Where is Bishkek located? Bishkek is the capital of the Kyrgyz Republic. Cuisine and restaurants of Bishkek

Bishkek (Kirg. Bishkek) is the capital of Kyrgyzstan and the largest city in the country. Based on site medieval city Jules. It constitutes a special administrative unit and is a city of republican subordination. Old names - Dzhul, Pishpek, Frunze (named in honor of M.V. Frunze).

The city is located in the north of Kyrgyzstan, in the Chu Valley, at the foothills of the Tien Shan, 40 km north of the Kyrgyz ridge at an altitude of 700-900 m above sea level, 25 km from the border with Kazakhstan. The city's territory is 127 km².

Name

According to one version, the name comes from the name of the legendary hero Bishkek-Batyr, who lived in this area in the 18th century. According to another, from the term “bishkek”, that is, a club, a club, a stick for mixing kumys.

Story

Pre-Kandan period

Parking lots primitive people in the area of ​​modern Bishkek date back to the V-IV millennia BC. e. to his geographical location the city is indebted to the Great Silk Road. The eastern branch of the route passed through the Chu Valley and here it met another road leading through the Central Tien Shan. At the crossroads of these routes there was a caravanserai that belonged to the nomadic Turkic Solto tribe. On the territory of Bishkek in the 7th-12th centuries. on the site of the city there was a Turkic settlement called Dzhul. By the 16th century, the “Silk Road” finally ceased to exist, and the cities disappeared. The Chui valley between the Ala-Archi and Alamedin rivers became the winter pasture of the Solto tribe, one of the forty Kyrgyz tribes.

Kokand rule

In 1825, on the territory of the modern city, by order of Madali Khan, the Kokand fortress Pishpek was founded, which housed the largest garrison in the Chui Valley. The fortress stood in the center of the nomads’ routes from winter to summer pastures and along the road to Issyk-Kul and Semirechye. In it, the Kokand people collected taxes from caravans.

As part of Tsarist Russia

The first documentary mention of the settlement of Pishpek is given in the book “Description of Military Actions in the Trans-Ili Territory in 1860 and the Journal of the Siege of the Kokand Fortress of Pishpek”:

The constantly hostile plans of the Khokands, revealed in the incitement of the Zachuya Kirghiz to predatory incursions into our borders, forced the corps commander of the Separate Siberian Corps and the Governor-General of Western Siberia, Infantry General Gasford, to submit to the Highest review This assumption about the expedition beyond the river. Chu for the destruction of the Khokand fortresses of Tokmak and Pishpek. These fortresses, which were a thunderstorm for the Kirghiz, wandering outside our borders, served as the main points from where the influence of the Khokand people spread to the region: they contained a garrison of Khokand soldiers, used to collect zyaket from the Kirghiz, to incite them against the Russians, and to support Captivity of predatory parties in small detachments.

Twice (September 4, 1860 and October 24, 1862) the fortress was taken by Russian troops. In November 1862, the fortress was destroyed, and in its place two years later a Cossack picket was established, then a bazaar began to gather here. In 1868, the village of Pishpek was founded. On April 29, 1878, in connection with the transfer to Pishpek, the center of the Pishpek district received the status of a city (see Semirechensk region).

As part of the USSR

On April 24, 1924, the Czechoslovak cooperative Intergelpo arrived in the city, which actually made a modern one out of Pishpek European city, by the standards of that time. Since October 1924 it has become the administrative center of the Kara-Kyrgyz Autonomous Region. Since May 1925 - the administrative center of the Kyrgyz Autonomous Region. On May 12, 1926, Pishpek was renamed Frunze in honor of a native of the city, Soviet military leader Mikhail Frunze. Since 1936, Frunze has been the capital of the Kyrgyz Soviet Socialist Republic.

In 1938, 3 administrative districts were created in the city of Frunze: Proletarsky (now Leninsky), Pervomaisky and Sverdlovsky. In 1962, the Proletarsky district of the city of Frunze was transformed into Leninsky. In 1974, the Oktyabrsky urban district was formed.

Post-independence

On February 1, 1991, by decision of the Supreme Council of the Kirghiz SSR, the city was renamed Bishkek. On March 23, 2005, events associated with the Tulip Revolution took place in the capital, and on April 7, 2010, with the second revolution.

City symbols

The azure shield contains a silver belt, burdened with three azure plowshares in a row. There is one golden bee at the top and bottom of the belt. In the free part is the coat of arms of the Semirechensk region. The shield is crowned with a silver tower crown with three teeth and is surrounded by two golden ears of corn, connected by an Alexander ribbon.

Complete collection of laws of the Russian Empire No. 30174

The coat of arms of the city of Frunze was approved on September 22, 1978 by the city Council of People's Deputies. The drawing of the coat of arms, created by Frunzegorproekt employees G. Mulyavin and A. Sogonov, won an open competition for the 100th anniversary of the city. Colors - white, red, ultramarine, green, bronze. Existed from 1978 to 1994. In 1991, after the city was renamed, the inscription “Frunze” was replaced by “Bishkek”.

The initiative to create the modern coat of arms of the city of Bishkek belonged to the former mayor of the city, Felix Kulov. The option provided by the graphic artist M. Asanaliev and candidate of philosophical sciences S. Iptarov was chosen.

Coats of arms of the city from 1908 to the present.

Architecture

Before the revolution

The “plan for the design location of the newly proposed city of Pishpek” - a city with European-type buildings - was approved on August 31, 1878. The street grid was laid out in a checkerboard pattern, facilitating the construction of a ditch network and natural ventilation of the streets. Some of the buildings in the city were built of wood, but most were made of adobe. Despite the semi-desert, the townspeople built gardens. By the beginning of the twentieth century, there were 40 unpaved streets and 6 squares in Pishpek.

The building of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the KSSR, 1936.

The first stage of construction in Kyrgyzstan was associated with the ideas of constructivism that came in the 1920s. Little was taken into account then local peculiarities. At the end of the 30s, professional architects came to Bishkek. During the war, evacuated enterprises were located here, and new ones were built. In the post-war years, urban planning developed rapidly, a series of standard projects appeared, and prefabricated structures were introduced. Decorativeism and pomp prevail. Since the second half of the 50s, mass construction has been carried out according to standard designs. In 1970, a new general plan for the city was approved.

The following buildings are striking examples of the architecture of that time:

  • The building of the Frunze City Executive Committee (now the Bishkek City Hall)
  • House of the Government of the Kirghiz SSR
  • Hotel Kyrgyzstan (now the Hyatt Hotel)
  • Palace of Sports
  • Opera and Ballet Theatre
  • Polytechnic College
  • Cinema Manas

Bishkek today

The city is built on an orthogonal plan, which facilitates its ventilation with mountain air. There are 938 streets in Bishkek. The main streets of the city: Manas Avenue, Chui Avenue - st. Den Xiao Pina, Abdrakhmanov, Alma-Atinskaya, Pravdy, Zhibek Zholu (Silk Road) streets, Baytik Batyra (formerly Sovetskaya) - Baku, Moscow. There are many children's playgrounds and outdoor cafes on Erkindik and Molodaya Gvardiya boulevards. Residential areas are located in the south: microdistricts 3 to 12, Asanbay district; in the east: Alamedin-1, Vostok-5; in the southeast: “Kok-Zhar”, “Ulan”; in the central part - “South-2”. There is also active construction of new microdistricts and individual multi-storey residential buildings and shopping centers.

Stalinka and a modern building on the street. Frunze Zero kilometer in Bishkek Construction of modern buildings near Victory Square

Bishkek was founded in 1825 on the ruins of the ancient Pishpek settlement and the Kokand fortress of Pishpek, which were district towns from the 7th to the 13th centuries trading cities on the caravan route. After the 13th century, settlements of nomadic Kyrgyz tribes appeared on the sites of the fortress and ancient settlement, which existed until 1825, when it was revived ancient city- Pishpek. At this time, taking advantage of civil strife among the Kyrgyz, Pishpek was conquered by the Kokand military leader. The city became the place where Kokand tax collectors, traders and artisans were located. In 1862, during clashes between Russia and Kokand, the city was conquered by Russian troops. After the defeat of the Kokand Khanate, the population of Pishpek and the Chui Valley voluntarily became part of Russia. Peasants from various Russian provinces began to move to the city and valley. They shared with local residents experience in farming, built European-style houses.

The rapid development of the city began after 1917. In 1926, in honor of the revolutionary and statesman, Pishpek was renamed Frunze. During the Soviet period, Frunze developed according to trends common to all union capitals. Architects and engineers from Moscow and Leningrad took part in the planning of the city. During this time, a significant number of educational institutions, theaters, museums were erected on the territory of Frunze, a philharmonic society, a central department store, and a central city registry office were built.

After Kyrgyzstan became a sovereign country in 1991, the capital was renamed Bishkek. Despite the fact that the decision to change the name of the capital was made relatively recently, no one knows a clear interpretation of the name Bishkek. Some sources claim that the city is named after a special wooden spoon for preparing kumys in an ancient way - a symbol of the ancient nomadic Kyrgyz, other sources say that the capital is named after one of the forty bravest and bravest warriors of Manas.

Modern Bishkek

Bishkek is located in the north of Kyrgyzstan in the Chui region, at the foot of the Kyrgyz range, which is part of the large Tien Shan mountain range. Two rivers flow through Bishkek - Alamedin and Ala-Archa, which flow from southern mountains. Throughout the entire territory of the Chui region, from east to west, the “Big Chui Canal” has been laid. It goes through northern part cities.

The population of Bishkek is more than 1 million people. About 90 nations live in the city. The interethnic language of communication is Russian.

The city has an orthogonal structure. This ensures that the streets are well ventilated with clean mountain air. In total, there are 938 streets in Bishkek, many of them are named after prominent Kyrgyz and Russian figures of culture, art, science and politics. The main business streets of the city are Manas Avenue, Chuy Avenue, Abdrakhmanova Street, Baytik Batyra Street and Moskovskaya Street. The Erkindik and Young Guard boulevards, where children's playgrounds and outdoor cafes are located, are considered a city landmark.

Basic residential complexes concentrated in the southern part of Bishkek. These are microdistricts 3 to 12 and the Asanbay microdistrict. In addition, large residential neighborhoods are located in the east - “Alamedin”, “Vostok-5” and “Vostok-6”, in the south-eastern part - “Kok-Zhar” and “Ulan”, in the central part of the city - “Yug- 2".

Industrial enterprises are located mainly in the western and eastern parts Bishkek. In the west there are such enterprises as the Akun Flour Mill, the Kyrgyz Konyagy Cognac Factory, and Kyrgyzmebel JSC; in the eastern part there are the Shoro National Beverage Production Company, Severelektoro, and a thermal power plant.

The center of Bishkek from north to south is considered to be the section from Zhibek-Zholu Street to the bridge, from east to west - from Almatinskaya Street to Belinsky Street. In the center of Bishkek there are large public and private companies, embassies and diplomatic missions, and jewelry stores. In addition, banks, shopping centers, shops and restaurants are concentrated in the central part of the city.

There are more than ten theaters in the capital, among them those that have long won the love of their audience. This is the State Opera and Ballet Theater,
Russian National Theater of Kyrgyzstan and Kyrgyz National Academic Theater. The Kyrgyz State Circus is located in the city center, next to Victory Square. Near the Kyrgyz State National Philharmonic there is the “Alley of Youth” and the Kyrgyz National University. In total, there are more than 25 higher educational institutions in Bishkek. The most prestigious universities providing quality education are the Kyrgyz-Russian Slavic University, the Kyrgyz National University, the American University of Central Asia, and the Kyrgyz Technical University. I. Razzakova, Bishkek Humanitarian University and International University of Kyrgyzstan.

There are more than 10 museums in Bishkek. The main museum of the country is considered the Kyrgyz State Historical Museum, located on the main square of Bishkek - Ala-Too, not far from the government building of the Kyrgyz Republic.

In the city there is a monument to the heroes of the Great Patriotic War in the “Oak Park”, a monument to “Erkindik”, translated into Russian as “Freedom”, on Ala-Too Square, a monument to Manas, located opposite the Philharmonic. Bishkek is the only capital city among the CIS countries in which the monument to V.I. Lenin has been preserved.

The diversity of nations in Bishkek determined the presence of different religious buildings. Orthodox Bishkek residents visit the Orthodox Christian Church and the Temple of St. Equal Apostles Grand Duke Vladimir. Muslims go to the city's central Mosque on Fridays. In addition, the city has a Catholic Prayer House, an Evangelical Lutheran Church and a Synagogue.

Bishkek is considered one of the greenest cities in the CIS. It is believed that there is one tree for every resident here. There are many in Bishkek park areas with attractions. Popular parks are entertainment center“Flamingo World”, located on the territory of VDNKh, Panfilov Park, Druzhba Park. There are more than 10 swimming pools in the city. The most well-equipped swimming pools are “Karven”, “Kalipso”, “White Sail”, “Eldorado” and “Monte Carlo”.

Among the large sports complexes Bishkek can be distinguished by the “Sports Palace named after. Kozhomkula", stadium "Spartak", "National Hippodrome" and an equestrian sports school. There are about 30 fitness clubs and gyms in the city.

About 20 shopping centers have been built in Bishkek, the largest of which are Vefa, TSUM, Dordoi Plaza, Karavan, Taatan and Beta Stores. Bookstores with the richest assortment are Raritet and Odyssey. Souvenir shops "Asahi" "Iman" and "Cleo" offer Kyrgyz ethnographic products made of fiber, leather and metal.

As in any eastern country, there are a large number of markets in Kyrgyzstan, which are an integral part of the retail trade of Kyrgyzstan. In Bishkek, “Oshsky”, “Alamedinsky” and “Orto-Saisky” markets are visited by thousands of people every day. Here you can buy food, clothing, household appliances and household goods.

The capital has big amount restaurants and cafes. Among them are the restaurants “Aristocrat”, “Golden Dragon”, “Consul”, “Continental”, “Monarch” and “Monte Carlo”. The most popular bars among residents of Bishkek are “Old Edgar”, “Metro-bar” and “Bar@191. Here visitors have the opportunity to relax beautifully to the sounds of live music.

Over the past few years, modern hotels, meeting all international standards, with swimming pools, beauty salons and saunas. For guests of the capital, Bishkek offers 5-star hotels “Hyatt Regency Bishkek”, “Golden Dragon”, and 4-star hotel “Ak Keme”.

The capital has a well-developed urban transport system. More than 20 taxi services in Bishkek operate around the clock. The main means of transportation in the city is minibus. In addition, buses and trolleybuses are used as urban transport.

Since Kyrgyzstan gained independence, Bishkek has undergone many changes. Every year the appearance of the city changes. More and more modern buildings and large shopping centers are appearing. Old buildings are reconstructed or demolished, and new ones appear in their place: with modern facades and beautiful interiors. Bishkek is getting younger, while maintaining the Soviet-era features remaining in the urban architecture built during the existence of the USSR.

The city of Bishkek is the capital of Kyrgyzstan. He is considered the most major center in the republic. Various areas are developed here: industry, transport, culture. Bishkek is a city of republican subordination. Located in the center in the north. The area of ​​this administrative center is 127 square meters. km.

A little history

The etymology of the name has two versions. According to one, the city is named after the hero of the legend - the hero Bishkek-Batyr. According to the second, the word “bishkek” is translated from the local dialect as “club”. The formation of a settlement in this area is due to the fact that its eastern branch passed precisely through this territory - through the Chui Valley. Over time, the sites became permanent, the population increased, and by the 12th century the settlement of Dzhul was formed on these lands. After the Silk Road ceased to operate, the cities that existed thanks to it ceased to exist.

After some time, the Uzbek population took root in this territory, forming the Kokand Khanate. Within the boundaries of the modern city, the Pishpek fortress was built, on the ruins of which the city was founded already in 1825. In 1926, the settlement of Pishpek was renamed Frunze. The city begins to actively develop according to all the parameters of the USSR: industrial enterprises are being built, gaining momentum Agriculture, under construction educational institutions, theaters, museums and other public buildings that proudly represent Kyrgyzstan. The capital (Frunze) received official status in 1936. After the collapse of the USSR, the name was changed to Bishkek.

Physiographic characteristics of the city

Bishkek is located at the foot of the Tien Shan. The terrain is hilly, the average height above sea level is 700-900 meters. The city borders between the temperate and subtropical climate zones. The region has a sharply continental climate throughout the entire territory of a state such as Kyrgyzstan. The capital, of course, is no exception. Here the average January temperatures are -2° C...-4° C, July +23° C...+25° C. In the summer, humidity increases - up to 75%. The average annual precipitation is 400-500 mm. Two tributaries of the Chu watercourse flow through the city: the Ala-Archa and Alamedin rivers. Both originate on the tops of the southern mountain range. By northern region part of the largest irrigation canal in Kyrgyzstan - the Big Chuisky (BChK) - passes through the city.

Administrative division

Of course, if we consider all the cities that belong to the capital, it is the largest. By administrative division, since the times of the USSR, Bishkek was divided into three districts: Leninsky, Sverdlovsky and Pervomaisky. Already in the 70s, another district of the city was built - Oktyabrsky. The largest is Leninsky. Its subordination also includes settlements located near the city - the town. Chon-Aryk and Orto-Sai village. Each district is headed by an akim. This is the name of the head of the state district administration.

Population of the capital of the Republic of Kyrgyzstan

The capital is a city with almost a million people. According to statistics for 2016, more than 944 thousand people live in it. If we count with the neighboring agglomeration, then this number increases to 1 million. Bishkek can be called an international city. Representatives of many nationalities live here. In terms of percentage, they are arranged as follows: most of all, about 66% are Kyrgyz, 23% of the population are Russian. The remaining 20% ​​are made up of the following nationalities: Kazakhs, Tatars, Uzbeks, Koreans, Uighurs, Ukrainians, etc. In total, there are about 80 of them. The main language of communication in the city is Russian. As for religious affiliation, several religions are also professed here. The local population, the Kyrgyz, are Sunni Muslims. Russians profess Orthodox Christianity. Representatives of other religions are also present in a smaller percentage.

Economy of Bishkek

(see photo in the article) is rightly called industrial center countries. Enterprises of all industries operate in Bishkek. The largest of them specialize in metalworking and mechanical engineering, light and food industries and energy. They are concentrated mainly in the eastern part of the city. Due to its close location to Kazakhstan and China, Bishkek is also considered a trading center. This industry occupies one of the leading places. Why is that? And all because the capital of the Republic of Kyrgyzstan is an international trade hub between the above countries and Russia.

The management of Bishkek is taken over by the state administration - the city kenesh. All types of transport are developed here. There is a railway connection, the airport is located 20 km from the city. From public transport There are buses, trolleybuses and taxis. Also in plans for the coming years is the construction of a metro line or an electric train.

Ecology and attractions

Bishkek is considered the ecological capital of Russia. The city received this status due to its abundant landscaping. Numerous parks, squares, alleys, boulevards make its territory a green “oasis” of Kyrgyzstan. There are also many attractions here that have been preserved from the times of the Soviet Union. Among them are many buildings from this period - Historical Museum, Philharmonic and others historical monuments. After reading the information presented, each of you will be able to answer what the capital of Kyrgyzstan is, who lives in it and how this administrative center is developing.

Bishkek made an extremely pleasant impression on me. Life in this city is simply bustling. I had the opportunity to live here for a month and a half; I was sent on a business trip for work.

By the way, Bishkek is translated as "Mixer for whipping kumys", a very strange name for a city.

Bishkek is located in Kyrgyzstan

When this city was part of the USSR, then he was called Frunze. Not far from this city there are Tien Shan mountains. These mountains are considered to be among the highest in the world.

This the city is one of the cleanest cities in Asia. Here you can truly breathe with full lungs.

This city is quite large and more than eighty nationalities live here.

In Bishkek well developed transport system . There are taxis, buses, minibuses, and trolleybuses. But there are no metro or trams here.


Sights of Bishkek

Of course, I had time to wander around the city and see various interesting places and attractions:

  • Panfilov Park. This park is quite old, but very nice. Here many attractions for children(many have been in operation since Soviet times). It is located in the very city ​​center.
  • Ala-Too Square. The area is quite large, in the summer there fountains are working, so it’s nice to take a promenade along it.
  • Osh bazaar. Very colorful bazaar. It is located in the western part of the city. Here you can buy absolutely everything: things, fruits and vegetables, various souvenirs, and even household appliances. And the prices here are quite reasonable.
  • Botanical Garden. This is quite wonderful place for summer walks . Kept in fairly good condition. This Botanical Garden is located not far from the third microdistrict.

Food in Bishkek

I would like to say right away that food prices here are quite low, when compared with Russian ones. So you can eat in a decent cafe for two hundred rubles (I’ve already transferred it to our money).


In this city it's easy a bunch of establishments serving Kyrgyz, Asian, and Russian cuisine. It's also very a lot of fast food. They sell samsa, kebabs, lavash (similar to our shawarma).

Also in town there are also pizzerias, but to be honest, European and Italian food is not very tasty here.

Bishkek(Kyrgyzstan Bishkek) is the capital of Kyrgyzstan and the largest city in the country. It constitutes a special administrative unit.

Population - 846.5 thousand inhabitants (2010). Unlike the southern regions of the republic, a high percentage of the population is made up of Russians and Russian-speaking residents.

The city is located in the north of the Kyrgyz Republic, in the Chu Valley, at the foothills of the Tien Shan, 40 km north of the Kyrgyz ridge, 25 km from the border with Kazakhstan.

Structure

The territory of the city is 160 km².

Administratively, the city is divided into 4 districts.

The Chon-Aryk village kenesh, which includes the urban-type settlement of Chon-Aryk and the village of Orto-Sai, is subordinate to the Leninsky district.

Story

The city of Bishkek has been known since the 7th century. like the ancient settlement of Dzhul (Forge Fortress). In 1825, the Kokand fortress of Pishpek was founded, housing the largest garrison in the Chui Valley. Twice (September 4, 1860 and October 24, 1862) it was captured by Russian troops. In November 1862, the fortress was destroyed, and in its place two years later a Cossack picket was established, then a bazaar began to gather here. In 1868 the village of Pishpek was founded. On April 29, 1878, in connection with the transfer of the county center to Pishpek, it received the status of a city (see Semirechensk region).

Since October 1924 it has become the administrative center of the Kara-Kyrgyz Autonomous Region. Since May 1925 it has been the administrative center of the Kyrgyz Autonomous Region. In 1926 it was renamed Frunze in honor of a native of the city, Soviet military leader Mikhail Frunze. Since 1936, Frunze has been the capital of the Kirghiz SSR. On February 1, 1991, by decision of the Supreme Council of Kyrgyzstan, the city was renamed Bishkek. According to one version, the new name comes from the mythical hero Bishkek-Baatyr, who lived in this area in the 18th century. According to another, from the consonance of the words Pishpek (the first name) and Bishkek (kitchen utensils, a stick for churning butter).

On April 7-8, 2010, the city suffered greatly from the actions of looters during the coup d'etat. Several shopping centers and buildings burned down tax office, the parliament, television center and the building of the National Security Service were damaged and looted National Museum, where valuable works of art were kept.

City symbols

The coat of arms of the city of Bishkek is a rectangular silhouette of a fortress, where below, under the broken line of mountains, “Bishkek” is written in large letters, and above it on the wall of the fortress is a light square with a snow leopard in the center of the circle.

Population

The city of Bishkek (formerly known as Frunze) is the most big city Kyrgyzstan and at the same time its capital. The city is characterized by complex and ambiguous demographic processes. Historically, a large urban settlement arose on the site of Bishkek only in the last quarter of the 19th century after the entry of Kyrgyzstan and the Chui Valley into the Russian Empire and the appearance of the first settled settlers, mainly Russians, Ukrainians, Tatars, Dungans and Sarts. At the beginning of the 20th century, local Kyrgyz began to settle near the city. However, until 1924 the city was actually an agricultural village. During the Great Patriotic War, after the evacuation of a number of residents and industries from the front to the rear, rapid industrial growth began in the city, which continued until the collapse of the USSR.

Demographic situation

Until the end of the 20th century, Frunze remained a predominantly Russian-speaking city, but the demographic situation in it began to change already in the late 60s. The policy of rooting and the demographic explosion in the Kyrgyz environment led to the beginning of mass migration of Kyrgyz people from other regions of the republic in the second half of the 20th century. After the collapse of the USSR, these processes took on a spontaneous, uncontrollable character and Russians ceased to be the largest ethnic group in the region, and due to mass emigration, their share fell by more than 20 percentage points in the city and region. Kyrgyz now make up more than half of the city's population, mainly in the southern and eastern areas of spontaneous development. But the capital still has a fairly high proportion of various ethno-linguistic minorities. According to the 1999 census, 762 thousand inhabitants lived in the city, which is 151,000 or 24.7% more than in 1989 - 15.8% of the country's population and 45% of its urban population. The main demographic indicators of the city are ambiguous, since the demographic behavior of European and Asian peoples differs significantly. The region, compared to other regions, is characterized by a moderate birth rate (although it has increased slightly as the proportion of Kyrgyz and other Asian peoples has grown), a moderate mortality rate, low natural growth and a significant level of emigration outside Kyrgyzstan in the last decade (especially among Europeans, and recently also Kyrgyz people heading to work in neighboring Kazakhstan and Russia), as well as a high level of migration of Kyrgyz people from the southern regions and mountain villages in search of work in the capital, where the majority find work in bazaars and clothing markets. The economic situation in the capital has also deteriorated significantly compared to the past.

National composition

The ethnic composition of the city still has a variegated character, but there is a tendency towards an absolute predominance of the share of Kyrgyz and a rapid decline in the share of Russian-speakers, who previously predominated, which affects the general atmosphere in which a new balance is being established. So, according to the 1970 census, the city’s population was 431 thousand people, of which:
Russians 66.1% 285 thousand
Kyrgyz 12.3% 53 thousand
Ukrainians 6.2% 27 thousand
Tatars 3.2% 14 thousand
Uighurs 1.6% 7 thousand
Uzbeks 1.5% 6 thousand
Other 9.1% 40 thousand

According to the 1989 census:
Russians 55.8% 341 thousand (+19.6%)
Kyrgyz 22.3% 138 thousand (2.6 times)
Ukrainians 5.5% 34 thousand (+25.9%)
Other 16.4% 100 thousand

According to the 1999 census:
Kyrgyz 397 thousand 52.1% (2.9 times)
Russians 253 thousand 33.2% (-26%)
Ukrainians 16 thousand 2.1% (-53%)
Tatars 16 thousand 2.1%
Koreans 13 thousand 1.7%
Uzbeks 13 thousand 1.7%
Uighurs 13 thousand 1.7%
Kazakhs 12 thousand 1.6%
Germans 5 thousand 0.7%
Dungans 4 thousand 0.5%
Turks 3 thousand 0.4%
Azerbaijanis3 thousand 0.4%
Other 14 thousand (1.8%)

It is noteworthy that representatives of 7 Turkic peoples live in the city in significant numbers: Kyrgyz, Kazakhs, Tatars, Uzbeks, Uyghurs, Turks and Azerbaijanis. The Russian language acts as a means of interethnic communication; in addition to the Kyrgyz language, many others are common as a native language.

Natural conditions

Bishkek is located in the center of the Chui Valley, at the foot of the Kyrgyz Ala-Too ridges, at an altitude of 760 meters above sea level. Bishkek by climatic conditions occupies the extreme southern position in the continental climate region of temperate latitudes. The monthly duration of sunshine is greatest in July - 322 hours, least in December - 126 hours. The climate in Bishkek is sharply continental, average annual temperature air +10.2 °C. The coldest month is January (-4 °C), the warmest is July (+24.7 °C). The average monthly relative humidity increases from 44% in June and July to 74% in March, the annual average is 60%. The rivers Ala-Archa, Alamedin, and the Big Chui Canal (BChK) flow through the city.
Average annual temperature - +10.6 C°
Average annual wind speed - 1.7 m/s
Average annual air humidity - 60%

Policy

Local authority

Local self-government in Kyrgyzstan exists in populated areas and is implemented through the election by communities of local keneshes (councils) - representative bodies (analogous to the state parliament only in the localities), as well as executive and administrative bodies, permanent bodies headed by heads and implementing the decisions of keneshes (councils) . Local keneshes exist at the level settlements, when in the past there were regional and district keneshes, forming a triarchy, in connection with which it was proposed to abolish the regional and district links. The heads of executive and administrative bodies (depending on the level - head, mayor) are elected by deputies of local keneshes (councils). The exception is the capital - the city of Bishkek, as well as cities of republican significance, including the city of Osh in the south, whose mayors are appointed at the proposal of the President of the state. Local self-government exists alongside local government bodies: regions are governed by governors, and districts by akims.

Mayor

On July 7, 2008, the President of Kyrgyzstan Kurmanbek Bakiyev signed a decree appointing Nariman Tyuleev to the post of mayor, replacing Daniyar Usenov in this post. Nariman Tyuleev previously headed the national company Kyrgyz Railways. The beginning of Tyuleev’s activities began with the dismantling of the fence in front of the Hyatt Regency hotel, which limited access of citizens to the monument to the first ballerina of the Kyrgyz Republic, Byubusary Beishenalieva.

Representative power

Representative power is exercised as state level, and at the local level. The national representative body is the parliament - the Jogorku Kenesh (analogous to the State Duma in the Russian Federation). At the time of the Declaration of Independence, Parliament was unicameral, then became bicameral, and then became unicameral again. Currently, the Jogorku Kenesh (parliament) consists of 90 deputies elected for a period of five years according to party lists (proportional system). In the December 2007 elections, which were criticized for being undemocratic and massively falsified by observers from among public organizations and outside it - by the OSCE Mission, the European Network of Election Observer Organizations ENEMO, the pro-presidential party "Ak Zhol" (translated into Russian - Bright Path) received the majority of seats. Before the dissolution of parliament and a referendum on the adoption of a new constitution, initiated by President Bakiyev in the fall of 2007, the Jogorku Kenesh consisted of 70 deputies elected under a majoritarian system.

Representative power at the local government level is represented by local keneshes (councils), elected by local communities of settlements. With the exception of cities of republican significance, chairmen of local keneshes are elected from among the deputies; in Bishkek, candidates for the post of mayor are proposed by the president of the state, which diminishes the importance of local self-government. An example of the insolvency of local self-government is the adoption by the Bishkek City Council of Deputies on the eve of the early parliamentary elections of 2007 of the Rules for holding rallies, processions, and demonstrations that contradict current laws and the Constitution. Subsequently, the Constitutional Court recognized these rules as inconsistent with the Constitution, which once again confirmed that local government still remains an appendage of state power. The date of elections for deputies of local councils is October 5, 2008. Due to changes to the Electoral Code, adopted together with the Constitution by referendum in 2007, political parties received significant powers at the local level.

Transport

Railway transport is represented by a small section - Lugovaya station - the city of Balykchy. Construction was announced railway To China. In former times, there was a railway connection with the south of Kyrgyzstan through the city of Jalal-Abad through the territory of Uzbekistan. However, with the collapse of the USSR and the announcement of Uzbekistan visa regime This message has ceased to exist.

For urban transport there are trolleybuses, buses, minibuses, and taxis. Trolleybuses are used in the cities of Bishkek and Naryn.

Buses

In Bishkek (Frunze), until 1990, there were about 60 city and 26 taxi public transport routes. Urban transportation was carried out mainly using buses: Ikarus-260 (yellow), Ikarus-280 (yellow), LAZ-695, there were also several two-door Ikarus-263 (operating on route No. 153 Aeroflot agency - Manas airport) , LIAZ-677 was used in very small quantities. In 1985, in Frunze, red LIAZ-5256 buses in the amount of 5-8 vehicles arrived for testing, which were used until the early 90s, new buses of this brand were not delivered. The main transport used by minibuses is RAF-2203 cars, so on routes 121,122 heading to Manas airport, Polish minibuses Nysa-522 were occasionally used, and on suburban lines UAZ-452. In the 90s, the bulk of the Ikarus buses fell into disrepair, mostly private carriers used used buses from European countries, as well as minibuses based on the KAVZ-685 bus; in the 2000s, buses completely disappeared from the streets of the Kyrgyz capital and transportation carried out so-called private “buses”, mainly converted from all-metal cargo vans of the Mercedes brand, in small quantities there were “Rafikis”, “Gazelles”, “Volkswagens”, and some other brands. Boarding in such minibus taxis was carried out through the front right door, the rear right door was welded, which made it possible to place several additional passenger seats, the seats were right next to each other, which created a certain discomfort, with the exception of the RAF-2203, which were originally passenger minibuses. However, a large number of various routes (about 500 routes) made it possible to cover all the streets of the city with transportation; there was practically no street or lane along which a minibus would not pass at least once every 2-3 hours. In 2008, middle-class buses were purchased from China FAW XQ6760SH2, Yahing GS6811GH and small Shaolin SLG6570CF, many closed ones have been restored bus routes. There is also a bus service between the cities; the city has two bus stations: Western (new, intercity) and Eastern (old suburban).

Another common method of transportation is taxis, running between the capital Bishkek and some regional centers - Talas, Naryn, Osh, Jalal-Abad. From Osh city there is a taxi to Jalal-Abad and Batken. Each passenger pays the cost of the trip based on one seat. In the Issyk-Kul direction from Bishkek, especially in summer, there is a significant flow of buses, fixed-route taxis and passing taxis. From Bishkek to minibus you can get to the city of Balykchy - the former Rybachye - at the beginning of Issyk-Kul, the city of Cholpon-Ata - on the northern shore of Lake Issyk-Kul, where there are many boarding houses, as well as the city of Karakol - the far part of the basin, considered the administrative center of the Issyk-Kul region and located 10-12 km from the lake shore. The road to Batken and Talas involves crossing the border; There are internal routes, but the condition of some of them is not always satisfactory. It is planned to create a light metro and an urban electric train - see article.

Mass media

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Evening Bishkek
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News agencies
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KNIA "Kabar"

Science and education

Bishkek is the largest scientific and educational center in Kyrgyzstan. In Bishkek there are:
National Academy of Science Kyrgyz Republic,
Kyrgyz National University named after Zhusup Balasagyn
Kyrgyz Technical University named after Iskhak Razzakov (formerly Frunze Polytechnic Institute),
Kyrgyz State University Construction, Transport and Architecture (KGUSTA),
Kyrgyz Agrarian University named after K. Scriabin (formerly Agricultural Institute named after K. Scriabin),
Kyrgyz State Medical Academy named after. I. K. Akhunbaeva
Kyrgyz-Russian (Slavic) University,
American University of Central Asia,
International University of Kyrgyzstan,
Kyrgyz-Turkish Manas University,
Bishkek Financial and Economic Academy
Association of Educational Institutions EdNet

The following research organizations are also located in Bishkek:
Central Asian Free Market Institute

 

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