Residents of Tanzania. Map of Tanzania in Russian. Nature and national parks

Area: 945,203 km²
Population: 38,860,170 people
Capital: Dodoma
Language: English, Swahili
Currency: Tanzanian shilling

The United Republic of Tanzania is a country located in East Africa. Tanzania borders many African countries, such as Rwanda, Congo, Burundi in the west, and Uganda and Kenya in the north. In the south, Tanzania shares borders with Mozambique, Zambia and Malawi. You can get acquainted with the borders of Tanzania in more detail by looking at the world map.

Tanzania's eastern borders are washed by the Indian Ocean, which makes the coast attractive to tourists who prefer beach holidays. The country's climate is also conducive to beach holidays.

The uniqueness of Tanzania lies in the fact that this country has 2 capitals, one is the administrative center - Dar es Salaam, and the second capital is the legislative center of the state - Dodoma. All government bodies were moved to this city back in the 1970s.

You can find out where Tanzania is using the interactive world map.

A detailed map is presented in Russian.

Tanzania is one of Africa's most popular tourist destinations. It is included in the list of developing countries and has a rather weak economy, but it invariably attracts tourists with its rich and picturesque nature. The continent's highest mountain, numerous national parks with a huge variety of flora and fauna, picturesque islands and beaches - all these attractions lure thousands of visitors to the East African country every year.

Getting to know Tanzania

First, let's look at the features of the state's geographical location and historical information. We will also find out how you can get to this country.

Geographical position

The United Republic of Tanzania is located in eastern Africa and borders 8 countries: Kenya and Uganda in the north, Rwanda, Burundi and Congo in the west, and Mozambique, Malawi and Zambia in the south. East End The country is washed by the Indian Ocean. In addition to the mainland, the state owns some islands: Zanzibar, Pemba, Mafia, etc.

Tanzania is located on a plateau, in the north the country is surrounded by mountain ranges. Six rivers flow through the territory, and there are also lakes in Tanzania, the most famous of which is Victoria.

Some information about Tanzania:

Area: 945 thousand sq. km.
Population: 48 million people.
Time zone: +3 GMT (no difference with Moscow time).
Language: Swahili, English, African dialects and dialects.
Currency: Tanzanian shilling.
Capital: Dodoma.
Religion: Christianity (60%), Islam (30%), paganism (10%).

A little history

The history of this country officially began on April 26, 1964, after the unification of two colonies - Zanzibar and Tanganyika.

However, in general, the history of Tanzania consists of three most important periods:

Pre-colonial. Lasted from the time of settlement of this territory by indigenous South African peoples (Bushmen and Hottentots) until 1885. About one and a half thousand years ago, the Swahili people began to form on the territory of the country, which, in addition to indigenous tribes, included people from Arab countries. Swahili's main activity was international trade: slaves, gold, ivory were exported from the country; imported goods included handicrafts, fabrics, and food products. Since the mid-19th century, Europeans and Americans began to come to the country.
Colonial. Lasted from 1885 to 1964. The period of less than a hundred years turned out to be very rebellious, but productive for the state. Initially, the protectorate over the territory belonged to Germany, but after the end of the First World War the country came under the guardianship of Great Britain. During this time, agriculture was actively developing, cotton, coffee, sisal and rubber plants were grown in the country. During the reign of the Germans, many were built railways. The British continued the development of the country.
Independent state. During the period of independence, Tanzania was ruled by communism for a long time until a multi-party system was formed in 1995.

Did you know? Albinos are born more often in Tanzania than in other countries: approximately one newborn in 3,000, while in the rest of the world this occurs 7 times less often.

Independence Day is celebrated in December - it was on December 9, 1961 that Tanzanians gained independence from Great Britain, and a year later they became a republic and a member of the Commonwealth of Nations.

How to get there

There are no direct flights into the country from Russia and Ukraine. You can get to Tanzania by air only with transfers. With one transfer, the travel time will be about 13-20 hours.

The most convenient way to arrive in the largest city and former capital of Tanzania - Dar es Salaam is with the following airlines: Emirates, Qatar Airlines, KLM, Swiss.

Transfers will take place in Amsterdam, Doha, Dubai and Zurich. Accordingly, there are many direct flights to the country from European cities.

Regular flights to Tanzania are provided by Dubai, Kenyan, Qatar and Oman airlines. There are several international airports in Tanzania: Julius Nyerere, Kilimanjaro, Arusha. By the way, the capital airport in Dodoma is not international.

You can get to Tanzania from neighboring countries by car or bus, and there are also ferry connections with Uganda, Zambia and Burundi. There is a railway connection with Zambia.

Weather and climate

Thanks to the subequatorial climate, we can confidently say that eternal summer reigns in Tanzania. Seasonality is weakly expressed, the climate is slightly different in coastal areas and more distant from the sea, as well as in the mountains - for example, in the north of the country, near the mountain ranges, the temperature stays in the range of +20...+23 ° C, and near the coast it rises by 5 degrees.

It gets cool at night. The hottest are the islands, where the temperature reaches +32 °C, but is easily tolerated due to the high humidity and constant sea breeze.

The hottest months are the winter months. During this period, the temperature in the mainland of the country reaches +35 °C, in some places it reaches +38 °C. July is the coolest month. At this time, the daytime temperature is +27...+32 °C, and at night it drops by 10-15 degrees, for example, in the mountains it reaches +8...+10°C.

The country experiences rainy seasons: in the northern part - twice a year, during the spring and autumn months, in the south of the country the rainy season occurs once a year, from November to April. The sea is very warm - the water temperature reaches +26°C.

Main beaches of the country

The beaches and sea of Tanzania can make you fall in love at first sight and confidently take a place on your list of the best coasts. The main advantages of Tanzanian beaches are snow-white, fine sand and clear, blue water.

Did you know? In 1962, Tanzania (then Tanganyika) experienced an epidemic of laughter among children and adolescents. The attacks of laughter lasted from several hours to several days, and all this lasted for 18 months, “infecting” about 1000 people.

First of all, it is worth considering the beaches of the island of Zanzibar. Obviously, for beach lovers, the island will seem like a paradise, because it is one of the most picturesque and attractive places in the country.

When it comes to beach holiday or a tour to Tanzania, most often it is the beaches of Zanzibar that are meant; there are more than two dozen of them. Please note that western beaches have a calm sea, and the south-eastern ones always pamper visitors with waves. The most interesting places:

Nungwi. Located in the northern part of the island. Turquoise water, White sand, a deep sea in which tides and tides are not felt, and also fantastic reefs. This is very popular place for diving. The beach itself is surrounded by large banana and coconut plantations. Nungwi is truly considered the best place in Zanzibar.
Kizimkazi. South Beach will delight visitors with waves, romantic coves for privacy, and the opportunity to admire dolphins. Here you will also be able to observe the life of local fishermen from the village of the same name.
Located on the eastern part of the island. There are many luxury hotels along the coast. A significant advantage is the small number of tourists.
It is located in the eastern part of the island, therefore it has a disadvantage typical for this side - at low tide the sea becomes significantly shallower and you have to walk a long time to reach deep water. Paje is a great place for kitesurfing. In addition, here you can watch flamingos, peacocks and camels.
A clean and beautiful beach is located in the northeastern part. You won't be able to be alone here, but you can certainly have a lot of fun. It is very crowded, noisy and fun thanks to the many entertainment venues.

However, you should not ignore other island and mainland beaches:

Ideal for lovers of a relaxing holiday, observing nature and local colorful life. There are no cafes or nightclubs on the beaches of Pemba; it is quite quiet and peaceful here. However, you won't be bored thanks to the opportunity to go diving, deep-sea fishing or watch humpback whales, hammerheads or whale sharks.
The highlight of the island is the prison, built by a British general, in which there were not a single prisoner. The island still has the same azure water and white sand. In addition to swimming and sunbathing, you can go snorkeling, diving or hand-feed giant turtles, many of which are over a hundred years old!
City beach in Dar es Salaam. Here you can watch the local colorful crowd, but women are not recommended to swim in bikinis and too revealing swimsuits. The disadvantage of the beach is the shallow sea at low tide and muddy water.

What to see for a tourist

Of course, in addition to the sea and beaches, the African country has many more must-see attractions. Perhaps the most famous are the Tanzanian natural parks, the total area of which is about 30% of the entire territory of the country.

Nature and national parks

Tanzania has many national natural parks, thanks to which the country has managed to preserve a huge diversity of flora and fauna. The predominant type of vegetation in the country is savanna.

When visiting the country, you should definitely go on a safari to see giraffes, lions, elephants and black rhinoceroses, hippos and crocodiles with your own eyes. Tickets to National parks They are inexpensive, ranging from $50-60, but you will have to pay a hefty sum for renting transport and guide services.

Renting a car can cost from $300, you will also need to pay for gas and food. Sometimes it may take 2-3 days to more or less fully explore the park, so it will be necessary to rent accommodation.

Important!Visiting national parks is only allowed (!) in special safari jeeps accompanied by a certified Tanzanian guide.

This national park is distinguished by its enormous size (about 15 thousand sq. km), occupies a leading place among all reserves in Africa in terms of species diversity and the number of animals inhabiting the territory, and is also included in the UNESCO heritage list. Most often the Serengeti is visited to watch the big cats in wildlife, especially hunting lions and lionesses, cheetahs and leopards. By the way, this park has the largest population of lions in the world - over 3 thousand individuals.
Also listed world heritage UNESCO. The park is unusual, as it is located almost entirely in the middle of the largest crater on the planet. There is very rich vegetation here, which is why the reserve resembles an oasis among the relatively poor savannah. The main highlight of the park is the opportunity to watch pink flamingos on Lake Magadi.
Despite the relatively small sizes(more than 2.5 thousand sq. km), the park’s territory is inhabited by more than 300 species of birds, which is why it is especially popular among ornithologists. Here you can go on a classic jeep safari, as well as go on foot and night safari.
The park is located around the lake of the same name, the oldest on the planet - it was formed more than 3 million years ago. The territory of the park is inhabited by a huge variety of animals: here you can meet all the “classic” inhabitants of the hot continent. Ernest Hemingway called this park the most beautiful place in Africa.
The lake of the same name is also located here. It is famous for the fact that several times a year it turns pink due to salt deposits. The territory is home to the original Maasai tribes, and is also home to the world's largest flocks of flamingos.

In addition to the listed parks, the following places are no less popular: Selous Game Reserve, Udzungwa Nature Reserve, Mount Kilimanjaro Park, Meserani Snake Park and other beautiful reserves.

Did you know? At the legislative level, the use of plastic bags is prohibited in the country, including for packaging products in the supermarket. If you brought anything with you in plastic packages, it is better not to use them, much less throw them away, otherwise you may receive a fine of $2,000.

Historical landmarks

In addition to the untouched beautiful nature, Tanzania has a large number of historical attractions. There are not many of them in the official capital, Dodoma, but there is plenty to see in the old capital and largest city of the country, Dar es Salaam.

Here you should definitely admire the Clock Tower, Sultan Majid Palace, the railway station building, numerous cathedrals, mosques and churches.

Famous museums of the city:

The local markets are definitely worth visiting: Mwenge Ebony Market, Magagoni Fish Market, Kiriakoo Spice Market. It is worth walking through the colorful Asian streets of Indian Street and Kisutu Street.

What else can you do?

Tanzania offers countless opportunities for active rest. Beautiful coral reefs and beaches allow you to enjoy water and hiking sports. Here you have the opportunity to hunt and bring home exclusive trophies.

Important! When exchanging currency, you must keep the receipt for the entire period of your stay in the country. Also remember that you can pay with a card only in large cities and coastal towns (mainly in supermarkets, banks and large stores). IN provincial cities It is almost impossible to pay with a credit card, and the bank will have to pay up to 8% commission for withdrawing money from the card.

Leisure

Tanzania has many opportunities for outdoor enthusiasts. This is truly one of best places in the world for diving and others aquatic species sports, mountain climbing, trekking and hiking are also very popular.

This type of active recreation will be suitable for physically trained tourists, because they will have to climb to a height of almost 6000 m! However, the fantastic views and watching the sunrise/sunset will forever remain in your memory and compensate for all the efforts.
Descent to the Ngorongoro crater. The giant crater houses the national park of the same name, which we talked about above. To get to the bottom, you will have to overcome a height difference of 600 m.
Diving, snorkeling, kitesurfing. For divers, the waters of Tanzania will seem like a real paradise. Picturesque coral reefs, many rare underwater inhabitants, and excellent visibility underwater create all the conditions for diving. Here you can dive in freshwater reservoirs, near coastal areas, on islands, and you can also go on multi-day diving tours on board special vessels. We recommend that you pay attention to diving on the island of Pemba, Zanzibar, on Lake Tanganyika.
Hunting in the Selous Game Reserve. You can book tours for 10, 16, 21 and 28 days of hunting. It can be passed only during the daytime and on foot; hunting with a car is prohibited. The cost of the tour usually includes accommodation, services of a professional hunter, meals, field preparation of trophies, as well as preparation for export. However, this is a rather expensive pleasure, which can cost several tens of thousands of dollars.

Also, do not miss the opportunity to go rafting on the rivers of Tanzania, paragliding, and deep-sea fishing. Unforgettable impressions will remain after the safari, and there are several types to suit every taste.

Night life

If you prefer nightlife, you may be a little disappointed - Tanzania is definitely not a country with interesting nightlife. Most of the fun can be had on site resort hotels and in big cities.

On the island of Zanzibar, it is worth visiting the Kendwa Rock Hotel, where the Full Moon Party is held once a week.

In Dar es Salaam, pay attention to the following establishments: Q-Bar, Msasani, and Sea Cliff Casino.

Did you know? The lead singer of the legendary rock band Queen, Freddie Mercury, was born in Zanzibar.

Where to stay and eat

Since the main destination for many tourists is the unofficial capital, let's look at where to stay and eat in Dar es Salaam.
There is housing in the city to suit every taste and budget.

It is also worth being knowledgeable about local cuisine. Dishes made from the meat of wild animals and birds are traditional for the country. Worth a try National dish from ugali grains. If you wish, you can taste the meat of antelope, elephant, crocodile or warthog.

For special gourmets, dishes made from locusts and termites are offered. In coastal areas you can enjoy seafood. Vegetarians will also not go hungry, as many restaurants and cafes offer dishes without animal products. For drinks, you can try local beer or strong cognac gin.

In Dar es Salaam you can find establishments of different price categories. Yes, there is a cafe here with local cuisine and fast food, gourmet restaurants, pizzerias, restaurants with an emphasis on seafood dishes, establishments with Chinese, Indian and American cuisine.

Possible danger

You should be aware of the potential dangers before visiting the country. In general, Tanzanians are a very open, friendly and sociable nation, however, due to refugees from neighboring countries and a low standard of living, you can stumble upon fraud and theft.

It is also worth understanding that there are many Muslim areas here, so you should avoid wearing too much revealing clothing. A huge problem for the country is the availability of clean drinking water.

Important! IN tourist areas there are a lot of pickpockets, and there are armed poachers on the territory of the reserves.

Before visiting, be vaccinated against yellow fever, tetanus, hepatitis A, typhoid, cholera, and malaria.
Before use, be sure to boil water, thoroughly heat-treat animal products, wash and peel vegetables and fruits.
Swimming is necessary in specially designated areas due to the large number of strong coastal currents and the presence of dangerous animals under water.
Swimming in reservoirs within the country is not recommended due to the risk of contracting schistosomiasis.
Documents and precious things should be kept in a hotel safe, always have a photocopy of your foreign passport with you, and only walk the streets in a group at night.
You cannot take photographs or videos of local residents without permission.
When visiting parks, be sure to use sunscreen, repellent, wear wide-brimmed hats and comfortable high shoes with closed toes, and clothing that is as closed as possible.
In Muslim parts of the country, wearing short shorts, skirts and other provocative clothing should be avoided. You should also refrain from publicly showing attention to your significant other.

What to bring

In addition to numerous bright photographs, it is definitely worth bringing souvenirs from Tanzania; besides, the choice is impressive, they are varied and colorful. In big cities, shops are open until 22:00, but most shops are open from 8 to 12 noon, and in the afternoon from 14 to 18 pm.

During Ramadan, many shops may be closed. You can buy souvenirs in the most famous souvenir centers: an art gallery, a village museum and in shops on Samora Avenu. While on the island of Zanzibar, it is worth visiting the Memories of Zanzibar and One Way stores.

A lot of minerals are mined in the country: tourmaline, garnet, diamond, ruby, sapphire, but tanzanite, a mineral discovered in 1967, has become the real symbol of the country. “Blue Diamond,” as the stone is also called, is found exclusively in this country, among the volcanic deposits of Kilimanjaro.
Products. From Tanzania you can bring spices, herbs and roots, which are recommended to be purchased at the Kariakoo spice market.
Figurines and paintings. It is advisable to buy carved wooden figurines of the Makonde tribe in small souvenir shops.
National clothes, batik.
Tanzania has huge coffee plantations; about 6% of the country's population is involved in servicing them, which is quite a lot. The choice of aromatic drinks here is huge.

It is in Tanzania that you will have the opportunity to experience and see real East Africa. The originality, local flavor and picturesqueness of the country will not leave anyone indifferent.

Tanzania gives you the opportunity to climb the most high point continent, swim in the second deepest lake on the planet, and the most big lake Africa. Highly recommended for all exotic lovers!

In eastern Africa, on the coast of the Indian Ocean, there is a republic that was formed in 1964 as a result of the merger of two former colonies - Tanganyika and. The name emphasizes the unification of two countries into one.

Now the popularity of this country among tourists is associated, first of all, with the many that introduce all visitors to real African nature and the huge diversity of the animal world. These reserves, located in vast virgin territories, are home to common and rare species, the number of representatives of which is so large that it is sometimes measured in the thousands. And they all live their usual lives, in freedom.

In these places, safari originated, which is very interesting for any person, and therefore is very popular among tourists. After all, by immersing yourself in the natural conditions for wild animals in Africa, you can not only look at them, but also get to know the centuries-old soul of the continent.

The local weather is different from what we are used to, because Tanzania is located in the southern hemisphere. During the European summer months it is cooler here. And yet the country is ready to receive guests in all seasons, since there are conditions for this.

Capital of the country Tanzania

Just as Tanzania has a double name, formed from two states, it can be proud of two capitals:

Dodoma;
Dar es Salaam.

Dodoma is the official capital of Tanzania, this appointment happened in 1973, when all major government bodies moved to this city. Dar es Salaam is the historical capital, which is now considered the center for preserving the culture and economy of the country.

Educated Dodoma at the end of the 19th century in the center modern republic. Then it was a settlement of German colonists, and was located on the trade route connecting Lake Tanganyika and the ocean coast.

Peculiarity geographical location This city is located on a plateau, the height of which can reach almost 1300 m. In this regard, Dodoma experiences a monsoon climate, characteristic of equatorial zones. Average annual temperature here it can fluctuate within 10 degrees Celsius, while it is warmest at the beginning of the year, when the mercury averages +26 degrees Celsius.

There are different weather periods and precipitation amounts:

drought - June-October;
rains - November-May.

The spring months are called the most unfavorable in these places, as then abundant humidity is combined with high temperatures.

The outskirts of the city are located in low-grass savannas, so the vegetation here is dominated by:

acacia;
camphor laurels;
coniferous trees;
thorny bushes.

Here you can see wild animals and birds common in Africa (antelope, elephant, giraffe, lion, hippopotamus, cheetah, ostrich).

This legislative capital of the country of Tanzania unites mainly the African population (99%). Among the residents there are representatives of various nationalities:

Maasai;
Nyamwezi;
chaga;
gogo.

The remaining 1% comes from residents of foreign origin (from Europe and Arab countries).

They officially speak two languages in Dodoma:

English;
Swahili.

The majority of believers in the city are Christians (mostly Catholics), but there are also Muslims. The traditional faith remained in only a few local families.

For modern tourists, the capital of Dodoma is practically uninteresting, since the local architecture is not outstanding and there are very few attractions. Among the interesting places we can highlight only a few:

buildings of state residences;
Train Station;
a sacred Sikh temple, where every guest can be treated to sacred sweets;
Geological Museum;
a huge local market.

Such cultural poverty discourages tourists, who may come here only to go to Dar es Salaam or the national parks.

And here Dar es Salaam is a very large port city, the largest in Tanzania and on the entire East African coast. It contains prints from different eras, which is why different cultures influenced his appearance. In this regard, there is even a division of the city into parts:

African;
Asian;
European.

There are a lot of industrial enterprises here, and Dar es Salaam is also home to various educational institutions that are popular in the country, so there are a lot of students in the city.

Interesting places in the former capital of Tanzania:

National Museum with unique exhibits ancient history states;
Botanical Garden with representatives of the flora of equatorial and tropical climates;
"Little Theater" - drama theater and many others.

Tourists come to Dar es Salaam with pleasure, since here are the best conditions for an interesting, educational vacation, because this city is conducive to relaxation, knowledge of local culture and ancient history.

Have you decided to organize a holiday in Tanzania? Search best hotels Tanzania, last minute tours, resorts and last minute tours? Interested in the weather in Tanzania, prices, cost of travel, is a visa needed for Tanzania and would it be useful? detailed map? Would you like to see what Tanzania looks like in photos and videos? What excursions and attractions are in Tanzania? What are the stars and reviews of hotels in Tanzania?

United Republic of Tanzania- a state on the east coast of Africa. It is bordered to the north by Kenya and Uganda, to the west by Rwanda, Burundi and the Democratic Republic of the Congo, and to the south by Zambia, Malawi and Mozambique. The eastern border is the Indian Ocean.
Tanzania has two capitals: the administrative center is the historical capital of Dar es Salaam, and the legislative capital is Dodoma, where the government moved the main bodies in the 1970s.

Most of the country is occupied by vast plateaus. The coastal lowland stretches along the coast of the Indian Ocean. The country's territory includes part of Africa's largest lakes - Lake Victoria in the north, Lake Tanganyika in the west, and Lake Nyasa in the south of Tanzania. The highest mountain in Africa, Kilimanjaro (5895 m), is located in Tanzania.

Airports in Tanzania

Arusha Airport

Dar Es Salaam Julius Nyerere International Airport

Zanzibar International Airport

Mwanza Airport

Tanzania hotels 1 - 5 stars

Weather in Tanzania

The climate in Tanzania is subequatorial. In the north there are two rainy seasons (March - May and September - November), in the south there is one (November - April). The climate on the islands is humid, the average daytime temperature is plus 28-30 degrees, sea breezes make the weather very pleasant. The water temperature in the Indian Ocean is 24-26 degrees. In the central part (1200-1700 m above sea level) the average temperature is plus 22-25 degrees, nights can be cool.

Language of Tanzania

Official language: Swahili, English

Arabic is spoken in Zanzibar, and there are many local Bantu languages on the mainland.

Currency of Tanzania

International name: TZS

The Tanzanian shilling is equal to 100 cents. Banknotes in denominations of 500, 1000, 2000, 5000 and 10,000 Tanzanian shillings and coins in denominations of 5, 10, 20 and 50 cents, 1, 5, 10, 20, 50, 100 and 200 Tanzanian shillings are officially in circulation. In fact, coins with a face value of less than 50 shillings went out of circulation.

Currency can be exchanged in banks and exchange offices. The exchange receipt must be kept until departure from the country. Changing money from street money changers is not prohibited, but in this case there is an extremely high risk of facing fraud.

Credit cards have limited circulation. Typically only large banks, supermarkets (especially in port areas) and some travel agencies accept them. In the provinces, paying with a credit card is much more difficult. For the service of withdrawing money from a credit card, some provincial banks charge a commission of 6-8% of the amount.

Travel checks can be cashed at registered dealers, banks or exchange offices. A passport is required to cash out. Often checks are very carefully checked for authenticity, which takes a lot of time.

Customs restrictions in Tanzania

Transit of local currency is prohibited. Foreign transit has no borders. You can withdraw the same amount of foreign currency as indicated in the declaration upon entry. Only declaration of amounts is mandatory.

Without imposing a duty, you can bring into the country: up to 250 grams of perfume or eau de toilette, cigarettes - up to 200 pcs. or 250 gr. tobacco or 50 cigars, alcoholic beverages - up to 1 liter.

Transit is prohibited: explosives, drugs, poisons and pornographic products, ivory and products made from it, gold, diamonds, wild animal skins, cloves.

Export of jewelry and food is allowed only for personal needs. Import of products and personal items only in the amount required. Audio, photo and video equipment must be exported in accordance with the declaration that was filled out upon entry.

Import of animals

Animals can be imported only after examination and a certificate from a veterinarian confirming their health status and vaccinations.

Mains voltage: 220V

Tips

It is better to tip in local currency. In restaurants they make up 10% of the total cost of the order. Most hotels automatically add a 10% service surcharge to your bill. If service charges are not included in the tariff, a tip of 20 shillings will be considered quite sufficient, whereas in most small establishments it is not provided at all. Tips for rangers, drivers and other safari staff are usually the equivalent of 3-5 US dollars. If the service is carried out by a group of staff, tips should be given to the head of the group, otherwise additional claims may arise regarding the amount of tips and their distribution.

Shopping in Tanzania

VAT (Value Added Tax) on all goods and services is 20% and is included in the price.

Shops are usually open from Monday to Friday from 08.30 to 12.00, and from 14.00 to 18.00, on Saturday - 08.30 to 12.30. Some shops are also open on Sunday. During Ramadan, many restaurants and shops are closed during the day, and restrictions on smoking and drinking may be in place.

Souvenirs

The country produces unique Tanzanian green tourmalines, sapphires, garnets, rubies, emeralds and diamonds, as well as the mineral tanzanite, found exclusively in Tanzania in the volcanic deposits of Mount Kilimanjaro. All this splendor of gifts from the bowels of the earth can be purchased at markets and in private jewelry stores.

Office hours

Banks are open from Monday to Friday from 08.30 to 12.30-16.00, and from 08.30 to 13.00 on Saturday.

Photo and video shooting

It is not recommended to photograph local residents without their permission and to visit the homes of local residents on your own (without a guide or travel agency representative). In some places you need to pay for photography, but this should not be done everywhere and always - many aborigines try to beg money in this way.

Safety

You should not display expensive photographic and video equipment, valuables or documents. It is not recommended to walk alone on the streets at night. You should not leave things unattended. You should always carry a photocopy of your passport with you, and keep your passport, money and air ticket in a safe place (a hotel safe).

Foreigners are the object of constant and overly intrusive attention. You should not give in to offers from local residents to help in any way. This usually ends in problems.

Code of the country: +255

Geographic first level domain name:.tz

Medicine

Immunization against tetanus and hepatitis A is recommended. Epidemic outbreaks of meningococcal meningitis, typhus, malaria and plague are occasionally recorded. In rural areas, cases of African fever infection occur. When swimming in fresh water there is a high risk of contracting schistomatosis. Vaccinations against yellow fever, typhoid, cholera and malaria prevention are recommended.

Sleeping sickness, which is spread by the tsetse fly, is quite common in forested areas of the country. Also of great concern to the international community is the rapid spread of HIV and AIDS in Tanzania.

All water should be assessed as potentially contaminated.

Emergency numbers

The single emergency phone number is 112/999.

The content of the article

TANZANIA, United Republic of Tanzania, a state in East Africa. It consists of two parts - mainland (formerly Tanganyika) and island (islands of Zanzibar, Pemba, etc.). Mainland Tanzania is bordered by Uganda to the north, Kenya to the northeast, Burundi and Rwanda to the northwest, Mozambique to the south, Malawi and Zambia to the southwest, and the Democratic Republic of the Congo to the west. . In the east it is washed by the waters of the Indian Ocean, in the west - lake. Tanganyika, in the southwest - lake. Nyasa, in the north - lake. Victoria. In 1974 the capital was moved from Dar es Salaam to Dodoma. The transfer of the capital was due to the government's desire to transfer part of the cash flow inland from the more developed coast. Although Dodoma is now the official capital, in many respects Dar es Salaam still retains its capital functions. Most government agencies, foreign embassies and representative offices of international organizations are still located here.

Nature.

Surface structure and climate.

Based on the nature of the relief, the territory of Tanzania is divided into three regions: the coastal lowland with islands; a vast inland plateau (part of the East African Plateau) with grabens of the East African Rift Zone; several isolated mountain ranges and volcanoes with Africa's highest mountain, Kilimanjaro. Many areas of the country suffer from water shortages. Sources of water supply are the rivers Pangani, Rufiji and Ruvuma flowing into the Indian Ocean and their tributaries, lakes Nyasa, Tanganyika and Victoria.

The strip of coastal lowlands is swampy in places, especially at river mouths. Mangroves are common there. At a short distance from the coast, under conditions of normal flow, fertile soils are developed. The climate is equatorial-monsoon, hot, seasonally humid. Average annual precipitation often exceeds 1000 mm. Moderate rains are typical for November-December, light rains occur in December-April and heavy rains in April-May. Average temperatures in Dar es Salaam range from 23°C in June to 28°C in January. The climate is similar on the islands of Zanzibar and Pemba, but there is more rainfall there, the soils are fertile and intensively cultivated.

The lower and drier part of the plateau occupies the whole of southern Tanzania. The soils here are of a lighter composition, are susceptible to erosion and are quickly depleted. There is little precipitation, and it is distributed unevenly across the seasons. The tsetse fly, a carrier of sleeping sickness among humans and nagana disease among domestic animals, is found here. In Swahili, this barren and sparsely populated area is called "nyika". The central and northern parts of the plateau rise to 1200–1500 m. In some places there is moderate rainfall, and fertile soils are common. Agriculture is widespread, although only a few areas have water available all year round and only the higher areas are free from tsetse flies. Average annual precipitation within the plateau ranges from 650 to 900 mm, with the wet season lasting from November to April. However, the start date of this season and total rainfall varies greatly, which affects agriculture. In November-December there are short, refreshing showers alternating with clear days. Then dry weather prevails for several months, but in March a period of prolonged rains begins, which covers April and sometimes May. From mid-May, dry weather sets in and prevails until November. Temperatures are moderate, decreasing with altitude. In Mwanza (1170 m above sea level) the average temperature in June is 20° C, in January 22° C.

The plateau is intersected in the meridional direction by the East African Rift Zone, formed as a result of significant subsidence of the earth's crust along parallel faults. In the south, the lake basin is confined to this zone. Nyasa, whose level is located at an altitude of 475 m above sea level. In the western fault there is a lake. Tanganyika, and the eastern branch, characterized by a sinuous configuration, crosses central Tanzania. Further to the north, this zone branches into western and eastern. The height of the surface in the axial part of the zone is 600–900 m, and the surface of the plateau rises above it by many tens of meters. Lakes Nyasa, Tanganyika and Victoria (occupying a shallow depression in the north of the plateau) are of important transport importance. The areas adjacent to lakes Nyasa and Tanganyika receive more precipitation than the rest of the plateau, with their annual amount ranging from 1000 to 1500 mm or more.

The highest regions of Tanzania contain isolated volcanic mountains, small mountain ranges and ridges. In the north these are the Usambara mountains, Meru volcanoes (4567 m) and Kilimanjaro with Kibo peak (5895 m). In the south, the Livingston Mountains stand out, stretching along the north- east coast lake Nyasa. In general, the mountains receive more rainfall than other areas of the country and have more fertile soils. In the middle parts of the slopes of Mount Kilimanjaro, which are quite suitable for agriculture, more than 1300 mm of precipitation falls per year. Average temperatures in the coolest months are 13–16° C, and in the warmest months – 18–21° C.

Natural flora and fauna.

Dense tropical forests remain only around lakes in the west of the country and in the floodplains of some rivers. The most common plant formations are dry low-grass savannas with acacias and thickets of thorny bushes. There are also park forests on the plateau. Coastal areas contain native and introduced species of mango and introduced coconut palm. On the slopes high mountains Even coniferous species grow, such as cedar and footcarp. Pterocarpus angola is found in the park forests, the valuable wood of which is used to make high-quality furniture and wall cladding.

The savannas are home to several species of antelope (wildebeest, kongoni, topi, stenbok, springbok, etc.), as well as lions, leopards, cheetahs, zebras, elephants and giraffes. Characterized by an abundance of monkeys, of the monkeys in the far north-west there are chimpanzees, and in the Kilimanjaro region there are gorillas. Along the rivers there are hippos and crocodiles. The world of birds is unusually rich and diverse. There are especially many waterfowl. In the higher regions of the country, ostriches can occasionally be seen. Poisonous snakes include the black mamba and the African viper.

Tanzania is famous for its famous protected areas. Particularly famous is the Serengeti National Park (15.5 thousand sq. km), the only one in the world where natural seasonal migrations of wild animals occur. The adjacent Ngorongoro National Park is confined to a huge volcanic crater; its caldera, the largest in the world, is distinguished by its extraordinary richness of fauna. Nearby is the Olduvai Gorge, where Louis and Mary Leakey discovered the skulls and bones of human ancestors. Here it was first established that Australopithecus and Homo habilis lived at the same time, ca. 1.5 million years ago.

POPULATION

Demography.

According to the 1988 census, 23.2 million people lived in Tanzania, of which 22.5 million lived on the mainland and 0.6 million in Zanzibar and Pemba.

In 2004, the country's population was 36.59 million people.

The population of mainland Tanzania is almost entirely African. The vast majority of them are employed in agriculture. Following government control of the economy, many non-Africans lost their jobs and emigrated. After Africans, the most significant part of the population were people from Asia, mainly from India and Pakistan, but in the two decades after 1961 their numbers decreased from 88.7 thousand to 20 thousand. Of the 23 thousand Europeans in 1961, only 1 thousand remain today .

Before the revolution of 1964 approx. 76% of the population of Zanzibar were Africans, 17% Arabs, 6% Indians, and the rest were people from the Comoros and Europeans. The Arabs monopolized not only political power, but also the plantation economy. Trade was predominantly in the hands of Indians and to a lesser extent Arabs. During the revolution, many Arabs were killed. The Abeid Karume government that came to power took a number of discriminatory measures against ethnic minorities. As a result, about three-quarters of Arabs and Asians emigrated from Zanzibar.

Ethnic composition.

There are approximately 120 ethnic and linguistic groups in Tanzania. About 94% rural population Bantu languages are spoken on the mainland. The most numerous people are the Sukuma. It is concentrated in the northwest and makes up 13% of the population of mainland Tanzania; related Nyamwezi live in the western and central parts of the country; Makonde – on the coast; Khaya – in the area of the lake. Victoria; chaga - on the slopes of Mount Kilimanjaro and Meru, where they grow coffee; gogo live in the central regions and ha - in the west near the lake. Tanganyika. The remaining peoples of the mainland are predominantly pastoralists who speak Shari-Nile languages (Masai, etc.). Several small ethnic groups, including the Sandawe and Hadsa, speak Khoisan languages. The majority of the population of Zanzibar are descendants of African slaves brought from the mainland by the Arabs, and the Shirazi people, whose ancestors came from Iran many centuries ago and mixed with the local population.

Until the early 1970s, most of the population of mainland Tanzania lived in isolated family households as farmers or nomadic pastoralists. In the period 1974–1977, many villages were united into approximately 7.5 thousand large standard rural settlements. In the new villages, traditional social institutions were eliminated, and leadership functions were transferred to representatives of the ruling party or state.

Language.

Although Africans in different parts of the country speak different local languages, the language of interethnic communication is Swahili. It is one of the Bantu languages, enriched with borrowings from Arabic and, to a lesser extent, from Hindi and English. Swahili is taught in primary and secondary schools. Since 1967 Swahili is state language Tanzania, however government institutions and business is still widely used English language. Teaching at the University of Dar es Salaam is conducted in English.

Religion.

About a third of Tanzanians are Muslims, one fourth are Christians, and the rest are adherents of local traditional beliefs.

Government system and politics.

On December 9, 1961, Tanganyika gained independence. The national liberation struggle was led by the mass party Tanganyika African National Union (TANU). The country had a parliament and a government, but formally the head of state was the English monarch. In December 1962, Tanganyika was proclaimed a republic, and the president became the head of the executive branch. In January 1964, by decree of the country's first president, TANU leader Julius Nyerere, an authoritative commission was established to consider changes to the TANU charter, the executive system and the procedure for electing representative bodies in order to make the one-party system legitimate and give it a democratic character.

Zanzibar gained independence in December 1963, but power remained in the hands of the Arab oligarchy. As a result of the victory of the revolution in January 1964, power passed to the Afro-Shirazi (ASP) and Umma (People) parties, which expressed the interests of Africans. The leader of the ASP, Abeid Karume, became the chairman of the highest authority - the Revolutionary Council. The more radical Umma Party later became part of the TSA, which became the only legal political organization in Zanzibar. In April 1964, the governments of Tanganyika and Zanzibar decided to unite both states, and Zanzibaris were included in the government and constitutional commission of Tanzania. The recommendations of this commission formed the basis of the interim constitution of 1965, which officially recognized the one-party system in Tanzania. In 1977, a new constitution was adopted, which established the leading role of the party. At the same time, TANU and TSA merged into a single Revolutionary Party - Chama Cha Mapinduzi (CHM).

From 1965 to 1993, Tanzania was a country with a one-party system, and African socialism was recognized as the goal of development. In 1965, Julius Nyerere, as president of the country and chairman of the Black Sea Cup, significantly strengthened his authority. The party congress nominated his candidacy for the post of president and head of the executive branch, after which it was approved in a popular referendum. During the years of the one-party system, the president was assisted by two vice-presidents, one of whom was also the president of Zanzibar, and the other was the prime minister, responsible for the day-to-day running of the government. Ministers were appointed from among the members of the National Assembly. The size of the National Assembly has changed over time, and its representativeness has expanded. For example, in 1984, among 228 parliamentarians, 118 were elected from mainland Tanzania and 50 from Zanzibar, in addition, 5 were appointed by the House of Representatives of Zanzibar (where the Zanzibar government in charge of internal affairs remained), 15 female deputies were appointed by the National Assembly. The remaining seats were reserved for 15 members of parliament, appointed by the president, and the heads of all 25 regions of the country.

During the years of the one-party regime, the leading role in the political life of the country was played by the ruling party ChChM. Apart from her, only organizations controlled by her could exist legally. To reach the rural population, five mass public organizations were created, uniting women, youth, parents of students, elderly people and co-operators. The authorities strictly regulated the activities of all mass associations. The creation of alternative organizations was prohibited. The party also controlled trade unions, which were more a tool for strengthening party control than organizations defending the interests of workers.

There was no freedom of speech in Tanzania during the 1970s and 1980s. There was an atmosphere of suspicion towards imaginary external and internal enemies who allegedly hindered the country's progress towards a bright future. Such sentiments in society especially intensified during the economic crisis of the early 1980s.

Although the one-party system was in principle anti-democratic, the country held elections for local, regional and national authorities, and Nyerere's candidacy for the presidency was approved in popular referendums in 1965, 1970, 1975 and 1980. In 1985, Nyerere resigned as president, but remained Chairman of the ChChM. The new president of the country was Zanzibari Ali Hassan Mwinyi, who held this post from October 1985 to 1995. Despite the defeat of many prominent party figures in the 1985 elections, determining the political and economic course of the country remained the prerogative of the CFM. The popularly elected parliament has long turned into a body obedient to the Black Sea Council.

ChChM had an extensive network of local organizations. Every ten houses formed a primary party cell. The leaders of the cells were the main support of the ChChM on the ground. There was a strict hierarchy in party and government bodies, and all important decisions were made at the very top. All that was required from the lower classes was the approval and implementation of the decisions of the party and the government.

In the 1990s, Nyerere began to move toward abandoning the one-party system. In 1991, a specially created commission (the Nyalali Commission) began to determine public opinion regarding changes in the political system. After discussing this issue at conferences and seminars at the end of 1991, the commission submitted a report to the government. In February 1992, parliament approved amendments to the constitution that provided for the introduction of a multi-party system.

The liberalization of political life has caused profound changes in the country. The granting of freedom of speech accelerated the creation of several press organs and eased political tensions. After the removal of party-state control over the activities of public associations, a number of non-governmental organizations appeared. The goal of many of them was to support the social sphere (primarily health care and education), which was previously financed by the state. Other organizations discussed land reform, environmental protection, women's rights, and so on. In 1993, political parties were created and began preparations for the 1995 elections.

13 political parties took part in these elections, but only four of them nominated their candidates for the presidency. The ChChM won a convincing victory, whose candidates were elected to the highest government posts. Benjamin Mkapa became the President of Tanzania, Omar Juma became the first vice-president and prime minister of the mainland, and Salmin Amour became the second vice-president and president of Zanzibar. The CCM achieved control not only over the executive branch, but also won 214 of the 275 seats in the new National Assembly. The largest opposition force in the elections was the National Convention for Creation and Reform (NCCR), led by the famous anti-corruption activist Augustin Mrema. The NCSR received the greatest support in the Kilimanjaro region, Mrema's homeland. In the presidential elections, he won 27.8% of the vote, and his party won 19 parliamentary seats. Representatives of the influential United Civil Front (UCF) party in Zanzibar received 28 parliamentary seats, but its candidate collected only 6.4% of the votes in the presidential elections. Two other opposition parties each won several seats in parliament: the United Democratic Party (UDP) and the Party for Democracy and Progress (CHADEMA).

The CCM formed a government of 23 ministers. It is noteworthy that many former senior party members were not offered positions in the new government. After the elections, the position of the ChChM government strengthened, which was facilitated by the conflict within the NKSR, the most influential party. In 1997, a struggle began between Augustin Mrema and the rest of the NCSR executive committee for control of the organization. After numerous publications in the press about internal party strife, the number of NKSR supporters sharply decreased. Many voters previously saw Mrem as a contender for the presidency of Tanzania, but only if he showed qualities worthy of a statesman. The union with Zanzibar was going through a difficult period due to accusations of rigging the results of elections on the island, which allowed the CFM to take a majority of seats in parliament there. As a sign of protest, UCF activists carried out a long boycott of parliament. Relations between mainland Tanzania and Zanzibar remain tense.

In 1997, a report became public knowledge, which provided numerous documentary evidence of widespread corruption in government structures. Passions were also boiling over plans for a radical land reform that would legislate the right of private ownership of land. Since Tanzania has a strong tradition of collective land use and the popular perception is that land cannot be bought and sold, the government has decided to hold a broad debate on this issue. The discussion raised questions about women's right to own land and the relationship between nomadic pastoralists who move livestock to seasonal pastures and the government, which needs the land to create national parks and develop tourism.

During the second presidential election in 2000, Mpaka was re-elected to another five-year term with 71 percent of the vote, although the opposition refused to accept the election results and called for a boycott of the new parliament. Disappointment over the results of the last elections in 2001 led to violent demonstrations and accusations against the police. A series of rallies in Zanzibar calling for new elections turned violent, leaving about 40 people dead and many others injured. After the end of Mpaka's second term, in the presidential election, former Foreign Minister Jakaya Kikwete (of the Chama Cha Mapinduzi Party) won 80 percent of the popular vote and won. He appointed Edward Lowass as his prime minister and the government was sworn in in December 2005. Kikwete promised to continue his predecessor's economic reforms. In February 2008, the cabinet was dissolved by the president after a corruption scandal. The Prime Minister resigned. He was replaced by Misengo Pinda and a new cabinet was created.

Local government.

The territory of mainland Tanzania is administratively divided into 20 regions, the islands of Zanzibar and Pemba into 5 regions. The regions are divided into 70 districts. After the introduction of the one-party system in 1965, party structures were created at the level of villages and urban areas. Party representatives in rural areas participated in resolving conflicts within and between family households, as well as disputes related to land use and access to water. These party bodies survived during the multi-party period, but their powers were reduced as local control of the ChChM weakened.

At different times in Tanzania's history, regional and district governments have had varying powers. During colonial times, local authorities served as an important mechanism for implementing the policies of the metropolis. The colonialists left the leaders some of their traditional powers and created local councils. During the period of independence, the national government initially relied on these bodies, but as the central government strengthened, local administrative functions were gradually transferred to it. In the late 1960s, the government in Dar es Salaam removed the right of local councils to set their own budgets. In 1972 local governments were abolished. Instead of councils and an executive apparatus accountable to the population, regional and district committees were created locally, staffed by officials appointed by the central government. Behind the government's statements about its supposed decentralization policy was an intention to establish total local control, excluding any initiatives not sanctioned from above.

After the introduction of a multi-party system, the question of reform of local governments arose. Regional and district administrations now have greater powers and often seek to find sources of funding other than the state treasury.

Judicial system.

During the colonial period, the justice system consisted of two components. British magistrates tried civil and criminal cases in official courts, and chiefs and elders administered justice based on traditional customs. After the declaration of independence, unified courts of three instances were introduced. Cases that had been under the jurisdiction of the courts of chiefs and elders are now heard by justices of the peace, who are trained and appointed by the executive. Officially, legal proceedings according to traditional norms were abolished, but in fact, locally they continue to operate to one degree or another. There are still cases where courts make decisions based on common law in combination with local customs.

Armed forces.

In January 1964, two battalions of the Tanganyika army mutinied, demanding higher salaries and accelerating the process of Africanization of officers. After the mutiny was suppressed, the army was disbanded. The Tanzania People's Defense Forces were created, under the political and ideological control of TANU. Currently, the strength of the armed forces, including the Air Force and Navy, is estimated at approximately 40 thousand people. Internal security issues are the responsibility of the police (approximately 1,400 people) and the people's militia, which numbers 50,000 people. The Tanzanian army is equipped mainly with Soviet and Chinese weapons.

Foreign policy.

During cold war Tanzania pursued a policy of non-alignment and self-reliance. The foreign policy course corresponded to the economic tasks of building African socialism. Tanzania had close ties with China, which provided it with significant assistance in creating transport infrastructure. She supported the national liberation movements in southern Africa, as one of the front-line states, she assisted the African National Congress (ANC) in the fight against apartheid in South Africa and opposed South Africa's intervention in the civil war in Angola and Mozambique. Tanzania has led the opposition to Idi Amin's dictatorial regime in neighboring Uganda. Thanks to the participation of the Tanzanian army, the Ugandan dictator was overthrown as a result of a two-year war in 1978–1979.

In the 1970s, attempts to create an East African Economic Community failed; the resulting disagreements led to the closure of the northern border with Kenya. In 1993, Tanzania, Uganda and Kenya announced their intention to re-establish the East African Community. IN last years Tanzanian diplomacy was actively involved in finding ways to resolve conflicts in Rwanda, Burundi and Democratic Republic Congo by the forces of the Central and East Africa. The Tanzanian city of Arusha is home to the Rwanda International War Crimes Tribunal, created to prosecute those responsible for the 1994 genocide. Tanzania is a member of the Organization of African Unity, the UN and the Commonwealth, led by Great Britain.

Economy.

The model of socialism adopted in Tanzania after independence was based on two basic principles - self-reliance and equal distribution of public wealth. The implementation of this model was fraught with great difficulties and proved untenable mainly due to the focus of the Tanzanian economy on the export of agricultural products. Despite the arid climate and other unfavorable natural conditions, agriculture forms the backbone of Tanzania's economy.

In the 1970s, the country's economy developed at a relatively fast pace, which was associated with high world prices for Tanzanian export products. The policy of forced creation of "socialist villages" alienated peasants from the land, and growth slowed. In the late 1970s, Tanzania entered a period of economic crisis. The fall in world prices for Tanzanian exports, the global oil crisis and the onerous war with Uganda led to a balance of payments imbalance. Internal political factors also played an important role. The state systematically underpaid peasants for export products and accumulated a significant part of the income from exports. Therefore, the peasants were faced with a dilemma: either produce less produce or sell a significant part of it on the black market. A socialist-type economy also implied the presence of political restrictions economic activity. The Arusha Declaration of 1967 prohibited party functionaries and government officials from engaging in business and using hired labor. Despite the efforts of the Tanzanian leadership to prevent the personal enrichment of party elites and civil servants, the economic crisis of the 1980s gave rise to a large-scale underground economy. Party workers and government officials, faced with the impossibility of living on their salaries, took up entrepreneurial activity. Experts note that it is difficult to objectively assess the state of the Tanzanian economy, since it is almost impossible to determine the scale of the shadow economy.

In the early 1980s, the Tanzanian government made several attempts to adjust economic policies, but this did not help the ailing socialist economy. In 1986, Tanzania held negotiations with the IMF in order to obtain loans to carry out structural restructuring of the country's economy. The agreement reached meant a radical turn in the country's economic course, since the terms of the loans provided for the abandonment of socialist economic methods. Like most reform countries, Tanzania is privatizing its public sector of agriculture and industry. The IMF also demanded trade liberalization and the devaluation of the Tanzanian shilling. In recent years, as a result of the curtailment of social programs, peasants have lost state support, and now they have to rely only on themselves.

Tanzania remains a predominantly agricultural country, with 85% of the rural population employed in the agricultural sector. In 1997, agricultural exports accounted for 60% of all export earnings. Although the IMF has identified Tanzania as a country that has successfully achieved economic restructuring, the actual results are half-hearted at best. For the majority of peasants, production oriented towards the domestic market often does not even provide a subsistence level.

Total length highways the country is 90 thousand km, of which 18 thousand km are paved. The length of the railways is 3.5 thousand km. The largest sea ports Tanzania - Dar es Salaam and Tanga. Coastal shipping is developed along the coast. There are three international airports - Dar es Salaam, Arusha and Zanzibar.

Foreign trade turnover in 1994 amounted to 1.8 billion dollars, imports - 1.4 billion (machinery and equipment, fuel, consumer goods), exports - 0.4 billion (tea, coffee, tobacco, sisal, a number of industrial goods and mineral raw materials).

External debt in 1995 exceeded $7 billion.

After lengthy debates, the National Commercial Bank, previously owned by the state, was privatized in 1997.

Education.

Seven years of primary education is compulsory. In the 1970s, universal primary education was an important element of the program for building socialism and self-reliance. Secondary education is selective; in order to continue studying in state secondary schools, primary school graduates must pass transition exams. As the process of economic liberalization deepens in the country, more and more private schools are being established, which are run by parents and religious organizations. Often educational institutions are subsidized from funds of international non-governmental organizations. Upon payment of the required amount, anyone can become a student at a private school. In 1997, the cost of education per student in a public high school was approx. $150 per year, the cost of tuition at a private school was slightly higher - approx. $200 per year.

To enter the university in Dar es Salaam, you must successfully pass the entrance exams. For a long time, the government provided subsidies for students to study, but now they must pay their own fees. Tanzania's premier university has always been a hotbed of free thought and a center of criticism of the government. In the 1980s, student organizations were the most organized force of opposition to the ruling regime.

Story.

Back in the 8th century. Zanzibar and other islands off the east coast of Africa were a base for Arabs trading with the mainland. These islands were called the country of Zenj. Over time, Zanzibar became an independent Muslim sultanate, developing trade relations with the countries of the Middle East and the Indian subcontinent. In the 16th–17th centuries. it was under the rule of the Portuguese, and in the 18th century. came under the influence of the Sultans of Oman. In 1832, the Sultan of Oman, Said Sayyid, moved his residence to Zanzibar. Soon a large center for trade in slaves, ivory and spices arose here. Trade routes rushed deep into the mainland and reached the region of Mount Kilimanjaro. Interaction with slave traders caused profound social changes. Thus, the tribal leaders and even some common people living in the Pare Mountains became rich and acquired big influence thanks to the fact that they supplied food and everything necessary to traders and porters on the way between the coast and Kilimanjaro. Thus, trade undermined established power structures and stimulated wealth stratification. At the end of the 19th century. The areas surrounding Kilimanjaro became the center of activity for Christian missionaries. The development of different regions was uneven. Those who had the opportunity to get an education in missionary schools or get rich servicing trade caravans were ahead. For a long time, the Kilimanjaro region occupied a central place in the economic life of the country. Trade routes also created new dangers, since local peasants could easily become prey to slave traders.

At the end of the 19th century. Zanzibar was turned into a British protectorate, and the mainland of modern Tanzania (Tanganyika) was turned into a colony within German East Africa. Soon the first settlements of German settlers appeared here; mountainous region Usambara with more cool climate. In 1905–1906, the Germans brutally suppressed the protests of the local population. After World War I, Germany lost Tanganyika, which became a League of Nations mandate under British rule. The British administration incorporated local traditional institutions into the system of colonial administration. Where these institutions did not exist, they were created artificially, justifying this by the need to respect local traditions. In some localities, chiefs competed with each other for the favor of the British, since the support of the colonial administration provided them with great opportunities to enrich and strengthen power. The British established the production of cash crops, including cotton. To neutralize the anti-colonial opposition, the British administration tried to establish social security for the local population. Opposition against the introduction of new taxes in the Pare region in 1949 accelerated the colonial authorities' decision to develop an education and health care system. It was believed that these measures would instill a friendly attitude towards the British authorities.

However, anti-colonial sentiment spread among members of peasant associations that were founded in the 1920s in cash crop producing areas. Coffee growers' associations in Kilimanjaro and Buhaya (western Tanzania), as well as other similar associations, were created to help farmers control agricultural pests and sell their products. The viability of the colonial system was undermined during the global economic crisis of the 1930s, when the costs of administering colonies increased.

After World War II, Tanganyika became a UN trust territory under British administration. In the 1950s, the national movement intensified, and in December 1961 Tanganyika gained independence. Zanzibar followed suit on December 10, 1963, and in January 1964 there was a coup, as a result of which the African majority of the population overthrew the dynasty of Arab sultans who had long ruled on this island.

In April 1964, Zanzibar and Tanganyika entered the federation of the United Republic of Tanzania, but the rapprochement of both parts of the federation occurred only in 1977. Despite the constant assertions of government officials that a classless society has been created in Tanzania, free from interethnic contradictions, recently an alliance between both parts of the state became less durable. The shortage of many necessary goods and life on the brink of survival in an economic crisis are associated in the minds of the population with government programs for structural restructuring of the economy. Economic difficulties exacerbated ethno-religious differences between Christians and Muslims, which affected relations between Tanganyika and Zanzibar. Political contradictions arose during the first multi-party elections in 1995 between the ruling Revolutionary Party (RPP), which enjoys support on the mainland, and opposition parties operating in Zanzibar.

Tanzania in the 21st century

During the second presidential elections held in 2000, Mpaka was re-elected to another five-year term, but the opposition did not recognize the election results and called for a boycott of the new parliament. In 2001, demonstrations and accusations against the police began in the country. A series of rallies in Zanzibar calling for new elections turned violent, leaving about 40 people dead and many others injured.

In the new presidential elections, former Foreign Minister Jakaya Kikwete (from the Chama Cha Mapinduzi party) won with 80 percent of the popular vote. He appointed Edward Lowass as prime minister, and the government was sworn in in December 2005. Kikwete promised to continue his predecessor's economic reforms. In February 2008, the cabinet was dissolved by the president after a corruption scandal. The Prime Minister resigned. He was replaced by Misengo Pinda and a new cabinet was created.

It might be useful to read: