers, you need to change to route 101 or route 8 in the center of Apatity (near the Sever store). The fare is 6 rubles.
Getting from Apatity to Imandra station quickly is not easy. There are only two electric trains - Apatity-Olenegorsk (at 7 am) and Olenegorsk-Apatity (at 4 pm). Highway, as you know, there is no there. That is why you have to leave more time for this section.

From Khibiny station you can get to Apatity by bus, which runs every day at 15.00. and at 17.00. The bus journey takes 40 minutes, the fare is 34 rubles 80 kopecks. Also by the work train, which runs on weekdays at 17.00.
Other railway travel options: from Moscow and back there are three trains from Moscow to Murmansk. No. 15/16, 111/112, 181/182.

Information about the possibility of organizing pick-up along the route
Of course, the main possibility of organizing a delivery is connected with the PSS base. Another possibility is the MGU station, if the route passes there. You can always leave the cast simply in the stones, but for this it must be properly prepared. Those. in boxes and always in plastic bags in case of rain. Of course, we must not forget the location of the drop and better camouflage it.
We planned to place three drops in three different places. But on the way to the base, the rescuer warned us that this moment There is a bear wandering around in those places and it can ruin the supply. Therefore, we left only one drop-off in the stones (under the descent from the Bezymyanny pass), and took the other two to the Kuelpor base. We decided that it was better to run the extra kilometers than to be left without food.
By prior arrangement from Moscow by telephone at the railway station in Apatitikh, we were met by a ZIL 130 from the Kirov PSO and dropped off at the travel area, to Lake Goltsovoye. It cost us 2,500 rubles for a group of 14 people.

waterfalls under Marchenko peak

3. Organization of the trip
Route selection
The group made a mountain hike II KS. The Khibiny region was chosen as the area for the trip due to the presence in the group of three inexperienced participants who joined the Edelweiss school tour section in the 2005-2006 academic year. The rest of the participants have quite a decent tourist experience: mountain I KS in the Khibiny, mountain II KS in the Sayans.
The majority of participants were in Khibiny not for the first time. Therefore, when constructing the route, passes were chosen that we had not yet been to. Many sections are planned to be traversed without a trail.
In 2004, while making a mountain hike I KS, we conducted a snow lesson under the Orliny pass (1B), but we could not go to the pass itself. Now, during the II KS campaign, we could pass the pass we liked and was uncharacteristic for the Khibiny. Also, we could afford to visit other difficult passes.
In 2005, Gromov V.V. released a classifier of passes in the Khibiny Mountains, consisting of 93 passes. In it, the Eagle Pass has another name - the Baltic Passage, the Krestovy Pass - Skalisty, it is not entirely clear where the Krutoy Pass is located (or is it the Eagle Pass?). What pass is meant by the name Vysoky? We wanted to find answers to these and other questions.

Alternate and emergency route options
Alternate options were provided:
Instead of the Vysoky pass (1A) there are the Nakhodka (1A) and Yuzh.Partomchorr (n/a) passes.
Instead of the Krutoy (1B) and Fersman (1B) passes, the Southern Chorgorr (n/k, 850) and 60 Let Oktyabrya (1B) passes.
Spare options allow you to maintain the declared category.
Emergency route options allow you to leave the area in the easiest way in the shortest possible time. a short time(see overview map of the hiking area). In our case, this is from the area of ​​the Northern and Southern Lyavochorr, Northern and Southern Rischorr passes, and the Orliny pass - to the PSS base. There they can help with transport and take you to Kirovsk. From Vysoky - through Northern Portomchorr to the base. From the Bezymyanny pass - to Kirovsk. From the Orliny and Fersman passes - to the Khibiny station. From Khibiny station you can take a bus or work train to Apatity. An emergency exit can be accomplished within a day.

Mount Rischorr Khibiny, Khibiny Mountains

5. Technical description route
Explanations for the technical description
In the text, river banks and valley sides are referred to as orographic, unless otherwise noted. Transitions took 25 minutes each, unless further explained. MN is a place to spend the night. On simple scree slopes with a steepness of up to 200, self-belaying with an ice ax or alpenstock was used everywhere.

First walking day.
Apatity station - Kirovsk - PSS base - Lake Goltsovoye - approach to the Northern Lyavochorr pass (n/k, 713).

Overnight at an altitude of 400 m.
Elevation gain -200 m.
Height drop - 0 m
Kilometers - 4.8 km.
CHW - 40 min.

On July 15, train No. 212 Moscow - Murmansk arrived at the Apatity station at 10:00 am. We were met by 3IL 130 from the PSS base. We went to Kirovsk. In Kirovsk we stopped at Lenin Square near the Pochta stop. They gave 2 telegrams: to SYUTur and to DDYUTE. We went to the pharmacy and bought hiking boots for the participant in a sports store for 1,800 rubles. We bought bread for the first 3 days.
Then we went to the PSS base, leaving drop-off point No. 1 along the way at the descent from the Bezymyanny pass. We arrived at the Kuelporr base, checked in with the rescuers, left two drops Nos. 2 and 3. A total of 11 boxes.
We passed Lake Shchuchye and stopped on the right bank of Lake Goltsovoye beyond the confluence of the river. Lyavoyok is on the right as you go into the lake. The driver did not go any further because... There is no road along the lake. It is possible for the machine to move along sandy shore lakes. But also quite close. Also, we were afraid to drive past the valley we needed. Therefore, we landed immediately after crossing the strait between two lakes. At 15.00 we got up for lunch.
At 17.00 we leave from lunch. We move along Lake Goltsovoye on the right bank along the way without a path along the edge of the lake (photo No. 1). We have to cross the mouth of the river. North Lyavoyok, which flows into the lake on the right along the way. The mouth consists of 4 branches, which we cross by fording. The ford is simple, ankle-deep, the width of the arms is 2-3 meters. We cross them in walking shoes. We go to the Northern Lyavochorr pass not along the bed of the Sev River. Lyavoyok, because there is no trail there. There is dense crooked forest all around. Therefore, we move further north along the lake another 1 km to the road marked on the map. As a guide to this road, you can use the bay in Lake Goltsovoye on the left along the western side of the lake, almost opposite the road. We get on the road and move along it one crossing (25 minutes), we go out to the Sev River. Lyavoyok, let's take a break. During this transition we come across three places for overnight stays. You can't stand anywhere, because... The river valley is narrow and rocky. All around there are crooked forests, mixed forest, low birches, pine trees, deep moss litter, last year's berries (lingonberries). There are no lingonberries for this year yet. Shiksha has not yet matured, but is just beginning. Blueberries are also just starting - we arrived early. We walk another 15 minutes and find a place to spend the night. These are rocky areas in the river valley; you can also put up tents directly in the forest. We decide not to miss it, because there may be no further places. And to the Northern Lyavochorr pass there are still about 3 km. At 18.30. We stop for the night. Water from the river. There is firewood in the forest.


July 16.
Second walking day.
Northern Lyavochorr Pass (n/k, 713) - valley of the Kaljok River.
Overnight at an altitude of 700 m.
Elevation gain -313m to the pass + 100 m across the ridge + 100 m to MN = 513m
Height drop - 200 m.
Kilometers - 8.4 km
CHW -2h 05 min.

Departure at 10.00. From MN we continue along the road. In fact, this road leads under the Central Lyavochorr pass (1A, 909), but before the confluence of the streams under the Northern and Central Lyavochorr passes, you can use it to approach the Northern Lyavochorr pass. Photo No. 2 shows how the spur of the Lyavoyok peak (1047.1) divides the valley: to the left - to the Northern Lyavochorr, to the right - to the Central. From MN this is one transition, i.e. 25 minutes.

After another 15 minutes we approach the foot of the spur of the Lyavoyok peak. The road goes to the right along the way, towards the Central Lyavochorr (f. No. 3) and its pass takeoff is visible. And we leave the road to the left, moving along a barely noticeable path along medium and small scree along the bottom of the valley for 10 minutes. From here there is a view of the pass saddle (photo No. 4). After another crossing we are at the pass (photo No. 5). Passage takeoff 200m long, steepness 200 - 250, fine scree. The saddle is wide, the tour is in the central part. From the pass there is a view into the valley of the Kaljok River. From the pass we go down a little, go around the peak of Lyavoyok (1047.1), leaving it on the right along the way. We traverse a slope covered with small and medium scree, with a steepness of 200. In two transitions we reach a depression in the ridge between the Lyavoyok peak on the right along the route and the peak 905 m on the left. Thus, we climbed the spur from the top of Lyavoyok. It is 100 meters higher than the North Lyavochorr pass. From it you can see that from the peak of 905.0 m there is a road to the valley of the Kaljok River.

We, traversing the slopes of Mount Lyavoyok, descend to the upper reaches of the Kaljok River. From the slopes of Lyavoyok there is a view of the upper reaches of the Kaljok valley, to Mount Lyavochorr and to the Southern and Central Lyavochorr passes.

An abandoned oil rig is visible below. Not far from it, closer to the water, we will camp for the night.
It's steep to go straight down. The slope is covered with small scree, length 200 m, steepness 500-550. Therefore, we traverse a little to the left and come out to the road leading from the peak of 905.0 m. We walk along it to the first water (this is Kaljok) and have a snack. From the pass to this place there are 4 treks of 25 minutes each.
We climb the left (orographically) bank of the Kaljok River along a dirt road leading to the tower. We go through one passage, during which the boys accidentally hit a stone and get a partridge for food. You have to stop for the night at the tower, as there is firewood for cooking next to it. As the next day showed, there was nowhere for such a large group to stand higher. But you can find a place for one or two tents during one more transition. We get up for the night at 17.00. Water from the river, firewood can be collected around the abandoned tower. Quite a large rocky flat area.

July 17th.
Third walking day.
Vysoky Pass (1A, 1125) - approach to the Northern Rischorr Pass (n/k, 875.)
Overnight at an altitude of 440 m.
Elevation gain - 425 m to the pass + 200 m to the ridge = 625 m.
Height drop - 625 m in length. R. Maivaltajoka+ 260 m in dol. R. North Kaskasnynyok=885 m.
Mileage -14.4 km.
Time period - 2h20 min for ascent + 2h 30 min for descent.

We left the MN from the tower at 10.00. We move along the road, but during the first 10-15 minutes. it's over. There is a river, but from time to time it goes under the rocks. Snowfields lie on one side or the other. In one trek we reach the descent from the Central Lyavochorr pass. On the moraine, under the pass, you can put up 1-2 tents - in some places there are small pebbles, water comes to the surface in some places. The moraine is composed of medium and large stones.
We pass another crossing; ahead we see the confluence of streams that give rise to the Kaljok River. It is clear that you need to go either left or right. To the left - to the top of Lyavochorr (1188.6), to the right - to the Vysoky pass (1A, 1125), that is, the South Lyavochorr pass. Orographically this name is more logical. We are going to the Vysoky pass, so we went to the right. From below, the takeoff of the pass seemed low, but long and gentle (200m, steepness 200). But after climbing it, a huge plateau of the Lyavochorr peak opens ahead (photo No. 11), along which we walked for 2 passages until a view into another valley opened up. This is the valley of a stream flowing into the river. Maivaltayok. At the pass at 13.10. 2 notes were taken: 2003, 2005. In one of them it is written that this is Southern Lyavochorr, and in the other - High.
Thus, the climb to the pass is simple. 1And he is on the other side, along which we are going down. On the descent, the slope is 300 m long, 30-350 steep, composed of medium and large scree. The stones are sharp. We descend, following the rules of movement in rock-fall-hazardous areas, self-insurance with an ice ax, and wearing helmets. The general direction of descent is left-down. There is no path. The entire slope is strewn with parts of a crashed plane. Based on the spare parts we took, we concluded that this happened in 1985 -1986. The descent took 25 minutes.

Under the pass, during the descent, there are two lakes. One, further away, can be seen immediately from the pass. Another - approximately from the middle of the pass takeoff. One thing is marked on the map. At the second, distant lake, at 1400 we have a snack.

We left from a snack at 1530. Our next pass is Northern Rischorr. The slopes of the valley are quite gentle, up to 200, covered with small scree. Therefore, we do not go down into the Maivaltayok valley, but traverse the eastern slopes of Portomchorr (1081), leaving the mountain on the right. We are moving without a path. After two crossings we reach a stream flowing from under Northern Portomchorr. We cross it over the rocks. From here its saddle is clearly visible.
Continuing to traverse the slope, we go around the city of Portomchorr from the south over two transitions. We move along a simple scree slope with a steepness of up to 200. Thus, we went around the mountain from the south.
We come to a steep descent into the valley of a stream flowing from under the South Portomchorr pass. This is the left tributary of the river. Kaskasnuyok. The steepness of the slope is about 300 - 350, the length of the section is 200 m, the elevation difference is 120 m, covered with small scree. Using self-belay with an ice ax, wearing helmets, we descend the slope to the stream along a serpentine road, cross the stream on the rocks and on the right bank at 1900 we camp for the night on a flat rocky and grassy area. No firewood, water from a stream.

July 18.
Fourth walking day.
Northern Rischorr Pass (n/k, 875) - PSS base.
Overnight at an altitude of 280 m.
Elevation gain - 435 m.
Height drop - 595 m.
Kilometers -10.8 km.
CHW - 4 hours 10 minutes.

From MN we climb the spur from a peak of 1083m in one trek (25 minutes) and descend to the river flowing from under the Umbozersky pass (n/k, 527). This is the left tributary of the Northern Kaskasnuyok. We cross it over the stones. In two transitions we cross the spur of the Rischorr peak (1017.9 m), traversing its slopes. The slopes are covered with small scree, in places overgrown with mosses and lichens. By traverse we go out into the gorge of the Northern Rischorr pass. From the right side of the gorge you can see the pass saddle of the Northern Rischorr. In 10 minutes we approach the pass takeoff. In the lower part it is a scree slope, 200-300 steep, small moving scree. We first move along it to the snowfield, then we go out onto the snowfield. It is more convenient to walk on it than on moving scree. The snowfield is 200 m long, with a steepness of 200 - 300. When moving along the snowfield, the first steps hit. The ascent to the pass from under the pass takes 20 minutes. We ascend to the pass at 12.50. We go straight to the tour. The tour is complicated large stones, a ski pole sticks out of it. We take a note from a group of teachers led by S.V. Ustinov. from DDYUTE Southern Administrative District of Moscow. They were here on July 15 of this year (i.e. three days ago) and passed it in the other direction - to Umbozero.

The Rischorra gorge is narrow and long, clogged with snow. The height of the walls - rocks of the gorge is 7 m, length is 300 m.
We pass the pass saddle and emerge from the pass gap. It's starting to rain. We descend into the Rischorra valley. Almost immediately from the pass the trail begins, which we follow. The descent into the Risjok valley takes place along a simple scree slope with a steepness of 200. We descend in two steps, each taking 25 minutes. and we go out to a dirt road. The forest zone begins here. We go down the road. Along the right bank of the Risjok River for 1 hour, from 14.00 to 15.00, and we come to the intersection with the road leading to the PSS base. We turn right, walk 300-400m, 10 minutes, exit to the PSS base.
At the base we are located in a house with a stove. Accommodation in rescue houses costs 120 rubles per person for one day. You can order a bathhouse. 1 hour - 300 rubles.
The Ramsay Hotel was built and operates on the territory of the PSO. But the prices are much higher.

July 20.
Fifth walking day.
PSS base - South Rischorr pass (n/k, 895) - Lake Akademicheskoye - approach to the Bezymyanny pass (1A, 925).
Overnight at an altitude of 420 m.
Elevation gain -615 m.
Height drop - 475 m.

CHW - 4 hours 35 minutes.

Because of the rain, we postpone the departure until 1200. Because of the fog, only the nearest mountains are visible. We go to the South Rischorr pass (n/k, 895) along the road familiar to us from the descent from the Northern Rischorr pass. It goes along the right bank of the river. In one hour (the backpacks are light - we took food for three days, until the next transfer) we reach the crossing point over the Risyok River, where the road forks. Turn left to Northern Rischorr, right to Southern Rischorr. We go to the right.
After one more transition (up to 1400) we approach the pass takeoff (200-300, length 250m, rock-talus) of the Southern Rischorr (photo No. 21). There is a path to the pass. In 40 minutes we climb to the pass. A tour in the central part of the pass, a bench around it, two memorial plaques. It's snowing and windy. So we quickly take pictures and go downstairs.

Our next pass is Bezymyanny (1A, 925). That's why we don't go down to the river valley. Kaskasnyunyok, and by traverse we go out to Lake Akademicheskoye, then we traverse the eastern and southern slopes at 905m and find ourselves in the valley of the Tulyok River.
The stated route planned to climb to a plateau above the lake. However, the weather and its forecast are bad. Visibility is limited (500 m). Therefore, we decided not to climb the plateau.
We descended into the river valley and immediately came across a path going towards the Bezymyanny pass. We stood above the forest line on grassy areas next to the path. Below, 400 m, crooked forest can be seen. There is no point in going down to him, because... This is a loss of height and the grass and bushes will only make you even more wet. Because The rain didn't stop, everything around was wet. And possible firewood too. We cook dinner on the burners, water from the river. We set up the tents in tandem and cook between them, because... rain and wind. The pass is covered with fog from time to time.

21 July.
Sixth walking day.
Valley of the Tulyok River - Bezymyanny Pass (1A, 925 m) - Maly Vudyavr Lake.
Overnight at an altitude of 360 m.
Elevation gain -505 m.
Height drop - 565 m.
Mileage -12 km.
CHW -5 hours.

In the morning there is rain and strong wind. The attendants get up at 9.00. We cook in the vestibule under the awning. The food on duty is delivered to the tents.

July 22.
Seventh walking day. Midday.
Excursion to PABS - 23 km of Kirovsk - approach to the Takhtarvumchorr pass.
Overnight at an altitude of 500 m.
Elevation gain -40 m (from PABS to MN) + 140 m (approach to the pass).
Height drop - 40 m (from MN to PABS).
Kilometers - 18 km, counting 14.4 km.
CHW -3 hours 20 minutes.

July 23
Eighth walking day.
Per. Takhtarvumchorr (1B, 1093) - valley of the Malaya Belaya River.
Overnight at an altitude of 400 m.
Elevation gain -593 m.
Height drop -693 m.
Mileage -12 km.
CHW -6 hours 15 minutes

Exit from MN from the forest border at the stream crossing at 10.00. We go above the stream on the right side of the valley along the middle scree, in some places we come across large boulders. Traversing the slope. In 2 transitions, by 11.30, we approach the pass takeoff. This is a rock-talus slope with a steepness of 300 and a length of 250 m. The total length of the pass takeoff is 500-550 m. In the lower part it is a rock-talus slope with a steepness of 300 and a length of 250 m. First we move along small and medium scree, 1 transition. We approach a snow patch 100 m long, with a steepness of 300-450. The snowfield occupies almost the entire width of the pass takeoff. As long as it is possible to walk to the right of him along the rocks, we go.
The depth of the snowfield is waist-deep and higher. And to the right of it there is no longer scree, but rocks, and wet ones at that. Therefore, we further move along the snowfield, hanging one vertical railing 40 m long. Participants wear harnesses. Attached to the railings with a gripping knot. They work in helmets and gloves. Poles with lanyards on hand, ice axes secured. There is one person at a time on the railing. The steepness of the snowfield in some places reaches 450. The rope was secured to a large stone. Deputy The leader climbs a rocky section and attaches a rope to a large stone for the group to move across the snowfield. The leader hits the steps when moving through the snowfield. Participants climb the steps using a handrail with a self-belaying grip knot.

After leaving the first snowfield, a scree area appears on the right, along which movement is possible. We move along it 15 m, bypassing the snowfield and reaching a rocky-talus area. This is where the group gathers because... The scree is quite mobile, the slope is dangerous for rockfalls. It is likely that stones will hit the lower participants who are climbing the snowfield. Therefore, we gather a group over the first snowfield. We continue moving up along small and medium scree. The length of this section is 200 m, the steepness is 300. Traces of a descent path are visible on the shallow scree, but it is inconvenient to climb it.
We go out to the second snowfield. It also takes up the entire pass takeoff from the rocks on the left to the rocks on the right. It’s easier to move along it than on the rocks, so we go out again onto the snowfield. Its steepness is 300, its length is 100m. We pass the second snowfield without railings, the first one hits the steps. Self-belaying is carried out with an alpenstock or an ice ax. The second snowfield leads to a pass saddle. It is long, as you can see from the map. This pass is also called the Dragon's Gap. The pass saddle is a fairly long gap, 400m long. The pass saddle is clogged with snow in places.

From the pass we go straight down. The pass takeoff on this side is a rocky scree slope, covered with medium, and in places small, scree. In its middle part there is a snowfield, which can easily be walked around on the right along the way. The length of the slope is 300-350m, the steepness is 300. The descent takes one transition (25 minutes). Already from the descent we saw a lake below, where we plan to stop for a snack. After 2 transitions we descend to it at 16.20. It's starting to rain. We pull up the awning. While passing through the pass, the rain started and stopped several times. After a snack, we move 3 times along the moraine along the stream on the right bank. The moraine is composed of medium-sized stones. There is no path. We go to the border of the forest and the valley of the M. Belaya River.
The descent to the river passes through crooked woods, which we cross in 10 minutes. We ford across the river. The ford is not difficult, the depth is 20-30 cm. We are greeted with joy by the river great amount mosquitoes After the crossing, we go 100 meters deeper into the forest and come out onto a very crowded path leading to the circus of the Western, Eastern Petrilius and Ramsay passes. We immediately meet a children's group cheerfully walking to Ramsay at 21.00. evenings. We go up 200m along the path, we find very a good place for the night and set up camp. There is sufficient firewood in the forest, because... This is no longer crooked forest. Water from M. Belaya. Rain again. Time 21.00.

waterfall on the Tulyok river

July 24.
Ninth walking day.
Valley of the Malaya Belaya River - Western Petrelius Pass (n/k, 846) - valley of the Petrelius River. Radial access to the base.
Overnight at an altitude of 600m.
Elevation gain -446 m.
Height drop - 246 m.
Kilometers - 21.6 km, counting 10.8 km (to the lake).
CHV -3 hours 15 minutes (to the lake).

July 25.
Day. Return from the PSS base.
Part of the group returns from the base along a route already known to it, bringing food.

Days spent in a camp near the Eagle Pass due to bad weather conditions. Visibility from 50 to 150 m.

July 28th.
Tenth walking day.
The upper reaches of the Petrelius River - approach to the Eagle Pass (1B, 1105).
There was no overnight stay at altitude.
Elevation gain -100 m.
Height drop - 0 m.
Mileage -1.5 km.
CHW - 1 hour.

July 29.
Eleventh walking day.
Eagle Pass (1B, 1105) - valley of the Malaya Belaya River.
Overnight at an altitude of 300 m.
Elevation gain - 405m.
Height drop - 480 m.
Kilometers -9.6 km.
CHHV - ascent to the pass 3 hours 40 minutes + descent to the sites 1 hour + descent to the valley. Malaya Belaya 1 hour 20 minutes = 6 hours.
We put on systems, prepare ropes, gripping knots, carabiners, and put on crampons. There are only three pairs of cats, so they are dressed by the deputy. a leader who will go first and hang the railings, and two participants. The leader walks second along the railing and hits the steps, sometimes with boots, sometimes working with an ice ax. Participants climb the railings with a self-belay with a gripping knot, wearing mittens, and a helmet on their head.
A pass takeoff 400m long, steep 300-45?, snowy, in places rocky and scree. The entire bottom is not visible.
Along the middle scree we approach the snowfield. The scree, as if with a tongue, wedges itself into the snowfield. Its length is 100m, its steepness is 30?.
Our ropes are two 40 m each, two 30 m each. First comes deputy leader. This is the strongest and most experienced participant. He wears crampons, with a self-belay with an ice ax and a self-release along the railing. They are attached to the station on an ice ax.
We fasten the first rope on the rock with a loop, on the right as we go. By the way, there is already someone’s noose on it. But we hang ours.
From the snowfield we go out to the right along the path to a rocky scree area with a steepness of 35? - 40?, and gather a group. Since everyone comes up one at a time, this process takes about 30 minutes. Fog blows in from time to time. Strong wind, drizzle. There is a small patch free of snow where you can sit a group. In order not to freeze, we cover ourselves with an awning. While we are waiting, we hang a third rope 30 m long. Again with an ice axe. We don’t hang the fourth one right away, since everyone will need to gather in that place while waiting for the ropes from below. Until the last of the 14 people pass the previous railing and bring it back. And in that place on the snowfield there is nowhere to sit. There is no shelter from the piercing wind with rocks. In addition, almost everyone’s feet are already wet from the snow. Therefore, we gather the group here, after the second rope, and not after the fourth.
After the last participants arrive with ropes and ice axes, we begin the upward movement again. We pass along the already completed 3rd railings of 30 m, then 2 ropes of 40 m and another 30 m. We fasten everything with ice axes, they go in up to the head.
We find ourselves across the width, in the middle part of the snowfield. All equipment is used. On the rocks to the right you can see a place where you can gather the group again. We direct a horizontal railing from a 10 m loop to the rocks to the right and go out onto a rocky scree area ().
We walk along the rocks (steepness 30?) 70 m to a small open area and gather a group. We cover ourselves with an awning. We don’t go further up until all the participants have arrived, so as not to shower the lower participants with stones. Since the rocks are wet, the stones do not stick to them. If not for this circumstance, it would have been possible to climb even higher by 100 m. There is a grotto in the rock, a shelter in which you can gather a group. We no longer hang groups of ropes from the place of the second collection. We walk along the rocks, along the border of the snowfield, 100 m past this grotto and come out again onto the snowfield with a steepness of 20?. The first one hits the steps. We walk 70 m like this with a self-belay with an ice ax and go out to the pass saddle.

July 30.
Twelfth walking day.
Valley of the Malaya Belaya River - st. Khibiny - st. Apatity.
Overnight at an altitude of 160 m.
Elevation gain - 0 m.
Height drop - 140 m
Kilometers - 7.2 km.
CHW - 2 hours.

Get up at 10.00. At this place, where the road crosses the river from the right bank to the left, the river spills into two branches, going around the island. The Malaya Belaya River can easily be forded at this point. First one sleeve, then the other. But part of the group does not want to get their “wandering” shoes wet, so we decide to cross the river. In addition, one participant is sick. Wet his feet in cold water undesirable. They took almost everything from the patient’s backpack.
We begin organizing the crossing at 11.20. From the island to the other side. There are trees both here and there.
We cross ourselves, backpacks separately (). At 12.10 the whole group is on the other side. It takes 10 minutes to collect equipment, and at 12.20 we leave along the road to the west, to the Khibiny station.
The road goes through a mixed forest. We walk three passages of 40 minutes each and reach the first country houses of the village near the Khibiny station. Since today is Sunday, we meet mushroom pickers, from whom we learn that today it is better to leave by bus at 17.00. in Apatity. In general, it runs on Tuesdays, Thursdays, Saturdays, Sundays at 15.00 and 17.00. The fare is 34 rubles 80 kopecks. The work train runs on weekdays; it arrives in Imandra at 17.00. But it often happens to him that he is late; it can take 3 or 4 hours to travel from Imandra to Apatity.

8. Conclusions and recommendations
Selecting an area and route line
When choosing the area and hiking route, we were guided by the following considerations. The area should not be very remote and not very difficult, because... the group has three inexperienced members. At the same time, the route should have interesting passes for more experienced participants. Since the area is not new to us, we had to look for difficult passes where the main part of the group was not. Place them on the route thread, taking into account the organization of transfers. As a result, we passed little-visited passes in the Khibiny Mountains. These are Southern Lyavochorr (Vysoky (1A, 1125)), Takhtarvumchorr (1B, 1093), Orliny (1B, 1105).
We set ourselves the goal of clarifying the name and location of some passes. During the hike, we found out that the Vysoky pass (1A, 1125) is the South Lyavochorr pass. Located in the southern part of the Lyavochorr mountain massif.
The estimated location of the Krutoy Pass (1B, 1030) was photographed from both sides () and marked on the route map of the Orliny Pass (1B, 1105).
Due to bad weather conditions, we lost time waiting under the Eagle Pass and did not visit the Fersman Pass.
Crossing the Eagle Pass was the culmination of the entire trip. It turned out to be the most difficult weather conditions both from a technical point of view, but also the most interesting and memorable. The time to complete the pass can be reduced if you go through it in teams and if each participant has cats. But to Khibiny, few people take cats with them for each participant, because... Snow passes are still not typical for this area.

Interesting objects
The hiking area is known as one of the largest in the world for the extraction of apatite and other minerals, from which a lot of useful things and objects can be made. For example, facing tiles, glasses, cups and much more that surrounds us in everyday life. And the extraction of ore in quarries itself is technologically interesting. You can learn about all this at the Mineralogical Museum in Kirovsk.
The history of the development of the area is connected with exploration work, which is reflected in the names of the passes in honor of the geologists who worked in the area. For example: Ramsay, Petrelius, Arsenyev. There is a memorial plaque at Ramsay Pass. On the road to Maly Vudyavr Lake there is a brick monument on the site of the first research station for the study of Khibiny at Moscow State University under the leadership of Academician A.E. Fersman. She continued to work even during the Great Patriotic War.
Unique is the Polar Alpine Botanical Garden in an area of ​​23 km. This is one of the highest botanical gardens in the world. We definitely recommend everyone to visit there. Botanical Garden offers visitors a number of excursions: to the Tropical Greenhouse, "Introduction of Plants and Greening of Arctic Cities", " Ecological trail, geographers", which introduces the altitudinal zonation of the vegetation cover of the Khibiny Mountains.
The most favorable time to visit this area is late July - early August. At this time, blueberries, blueberries, and many mushrooms ripen. And already the mosquitoes and midges have subsided.
We caught the beginning of the ripening of the berries, although if we had gone later, we would have been able to eat them only at the beginning and end of the hike, because... the rest of the time they were above the forest line.
Everyone had a mosquito net and mosquito repellent spray with them. It should be noted that there are significantly fewer mosquitoes above the forest line.
Performed by Olkhovskaya I.G.

__________________________________________________________________________________________

SOURCE OF MATERIAL AND PHOTO:
Team Nomads
http://www.khibiny.net
http://skazmurman.narod.ru/
http://www.hibiny.com
M. M. Prishvin “Khibiny Mountains”
Fersman A.E. Travels for the stone. - M.: Publishing House of the USSR Academy of Sciences, 1960.
Petition to the Minister natural resources and ecology of the Russian Federation S.E. Donskoy: Prevent the resumption of the conflict in the Khibiny Mountains
Features of passing the Khibiny passes in winter
Classifier of obstacles in sports tourism. Khibiny Tundra of the Kola Peninsula. List of passes. Arsenin Pass.
"Tourist travels around the Kola Peninsula", O. Slavinsky, V. Tsarenkov, FiS Publishing House, 1965.
Mysteries of the Kola Peninsula
Wikipedia website
http://www.photosight.ru/
http://www.skitalets.ru/mountain/2007/khibiny_olkhovskaya06/

 

It might be useful to read: