What is the civilian plane called? Aircraft names. Classification of aircraft, their types and types. Long-range bombers of Russia

IN civil aviation Flight devices are divided into the following categories:

passenger,

agricultural purposes,

transport,

postal,

experimental

Passenger aircraft

Let's start our review of civil aviation models with them. This type of air vehicle, as the name implies, is designed to transport passengers. The first production aircraft to transport civilians is considered to be the same domestic Ilya Muromets, which in the future was converted into a bomber. He made his first flight from St. Petersburg to Kyiv with sixteen passengers back in 1914. The American Douglas DC-3 is considered the most popular airliner during the existence of aviation.

Douglas DC-3

who made the first aviation flight back in 1935. Various modifications of it are still in use today. For example, the Soviet version of this aircraft there was Li-2. The first aircraft were described above. Names of the main competitors on modern market passenger aviation— Boeing and Airbus.

"Boeing"

The American company Boeing emerged back in 1916. Since then, it has been producing aircraft, mainly for civil aviation, although there are also military transport models. The most famous names of passenger aircraft of this company are Boeing 737, Boeing 747, Boeing 747-8, Boeing 777 and Boeing 787. classification of aircraft their types types names.

Boeing 737

The first of the above models was released in 1968, and today it is the most popular of all passenger aircraft. Boeing 747,

Boeing 747

produced a year later, is a pioneer among wide-body airliners. Boeing 747-8 is the longest passenger aircraft. It was released in 2010. Today, the Boeing 777, produced since 1994, has gained the greatest popularity on the passenger aviation market.

Boeing 777

The most new model corporations on this moment– Boeing 787 built in 2009.

Boeing 787

"Airbus"

As mentioned earlier, Boeing's main competitor in the global market is the European Airbus company, whose central office is located in France. It was founded much later than its American rival - in 1970. The most famous names of the aircraft of this company are A300, A320, A380 and A350 XWB. Launched in 1972, the A300 is the very first wide-body, twin-engine aircraft.

Airbus A300

The A320, manufactured in 1988, was the first in the world to use fly-by-wire control.

Airbus A320

The A380 aircraft, which first took to the skies in 2005, is the largest in the world.

Airbus A380

It is capable of carrying up to 480 passengers. The company's latest development is the A350 XWB.

A350 XWB

His main task was to compete with the previously released Boeing 787. And this airliner successfully copes with this task, outperforming its rival in terms of efficiency.

Soviet passenger aircraft

The Soviet passenger aviation industry was also represented at a decent level. Most of the models are Aeroflot aircraft. Names of the main brands: Tu, Il, An and Yak. The first domestic jet airliner was the Tu-104, released in 1955.

Tu-104

The Tu-154, which first took off in 1972, is considered the most popular Soviet passenger aircraft.

Tu-154

The 1968 Tu-144 acquired legendary status as the world's first airliner that managed to break the sound barrier.

Tu-144

It could reach speeds of up to 2.5 thousand km/h, and this record has not been broken to this day. At the moment, the last operating model of the airliner developed by the Tupolev design bureau is the Tu-204 aircraft produced in 1990, as well as its modification Tu-214.

Tu-214

Naturally, besides Tu, there are other Aeroflot aircraft. The names of the most popular: Il-18, Il-114, Il-103, An-24, An-28, Yak-40 and Yak-42.

IL-114

Yak-40

Airliners from other countries of the world

In addition to those mentioned above, there are worthy of attention models and other manufacturers of passenger aircraft. The British De Havilland Comet, launched in 1949, is the world's first jet airliner.

De Havilland Comet

The French-British airliner Concorde, developed in 1969, became widely known.

Concorde

It went down in history due to the fact that it is the second successful attempt (after the Tu-144) to create a supersonic passenger aircraft. Moreover, these two airliners are still unique in this regard, since so far no one else has been able to produce a passenger aircraft suitable for mass operation, capable of moving faster than sound.

Transport workers

The main purpose of transport aircraft is to transport cargo over long distances. Among the devices of this type, it is necessary to identify Western models of passenger aircraft modified for transport needs: Douglas MD-11F, Airbus A330-200F, Airbus A300-600ST and Boeing 747-8F.

Douglas MD-11F

But the Soviet and now Ukrainian design bureau named after Antonov became most famous in the production of transport aircraft. It produces aircraft that constantly break world records for carrying capacity: An-22 1965 (carrying capacity - 60 tons), An-124 1984 (carrying capacity - 120 tons), An-225 1988 (carries 253, 8 t).

An-225

The latest model still holds the unbroken record for carrying capacity. In addition, it was planned to be used to transport the Soviet Buran shuttles, but with the collapse of the USSR, the project remained unrealized. IN Russian Federation With transport aviation everything is not so rosy. The names of Russian aircraft are as follows: Il-76, Il-112 and Il-214. But the problem is that the IL-76 currently being produced was developed back in Soviet time, in 1971, and the rest are planned to be launched only in 2017.

IL-76

Agricultural aircraft

Exist aircrafts, whose tasks include treating fields with pesticides, herbicides and other chemicals. This type of aircraft is called agricultural. Among the Soviet models of these devices, the U-2 and An-2 are known, which, due to the specifics of their use, were popularly called “corn trucks”.

U-2

Children about airplanes: an educational tale about types of airplanes in pictures for children, videos, tasks, games, presentation “What types of airplanes are there and why they are needed” for children.

Children about airplanes

In this article you will find educational information about airplanes and games for children on this topic:

presentation and fairy tale “What types of planes are there?” for children with tasks and pictures,
why are planes needed?
logorhythmics"Aircraft",
physical education lessons about the airplane X,
finger gymnastics about airplanes
outdoor games about airplanes
educational games for children about airplanes.

What types of planes are there?

Educational tale about airplanes for children with educational tasks and pictures

How did it all begin, or why fly to the Isle of Palms?

Once upon a time there lived a very kind man in one city. This was a very famous veterinarian. Do you know who a veterinarian is and what he does? (listen to the child’s answer and clarify it if necessary). This is a doctor for animals. And our veterinarian also treated birds, fish, and animals. In the city everyone called him respectfully - Pyotr Ivanovich Tabletkin. Or simply by last name - Doctor Tabletkin. If a canary got sick or a dog injured its leg, city residents immediately turned to him for help. And he helped everyone.

One fine spring day, someone knocked on the veterinarian's window. "Who is this?" - Pyotr Ivanovich was surprised and opened the window. - "A! Galchonok. Come in. What did you bring? Letter? From whom? Let me read it - apparently this is something urgent!” Pyotr Ivanovich opened the letter and recognized the handwriting of his old friend: “Hello, my dear friend! I'm currently working on the Isle of Palms in the ocean. We have an epidemic, many animals are sick, we need help. I kindly ask you to urgently fly to our island and help. Please take a set of medicines with you and more. Your friend Doctor Aibolit."

“I’m leaving immediately!” - Pyotr Ivanovich decided - I’ll just leave the veterinarian Poroshkov on duty here in my place and pack my suitcase with medicines for animals.” Having done all these things, the famous veterinarian left for the airport.

Airfield

There was a field next to the airport building. A very unusual field. Pyotr Ivanovich Tabletkin saw different fields. He saw a field for football players - it is called “football”. He also visited the hockey field, it was called... Have you already guessed what? (hockey). And he visited the field where corn grows - it was called “corn field”. And the field on which rye grows is a “rye” field. And a field of wheat. You probably also know what it was called - ? (wheat field).

But he had never been on such a field before. There were only one planes on it. Have you already guessed what kind of field it was and what it was called?

Note: Let your child come up with a name for the field, and then clarify what this field was called “flight”. Why? Yes, because planes take off from it! There were a lot of different planes and helicopters on the airfield. Pyotr Ivanovich had never flown on airplanes or helicopters before, and therefore was confused. Which plane is right for me and which one will take me to the Isle of Palms?

Who is a mechanic (technician)?

Suddenly our veterinarian saw a small airplane with two wings. And a man came up to him and opened the door to the cabin. “The pilot has arrived,” thought Pyotr Ivanovich and rushed to the plane. - "Hello. My name is Doctor Tabletkin. I'm a veterinarian. I urgently need to fly to help my friend on the Island of Palms. A lot of animals on the island got sick. Can I fly there on this plane? Are you a pilot and could you help me?”

“Nice to meet you,” the stranger smiled back at him. – My name is mechanic Vintov. I'm not a pilot. I mechanic and make sure the planes are in good working order. My profession is also called "technician". Of course, you can fly to the Island of Palms on this plane.” “He shook his head sadly. - “But you will fly for too long. It’s better to take a jet plane that flies tomorrow to Madagascar, it will be faster.”

The famous veterinarian was very surprised: “I need to go to the Island of Palms and I need to fly out today. Why am I flying not today, but tomorrow, and even to Madagascar? And why would such a strange road be faster?”

Vintov smiled at Pyotr Ivanovich again and explained: “A jet plane flies much faster than this small plane. If you take off today on this plane, you will fly to the Isle of Palms for five days! And you will have to land several times to refuel the plane. A jet plane will take you to Madagascar on the same day. There you will board a small plane and within a few hours you will be in the right place.”

Propeller and jet aircraft

The doctor was very interested in this message and asked the mechanic, puzzled: “ How can you tell a fast plane from a slow one? So that I don’t make a mistake next time” - Look at these two planes. One plane has a propeller. That's why it's called "screw", he flies slowly. Find the airplane's propeller in the picture.

But the other plane doesn’t have a propeller. He called "reactive""and flies very fast!"

Assignment for the child: Find it in the picture propeller planes And jet planes. How are they different from each other?

Airplane wing shapes: straight, triangular, swept.

“Yeah, I got it!” - Pyotr Ivanovich exclaimed. “So, if an airplane has a propeller, it flies slowly!” Is there any other way to distinguish a fast plane from a slow plane?” Technician Screws happily began to explain further: “There is another important sign. This airplane wing shape. Look at this photo. What does the wing look like?

- “On the arrow!” — Doctor Tabletkin immediately answered. “Yes,” Vintov confirmed with pleasure. – “ This plane has the wing has the shape of an arrow, which is why we call such a wing “swept”. If the wing is swept, then the plane flies faster, because such a wing cuts through the air better at high speed. And if the wing is straight, then the speed of the aircraft is lower.”

- And also what kind of wings do airplanes have?- asked the veterinarian.

- Happens triangular wing, such aircraft are designed for very high speeds (such speeds are also called supersonic). Look at the photo of this plane - it has a delta wing.

There are also airplanes with straight wings. They fly slower than all other planes.

Assignment for children: Find the planes in the picture below: with a straight wing, with a delta wing, with a swept wing.

Answers to the task for children “What types of airplanes are there?”: the blue square is a delta-wing aircraft, the green circle is a straight-wing aircraft, the yellow square and red circle are swept-wing aircraft.

Why are different planes needed?

- “And what is” supersonic speeds and supersonic aircraft?” asked Pyotr Ivanovich Tabletkin.

— « Supersonic planes are those that fly so fast that they overtake the sound of their flight. The plane had already flown by, but the sound had not yet reached us. Such planes fly twice as fast as conventional jet planes,” the mechanic explained.

“I want to fly to the Island of Palms tomorrow on a supersonic plane!” Pyotr Ivanovich perked up.

“You can fly, but most likely you won’t be able to land. The island is small, and a supersonic plane will not have time to slow down on the airfield,” Vintov clarified.

- "A Why are such small planes needed? like the one we're standing next to? It has a propeller, which means it flies slowly. And you won’t get there quickly. And in addition, he is also small. This means that you can’t transport a lot of cargo on it. Why then is it needed at all? - asked Pyotr Ivanovich.

-"ABOUT! This is a very important and much needed aircraft. It has one extremely important property. You see, this plane has two large wings. And they're stacked on top of each other, so it can take off and land on very small areas. And it can even sit on a patch of land on an island or in the forest.

Assignment for children: Do you know what a “patch of land” is and where this word came from?(A piglet is a five-kopeck coin. Nowadays, a five-ruble coin is also called this word. A very small piece of land is also called a piglet. And there is also a piglet’s patch - it is also round and small).

Technician Vintov continued: “Where a jet plane cannot land, this plane can land. Therefore, such planes fly short distances to nearby villages and transport passengers and cargo to them. First, passengers and cargo are transported by large jets to the central big airport. And from there they are delivered from this on small planes big city and the main airport to small towns and villages.”

Military aircraft

Suddenly Tabletkin saw planes without propellers at the edge of the airfield. And pilots entered them. He joyfully exclaimed: “Here are the planes I need!” They don't have propellers, which means they're jet-propelled. And they have triangular wings, which means they will fly to the Isle of Palms very, very quickly, even faster than sound. Can I fly them to Madagascar today? And from Madagascar I will fly on a small plane to the island I need.”

“Of course, this plane flies faster than any passenger plane. But it’s not so easy to fly!” - answered the mechanic. “After all, this is a military plane and there is no room for passengers. You see, the cockpit is designed for one pilot, and missiles hang from below.”

“Look, the other plane has two cabins. The second cabin is probably intended for a passenger?” – asked the veterinarian.

"No, A navigator must sit behind the pilot in the rear cockpit. He tells the pilot where to fly. This is a military plane. All military aircraft do not have seating for passengers. That’s why there are no portholes on military planes,” Vintov replied.

Tasks for children:

Exercise 1. The navigator always sits behind the pilot. Find the pilot's cockpit and the navigator's cockpit in the photograph of the plane.

Task 2. What do you think, what kind of plane is this - passenger or military? Why do you think so? How can you distinguish a military aircraft from a passenger aircraft by appearance?

Cargo aircraft

“Please tell me how we can transport animals from the island to my clinic for treatment. Elephants and giraffes are very large and heavy, they won’t fit on a passenger plane,” asked Tabletkin.

"ABOUT! For this there is special planes. They are called freight. There are no windows on a cargo plane. It has very large doors to accommodate large loads. Look, here on our airfield the plane is being loaded. To allow cargo to fit on the plane, the nose and tail of the plane open outwards - as if they were doors!

My nose started to rise cargo plane. And it opened as if it was not a nose, but a big door to an airplane!

Here, instead of its nose, a special ramp extends in front of the plane, along which equipment can enter the cargo plane. And at the back of the cargo plane, the cargo doors open. At the back of the cargo plane there is also a ramp for vehicles to enter the plane.

The plane is ready for loading!

Look how big the cargo plane is! Such a plane can fit another smaller plane, and large cars, and even train cars, and a large boat, and even several helicopters, and tanks, and construction equipment, and many cars and a bus!”

Task for children: Look at the pictures and tell me what these cargo planes will transport by air.

Pyotr Ivanovich was delighted with cargo planes and their capabilities: “Now I will be calm about large animals! And I will know that, if necessary, they can be transported to any animal hospital on the mainland. What other planes are there besides military, passenger and cargo?”

What other planes are there?

Mechanic Screws remained silent in response and showed Tabletkin unusual photo. Look at him too. What do you think is happening here and what are the threads that stretch from the first plane to the others? (listen to any suggestions from the children, and then tell about these planes). He explained:

« These are tanker aircraft. Why do you think they are called that - “refuelers”? (listen to the children’s answers and their thoughts and guesses). A large fuel tank is placed in the cargo plane and hoses are hung to which the aircraft being refueled are docked for refueling. This is done so that they can gain fuel in flight without landing on the ground.”

Here is another plane - a tanker.

Available on our airfield and training aircraft. Why do you think they are called that? Yes, they learn to fly on these planes. They are very small. There are only two places in them: for a pilot - an instructor and a pilot who is learning to fly an airplane.

There are also sports aerobatic aircraft. There is only one place in them - for an athlete pilot. He performs aerobatic maneuvers on this plane.

Suddenly there was a loud noise. And a large passenger plane landed on the runway. “He will fly to Madagascar tomorrow morning,” Vintov said. “And now, after landing and disembarking the passengers, I’ll go prepare it for tomorrow’s flight. Come tomorrow and you will fly away on it.”

Pyotr Ivanovich Tabletkin thanked Vintov for his help. And the next morning he was already flying on a plane to Madagascar.

What are seaplanes and amphibious aircraft?

Towards evening the plane landed on the island of Madagascar. And the Veterinarian went to the airport building to find out how he could fly to the Isle of Palms.

“Sorry, but flights to the Isle of Palms have been cancelled. Two days ago, a storm hit the island and destroyed the runway. Her recovery will take several days,” the dispatcher told him.

“What should I do?” - asked the upset Pyotr Ivanovich. “It’s so important for me to get to the island as quickly as possible to help people and animals in trouble.”

“Let us send you to the Island of Palms by seaplane!” — the dispatcher suggested to him. “Or by plane—an amphibian.”

"And what is it?" — the veterinarian was surprised.

“The word hydro means liquid. Seaplane is an airplane that does not need a runway. He can land right on the water. It’s even better to use in such cases amphibious aircraft. Amphibians are creatures that can live in both water and air. And this plane can take off from both land and water, which is why it was called that. The amphibious airplane has a bottom like a boat, but it also has wheels like a regular airplane.”

“I’m ready to fly on an amphibious plane,” Tabletkin rejoiced.

"Proceed to Gate 15. The amphibious aircraft leaves in one hour."

A few hours later, the amphibious aircraft landed on the sea near the Island of Palms. All passengers were invited to board a boat, and the boat took them to the port. "Hooray! It’s so good that you came to us so quickly,” Doctor Aibolit joyfully greeted his friend. “I sailed here by boat for a whole month. How did you manage that?". Vintov’s mechanic helped me choose the right plane and route here. I’ll tell you more later.” And the friends went to treat the animals, who had been waiting for their help for a long time.

Children about airplanes: why do they need airplanes?

Airplanes were invented by people to provide rapid transportation of people and cargo. Not a single ground or water transport Now it can’t move as fast as an airplane.

After getting acquainted with the fairy tale, your child already knows many of the functions that airplanes perform to help people. Please complete this information.

Why are airplanes needed based on their functions:

Military aircraft needed to protect the homeland from enemies. These could be fighters, bombers, reconnaissance aircraft, attack aircraft, landing aircraft, and tankers.
Cargo aircraft transport goods.
Passenger aircraft transport people and their luggage.
Sports aircraft participate in competitions.
Training aircraft used for flight training for pilots and navigators.
Agricultural airplanes cultivate fields with crops and protect them from pests.
Weather planes- study clouds, typhoons, influence the weather (they cause rain or stop it, dispersing the clouds).
Ambulance and rescue aircraft- transport the sick and wounded, provide assistance to injured people.
Firefighting aircraft- extinguish forest fires.
Experimental aircraft and aircraft - flying laboratories- serve for testing new designs and engines.

Logorhythmics: airplane

During an educational imaginary trip to the airfield to introduce your child to different types of aircraft, you will want to relax with your children. Do logorhythmics exercises for kids to relax!

Logorhythmics “Airplane”: first option

Hands to the sides - fly
We're sending the plane.
(straight arms to the side, running in a circle)
Right wing forward
(extend the right straightened arm slightly forward)
Our plane took off.
Left wing forward
(extend the left straightened arm slightly forward)
Turned our plane around.
We were flying high
(raise our hands higher)
We were flying low.
(we lower our hands a little)
We flew far
We arrived close.

Second version of the logorhythmic exercise “Airplane”

Come on, pilot pilots,
Prepared for flight
(children stand straight, arms down, proud posture, shoulders back).
They approached the plane
And they went up the ladder
(we march or pretend to enter along the ramp).
The flight begins
Our plane buzzed.
(Children squat on one knee, spread their arms to the sides like the wings of an airplane and hum: oooooo)
He rose up and flew.
(Children stand on their feet, arms straightened to the sides)
The pilot looked to the right,
(Turn your head to the right)
The pilot looked to the left
(Turn your head to the left).
Flew quickly forward
Fast wing aircraft.
(Arms to the sides, quickly running on toes in a circle)

The third version of the “Airplane” logorhythmics

An airplane flies by
I got ready to fly with him.
(Point to the sky with your hand)
The right wing was withdrawn
(Extend your right hand to the side, look at your fingers)
Left wing withdrawn
(Extend your left hand to the side, look at your fingers)
I'm starting the engine
(Children make rotational movements with their hands in front of them)
And I'm watching closely.
I rise to the heights - I fly-oo-oo-oo
(You need to rise on your toes, spread your arms to the sides and run in a circle)
I'm about to land,
I want to land.
(Children land on one knee, lower their arms)

Didactic game "Planes"

Didactic game "Planes". Option 1. For children of senior preschool age. Set up four airfields: for passenger airplanes, for cargo airplanes, for military airplanes, and for sport-training and educational airplanes.

Ask the children to guess why the plane shown in the picture is needed.

The child needs to sort the pictures of planes into groups according to the purpose of the plane, sending each plane to the appropriate airfield and explaining why he thinks it is a cargo plane or that it is a passenger plane.

Pictures for this game can be found in the article.

Didactic game "Planes". Option 2. Game for kids. The goal of the game is p development of auditory attention. Invite your child to guess whether the plane is flying high or low. If you honk in a high voice, then the plane is flying high, if you honk in a low voice, then it is low.

Didactic game "Planes". Option 3. Game for children of primary preschool age.

Place 4 - 8 rectangles of different sizes in front of the child (for the little ones, take four shapes, for older children - six or eight shapes) - this is airfields(airfields). They should be laid out in front of the baby as a serial row - that is, from the smallest to the largest.

Mix up the silhouettes of airplanes of different sizes. The number of airplanes must correspond to the number of rectangles.

The child’s task is to arrange the airplanes in a series series by size (from smallest to largest) and select for each airplane a suitable “airfield” for it. Those. arrange planes into “airfields” according to their size.

Didactic game "Planes". Option 4. For the little ones.

Children from 2-3 years old can be given pictures of airplanes cut into pieces. Use pictures from the first version of the game “Planes” for this. For the little ones, we divide the picture into 2 equal parts, then into 3-4 parts. For older children, you can divide the picture with broken lines into large quantity parts.

Didactic game "The plane is flying." For children of senior preschool age

The game develops the ability to navigate on a sheet of paper, tracing the function of gaze, develops the ability to bring together and separate the visual axes of the child’s eyes.

First option.

You will need runway and landing strip with arrows. Draw a “runway” for the airplane - a vertical rectangle. Divide it with a vertical line into two parts. Draw an up arrow on the right side of the runway, and a down arrow on the left side.

Progress of the game. Invite your child to follow the movement of the plane with his eyes, focusing on the arrows on the take-off line. runway. Our plane is moving forward along the runway (we glance along the right side of the rectangle up to the end of the runway). The plane turns left, makes a U-turn and turns back. And follows the left side of the strip along the arrow (from top to bottom). Turn around again and move forward. Now let’s try to make these movements with our gaze faster.

Second option

You will need square 4 x 4 cells. Draw such a square on a piece of paper. The cells must be very large. In the future, you can increase the number of cells in the square in order to give more complex tasks to your child.

Make two identical squares - one you will give to the child, and the other will be in your hands.

Place a dot in one of the cells. There is an airplane in it.

Progress of the game. You dictate the route of the plane, simultaneously moving the piece along the cells of your field, and the child follows it with his eyes. You need to stay on the route. At first the route is 3-4 turns. For example: “One cell up. Two cells to the right. One cell down. Three cells to the left. Tell me where the plane is?” The place on your flight “map” is compared with what the child got.

If it is difficult for a child to follow with his eyes or he is not yet very easy to navigate in space, then at first you can make movements with a chip. And only then do them mentally and track them with your eyes.

Physical education lessons “Airplane”

Physical education can be done at any time when you see that the child needs rest. From this selection about airplanes, choose the physical education lesson that you and your kids will like best!

Physical education lesson about the airplane “We are flying above the clouds”

We are flying above the clouds.
(Hands to the side)
We wave to dad, we wave to mom.
(We wave both hands in turn)
We see the river flowing
(We show a wave-like movement with our hands)
We see a fisherman's boat.
(We show with our hands how a fisherman casts a fishing rod)
Be careful: the mountain!
(Tilt left - right)
It's time for us to land!
(Sit down on one knee, arms to the sides)

Physical education lesson “Planes buzzed”

In the first line, children make rotational movements with their arms in front of their chest. On the second line, children straighten their arms to the sides like the wings of an airplane and “fly” (running in a circle). On the third line - they squat. On the fourth they fly again.

The planes buzzed
The planes have flown
They sat quietly in the clearing,
And they flew again.

Physical education lesson “Our plane has flown”

Let's fly, fly,
We twirled our hands.
(Children rotate their arms in front of their chest)
Hands to the sides - fly
We're sending a plane
(Children spread their arms straight to the sides)
Right wing forward
(Turn your torso to the right with your right arm moving forward)
Left wing forward.
(Turn your torso to the left with your left arm moving forward).
One, two, three, four - Our plane has taken off.
(Running in a circle with straight arms spread out to the sides)

Physical education lesson “A plane appeared”

We put our hands up:
A plane appeared.
(Hands to the side.)
Flapping the wing back and forth,
(Tilts left and right.)
Do “one”, do “two”.
(Turns left and right.)
One and two, one and two!
One and two, one and two!
Keep your arms at your sides,
Look at each other.
(Arms to the sides, turns left and right.)
One and two, one and two!
One and two, one and two!
We'll throw our hands down
Hurry up and take your seats! (Children put their hands down and sit in their seats)

Look, there's a plane in the sky,
And the pilot is on the plane.
Handles the helm deftly
And flies between the clouds.
There is a mountain under the plane,
Either a dense forest, or a hole,
Then people wonder at the sky,
Then the hares dance in a circle (Author - Alexander Estafeev)

You will see what movements are made to this song in the video below. At first the song is sung at a slow tempo, then faster and faster.

Physical education lesson for the little ones “The airplane spread its wings”

Zhu-zhu-zhu, zhu-zhu-zhu,
I'm starting the engine.
(Rotational movements of the arms in front of the chest).
The plane spread its wings,
We're taking flight
Uuuuuuuuuuu
We're flying to Moscow! (Arms to the sides, running on tiptoes) Arrived.

Physical education lesson “We are airplanes today”

Today we are airplanes
(Children sit and make rotational movements with their hands - “start the engine”)
We are not children, we are pilots.
(Clap your hands.)
Hands are the nose, and hands are the wings
(touch your nose with your finger, and then straighten your arms to the side like wings)
The squadron took off. (running, arms to the sides).

Children about airplanes: outdoor game “Airplanes”

Game 1. Game “Planes” to reinforce the correct pronunciation of the sound r.

Children make rotational movements with their arms in front of their chests - “start the engines” and say rrrrr. Then they run in a circle, holding their arms straight out to the sides like the wings of an airplane. In the words “Planes to land!” children must quickly “fly” to the airfield and sit on one knee, holding their arms to the sides like wings.

Game 2. Outdoor game “Planes”. In this game, children will become familiar with the commands that the dispatcher gives to the pilot.

In the game of airplanes, children will also learn how to act in Sinhala, as well as run around the playground in different directions without bumping into each other.

Show the children all the play activities.

An adult plays the role of a dispatcher and gives the signal: “Start the engine!”, and the children make rotational movements with their arms in front of their chest. Next, the adult in the role of the dispatcher says: “Taxi for takeoff, take off. Let’s fly!”, and the children spread their straight arms to the sides and fly around the playground.

At the end of the game the signal is given: “Landing! Taxi to the parking lot,” and the children run to the “airfield” (the place where the airfield is located is discussed before the start of the game).

There may be other dispatcher commands: “Fog! Turn around. Fly to an alternate airfield”, “Fly around the thunderstorm”, “You are getting dangerously close. Give way to the plane….(name)"

Note: In this active game, the child learns what can happen in flight and how the pilot should react to these events. Children will be able to use this information in their role-playing and director's games with airplanes.

Finger gymnastics “Airplane”

Finger gymnastics “I will build an airplane”

For finger gymnastics we will use V. Shishov’s poem “I will build an airplane.”

I'll build a plane
I’ll put on my helmet and take off.
Through the wavy mists,
I'll fly to other countries,
Over the seas and forests,
Over the mountains and fields,
I will cover the entire globe,
And then I'll return home.
V. Shishkov

Hand movements in finger gymnastics “Airplane”: option 1.

first line. Children knock their fists against each other.
second line. Children pretend to put a helmet on their head.
third and fourth lines. Wave-like movements with both hands.
fifth line. The right palm is near the eyebrows as if we are looking into the distance.
sixth line. Left palm at the eyebrows - look into the distance.
seventh line - draw a circle in the air with your right hand
eighth line - make a figure above your head - a “roof” - with both hands.

Another version of finger gymnastics “Airplane”

first line. We spread our straight arms to the sides like the wings of an airplane.
second line. With both hands we show the helmet above our head.
third and fourth lines. The child places his palms on the table with the back side up and moves all the fingers on both hands, slightly lifting them from the table surface.
fifth and sixth line - we make “splashing” movements with all the fingers of both hands at the same time.
seventh line - clasp an imaginary ball with both hands
eighth line - we cross our hands (the left hand looks to the right, and the right hand looks to the left and we move the fingers of both hands like the wings of a bird)

Finger gymnastics “We’ll build the plane ourselves”

You will need a regular pencil. Place the pencil on the middle of the middle finger of your right hand (the hand is palm down). Pass another pencil under your index and ring fingers (an adult does this). It turns out to be an airplane made from two pencils. The child depicts how his plane flies to the poems of A. Barto:

We'll build the plane ourselves
Let's fly over the forests.
Let's fly over the forests,
And then we'll go back to mom.

Then repeat this movement with your other hand.

Finger gymnastics “The plane is flying high, high”

The child’s right hand represents an airplane: you need to spread and straighten the thumb and ring finger. These are airplane wings. And keep the other three fingers (index, middle and ring) next to each other, without spreading them apart (this is the body of the airplane).

The plane is flying high, high,
It’s not easy for him to land!
(Children move their hand - the plane in different directions, making sure that the wings of the plane “look” to the side, and that the body of the plane is united and is not divided into separate parts).
The pilot makes a circle after a circle.
The plane is his comrade and friend!
(Children make movements in a circle with their hands - like an airplane).
On runway the plane landed,
He ran forward and the flight was over.
(Children lower their hand - the plane onto the table, move it along the table and stop their hand).
The doors opened, the ground was under the ladder,
And passengers are greeted by friends.
(Spread your palms)

Presentation for children about airplanes

You can also download the same presentation on an educational fairy tale about airplanes in our VKontakte group “Child development from birth to school” (see the “Documents” group section on the right under the community videos).

Video for children about airplanes

In this video, children will learn about unusual aircraft - seaplanes, amphibious aircraft. The video will be interesting for school-age children and adults. This is a video from my favorite TV channel “My Joy”.

And another video from the same TV channel for children - a video about giant airplanes and what aircraft modeling is.

More about airplanes for children:

34 riddles for children of preschool and primary school age. Types of riddles. How to write a riddle about an airplane with your child.

We prepared this article especially for the boys of the “Native Path” site as a gift for the holiday on February 23rd together with my husband.

An educational fairy tale for children about airplanes and their types and a presentation were created for children by my husband Andrey, an aircraft designer by profession. And I, the author of this site, have developed games and tasks for children on the topic “Children about airplanes.” We included in the article materials only that information about airplanes that a child can use in his games about travel, in designing, drawing, sculpting, applique, depicting in them different types airplanes.

We tried to take into account the main requirement for an educational fairy tale for a child - that he actively participate in it, ask questions, compare, analyze, discuss, draw conclusions, prove, and not just memorize. And I really hope that we succeeded! We will be grateful for your comments on this article.

Get a NEW FREE AUDIO COURSE WITH GAME APPLICATION

"Speech development from 0 to 7 years: what is important to know and what to do. Cheat sheet for parents"

Click on or on the course cover below to free subscription

Aviation as a mode of transport appeared relatively recently, its history goes back only a hundred years. Airplanes have firmly entered the everyday life of mankind, and now it is impossible to imagine traveling to another continent without using the services of one or another airline.

Initially, airplanes were shaky structures made of flammable materials, and movement in them was associated with a certain risk to life. But over time they evolved into convenient and safe look transport. More than 100 design companies produce passenger airliners for the needs of civil aviation. This industry is one of the most profitable in mechanical engineering. So what types of aircraft are there, which are considered the best, and how many of them are produced per year?

Types of aircraft are divided into several classifications:

by purpose,
speed,
quantity,
type of engines,
size of wings and body,
management.

This article will look at what passenger aircraft are made in different countries world (including in Russia): both new and older generation models.

Boeing Company

It is one of the leading manufacturers in aviation industry, specializing in the production of passenger and cargo airliners for commercial aviation, as well as military and space technology. The best civil aircraft in the United States are produced by Boeing, due to which the company's products occupy a leading position in the country's exports.

Since its founding in 1916, the corporation confidently declared itself and until the end of the Second World War it produced mainly fighters and bombers. With the onset of peacetime, it quickly retrained for passenger aircraft and by the end of the 20th century became the progenitor of the most numerous model used by airlines - the Boeing 737. Now the aviation giant produces up to 500 aircraft per year and is constantly working on the development of the latest aviation and space technology.

The long-lived model has been produced since the mid-1960s of the last century and is one of the most frequently used by various air carriers. More than 6,000 aircraft have been produced since the successful launch of the initial modification. Initially, aircraft of this series were intended for short- and medium-range domestic flight routes, but with the installation of innovative engines on aircraft of the 737 family, starting in 1984, the Boeing 737 “Classic” model began to be produced with a significantly increased capability for long-distance flights.

Since the late 1990s, a modified Boeing 737 “Next Generation” model has appeared with more advanced energy-hungry engines, larger wings and a new passenger cabin with up to 210 seats. This model is currently being produced.

The airline giant is working on developing a new series designed to replace previous models. The first deliveries of the Boeing 737 Max are scheduled for the second half of 2017.

The first 747 aircraft was tested in 1968 and was designed to meet the demand for intercontinental transport, which was gaining popularity at an incredible rate at that time. The two-deck model remained the largest for more than 30 years by passenger plane on the planet.

The aircraft is currently being produced; to date, more than 1.5 thousand models have been produced. In the late 1970s, powerful engines began to be installed on these airliners, and the weight of the hull was increased, increasing the possible flight distance.

The modern modification of the model compares favorably with its predecessors and surpasses them in reducing noise during flight, resource saving, overall efficiency and safety. Passenger capacity is up to 581 people.

Developed during the global fuel crisis of the second half of the 20th century, the aircraft consumes many times less resources, while maintaining all the standards of safe and successful flight.

Due to breakthroughs in aerodynamics, innovative design of airliners, use the latest materials and with only two engines, the aircraft acts as an alternative to models that are more expensive in terms of resources.

However, the reduction in the number of engines entailed a reduction in the range of non-stop flights, the upper limit of which is 7000 kilometers. The aircraft's cabin layout has also undergone changes compared to previous Boeing models, with only two aisles and between 200 and 295 seats in early versions.

Currently, production of the model has been discontinued due to a decrease in orders for it. As of 2004, more than 1,000 aircraft were produced, and most leading airlines continue to operate them.

The aircraft was developed in parallel with the Boeing 757, it was intended to replace much more energy-intensive models, consuming 32% less fuel.

Due to the reduced passenger capacity, the model initially did not cause much excitement among airlines, but after a series of modifications and an increase in the cabin, its market competitiveness was proven and it was especially often used for air crossings Atlantic Ocean. Initially passenger compartment The airliner had 181 seats, but then the number was increased to 224.

The model is very popular among American airlines operating on domestic flights, and is often used when flying with east coast countries to the west. The interest of airlines in the model allowed the Boeing Company to continue its production at the present time.

Boeing 777

The aircraft has two engines and is designed for long-distance intercontinental flights from 10 thousand to 21 thousand kilometers. A distinctive feature can be considered jet engines, whose diameter has no analogues in the world.

The model is equipped with the latest technology; its creation was carried out using computer technology. To date, the aircraft is the most successful and best-selling aircraft for Boeing, its production in last years is only growing.

The world's leading air carriers operate the model on their flights, carrying from 300 to 550 passengers per flight.

Airbus S.A.S

The largest manufacturer in Eurasia, producing Various types civil and cargo aircraft, created by the merger of several European aircraft concerns in the late 1960s. The company's main offices are located in France, Spain, Germany and the UK.

Airbus immediately focused on developing low-cost, lightweight, fuel-efficient models. This decision paid dividends. The company is now a direct competitor to Boeing, although in recent years it has been receiving more orders and producing more aircraft (up to 550 per year) than its American rivals. Modern models of this brand enjoy the constant trust of passengers and various air carriers.

Additional Information. The decision to unite European aircraft manufacturing companies has more than once been called a saving grace for the local aviation industry and the economy of the European Union.

The brainchild of the Airbus aircraft concern first saw the light of day in the mid-1980s, and began flying in 1987. The design of this aircraft was carried out using the latest aircraft manufacturing technologies available at that time, and for the first time it had built-in electronic system remote control.

The model compares favorably with its direct competitors due to its more spacious cabin and luggage compartment dimensions, as well as the reduced cost of operation and preventative repairs, which has led to great demand for the airliner among low-cost airlines. It can travel non-stop over distances of up to 6.5 thousand kilometers and carry from 140 to 180 passengers.

Currently, the aircraft is in great demand and occupies a leading position in the ratings as the best-selling and most produced model in the world. Up to 40 airliners are built at Airbus factories per month.

The largest aircraft in the world in terms of size and number of passengers carried today appeared in the early 2000s through the efforts of the aircraft manufacturing corporation EADS, commissioned by Airbus, and its commercial operation began by 2007.

The model is designed for intercontinental communication (up to 15,000 kilometers) of the world's largest modern airports, but not every one of them is capable of hosting such a huge airliner with four engines, capable of carrying up to 1,000 passengers at a time.

Due to its size, the aircraft consumes quite a lot of fuel, so the designers had to cover the fuselage of the aircraft with the lightest but most durable materials in order to lighten its weight as much as possible.

Production of the model continues to this day, and its popularity remains unchanged among the world's leading airlines.

Airbus A319

The characteristics of this model are very similar to the A320, but with a smaller body, passenger capacity and fuel consumption. The aircraft itself is designed for short and medium-range flights and is not capable of covering more than 6.5 thousand kilometers without refueling, but in its segment this is more than a decent indicator.

Despite some limitations, the aircraft has found its niche in the industry and is used for flights between European countries and is actively used by economy class airlines to transport passengers on less popular routes (from 125 to 156 people).

The aircraft with a wide fuselage is designed for long-distance intercontinental flights and is capable of covering up to 13.5 thousand kilometers. The model was created to compete with the Boeing Company and their 767 modification aircraft.

Since the early 1990s, more than a thousand airliners have been produced, and their production continues to this day. The aircraft is capable of carrying between 240 and 440 passengers and is the largest twin-engine model produced by Airbus.

The airline is currently planning to release a new generation model that will reduce the fuel consumption of the A330 by 15% and significantly reduce the cost of operating aircraft for airlines.

One of the most popular models in the past, now discontinued. The aircraft, with a shorter fuselage than other models of the concern at that time, was put into operation starting in 1983, its flight range was 5.5 thousand kilometers.

Since then, the model has been improved several times: the modification of the wings has changed, the braking ability of the chassis has been improved, and a vertical tail made of carbon fiber has been added. A lot of attention was also paid to the interior design of the cabin - the distance between the seats, the depth of the shelves, and the general availability of individual means in case of an emergency were at the highest level and met all standards accepted at that time. Currently, major airlines no longer use this model, but mid-segment and low-cost carriers still actively use it.

Domestic aircraft manufacturing

Models of passenger aircraft in the history of Russian and Soviet aviation are numerous and varied. The construction of the first domestic aircraft began under Emperor Nicholas II; quite successful aircraft “Russian Knight” and “Ilya Muromets” were created, which proved to be excellent bombers on the fronts of the First World War. Epic heroes were specially chosen to name Russian aircraft in order to maintain morale in regular army units.

After the October Revolution, many private commercial companies producing aircraft were abolished, and in their place, state-controlled design bureaus appeared with a clearly defined plan: to work only for the military-industrial complex.

With the onset of peacetime, types of passenger aircraft began to be developed with special zeal, and air transport were gaining more and more popularity. Now the Russian aviation industry largely depends on Western partners, but it also has its own developments, and the number of models produced per year is gradually growing.

Additional Information. At the dawn of the Soviet aviation industry, a curious tradition was born: any aircraft model is called by the name of the design bureau that created it.

An-24

The aircraft was developed by the Antonov Design Bureau; over 17 years of production, approximately 1,200 models were produced. During the Soviet period, the airliner was used on domestic flights and coped well with various weather conditions. Some air carriers in the Russian Federation still operate this model, capable of carrying up to 52 passengers at a time. The aircraft has two turboprop engines and is capable of non-stop flight of up to 2 thousand kilometers.

Tu-134

It was created as a safer, faster and less noisy version of the An-24 at the Tupolev Design Bureau. First released in the mid-1960s, about 900 vehicles were put into operation over 18 years. The aircraft cabin can accommodate up to 75 passengers, and the non-stop flight distance is 2 thousand kilometers.

To understand how popular this model was at one time, it is enough to open any book where Russian aviation is considered in a historical context. Suffice it to recall that the aircraft was produced until 2013 and for a long time invariably occupied first place in the list of the safest airliners in the world.

Since 1968, just under a thousand medium-haul airliners have been produced, capable of flying almost 4 thousand kilometers without refueling. A significant number are still in operation and constitute a significant part air fleet Russian air carriers.

IL-62

By the mid-1950s, civil aviation of the USSR did not have a single design bureau making aircraft capable of flying between continents. The Ilyushin Design Bureau developed the Il-64, in the first assemblies capable of carrying 164 passengers (later the number increased to 186) over a distance of more than 11 thousand kilometers.

IL-96

Wide-body aircraft in Russia have been produced since the late 80s. It is this model that currently transports the President of the Russian Federation. It is capable of carrying up to 300 passengers over a distance of up to 9 thousand kilometers. Since the spring of 2014, the airliner has been completely taken out of service and is currently used only by the national carrier of Cuba.

Currently, Russia can boast of the products of the Sukhoi company, which produces medium-haul airliners capable of non-stop flight over a distance of 4.5 thousand kilometers and transportation of almost 100 kilometers. Since 2008, 89 aircraft have been produced and are operated by such air carriers as Aeroflot, Utair and Interjet.

MS-21

The brainchild of the Irkutsk Aviation Plant in the form of a mid-body civil aircraft capable of flying at a distance of up to 6.4 thousand kilometers was released in June 2016, and the first test flight took place at the end of May 2017. The airliner can carry up to 180 people and is designed primarily for domestic flights.

Video

Thanks to the enormous competition among the largest airline companies, passengers and air carriers are in a winning situation. Every year, passenger aircraft become more technologically advanced, comfortable and safe for people who choose this type of transport for travel.

Today there are quite a few different aircraft, but not all of them are called airplanes. This term refers to any aircraft that is designed to fly in the sky due to a power plant that creates thrust and a wing that remains motionless at all times. It is the fixed wing that is the main characteristic of an aircraft that distinguishes it from any other aircraft.

This term itself appeared back in 1857 - then a Russian pilot called a balloon that way; there were no airplanes in the sense in which we use this word today. Close to modern meaning he was mentioned a few years later - in 1863. It was an article “Aeronautics”, published in 1863 in the magazine “Voice”. The author was journalist Arkady Evald.

Today there is great amount aircraft classifications. For example, by the number of wings, by the aerodynamic system, by the type of chassis and by speed.

In this text we will look at one of the main typologies. Any aircraft, first of all, are divided by purpose. They are civilian, military and experimental. Each of these categories, in turn, is also divided into several types.

As is obvious from the name itself, these are aircraft designed to transport passengers or cargo. The first flight on an aircraft of this type took place in Russia more than a hundred years ago - in 1914. The flight was made from St. Petersburg to Kyiv, and the plane was called “Ilya Muromets”. There were 16 passengers on board.

Today, the most famous and frequently used airliner of our time is the American Douglas DC-3 model. He first flew with passengers back in 1935. Over the past time, the aircraft has been improved, and many other models, including those of Soviet aviation, were created on its basis.

Civil aircraft can be transport, training or special purpose. Transport vehicles, in turn, are divided into according to their purpose:

Freight - for transporting goods;
Passenger planes are the planes we fly;

There are many varieties of such vehicles. The easiest way is to divide them simply by manufacturer. In fact, the vast majority of the world's aircraft are produced by such companies:

Boeing

This is an American company that appeared a long time ago, in 1916. Since then, it has been producing aircraft for civil aviation. The most popular model is the Boeing 737. It is this aircraft, produced in 1968, that is used most often today. The name “Boeing” itself has already become practically synonymous with the word airplane.

Airbus

This company is today the main competitor of the Boeing described above, although it was founded much later - in 1970. This European company, today its main office is located in France. Some models of this manufacturer are economical, which makes them a serious competitor to Boeing.

Military

Military aircraft are designed for combat operations, that is, protection from the enemy or, conversely, attack. They are divided into several types, but in general, they can perform a variety of tasks, depending on the current situation.

Bombers

This subspecies of military aircraft essentially has one task - to destroy any ground targets from the air. This occurs by dropping bombs or missiles on the target. Today there are many different models, among the most commonly used are the Su-24 and Su-34.

It was the bomber that was converted into the first passenger aircraft, the Ilya Muromets, which was discussed above. During the First World War, the aircraft was re-equipped and subsequently it always served as a bomber.

Fighters

Unlike bombers, such aircraft are used for air combat. The name “fighter” sounds loud and menacing, but in fact such aircraft belong to defense equipment. They are almost never used for offensive purposes. Fighters were actively used by both sides during the Second World War - the most famous models are the MiG-3 and Yak-1.

It is interesting that in the very first models of fighters, it was not a machine gun, as it is today, but a revolver, so the rate of fire was much lower.

Fighter-bombers

Naturally, the two models described above were combined to obtain a universal model that combines the functions of both types. The main advantage of this variety is the ability to bomb any ground targets without any cover at all. Such aircraft are very light, maneuverable and equipped with powerful weapons. The most successful models are Mig-27, Su-17, SEPECAT Jaguar.

Interceptors

In fact, this is not a completely separate class, just a subtype of fighter. The main difference is that interceptors are designed to destroy a specific target, namely enemy bombers. They are also slightly different in structure - such models are additionally equipped with radar equipment. famous models - Su-15, Su-9 and others.

The purpose of attack aircraft is to provide air support ground troops. They were also often used simply to destroy various objects. The most popular model is called Il-2 and this aircraft is the most mass-produced in history - almost 37 thousand units were produced.

Aircraft construction is a developed sector of the world economy, which produces big variety aircraft, from super-light and fast to heavy and large. The world leaders in aircraft production are the USA, the European Union and Russia. In this article we will look at what types of aircraft there are in modern aircraft construction, their purpose and some structural features.

What is an airplane?

In the recent past, people could travel long distances only by land and sea, spending a lot of time. Fortunately, science has been able to develop a new species vehicle– an aircraft that is capable of transporting passengers and cargo over long distances in the shortest possible time.

An airplane is an aircraft, the main property of which is the ability to fly in the vastness of the earth’s atmosphere, using the necessary power plants. It differs in a number of design features from other types of air transport. For example, an airplane differs from a helicopter in its fixed wings. The wing of a glider is also fixed, but it does not have an engine like an airplane, while it differs from an airship in the principle of flight.

The history of the aircraft

Attempts to build an aircraft driven by power plants were made by many inventors of the 19th century. Among them are J. Keighley, W. Henson, N. Teleshov, A. Mozhaisky. Some of them have succeeded a lot in this industry. Nevertheless, December 17, 1903 is considered the birthday of world aviation. It was on this day that an airplane designed by American developers (the Wright brothers) flew above the earth's surface for the first time. Although his flight was short, only 59 seconds at an altitude of 260 m, this event was a breakthrough in aviation.

Aircraft structural elements

The components not only form the appearance of the aircraft, but also determine its functional features, namely the speed of transport in the air. The standard design of an aircraft of this type consists of the following elements:

The fuselage is the most voluminous and largest part of the aircraft, which unites all other elements of the vessel. It also contains a compartment for accommodating and transporting passengers, crew and cargo. However, the fuselage does not have large dimensions in all models, but to a greater extent in cargo-passenger ships.
Wings are the main flying organ. Just like a bird, an airplane cannot be imagined without wings. First of all, they create the lifting force necessary to lift the device into the air. An airplane wing necessarily has additional devices for turning the vessel along its axis (ailerons) and takeoff and flight mechanisms (flaps).
The tail section structurally consists of three main parts: the keel, the left and right consoles. The tail also contains ship controls: the rudder and depth rudder.
The power plant in the classic version is represented by an engine, propellers (if any) and the equipment necessary for their operation.
Landing gear is a system of take-off and landing devices used during the take-off and landing of an aircraft, as well as its movement on the earth or water surface. Most often, the landing gear is presented in the form of wheels, but there is a type of aircraft that lands on skis, and some models even on skids or floats.
On-board electronics is a set of equipment that allows the crew to control the aircraft.

Aircraft classification

This or that type of aircraft may differ from others in its layout, which affects the functions it performs. Therefore, aircraft classification can be made according to various criteria, the main of which are: design features and the purpose of the aircraft. According to their purpose, aircraft can be either civil or military.

Differences, and therefore types of aircraft, may concern the following elements and parameters: engine, layout options, flight speed, weight.

According to weight parameters, aircraft can be: super-heavy, heavy, medium and light. By flight speed: subsonic, transonic, supersonic, hypersonic. The latter represent a new type of aircraft that is capable of ultra-fast flights at an altitude of more than 100 km. As for the power plant, the classification criteria are: the number of engines (from 1 to 12), their location (in the fuselage, on the wing) and type (internal combustion engines, rocket power plants, propeller, jet, electric).

Depending on the layout, aircraft are classified according to the following criteria:

the number of wings and their location;
the nature of the location of the tail unit;
chassis type;
fuselage type and dimensions.

Types of passenger aircraft

Airplanes intended for civilian purposes carry passengers, various types of cargo and correspondence. They can serve flights of both short, medium and long distances. Civil aircraft may differ in the number of seats (from 8 to 700). Based on their intended use, these vessels can be divided into:

passenger;
cargo;
cargo-passenger;
agricultural (for spraying crops and processing);
sanitary;
educational (for pilot training);
sports models for aviation sports.

Among the most common passenger aircraft The following models can be distinguished: Tu-154, Tu-134, Il-62, Il-86, Il-96, Airbus A330, A320, A310, Boeing-737, Boeing-747, Boeing-767. The largest and most spacious type of aircraft for transporting passengers is the Airbus A380. At one time, this device is capable of transporting up to 700 people over a distance of about 15 thousand km.

Types of combat aircraft

Airplanes are successfully used not only for peaceful purposes, but also for military purposes to repel enemy attacks and strike enemy forces from the air.

Combat aircraft can also be different, primarily in terms of their intended purpose:

bombers drop bombs on military force enemy;
missile and torpedo bombers;
fighters are called upon to repel enemy air attacks;
interceptors;
tankers are equipped with fuel containers and perform their main goal– refueling of aircraft in the air;
Transporters transport aviation equipment necessary for combat operations.

It might be useful to read: