A solo trip. Social tourism. History of amateur tourism in Russia

Amateur tourism

Amateur tourism is based on the activities of voluntary tourist associations, unions and tourist clubs, which create their own regulations governing tourist activities, conduct hikes, tourist rallies and competitions, and publish their own tourist methodological literature and periodicals.

Relaxation during amateur hikes is not limited to recovery and regeneration of strength, but is also aimed at active knowledge of the environment, nature conservation, studying the sights of history and culture, getting acquainted with the past and modern places of travel.

Amateur tourism combines forms of local history and excursion activities, socially useful work on behalf of research, environmental and other organizations, as well as the organization and holding of tourist meetings and competitions, amateur and technical creativity, and training of tourist personnel.

Amateur tourism has a programmatic and regulatory framework that determines the directions, nature, content of tourist social practice, requirements for mastering tourism skills (“Traveller’s Code”, “Rules for organizing amateur tourist travel”, etc.). All amateur hikes take place in accordance with the rules for conducting tourist sports hikes. Limitations by rules and regulations are necessary to create a managed system of amateur tourism.

The concept of amateur tourism

Amateur tourism is a type of tourism active rest, where participants independently choose and develop a travel (hiking) route, assemble a group, purchase food, tickets and equipment, and, without the help of hired guides or instructors, complete the intended path.

The word "tourism" is derived from the French tour - walk, trip. IN German“Tourism” is a holiday spent traveling; in Italian it means “traveling out of curiosity.”

Big Soviet Encyclopedia defines “tourism” as a trip (trip, hike) to free time, one of the types of active recreation, satisfying recreational needs (health improvement, cognition, restoration of human productive forces, etc.), component healthcare, physical education, a means of spiritual, cultural and social development of the individual.

The definition of tourism distinguishes two concepts - “trip” and “hike”, which in the practice of the tourist movement, along with common goals, have significant differences.

“Hike” is understood as traveling along a route with active modes of transportation (on foot, skiing, kayak, raft, bicycle, etc.). Hikes are distinguished by “planned” and “amateur” routes.

Trips along amateur tourist routes are organized by the participants themselves, who, with the help of specialized tourist bodies (tourist sections, tourist clubs of enterprises, institutions, schools, secondary and higher specialized educational institutions, regional and city tourist clubs, tourism and excursion councils, young tourist stations , pioneer houses, route qualification commissions, control and rescue services, etc.) determine the route, method of movement along it, duration, conditions and procedure for organizing and conducting the trip.

Hikes along amateur routes are divided into “weekend hikes” and multi-day trips.”

“Weekend hikes” are organized on Saturdays, Sundays and holidays.

“Multi-day trips” are carried out during vacations and vacations.

On a territorial basis, hikes along amateur routes are divided into “local” (in the native land) and “distant”.

According to the method of movement along the route, weekend hikes and multi-day trips are divided into walking, mountain, water (on rafts, rowing or motor boats), skiing, cycling, motorcycle, automobile, speleological.

Tourist travel is distinguished by categories of technical complexity. Their classification is carried out on the basis of the classification of routes by type of tourism, built in a certain logical sequence. The main factors characterizing the category of difficulty of a route are its total length and the length of sections with natural obstacles.

On walking routes Such natural obstacles include areas with very rough terrain, scree, dwarf trees, rocky areas, mountain passes, windfalls and rubble, wetlands and crossings of water barriers.

On ski routes, natural obstacles include virgin snow, windbreaks, rugged terrain, and also take into account low temperature, high humidity and strong winds, the need to set up bivouacs in the field, and lack of firewood.

On water routes natural obstacles are rifts, rapids, rapids, blockages, portages, etc. In addition, dams, locks, weirs, mole rafts encountered along the route, movement against the current on a towline or poles, along open water spaces (lake, reservoir, sea) are taken into account. , on sections equal to or exceeding a day's journey, the difficulty of approaching the beginning of the water part of the route.

On mountain routes The difficulty category is determined by the number and difficulty of overcoming the passes, and also takes into account the complexity and length of the approaches to the passes, the average and maximum altitude of the route, the availability of fuel on the route, and the duration of stay at altitude.

Amateur hiking and travel according to their goals belong to the concept of “sports tourism” and are one of the effective means of the physical education system.

Amateur tourism in Russia - unique phenomenon, generated by the Russian spirit, or as they say in our time - mentality. In Russia, spiritual search, creativity, and mobility have always been valued above material well-being, mechanical performance, and ossification. This is probably why Russia is the undisputed world leader in the field of amateur tourism. Everything that is known in other countries has neither Russian mass appeal nor the organizational principles that we have worked out over many decades.

In no country in the world have non-commercial tourist trips organized by tourists themselves at their own expense and in their free time been and are not of a mass nature. No country in the world has had or has had an extensive training system for amateur tourists. There was and is no system for monitoring the safety of hikes operating on public principles, or, more simply, on the enthusiasm of the tourists themselves.

Amateur tourism is a broader concept than just one of the sports. This social movement, one of the most important goals of which is a person’s desire for spiritual communication with other people and nature, self-affirmation, a natural craving for the beautiful world of nature. Amateur tourism is not just a type of human activity, for many it is a way of life.

Usually, both in organizing hikes and in the activities of the entire movement as a whole, tourists take an active part free of charge, on a voluntary basis. Participants in sports trips themselves develop routes, determine the composition of the group, select equipment, etc. But it is in this independence that the special value of amateur tourism lies.

All of the above fully applies to children’s or school tourism, with the exception that school tourism is managed at the level of schools and centers additional education adult tourists-athletes.

History of amateur tourism in Russia

The mass tourist movement in Russia and the USSR began in the late 20s, but it was unorganized and had a spontaneous character. Industrialization turned many thousands of former peasants into industrial workers. The state should have provided them with the opportunity cultural recreation with benefits for the mind and health. Only tourism could solve this serious problem in a country devastated by wars and revolution, and tourism that did not require large organizational costs on the part of the state. These requirements were met only by amateur tourism, the adherents of which organize and conduct trips themselves, without requiring places in hotels, sanatoriums and tourist centers, without turning to travel agencies, hired guides, and other sources of paid services.

Of course, mostly young people went into amateur tourism. Therefore, isolated tourist sections usually arose under Komsomol committees. The sections, not having experienced leaders, independently looked for forms of work and often their activities took on the ugly nature of vagrancy or were reduced to ordinary picnics; members of the sections did not strive to enroll the workers of their enterprises on a massive scale. Therefore, on January 13, 1927, the newspaper TVNZ organized a meeting on tourism issues. After this, at the end of January, the tourism bureau under the Moscow Komsomol Committee began operating. The task of the bureau was to develop a mass tourism movement among young people.

For successful development The tourist movement throughout the country required an organizational structure coordinating the actions of individual sections. The Komsomol Tourist Bureau decided to use for this purpose the structure of the above-mentioned ROT, revived under the NEP. At that time, the ROT was still an elite society of professors and intellectuals. Society actively promoted beauty native land, campaigned for active travel, but was not involved in the development of mass tourism.

At the call of the Komsomol, many new members from among the workers and employees of the Soviet Republic joined the ROT. A new board was elected, and by 1929 ROT had become the leading center for mass amateur tourism in the country. The number of members of society increased tenfold, and the social composition of its members changed radically. Based on this, on November 30, 1929, ROT was transformed into the Society of Proletarian Tourism (OPT). The successor of ROT as part of the OPT was the famous tourist club of the House of Scientists, whose members were the leading scientists of our country.

Having a small staff, the OPT built its activities mainly on a voluntary basis.

Amateur tourism was led and supported in those years by such well-known government figures as People's Commissar (Minister) N.V. Krylenko, Deputy Chairman of the Small Council of People's Commissars of the USSR (Vice Prime Minister) V.P. Antonov-Saratovsky, one of the leaders of the COMINTERN A. Kurella, academician N.P. Gorbunov, famous polar explorer O.Yu. Schmidt. This should also include member of the Politburo of the Central Committee of the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks) S.M. Kirov, who has been involved in tourism and mountaineering since pre-revolutionary times.

The most important task of the OPT, along with the development of the mass movement, was the training of tourist public personnel. According to the magazine “On Land and at Sea” (hereinafter referred to as the Journal) No. 7 for 1929, the first courses of instructors began to operate in July 1929 mountain tourism in the Caucasus (Rabfak in the Ice). They were conducted by V.L. Semenovsky, who worked in the People's Commissariat for Foreign Affairs. He gained tourism experience in exile, working as a guide in the Alps. In fact, this was the first tourist training school with travel to the Caucasus after the theoretical course.

In 1930, at the first All-Union Congress of the OPT, opposition to the development of amateur tourism on the part of the commercial tourism organization “Soviet Tourist” was noted. Thus began the confrontation between commercial (planned, selling tours) tourist structures and the amateur tourist movement.

It is generally accepted that it is amateur tourism that most contributes to the development of the best qualities of the human personality, mental and physical health of the broad masses of the population. However, at the same time, he takes away clientele from commercial tourism organizations (state-owned in the USSR, and now private).

We can safely say that throughout its history, amateur tourism has had to defend its right to exist, defending itself from commercial tourist structures: first from the “Soviet Tourist”, then from various departments of the All-Russian Central Council of Trade Unions, and now from tour operators offering active routes.

However, in the first years of its existence, the Soviet government supported the initiatives of the masses. 03/08/1930 “Soviet Tourist” was liquidated, and its structures, unfortunately, together with the bureaucratic apparatus, were transferred to the OPT, which has since received the name OPTE - the Society of Proletarian Tourism and Excursions. The Journal notes that the Soviet Tourist society worked for well-paid officials. “Commerce and business are the engine of the OWL. Tura". It was this spirit of sharing that former employees of the Tura IDF brought into the structures of the OPT, demonstrating once again that an official cannot develop an amateur movement.

The Soviet government helped amateur tourists not only organizationally. In 1930, living in the most difficult economic conditions The state provided amateur OPTE tourists with 70,000 tickets at a 50% discount. Currently, the discount is provided only to schoolchildren and students and only from October to May, when the tourist flow is sharply reduced.

Journal No. 28-30 for 1932 reports that in 1931, on the recommendation of the tourism office, all tourist routes were divided into 3 categories according to the degree of difficulty and requirements for their participants were established.

Magazine No. 6 for 1933 reports that on March 14, 1933, the Presidium of the Central Committee of the Optech adopted a new “Procedure for Approval of Routes.” ROUTING COMMISSIONS (IRC) WERE CREATED, samples of TRAVEL BOOK AND ROUTE LIST were approved.

Note that OPTE existed at its own expense, without requiring government subsidies.

After the defeat of the OPTE on April 17. 1936, amateur tourism was transferred under the “direct supervision of work in the field of ... mass tourism and mountaineering” at the All-Union Central Council of Trade Unions. As it became known in last years, in the resolution on the liquidation of OPTE and a number of other voluntary societies, there were secret clauses that motivated the liquidation by the inadmissibility of the existence public organizations, in which, due to the lack of direct leadership from the state apparatus (that is, officials), enemies of the people could settle.

However, the All-Russian Central Council of Trade Unions, a bureaucratic organization focused on sanatoriums, holiday homes and tourist centers, could not understand and accept the amateur tourist movement based on the enthusiasm of the masses. Almost until the war itself, tourists were unable to find understanding and support from the All-Union Central Council of Trade Unions. Thus, organized forms of amateur tourism virtually ceased to exist from 1936 to 1939.

Signs of revival appeared after the Sports Committee adopted on March 26, 1939 the regulations on the “USSR Tourist” badge. In 1940, the title of tourism instructor was approved. In the same year, A. Vlasov and N. Gubanov were awarded the title “Master of Sports in Tourism” for the first time.

Post-war years

After the war, the state again had an urgent need to organize cultural recreation accessible to the broad masses. Began rapid development amateur tourism and its highest manifestation - sports tourism. Tourist clubs and sections opened at factories, cities and regions. The All-Russian Central Council of Trade Unions and GOSCOMSPORT received a directive plan for the development of the amateur tourist movement. Funds have again begun to be allocated for amateur tourism.

In 1949, tourism was introduced into the Unified All-Union Classification. Thus, it was officially recognized as a sport and received a second name - sports. Tourists who completed a series of hikes of a certain difficulty began to be awarded sports categories and the title of master of sports in tourism.

In 1957, there were more than 50 tourist clubs operating in the country, whereas before the war there was only one in Rostov-on-Don. The growth rates of amateur tourism in the country are extremely interesting. Here are the official data: in 1958, 428,156 people were engaged in sports tourism, in 1959 - 946,418, in 1960 - 1,512,860 people. Only arresters are taken into account here; the number of participants in tourist trips was much larger.

For comparison, in 1933 the OPTE registered 52,700 amateur tourists, in 1934 - 82,900, in 1935 - 127,500.

However, the relationship between sports tourism and the authorities was tense. March 17, 1961 due to an accident at Kola Peninsula The secretariat of the All-Union Central Council of Trade Unions abolished the Federation and tourism sections under the DSO, in other words, abolished sports tourism, or rather abdicated responsibility for its development. However, a powerful social movement forced the bureaucracy to back down. The Tourist and Excursion Directorate of the All-Russian Central Council of Trade Unions, which was mainly engaged in planned tourism, was transformed into Central Council on tourism and excursions. Amateur tourism has regained its lost positions.

In the summer of 1963, new Rules were introduced according to which the difficulty of routes was divided into 5 instead of 3 categories. Since 1981, tourism championships began to be held.

There were also attempts to eliminate the sports component of amateur tourism in 1982. But they also ended unsuccessfully.

Post-Soviet years and modern times

After the collapse of the USSR, sports tourism from the Trade Union system was transferred to the jurisdiction of the State Committee Russian Federation on physical culture, sports and tourism, and the tourists themselves united and created the Tourist and Sports Union of Russia (TSSR) - an All-Russian public organization. But the state oriented towards the Olympic Games. the apparatus did everything so as not to bear any responsibility for sports tourism.

Currently, independent tourism in its Soviet form is represented by the world-famous method of traveling in motorhomes (vans fully adapted for living, having an autonomous power plant, communications, household appliances and sewage system). Another manifestation independent tourism in many ways similar to the Soviet one and is associated with a special group of vacationers, whom marketers classify as the so-called. the “first third” of the consumer market, that is, consumers with low social needs, and, in general, regardless of income level.

Types and forms of amateur tourism

Due to the lack of classification of this area of tourism, confusion in the hierarchy and confusion of concepts often arises. In addition to mixing the concepts of travel and independent tourism, independent tourism itself is identified, for example, with hitchhiking or camping, while independent tourism is a method, and the types of independent tourism listed above are methods of implementation in relation to it.

Amateur tourism is divided

1. According to the form of the event: walks, hikes, trips, rallies, expeditions, competitions.

2. By type of routes: hiking, skiing, mountain, water, speleo, mountaineering, cycling, motorcycle, air, combined.

4. By organizational affiliation: tourist clubs, stations for young tourists, tourist sections, sports organizations.

Motivational factors

Motivational factors can be used as a sign that allows you to classify travel by type of tourism. With this classification, one should proceed from the main motive that prompted the person to go on a trip.

Amateur tourism is hiking and traveling along routes developed by tourists themselves or recommended by tourist clubs,

As a rule, amateur tourism is characterized by active modes of transportation. In this case, the route, the composition of the tourist group, equipment, food supply, method of transportation and financing are organized independently by the so-called amateur tourists. Such routes can be planned and prepared by tourist clubs, travel and excursion agencies, or tourist and sports organizations.

The peculiarity of such tourism is its sporting nature and the participation of the youth age category in it. The activities of this type of tourism are regulated by the “Rules for organizing and conducting amateur tourist trips and travel,” as well as departmental instructions of the Ministry of Education, the State Committee for Physical Education and Tourism and recommendations of the Tourist and Sports Union of Russia, the Center for Children and Youth Tourism, etc.

The Law “On the Fundamentals of Tourism Activities in the Russian Federation” provides the following basic definitions and concepts:

tourism - temporary trips (travels) of citizens of the Russian Federation, foreign citizens and stateless persons (hereinafter referred to as citizens) from a permanent place of residence for recreational, educational, professional, business, sports, religious and other purposes without engaging in paid activities in the country (place) of temporary stay;

amateur tourism - travel using active modes of transportation, organized by tourists independently;

tourist - a citizen visiting a country (place) of temporary stay for health, educational, professional, business, sports, religious and other purposes without engaging in paid activities for a period from 24 hours to 6 months in a row or spending at least one overnight stay.

INTRODUCTION

Tourism is one of the leading and most dynamic industries in the world

economy. It is recognized as an economic phenomenon for its rapid growth rate

centuries.

In many countries, tourism plays a significant role in the formation of gross

domestic product, creating additional jobs and ensuring

employment of the population, activation of the foreign trade balance. Tourism has

huge impact on key sectors of the economy such as transport and communications,

construction, Agriculture, production of consumer goods

and others, i.e. acts as a catalyst for socio-economic

development. In turn, the development of tourism is affected by various

factors: demographic, natural-geographical, socio-economic,

historical, religious and political-legal.

The importance of tourism as a source of foreign exchange earnings, expansion of international

contacts, providing employment to the population is constantly growing.

Tourism is one of the few dynamically developing types of domestic

business. The interest of entrepreneurs in tourism is explained by a number of factors. In-

first, in order to start doing tourism business, you don’t need

big investments. Secondly, it is quite successful in the tourism market

large, medium and small (with a small number of personnel) interact

companies. At the same time, the tourism business allows you to quickly turn over capital, and

also (in the field international tourism) to derive certain benefits due to

foreign exchange transactions.

To achieve a positive balance between money imported into the country

(inbound tourism) and exported from the country (outbound tourism) it is necessary

support and develop domestic tourism in every possible way so that money

spent within the country rather than abroad. Well planned

National tourism policy ultimately leads to benefits for the country.

If tourism development is not planned professionally enough, it may

it may happen that the country will invest more in tourism than it receives from

him. In order to succeed in the tourism business, a foundation is required

needs of the consumer of tourism services, organization of production and

sales of tourism products, good knowledge of international legal norms and regulations,

practices of tourism management and marketing, tourism conditions

There is a significant discrepancy in the level of tourism in Russia

services and package of services offered to the consumer, international

requirements and standards. This is facilitated to a certain extent

small number hotel enterprises and specialized tools

placements, the number of which is constantly decreasing. In 1999, out of the total

hotels (3386) 2750, i.e. 81.2% did not have the appropriate certificate

quality. There is also poor professional training of workers

tourism industry. This ultimately leads to capital flight from

Russia. Economic indicators of the development of Russian tourism are far from

desired. According to the Bank of Russia, the balance of payments deficit under item

“tourist services (travel)” in 1999 amounted to about 3.2 billion US dollars,

share of exports of tourism services in the total volume of exports of goods and

services 4.4%, share of imports of tourism services in total imports

goods and services was 13%. The total number of arrivals to Russia was 18.8

million people, with 7.1 million people from non-CIS countries, including

for the purpose of tourism - 1.9 million people. (26.8%). Of the CIS countries, 11.7 visited Russia

million citizens, of which 1.14 million people (9.7%) for the purpose of tourism.

3. Amateur tourism

Federal Law “On the Fundamentals of Tourism Activities in the Russian Federation”

interprets amateur tourism as “travel using active

methods of transportation organized by tourists independently,” and

proclaimed priority areas of government regulation

tourism activities along with domestic and outbound tourism support and

development of social and amateur tourism.

Until 1990, amateur tourism existed as a social movement and

was implemented through a diverse system of tourist clubs of the Councils for

tourism and excursions of the Central Council for Tourism and Excursions of the All-Union Central Council of Trade Unions, in

structure of which there was a Department of Amateur Tourism, as well as

through tourist clubs and tourist sections that existed in large

enterprises, institutions and educational institutions.

In 1989, the number of clubs in the RSFSR reached more than 700. Under the clubs

There were more than 80 regional sports tourism federations. On

enterprises, institutions and educational institutions on a voluntary basis

More than 30 thousand tourist sections and commissions worked. In amateur tourism

about 7 million people were involved, including all participants in tourist

hikes: recreational, weekend, sports, etc., as well as

hikes, rallies and competitions for approximately 15 million people. Wherein

number of participants in sports category hikes, giving the right to

the assignment of sports categories and tourism titles amounted to about 140 thousand.

Human. All amateur tourism events were financed from

trade union councils.

In 1989, about 6 million rubles were allocated for the needs of amateur tourism.

Hikes and routes for amateur tourism are developed by ourselves

As a rule, this tourism is characterized by active modes of transportation.

At the same time, the route, the composition of the tourist group, equipment, provision of food

food, modes of transportation and financing are organized independently,

or with the support of tourist clubs, sections, public

organizations.

Amateur tourism is subdivided.

1. According to the form of the event, walks, hikes, trips,

rallies, expeditions, competitions.

2. By type of routes, hiking, skiing, mountain,

water, speleo, mountaineering, cycling routes, motorcycle, air,

combined.

4. By organizational affiliation: tourist clubs

stations for young tourists, tourist sections, sports organizations.

One of the important features of amateur hikes is a clear

organization and systematic implementation. Depending on the possibilities it

There can be weekend hikes, multi-day non-category and category hikes

hiking. Organizing and conducting a hike, regardless of its complexity

are regulated by the “Rules for conducting tourist and sports trips”,

“Rules for organizing and conducting amateur tourist trips and

travel", as well as departmental instructions of the Ministry of Education and

etc. These documents determine which organizations can conduct hikes and

travel, how tourist groups are assembled depending on complexity

selected route and type of tourism, establish the procedure for registration

route documents They clearly formulate the requirements for participants and

trek leaders, as well as the responsibilities and rights of the leader and participants

Every tourist club should have a card index that can be used

use when choosing a route. At the same time, members of the tourist section

must themselves develop and implement new routes.

The most common form of amateur tourism is trekking

day off. Such hikes are accessible to people of all ages and attract

the largest number of participants.

The simplest form of hiking is a country walk. For such walks

Everyone is welcome. The short walk does not require participants to

WHAT IS AMATEUR OR SPORTS TOURISM?

After the defeat of the OPTE in 1917, amateur tourism was transferred under the “direct supervision of work in the field of ... mass tourism and mountaineering” at the All-Union Central Council of Trade Unions. As it became known in recent years, in the resolution on the liquidation of OPTE and a number of other voluntary societies, there were secret clauses that motivated the liquidation by the inadmissibility of the existence of public organizations in which, due to the lack of direct leadership from the state apparatus (that is, officials), enemies of the people could settle .

After the war, the state again had an urgent need to organize cultural recreation accessible to the broad masses. The rapid development of amateur tourism and its highest manifestation - sports tourism - began. Tourist clubs and sections opened at factories, cities and regions. The All-Russian Central Council of Trade Unions and GOSCOMSPORT received a directive plan for the development of the amateur tourist movement. Funds have again begun to be allocated for amateur tourism.

In 1957, there were more than 50 tourist clubs operating in the country, whereas before the war there was only one in Rostov-on-Don. The growth rates of amateur tourism in the country are extremely interesting. Here are the official data: in 1958 people were engaged in sports tourism, in 1959 – , in 1960 – 1 person. Only arresters are taken into account here; the number of participants in tourist trips was much larger.

For comparison, in 1933 the OPTE registered amateur tourists, in 1934 –, in 1935 –

However, the relationship between sports tourism and the authorities was tense. On March 17, 1961, in connection with an accident on the Kola Peninsula, the secretariat of the All-Union Central Council of Trade Unions abolished the Federation and tourism sections under the DSO, in other words, canceled sports tourism, or rather abdicated responsibility for its development. However, a powerful social movement forced the bureaucracy to back down. The Tourist and Excursion Directorate of the All-Russian Central Council of Trade Unions, which dealt mainly with planned tourism, was transformed into the Central Council for Tourism and Excursions. Amateur tourism has regained its lost positions.

In the summer of 1963, new Rules were introduced according to which the difficulty of routes was divided into 5 instead of 3 categories. Since 1981, tourism championships began to be held.

There were also attempts to eliminate the sports component of amateur tourism in 1982. But they also ended unsuccessfully.

After the collapse of the USSR, sports tourism from the Trade Union system was transferred to the State Committee of the Russian Federation for Physical Culture, Sports and Tourism, and the tourists themselves united and created the Tourist and Sports Union of Russia (TSSR). But the apparatus focused on the Olympic Games did everything so as not to bear any responsibility for sports tourism.

The state economy has switched to a market economy. You have to pay for everything, including the health of the nation. Nevertheless, amateur sports tourism continues, as in the Soviet Union, to exist mainly on a voluntary basis, receiving ridiculous handouts from the Sports Committee for holding competitions, mainly in tourist all-around events.

FIRST STEPS OF SCHOOL TOURISM IN RUSSIA

Order No. 397 of 01.01.01 of the Trustee of the Caucasian Educational District: “On student excursions.”

“From the responses received by the District Administration to my circular appeal about the need to establish a connection between classroom teaching and life and to introduce practical classes for these purposes, if possible, in all subjects of the high school course, I see that the pedagogical councils, in general, were very sympathetic to my thoughts and Having produced a whole series of heterogeneous practical works, not all of them paid attention to one extremely important point, which has an extremely serious significance for consolidating the theoretical connections obtained by students in a practical way. I mean STUDENT EXCURSIONS. By giving students the opportunity to have a pleasant time, promoting the proper development of their physical strength, imparting to them cheerfulness of spirit and clarity of thought, developing and strengthening their willpower by struggling with the obstacles and inconveniences that often have to be overcome, excursions contribute to the development in young people of a sense of love for nature , visually and directly introduce children to its powers and inexhaustible riches, develop curiosity, sharpen observation, enhance self-activity; Giving children the opportunity to receive the purest and highest pleasure from the pictures of nature, excursions contribute to the development of aesthetic taste, the desire for everything truly beautiful; By introducing the past history of previous generations at the monuments of ancient times, providing instead of darkness, the opportunity to observe the modern life of the native people with all its joys and sorrows, excursions can instill in the hearts of young men and children a sense of conscious love for their homeland and an active desire to work for its benefit. , and thereby contribute to the development of sound life ideals, the creation of which is the immediate task of the school.

However, in order for excursions to achieve the specified scientific and educational results and not turn into ordinary pleasure trips, they must be preceded by serious preparation of both participants and excursion leaders. The leaders of the excursions should be teachers who are most outstanding in their knowledge in various branches of science. They must first study and familiarize future excursionists with everything that is related to the area to which it is proposed to make an excursion with the geographical nature of the area, its map, surface structure, climate, ethnographic composition of the population, industry, geological, botanical and zoological features, with its historical past, with literary and historical memories associated with it, etc., etc.

Excursions, as far as I know, have been practiced in the Caucasian educational district for a long time, and some of them / mountain excursions of students of the Ekaterinodar gymnasium, excursions of some educational institutions of the mountains. Tiflis/, as completely correctly and expediently organized, had undoubtedly great educational and educational significance. Unfortunately, it is not possible to say the same in relation to the student excursions that have taken place in the last 2-3 years. Having been undertaken by chance, without any preliminary preparation of participants and leaders, without a specific goal, they could not bring any tangible benefit, and in some cases they even had a negative meaning, undermining the results of the excursion in the eyes of people who saw one of the powerful means of educational influence on the younger generation.

In full confidence that the teaching councils and heads of educational institutions share the view expressed by me, both in relation to the benefits of excursions in general and the need for their more correct organization, I humbly ask the heads of educational institutions to take every effort to make full and productive use of student resources. excursions for the purpose of both expanding the overall development of students and deepening their knowledge in various subjects of the school course. And the natural scientist, and the historian, and the linguist, and the geographer, and the drawing teacher, and the law teacher, and the mathematician - must take all possible participation in the proper organization and joint conduct of excursions in order to extract from them all the benefits that they can give. For my part, I am ready to provide any assistance to excursions, provided, however, that the educational results of each of them are as reliably guaranteed as possible by solid preliminary training of leaders and participants. Without this, excursions seem undesirable, of little use, and sometimes even harmful.

Persons interested in improving the organization of student excursions could receive very valuable information and instructions from the “Caucasian Mining Society in Pyatigorsk”, which has existed since 1902, the charter of which is placed in No. 10 of the “Circular according to Ex. env. for 1907." This society decided to take upon itself the organization and conduct of systematic scientific and educational excursions around the Caucasus for students of secondary educational institutions and in 1905 already organized 32 general excursions with 677 participants and 8 student excursions with 246 excursionists. Taking upon itself the organization of excursions in the Caucasus, the society has the opportunity to offer the following:

1) drawing up detailed routes and directions, considering Pyatigorsk as the starting point;

2) provision of a free experienced supervisor;

3) provision of preferential travel, where members of the company are entitled to this;

4) free stop and overnight in barracks and mountain huts owned by the company, and in government buildings for which there is permission from the authorities;

5) collecting tree species, fishing and hunting in areas for which permission is granted;

6) free issuance of all kinds of advice, certificates and preferential documents.

In the future, the society intends to make educational excursions free of charge for their participants.

Taking into account that the assistance that the “Caucasian Mountain Society” can provide for the correct organization of student excursions cannot but be considered very significant, I humbly ask the heads of educational institutions to take measures to attract teaching staff to the number of actual members of the society. Membership fees required by the charter could be paid from special funds of educational institutions. These and other expenses for organizing excursions in large parts of the world will be reimbursed by the cost of those natural history, historical and other collections and individual items that will be collected by the participants of the excursions. At the same time, collections and objects that turned out to be unnecessary for the offices of a given educational institution could be sent for appropriate exchange to other educational institutions of the district or even other districts in need of such, or forwarded to the “Central Pedagogical Museum of the Caucasian Educational Institute” district" in Tiflis. Please let me know about what happens next.

Mr. Rudolph"

We can envy this attitude towards school tourism even now, a hundred years later.

The Ministry of Public Education of the tsarist government adopted and introduced all-Russian programs, for example, by the time they graduated from the gymnasium, all gymnasium students had to attend three great Russian cities: Kyiv, St. Petersburg and Moscow, i.e., the creation of a NATIONAL CULTURAL-PATRIOTIC, local history program was underway.

UNFORTUNATELY, WE DON'T HAVE ANYTHING LIKE THIS IN OUR DAYS.

Tourism is the most widespread form of active recreation and recreation for workers, one of the important means of educating Soviet people. During their travels, tourists get acquainted with the past and present of our Motherland, its natural resources, cultural monuments, perform socially useful work, observe nature, and protect it.

According to the nature of the organization, trips are divided into planned and amateur. Planned trips take place along a route previously developed and prepared by some organization, with the provision of all kinds of services and accommodation at tourist centers and hotels. In amateur travel, tourists are in complete self-service, they themselves decide all issues related to choosing a route, providing equipment, developing a travel schedule, etc. A properly organized and conducted amateur tourist trip ensures good rest, physical development and sports improvement of tourists, expands their outlook, fosters collectivism, love of nature, discipline, courage and initiative.

Hiking trips are an integral part of the All-Union physical education complex “Ready for Labor and Defense of the USSR.”

The procedure for organizing travel is determined by the Rules for organizing and conducting amateur tourist trips and trips on the territory of the USSR, which are approved by the Central Council for Tourism and Excursions of the All-Union Central Council of Trade Unions and agreed with the Union Ministries of Internal Affairs, Health, Education, Geology and other interested departments and central organizations.

In accordance with these Rules, amateur tourist travel can be carried out by councils for tourism and excursions, committees for physical culture and sports, councils of voluntary sports societies (VSO), tourist sports clubs, physical culture groups of enterprises, collective farms, state farms, organizations, institutions, educational institutions, recreational tourist and sports camps, stations young tourists, secondary schools. Palaces and Houses of Pioneers and Schoolchildren.

The current Unified All-Union Sports Classification divides travel into several types depending on the method of travel and the conditions under which it is carried out. The most popular of them are hiking, water, skiing and mountain.

In order of increasing complexity, amateur tourist trips are divided into weekend trips and multi-day trips of I, II, III, IV, V and VI categories of complexity.

The determination of the category of complexity of multi-day trips is carried out by public tourist route qualification commissions (ICC) depending on the following indicators (for categories I-III of complexity):

The duration of hikes is indicated without taking into account rest days and reserve days for bad weather. Although the maximum duration is not specified, if the number of days turns out to be significantly greater than the standard without sufficient grounds, then the IWC has the right to reduce the qualifying difficulty of the hike due to insufficient intensity of the load.

The length of the route is calculated taking into account radial exits if they do not exceed a quarter of the total length of the hike. In this case, a radial exit is considered to be a section of the route lasting no more than four walking days with a return to the starting point. Distances traveled in circular radial exits (with a return along a different path) are counted in full; distances traveled in linear radial exits (with a return along the same path) are counted in half.

A prerequisite for determining the category of difficulty of hikes is their compliance with the lists of classified tourist routes and classified passes approved by the Tourism Federation of the Central Council for Tourism and Excursions. These lists include main criterion to determine complexity - the quantity and quality of natural obstacles on the routes.

Each type of tourism takes into account certain types of natural obstacles. For mountain trips, the category of difficulty is determined taking into account the set of passes:

COMPLETING A GROUP AND PREPARING FOR THE TRIP

A tourist group should be a monolithic group, each of whose members is united with others through friendship and unity of purpose. Therefore, it is desirable that all tourists in the group have approximately the same age and physical fitness, similar skills and knowledge, and similar interests.

It is recommended that the group be composed of tourists working at the same enterprise, institution or studying at the same school, technical school, or institute. Such groups are the most homogeneous and stable, they are easier to organize and provide with equipment.

Prefabricated tourist groups are also common, uniting people with common interests or assembled according to some other characteristics.

The number of members of a tourist group taking part in a weekend trip is not limited. Tourist groups going on routes of I-III categories of difficulty must consist of at least four people.

Requirements for travel leaders and participants:

Leaders of amateur travel. They are chosen by tourists and approved by travel organizations.

Leaders must be politically literate, cultural, strong-willed, physically developed people with organizational abilities and the necessary tourism skills. They are obliged to observe safety measures and be ready to provide the necessary assistance to their comrades, monitor the careful attitude of tourists towards nature, and tactful behavior. towards local residents.

Travel leaders of complexity category I must have experience leading weekend trips, and trip leaders of complexity categories II and above must have experience leading a trip one category lower and experience participating in a trip of the same complexity category for this type of tourism. So, if a group is going on a ski trip of category III difficulty, then it can only be led by someone who has already completed a ski route of similar complexity as a participant and, in addition, has experience leading a ski trip of category II difficulty.

Group leaders are responsible for the preparation and trouble-free conduct of trips. Instructions from group leaders during travel are mandatory for all group members.

The group leader can be a tourist who has reached the age of 18.

Participants of amateur trips. Approved by travel agencies.

All participants in trips of difficulty category I must have experience of weekend hikes.

The group for travel of categories II and III of complexity includes mainly those who already have travel experience of categories I and II, respectively, for the same type of tourism. Due to the fact that it is sometimes difficult to select an even composition of the group, current rules Beginning tourists with experience of weekend hikes are allowed to participate in a trip of the II category of difficulty, and in a trip of the III category - tourists with travel experience of the I category. However, the number of those who have such insignificant tourist experience should not exceed one third of all tourists in the group.

In the event of a temporary division of a group on the route, in each subgroup (and in water travel- on each ship), senior officers are allocated to ensure the coordinated actions of tourists and their compliance with the instructions of the group leader.

Participants who are no younger than 14 years old are allowed to travel on routes of the first category of difficulty, no younger than 15 years old on routes of the second category of difficulty, and no younger than 16 years old on routes of the third category of difficulty.

Additional requirements

Depending on the specifics of water, ski and mountain travel, additional requirements are imposed on participants and leaders.

The leader of a water trip must have experience leading trips on the same type of water tourism (raft or rowing vessel - kayak, boat).

Participants in ski trips of II and III difficulty categories must have experience of field overnight stays in winter conditions. Moreover, field overnight stays mean overnight stays outside settlements: in tents, under an awning, around a fire, in a hut, in a snow cave, hunting huts, etc.

Participants and leaders of mountain trips of I-III categories of difficulty, which involve crossing high-mountain (classified) passes, must have special training:

a) if the route has passes of category IA of difficulty, then the group participants must undergo pre-camp training for the “USSR Mountaineer” badge, and the leader must have the “USSR Mountaineer” badge or training in the scope of the special part of the program for mountain tourism instructors and experience passing two passes of IA category of difficulty;

b) if the route has passes of category 1B of difficulty, then the group members must have the “USSR Climber” badge or training in the scope of a special part of the program for mountain tourism instructors and experience in passing a pass of category IA, and the leader must have additional experience in passing as a participant in the hike pass 1B and as a leader: pass IA category of difficulty;

c) if there are passes of category 2A of difficulty on the route, then the group members must, in addition to the experience of overcoming passes 1B, have experience of passing pass 1B of category of difficulty, and the leader must additionally have experience of passing pass 2A as a group member and pass 1B of category of difficulty as leader.

Distribution of duties

The distribution of social responsibilities in the group is carried out taking into account the tourist experience of the participants, their practical skills, and interest in carrying out certain assignments.

Team leader. Leads the preparation and conduct of the trip, organizes the activities of other participants, is responsible for their safety and successful completion of the route.

Deputy Head. Usually this is the second most experienced tourist in the group. He is the chief assistant to the leader in all matters, and in his absence (for example, at certain stages in preparation for a trip or when temporarily dividing a group on a route) he is the leader of the group.

Head of the farm (housekeeper). Distributes responsibilities for preparing food and equipment among participants, places them in backpacks, keeps records of food and equipment along the route, takes care of their condition and replenishment, and draws up a menu.

Medical instructor. Before the trip, he undergoes special training in providing first aid, completes and stores a traveling first aid kit, monitors tourists’ compliance with sanitary and hygienic requirements, and provides first aid if necessary.

Responsible for the diary. Keeps a record of marching events and compiles a timeline of marching days.

If the group is large (more than 8-10 people) or difficult route It is customary to additionally select from among the participants a treasurer, a photographer responsible for repairing equipment (repairman), a physical engineer, etc.

When conducting certain scientific observations while traveling, responsibilities are distributed among tourists according to the types of observations. Those responsible for topographic surveying, collecting samples for the mineralogical collection, meteorological observations, etc. are identified.

In addition, responsibilities in a group can be temporary: for one day, a transition, or some kind of camping event. These are those on duty in the kitchen, firemen, guides and trail runners, responsible for holding a tourist evening, competitions, organizing excursions, and reconnaissance of the further route.

The main thing when distributing responsibilities is not to deprive group members of useful initiative, give more personal tasks, and increase the personal responsibility of group members.

General physical and special preparation for travel

General physical training of tourists. Includes morning exercises, passing the standards of the GTO complex and exercises (training) during weekend hikes. It’s good if tourists are involved in one of the sports sections - athletics, skiing, etc.

In parallel with physical training, hardening of the body of tourists should be carried out. Air hardening occurs during morning exercises, which tourists should do in any weather and at any time of the year outdoors. After charging, water procedures are required.

Special training. Essential for those who are preparing for a more or less difficult trip, especially mountain, ski or water travel.

Specific exercises depend on the intended route. If you are planning a kayaking trip, then your morning exercises include slow and fast bending of the body from various positions, raising and lowering your legs while lying down, push-ups, and exercises simulating rowing. If you are preparing for a ski trip, then your exercises include long running, walking, simulating skiing, exercises to build up the strength of your arms, abdominals, and to develop mobility in the hip and shoulder joints.

For those planning a mountain trip, it is advisable to practice jumping over bumps (stones), balancing with a load on a log, walking with full feet on steep slopes, deep jumps with landing on an inclined sandy slope, and “rock climbing” with belay.

Both special and general physical training are carried out in the form of joint classes of all participants in the planned trip. This helps strengthen the team and develops a sense of “similarity” between group members.

To check physical readiness for a trip of I-III difficulty categories, it is recommended to use the following control standards:

Travel medical support. It consists of organizing, before setting out on the route, an appropriate medical examination of all group members (preferably by doctors from a medical and physical education clinic) and preparing tourists, primarily the group’s medical instructor, to provide first aid.

When determining the possibility of participating in a hike of I-III categories of difficulty after some acute illnesses, you need to focus on the following approximate dates:

Name of the disease	Time after clinical recovery	Notes
Angina	3-4 weeks
acute respiratory infections, bronchitis	2-3 weeks
Acute otitis media	2-4 weeks
Pneumonia	1-2 months	Only one-day hikes are initially allowed
Pleurisy	1-2 months	Same
Flu (no complications)	2-4 weeks
Acute infectious diseases	1-2 months	If the test results are satisfactory
Infectious hepatitis	8-12 months
Acute jade	8-12 months	Control urine tests are required
Fractures of limb bones: upper lower	1-3 months 3-8 months	Depending on the severity of the damage
Concussion	8-12 months or more	Same

ROUTE DEVELOPMENT AND TRAVEL SCHEDULE

Each group, preparing for a campaign, must first of all have a good idea of its purpose, its main task. This could be a vacation with minor physical activity, searching for “off-the-beaten-track” places with hunting and fishing, sightseeing, completing organizational tasks, completing a sports route, etc. Having determined the goal, the real physical and technical preparedness of the participants, as well as financial and other opportunities groups, tourists begin to explore the area and develop a route.

Exploring the travel area

Studying the area includes: familiarity with literature (including fiction), cartographic material, conversations with people who have visited the places of travel. It is also useful to take advantage of tourist reports and make notes about the relief, hydrography, climate, vegetation, wildlife, history, economics and everyday life of the population. A lot of valuable information, especially about specific attractions along the route, can be gleaned from correspondence with local tourism and excursion councils, tourist clubs, and individual local historians.

Working with maps occupies a special place in the process of preparing for a trip (see p. 110). By deciphering symbols, carefully measuring distances and compiling elevation elevations, tourists become familiar with the terrain's passability conditions.

Beginning tourists are recommended to use literature and maps to compile a detailed description of the route indicating distances; features of the terrain through which the route runs; with characteristics of roads; with a description of landmarks that will be visible near and far from different points, etc. Such a description will make it possible to move confidently without constantly checking the map.

Route development

The construction of the route depends on the specifics of the trip and the specific conditions of the area. It can be linear (end-to-end), linear-radial with long excursions or reconnaissance exits away from the main path, circular with a return to the starting point of the path. When planning a route, it is necessary to ensure a gradual increase in the complexity of natural obstacles and an increase in the interest of travelers in the second third of the journey. It is advisable to reserve for this part the technically most difficult sections, visits to the most interesting museums, panoramic points and other interesting objects.

The route should be built in such a way as to reduce walking loads as much as possible. It is recommended to designate points in advance where you can send some equipment and food by mail or where you can replenish your supplies. It is also advisable to create base camps from which various radial journeys can be made with minimal load. In addition to the main route, it is necessary to have a lightweight backup option in case one of them gets sick. participants, bad weather, river floods, increased avalanche danger, etc.

The route must be safe and logical. An artificial set of certain obstacles and excessive “twisting” of the path will not give tourists satisfaction and can lead to injuries.

Drawing up a calendar plan

The travel calendar, traffic schedule and calculation of daily transitions are developed depending on the complexity of the path, the physical and technical preparedness of the group members, the weight of the backpacks, as well as the presence of certain excursion sites that require stops to inspect.

While traveling on foot. On average, tourists walk 15-25 km per day. If the backpack is heavy (especially in the first days of the trip) or the route goes over rough terrain with overcoming natural obstacles, and also if the group includes poorly prepared beginners, the day's trek should be reduced to 12-18 km. The increase in loads should be gradual. So, in hiking I-II categories of difficulty, daily mileage can be as follows: 15, 18, 20, 22 km, day, 22, 25, 25, 18 km. If the route profile is difficult, the second or third day of the hike is the hardest. Therefore, it is better not to increase the mileage in the first three days, but to take a day’s rest on the fourth day.

On a ski trip. On the ski track, even novice tourists can travel 20-30 km a day with relative ease. When moving on virgin snow with overcoming natural obstacles or in conditions of difficult orientation, the speed drops to 12-.18 km per day. The pace of movement is seriously reduced during a thaw, and it is generally better to wait out a snowstorm, sudden cold snap, or strong headwind in a populated area. Therefore, up to 1/4-1/5 of the total time in winter hike planned as a backup and. left for unforeseen delays along the way.

On a mountain trip. The time required for the ascent is determined by summing up the estimated time spent moving the group horizontally (average speed 3-4.5 km per hour) and ascending vertically (speed about 0.3-0.4 km per hour), Duration descent along a simple path is calculated based on a speed of 5-6 km per hour. When planning transitions, we must not forget about the possibility of worsening weather.

On a water trip. In addition to the total mileage, the quantity and quality of obstacles, excursion sites available along the route, and the necessary reserve of days for bad weather, when developing a calendar plan, such specific indicators as the slope and tortuosity of the river, and the speed of its flow are taken into account. And not only the average for the entire route, but also for its individual sections. With a river slope of up to 1 m/km (0.001) and a current speed of 4-5 km per hour, the speed of movement of tourists will be slightly less than the sum of the speeds of the current and their own speed. As the slope and flow speed increase, the speed of the group may not increase, since a lot of time will be required to preview obstacles and prevent emergency situations (beginning tourists should not walk on such rivers).

The actual speed of movement on oars or a towline against the current is 1-2 km per hour (with a slope of up to 1-1.5 m/km), and it takes about an hour to overcome an obstacle on a flat river that requires guiding or carrying around. On average, for calculations, we can assume that the speed of a tourist ship on a voyage of I-II difficulty categories is 4-5 km per hour.

Rice. 1. Profile of the water route (data are conditional).

Route profile. When preparing a water, mountain or ski route, even the simplest one, it is useful to build its longitudinal profile. The profile of the water route is drawn on two scales: a small scale is taken to mark the length of the route, a larger scale is taken to mark the water edges (Fig. 1). Calculated slopes of the river, data on the nature of the valley, banks, and bottom are transferred to the profile from literary and cartographic sources, and places of natural and artificial obstacles are noted. This allows you to really assess the features and complexity of the route, and break it down for ease of passage into sections that require approximately the same technique and movement tactics.

REGISTRATION AND ACCOUNTING OF TRAVEL

Travel documents

All tourist groups must complete the appropriate documents before setting out on the route.

Route sheet. This is a travel document for a group setting off on an amateur trip, less difficult than a first category hike. Itinerary sheets of the established form are issued to ICC tourists and signed by the head of the organization (or his deputy) conducting a non-category trip or weekend trip.

The route list includes a list of travel participants, a route broken down by sections, indicating methods of transportation and socially useful work that the group plans to carry out along the way.

At the end of the trip, the itinerary is returned to the organization that issued it.

Route book. Travel document for a group going on a trip of I and higher complexity categories.

The book contains the roster of the group with passport data for each participant, a detailed calendar plan for the trip by days of travel, checkpoints and deadlines for submitting telegrams from the route. The book is issued to the group leader only after the ICC has checked the correctness of the developed route and the preparedness of tourists for it.

Review and approval of the route

A tourist group preparing for a trip of I and higher categories of complexity, in order to receive a route book, submits to the ICC an application book containing basic information about the route of the proposed trip, information about the composition of the group, the experience of tourists, material support (equipment, food, first aid kit, estimate), difficult sections on the route and how to pass them. The application book is certified by the organization conducting the trip, and for national groups - by the tourist club, the council for tourism and excursions, DSO, etc.

The application booklet is submitted to the local ICC no later than a month before the start of the trip. If this commission does not have the necessary powers, then the booklet is sent to a higher ICC, but also no later than a month before the trip.

The ICC is obliged to check the development of the route and traffic schedule for the main and alternate options, the knowledge of the route leader and participants of travel conditions and natural obstacles, the correctness of the measures planned by the group in case of unforeseen deviations from the route and traffic schedule, and measures to ensure travel safety. In the process of reviewing the route, all participants in the planned trip can be called for a conversation and control checks can be assigned to them in the field.

If the decision is positive, the ICC, no later than 15 days before the start of the trip, issues to the group leader a numbered registered form of the route book, certified by the ICC stamp, and a copy of the application book with its conclusion.

At the same time, the MKK enters, if necessary, special instructions for the group into the route and application book, and notes in them the place of registration of the group before setting out on the route at the relevant control and rescue service (CRS).

Based on the conclusion of the ICC and medical certificates about the health status of all members of the group, the organization conducting the trip allows the group to go on the route and issues a route book with the signature of the responsible person of this organization and its seal.

Control over the preparation and conduct of the trip

The organization conducting the trip monitors the preparation and training of the group, equipping it with the necessary equipment, as well as the completion of the trip on time.

When conducting trips of II and higher categories of complexity, the organization conducting the trip must, no later than 10 days before the group leaves for the starting point of the route, inform the tourist office of the relevant council for tourism and excursions about the intended route and travel dates, checkpoints, the name of the leader and the number of participants groups.

During the trip, tourist groups are required to make notes in the itinerary books about the passage of the route in tourist, and in their absence in other organizations and institutions, report by telegraph about the passage of checkpoints of the organization conducting the trip, the ICC (at its request) and the tourism board and excursions in the area in which the trip takes place.

If the trip takes place in an area where there is a tourist checkpoint, then upon arrival the group is required to register at the nearest control and rescue point (detachment, post) and receive additional advice on the route.

Compilation of a report

During the trip, tourists keep a hiking diary and record the results of various observations along the route (for information on keeping a diary, see p. 205). At the end of the trip, the group leader reports to the organization that conducted the trip and the ICC within no more than 4 months.

Travel reports should generally contain the following sections:

1. Background information about the trip: type of tourism, category of difficulty, time, area, route, methods of transportation; Group members; the length and duration of the journey in general and in sections with overcoming natural obstacles; when and which IWC considered travel.
2. Information about the travel area: a brief general geographical description of the area; a tourist characteristic based on the group’s own observations and conclusions, materials collected by the group through correspondence and on the route, and aimed at providing subsequent tourist groups with specific information about natural features area, inspection sites, roads, local transport, opportunities to replenish food supplies, etc.
3. Technical description travel: characteristics of the route traveled, conditions and possibilities of movement; difficult sections of the route (passes, rapids, crossings, places with difficult orientation, etc.); methods and means used to overcome natural obstacles; security measures and group actions in difficult conditions.
4. A detailed table of daily marches indicating the mileage and method of movement, the number of walking hours, the mileage with overcoming natural obstacles and a brief description of the weather.
5. Lists of personal and group equipment and food, preferably with their assessment based on the experience of the trip.
6. Cost estimate.
7. List of used: literature.

The travel report is accompanied by a general map showing the route and overnight stays, as well as sketches of the most difficult sections indicating the route and timing of their passage.

The reports are illustrated with photographs characterizing difficult sections of the route and the group’s actions on them, the nature and attractions of the area, etc.

The specific volume and nature of the travel report of categories I-III of complexity, as well as the possibility of presenting it orally, are determined by the ICC. For school tour groups, a written report is required.

Travel credit and rank assignment

The completed trip is scored by the ICC, which reviewed the materials for the group’s departure on the route. A preliminary check is made of the report submitted by the group, as well as the tourists’ compliance with the current rules, norms of behavior or instructions of the commission during the trip.

When taking credit, completed trips are classified in accordance with current category standards and taking into account the conditions that existed during the trip.

Based on the route completion certificates issued to the leader and participants, they may be assigned one or another Sports category.

With a positive conclusion from an authorized ICC, the council for tourism and excursions, a tourist or sports club, the council of children's social activities or the physical education team, under which the ICC was created and operates, assigns a category to tourists in accordance with the following requirements (data are given up to the first category):

Discharge	Hiking difficulty categories								Number of trips
	I		II		III		IV
	Participant	Supervisor	Participant	Supervisor	Participant	Supervisor	Participant	Supervisor
I	1	1	1	1	1	1	1		7
II	1	1	1						3
III	1								1
I youth (14-15 years old)	1								1
II youth (13-14 years old)	Complete one five-day hike or two (13-14 years old) three-day hikes with a total length of at least 65 kilometers
III youth (12-13 years old)	Complete one three-day hike or two (12-13 years old) two-day hikes with a total length of at least 30 kilometers

Hikes are counted regardless of what type of tourism they are made for. No more than three hikes are counted in a calendar year, unless they are higher than category III of difficulty. The interval between two qualifying trips must be at least a month.

To assign III, II and I sports categories, it is allowed to replace the leadership of hikes of I, II and III categories of difficulty with participation in hikes of III, IV and V categories of difficulty, respectively.

Hikes made along the same route, as well as repeated sections of routes, are counted if they are completed in different types of tourism or if the first time the hike was made as a participant, and the second time as a leader.

To be assigned categories III, II and I, it is necessary that tourists pass the standards of the GTO complex and are at least 14, 16 and 19 years old, respectively.

To be assigned a sports category (except for III and II youth), you must also have the “USSR Tourist” badge.

USSR Tourist Badge

The “Tourist of the USSR” badge is awarded to tourists who participated during the year in one or more trips with a total duration of at least 5 days and a total length of at least 75 kilometers on foot or skis, at least 100 kilometers on boats, kayaks, rafts, catamarans, at least 150 kilometers on bicycles or on horseback trails, at least 500 kilometers on motorcycles, 1,000 kilometers on cars (drivers only). In very rough (mountainous) terrain, the standard for tourists hiking or skiing can be reduced, but not by more than 15 kilometers.

Persons who have a doctor’s permission to engage in physical education and who have reached the age of 14 are allowed to pass the standards for the “Tourist of the USSR” badge.

For schoolchildren, compliance with the norms is allowed for two years and only if they consecutively complete five one- or two-day hikes with a total duration of at least 5 days and the total length indicated above.

When making hiking trips in the summer, participants must spend at least two overnight stays in the field.

The entry for the “USSR Tourist” badge is accepted by a commission consisting of at least three people (one third category athlete in tourism or a tourism instructor and two “USSR Tourist” badge holders).

Documents for the “USSR Tourist” badge are issued by tourist clubs, tourist sections of physical culture groups and military units, city (district) tourist clubs of tourism and excursion councils, tourist centers, stations of young tourists, Palaces (Houses) of pioneers and schoolchildren, secondary schools and other organizations carrying out tourism work and organizing tourist trips.

Travel plays a huge role in the life of a modern person. This is a pursuit of new impressions, knowledge, fresh emotions and just a great vacation. Travel companies offer a variety of destinations, trips to every corner globe. Extreme, comfortable - choose what you like.

But you don’t have to contact the tour operator. There is such a wonderful direction as amateur tourism. He was already quite popular among Russians. Many went to the sea as what is called “savages”. We bought tickets or got into a car, and upon arrival we rented rooms or houses from local residents, organized their own entertainment and excursion program.

And in general, we are somehow accustomed to traveling around our country without guides or tour guides. As well as in countries that were once Soviet republics. It's cheaper, easier.

Now amateur tourism has spread beyond the borders of the Motherland. Many people travel independently to Europe and America. Such travel has many advantages. You don't have to depend on the group. You can choose excursions to your liking and see more, since you don’t have to wait for everyone to arrive. You won't have to in the morning.

Independent tourism is cheaper. You don't have to pay to provide the service travel company, guide. The main expenses are travel, accommodation, food, excursions. You can find discounted air tickets. Nice, small hotels, where accommodation will cost an order of magnitude cheaper than in famous hotels. Eat not in the hotel restaurant, but in city cafes.

In addition, experienced travelers who prefer amateur tourism to organized tourism argue that to travel it is not necessary to perfectly know the language of the country you are going to. It is enough to learn a few of the most important phrases in English. How to check into a hotel, how to ask for directions. For everything else it's usually enough

In addition, by communicating with the residents of the country directly, and not through a guide, you will be able to penetrate deeper into their cultural characteristics, traditions, and understand their life. U large groups Usually there is no time for this, everything is scheduled with visits to standard attractions.

Of course, there are also disadvantages. You will have to spend much more time organizing the trip. You yourself will obtain a visa, plan your route, book hotels, worry about food, and book excursions.

If unforeseen circumstances arise, you will also have to rely only on yourself. And not all countries allow independent tourists. To obtain a visa for some countries, you must present one provided by the tour operator.

On the Internet you can now find many sites promoting amateur tourism. Wedding tourism is also gaining momentum in the Russian services market. It’s so great to have an unusual, memorable ceremony in some exotic place. Beautiful rituals of different cultures, the fabulous setting of medieval castles in Europe or the sand of tropical islands.

Of course, it cannot be said that amateur tourism is suitable for absolutely everyone. For those who prefer a calm, measured holiday without unnecessary worries, it is easier to purchase ready-made tour. But if you are easy going, love adventure and are used to being in control of your trips, this is for you. Happy travels everyone!

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