List of names of mountains of the Urals. Studying the Ural Mountains on the map of Russia: complete characteristics and geographical location

The Ural Mountains are located between the West Siberian and East European Plains. Their area is 781,000 square meters. kilometers. Many travelers dream of getting to this miracle of nature in order to see with their own eyes all the splendor of the famous mountain range. Tourists also want to know the name of the highest peak of the Urals in order to climb it or appreciate the full power of the Urals at the foot of this mountain.

Mount Narodnaya is the highest point of the Urals. Its height is 1895 meters. The mountain is located on the territory of the Khanty-Mansiysk Autonomous Okrug and belongs to the mountain system called the Subpolar Urals.

origin of name

There are two pronunciation options of this name. In the first case, the stress is placed on the first syllable – Narodnaya. The thing is that this mountain is located near the Naroda River, whose name sounds in the Komi language as “Naroda-Iz”.

But during the Soviet era, this name was very consonant with popular communist slogans. At every step they talked about the party and the people, so it was decided to shift the emphasis to the second syllable, making this peak the socialist property of the Soviet people.

Scientific and reference publications indicate different stress options. A 1958 geography textbook gives a name that correlates with the name of the river. And in a book from 1954 there is evidence that “Narodnaya” is the only correct pronunciation.

Modern scientists believe that the emphasis should be on the first syllable. This is the official pronunciation of the name.

History of the summit

In 2016, scientists found that this peak was first marked on maps in 1846 by a Hungarian geographer named Antal Reguli. Antal researched the history of the Mansi peoples, trying to understand the origin of their language. Later, the scientist proved that the Hungarian and Mansi languages have common roots.

Antal Reguli explored the high peak and gave it the original Mansi name Poen-Urr, which means “top of the head”.

Five years later, an expedition led by E. Hoffmann was sent to this peak. As a result, data was obtained about the geographical position of the mountain and its features.

For a long time, it was believed in scientific circles that this peak was discovered not by Antal Reguli in the 19th century, but by researcher A. Aleshkov with his expedition in 1927. New data were released only in 2016.

Despite this, Aleshkov's expedition played a very important role. After all, it was he who measured the height of Mount Narodnaya, after which the peak officially became the highest point of the Urals.

It should be noted that when visually assessing the height mountain peaks It's hard to know which one is higher. Mount Monarga stands out for its size. It was for a long time that it was considered the highest point of the Urals. But after Aleshkov’s research, all data was carefully checked. In scientific works it was indicated that it is not Monarga, but the People's Peak that is the giant mountain. She is 200 meters taller than her neighbor.

Summit climate

Peak Narodnaya is covered with glaciers. It is located in a cold climate zone. Long frosty winters prevail in these parts. average temperature air during the cold period is -20 degrees Celsius.

Severe storms and freezing rain- Frequent guests of these places. IN summer time the temperature rarely rises above 10 degrees.

If you want to conquer the top of the Urals, be prepared for harsh climatic conditions. Even experienced travelers It will be difficult to resist the vagaries of nature. Therefore, it is better to take a reliable guide with you.

The most best time for climbing the mountain - July and August. During this period there are no snowstorms and the sun is shining.

Geographical position

This giant is located between two mountains, which are named after the famous explorers of the Urals - Didkovsky and Karpinsky. The most picturesque view of Narodnaya opens from the top point of Karpinsky Mountain.

Majestic rocky slopes covered with snow-white glaciers attract the attention of tourists. And the highest point of Mount Narodnaya is shrouded in clouds.

This peak is located in a deserted area. There are no settlements nearby.

Located next to the mountain giant Blue Lake. Travelers who go hiking in the Urals often set up their camps on the shores of this picturesque body of water. Its height above sea level is quite high - 1133 meters.

Tourism and peak Narodnaya

With the rise of tourism in the second half of the 20th century, the Urals became a destination for many Soviet travelers. Mount Narodnaya was no exception.

Every extreme sports enthusiast deep down dreamed of visiting the highest point of the Ural Mountains. Therefore, over time, they began to locate around the top commemorative plaques. Students tried to record their feat, so they brought souvenirs and flags to the top of the mountain giant.

In 1998, the Russian Church installed an Orthodox cross on the main peak. A year later, a religious procession took place along the slopes.

So from the wild, inhospitable Narodnaya Mountain it turned into a hospitable giant.

The Urals is a unique geographical region along which the border of two parts of the world - Europe and Asia - passes. Several dozen monuments and memorial signs have been installed along this border for more than two thousand kilometers.

Map of the Urals

The region is based on the Ural mountain system. The Ural Mountains stretch for more than 2,500 km - from the cold waters of the Arctic Ocean to the deserts of Kazakhstan.

Geographers divided the Ural Mountains into five geographical zones: Polar, Subpolar, Northern, Middle and Southern Urals. The highest mountains in the Subpolar Urals. Here, in the Subpolar Urals, is the most high mountain Ural - Mount Narodnaya. But it is precisely these northern regions of the Urals that are the most inaccessible and underdeveloped. On the contrary, the lowest mountains are in the Middle Urals, which is also the most developed and densely populated.

The Urals include the following administrative territories of Russia: Sverdlovsk, Chelyabinsk, Orenburg, Kurgan regions, Perm region, Bashkortostan, as well as the eastern parts of the Komi Republic, Arkhangelsk region and West Side Tyumen region. In Kazakhstan, the Ural Mountains can be traced in the Aktobe and Kostanay regions.

Interestingly, the term “Ural” did not exist until the 18th century. We owe the appearance of this name to Vasily Tatishchev. Until this moment, only Russia and Siberia existed in the minds of the country’s residents. The Urals were then classified as Siberia.

Where did the toponym “Ural” come from? There are several versions on this matter, but the most likely is that the word “Ural” came from the Bashkir language. Of all the peoples living in this territory, only the Bashkirs from ancient times used the word “Ural” (“belt”). Moreover, the Bashkirs even have legends in which the “Ural” is present. For example, the epic “Ural Batyr”, which tells about the ancestors of the people of the Urals. “Ural-Batyr” incorporates ancient mythology that existed many thousands of years ago. It presents a wide range of ancient views, rooted in the depths of the primitive communal system.

The modern history of the Urals begins with the campaign of Ermak’s squad, who set out to conquer Siberia. However, this does not mean that the Ural Mountains were nothing interesting before the arrival of the Russians. People with their own special culture have lived here since ancient times. Archaeologists have found thousands of ancient settlements in the Urals.

With the beginning of Russian colonization of these territories, the Mansi who lived here were forced to leave their original places, going further into the taiga.

The Bashkirs were also forced to retreat from their lands in the south of the Urals. Many Ural factories were built on Bashkir lands, purchased from Bashkirs by factory owners for next to nothing.

It is not surprising that Bashkir riots broke out from time to time. The Bashkirs raided Russian settlements and burned them to the ground. This was a bitter payment for the humiliation they suffered.

The Ural Mountains are home to a wide variety of minerals and minerals. It was in the Urals that the first Russian gold was discovered, and platinum reserves were the largest in the world. Many minerals were first discovered in the Ural Mountains. There are also gems here - emeralds, beryls, amethysts and many others. Ural malachite also became famous throughout the world.

The Urals are famous for their beauty. There are thousands of amazing sights in the Ural Mountains. Here you can see beautiful mountains, swim in clean lakes, rafting down rivers, visiting caves, seeing interesting monuments history and architecture...

Mount Narodnaya in the Subpolar Urals

Mount Narodnaya (emphasis on the first syllable) is the highest point of the Ural Mountains. The mountain, almost two thousand meters above sea level, is located in a remote area in the Subpolar Urals.

The story of the origin of the name of this key Ural landmark is not a simple one. There has been serious debate among scientists for a long time about the name of the mountain. According to one version, the peak, opened just on the eve of the 10th anniversary of the revolution, was named in honor of the Soviet people - NarOdnaya (with emphasis on the second syllable).

According to another version, it was named after the Naroda River flowing at the foot of the mountain (the emphasis in the name of the peak in this case falls on the first syllable). Apparently, the discoverer of the mountain, Aleshkov, still connected it with the people and called it Narodna, although he started from river names.

Professor P.L. Gorchakovsky wrote in his article in 1963: “As the late Professor B.N. explained to us in his time. Gorodkov, the name of Mount Narodnaya was derived from the Russian word for “people”.

A.N. Aleshkov believed that this word is in harmony with the idea of highest peak mountainous country; The name came to him only by association with the name of the Peoples River...”

However, now it is officially customary to put the emphasis on the first syllable - NARODNAYA. This is such a contradiction.

Meanwhile, scientists have found out that the old, original Mansi name of the mountain is Poengurr.

The history of the surroundings of Mount Narodnaya due to the inaccessibility of this area (hundreds of kilometers from populated areas) is very sparse. The first scientific expedition visited these parts in 1843-45.

It was led by the Hungarian researcher Antal Reguli. Here Reguli studied the life and language of the Mansi, their legends and beliefs. It was Antal Reguli who first proved the kinship of the Hungarian, Finnish, Mansi and Khanty languages!

Then, in 1847-50, a complex geographical expedition led by geologist E.K. worked in these mountains. Hoffman.

Mount Narodnaya itself was first explored and described only in 1927. That summer, the Ural Mountains were studied by the North-Ural expedition of the USSR Academy of Sciences and Uralplan under the leadership of Professor B.N. Gorodkova. The expedition consisted of several detachments.

It is curious that before this expedition it was believed that the highest point of the Ural Mountains was Mount Telposis (Mount Sablya also claimed primacy in height). But the team of geologist-graduate student A.N. Aleshkova during an expedition in 1927 proved that the highest mountains of the Urals are located in the subpolar part.

It was Aleshkov who gave the mountain the name Narodnaya and for the first time in history measured its height, which he determined to be 1870 meters.

Later, more accurate measurements showed that Aleshkov slightly “underestimated” the height of the mountain. It is currently known that its height is 1895 meters above sea level. Nowhere does the Urals reach greater heights than on this Mount Narodnaya.

Popular tourist route Mount Narodnaya and its surroundings only became visible in the late 1950s and early 1960s. Along with this, the appearance began to change main peak Ural mountains. Signs began to appear here memorial signs and even a bust of Lenin appeared. Also among tourists, the custom of leaving notes at the top of the mountain has taken root. In 1998, a worship cross with the inscription “Save and Preserve” was installed here. A year later, the Orthodox went even further - they organized a religious procession to the highest point of the Urals.

Mount Narodnaya is surrounded by peaks named after the geologists Karpinsky and Didkovsky. Among the truly grandiose mountains of this part of the Urals, Mount Narodnaya stands out only in its height and dark rock.

On the slopes of the mountain there are many caves - natural bowl-shaped depressions filled with clean transparent water and ice. There are glaciers and snowfields here. The slopes of the mountain are covered with large boulders.

The relief in this part of the Urals is mountainous, with steep slopes and deep gorges. To avoid injury you need to be very careful. Moreover, it is very far from housing.

You can climb to the highest point of the Ural Mountains along the ridge from the west, but rocky steep slopes and pits make the climb difficult. The easiest way to climb is from the north – along the spurs of the mountain. The eastern slope of Mount Narodnaya, on the contrary, ends in steep walls and gorges.

No climbing equipment is required to climb the highest point of the Ural Mountains. Nevertheless, to make a hike in this wild and mountainous area, you should be in good sports shape, and if you do not have enough tourist experience, it is better to use the services of an experienced guide.

Keep in mind that the climate in the Subpolar Urals is harsh. Even in summer the weather is cold and changeable.

The most favorable period for hiking is from July to mid-August. The trek will take about a week. There is no housing here and you can only spend the night in tents.

Geographically, Mount Narodnaya belongs to the Khanty-Mansi Autonomous Okrug. Relatively close to Narodnaya there is a less high, but very beautiful mountain Manaraga.

Konzhakovsky Stone in the Northern Urals

Konzhakovsky Stone is the highest mountain in the Sverdlovsk region, popular tourist site. This peak is located in the Northern Urals, near the village of Kytlym. Sverdlovsk region

The mountain got its name from the name of the hunter Konzhakov, a representative of the Mansi people, who previously lived in a yurt at the base of the mountain. Tourists usually call the Konzhakov Stone simply Konjak.

The height of the Konzhakovsky Stone is 1569 meters above sea level. The rock mass is composed of pyroxenites, dunites and gabbro. It consists of several peaks: Trapezium (1253 meters), South Job (1311 meters), North Job (1263 meters), Konzhakovsky Kamen (1570 meters), Ostray Kosva (1403 meters) and others.

The Job plateau, which is located at an altitude of 1100-1200 meters, is interesting. It has small lake(at an altitude of 1125 meters). From the east, the plateau drops steeply into the valley of the Poludnevaya River through the Job Gap.

The Konzhakovka, Katysher, Serebryanka (1, 2 and 3), Job and Poludnevaya rivers originate from the Konzhakovsky Stone massif.

Highest point the mountain at an altitude of 1569 meters is marked with a metal tripod with various pennants, flags and other memorial signs.

Altitudinal zonation is clearly visible on the Konzhakovsky Stone. A coniferous forest grows at the bottom of the stone. Then the taiga gives way to forest-tundra. From an altitude of 900-1000 meters, the mountain tundra zone with stone placers - kurums - begins. There is snow on the top of the stone even in summer.

The unforgettable view from the top and slopes of the Konzhakovsky stone will impress anyone. From here you can see the most beautiful mountain ranges, taiga. The view of Kosvinsky Stone is especially beautiful. There is excellent ecology here, clean air.

It is best to start the path to the top of the Konzhakovsky Stone from the Karpinsk-Kytlym highway, where there is the so-called “marathon” - a marathon trail with markings and kilometer markings. Thanks to her, you won't get lost here. The length of the path one way is 21 kilometers.

Konzhakovsky Stone is good for both not very experienced tourists and sports tourists. Quite complex category hikes are also possible here. It is best to go to Konjak for a few days with a tent. You can stop at the “Meadow of Artists” in the valley of the Konzhakovka River.

Since 1996, every year on the first Saturday of July the international mountain marathon “Konjak” is held here, gathering many participants from all over the Urals, from other regions of Russia and even from abroad. The number of participants reaches several thousand. Both champions and ordinary travel enthusiasts, young and old, participate.

Devil's Settlement in the Middle Urals

Devil's Settlement are majestic rocks on top of the mountain of the same name, 6 kilometers southwest of the village of Iset. The peak of the Devil's Settlement rises 347 meters above sea level. Of these, the last 20 meters are a mighty granite ridge. The jagged ridge of granite towers extends from southeast to northwest. From the north, the Settlement ends with an impregnable wall, and from the south, the rock is flatter and you can climb onto it using giant stone steps. South part The fortifications are being destroyed quite intensively. This is evidenced by stone placers along southern slope mountains. This is due to sharp temperature fluctuations on the well-lit southern slope.

A wooden staircase installed there helps you climb to the highest point of the rock. From the top you can see a wide panorama of the surrounding mountains, forests, and lakes.

The fort has a mattress-like structure, giving the false impression that it is made of flat slabs. The origin of the “stone cities” dates back to the distant past of the Ural Mountains. The granites that make up the rocks are of volcanic origin and were formed about 300 million years ago. During this considerable time, the mountain was subjected to severe destruction under the influence of temperature changes, water and wind. As a result, such a bizarre natural formation was formed.

On both sides of the main granite massif (at some distance) you can see small stone tents. The most interesting is the stone tent to the west of the main massif. It reaches a height of 7 m, and the mattress-like structure is very clearly visible here.

Almost all the surrounding mountains are also dotted with stone tents. Devil's Settlement is located in the center of the so-called Verkh-Isetsky granite massif, but of hundreds of other rock outcrops, it is certainly the most grandiose!

Below, under the mountain there is a cordon. The Semipalatinka River flows there, a tributary of the Iset River. Devil's Settlement is great for training climbers. This area is dominated by beautiful pine forests, in summer there are a lot of berries.

As for the origin of the name, it is quite obvious. These rocks appear too unnatural to the companion - as if they were built by evil spirits. However, there is another, rather original hypothesis for the origin of the toponym. The fact is that the word “Chortan”, or more precisely “Sortan”, can be decomposed into the components “Sart-tan”. Translated from the Mansi language this is “front trade”. These words, when perceived by Russians, were transformed - Sartan - Chertyn - Chertov. So it turned out to be Devil's Settlement - a settlement of front trade.

As archaeologists have established, people have been present in the Devil's Settlement area for a long time. During excavations at the foot of the cliffs, many shards of pottery and pieces of sheet copper were found. Copper amulets pendants were also found. The finds date back to the Iron Age.

Our distant ancestors deeply revered the Settlement. They considered them a refuge for spirits and made sacrifices to them. Thus, people tried to appease higher powers so that everything would be fine.

The first scientific description " stone city"We are obliged to the members of the Ural Society of Natural History Lovers (UOLE).

On May 26, 1861, a campaign took place, the initiator of which was a resident of the Verkh-Isetsky plant, Vladimir Zakharovich Zemlyanitsyn, a priest and full member of the UOLE. He invited his friends (also members of UOLE) - bookseller Pavel Aleksandrovich Naumov and teacher of the Yekaterinburg gymnasium Ippolit Andreevich Mashanov.

« One of the permanent residents of the Verkh-Isetsky plant V.Z.Z. with an acquaintance I decided to visit the Devil's Settlement, having heard a lot from local old-timers about (its) existence near Lake Isetskoe<…>. From Verkh-Isetsk they first drove north-west along the winter Verkh-Nevinskaya road to the village of Koptyaki, located on south on the shore Lake Isetskoe. In Koptyaki, the travelers spent the night in the house of the elder Balin. In the evening we walked to the shore of Lake Isetskoye, admired the view of the lake and the spurs of the Ural Mountains on the opposite shore, and the barely noticeable village of Murzinka on the northern shore. On the lake in the distance the Solovetsky Islands were visible - schismatic monasteries existed on them. The next day, May 27, the travelers set out, guided by the advice of the elder Balin. In his words: “The evil spirit” plays painfully near the “Gorodishche” and often leads the Orthodox astray. The travelers went to the “dam”, located two miles from Koptyakov<…>.

Leaving the horses on the dam with the watchman and asking again about the road to the “Gorodishche”, the travelers decided to set off alone, without a guide, having only a compass with them.<…>Finally, having passed the swamp, they came across the mountains to a wide clearing. The clearing abutted the isthmus that connected two low mountains. Three giant larches grew between the mountains, which later served as beacons for those going to the “Gorodishche”. They are hiding in the forest on the right mountain. Then there was an uphill climb, first through thick grass, then through brown grass, and, finally, along the so-called “Devil’s Mane” among the people. However, this “mane” makes it very easy to climb the “Devil’s Settlement”, because you walk on granite slabs, as if on steps. One of the travelers was the first to reach the “Devil’s Mane” and shouted: “Hurray! It must be close! Indeed, among the pine forest<…>something turned white<…>weight. It was "Devil's Settlement".

Mashanov took granite samples from Devil’s Settlement and donated them to the UOLE Museum.

In 1874, members of the UOLE conducted a second excursion to the Devil's Settlement. This time Onisim Yegorovich Kler himself took part in it. The rocks of Devil's Settlement made such a strong impression on him that he wrote: “aren’t these the Cyclopean structures of ancient people?..”

The artist Terekhov took a very clear image of these rocks. He produced 990 photographs for free for the “UOLE Notes” and asked that these photographs be credited to him as a lifetime contribution to UOLE. His request was granted.

The next excursion took place on August 20, 1889. Members of UOLE S.I. went there. Sergeev, A.Ya. Ponomarev and others. They set off from the newly built Iset station. We walked several kilometers along the railway track and turned towards the mountains.

But their campaign did not go well. On the first day, they could not find the Devil's Settlement and spent the whole day wandering in the swamps in the floodplain of the Kedrovka River. Then they accidentally met people sent by the head of the Iset station to search for them and returned to the station, where they spent the night. Only the next day they found the Devil's Settlement and climbed to the top of the rocks.

Currently, Devil's Settlement is the most visited rock massif in the vicinity of Yekaterinburg. Unfortunately, more than a hundred years of mass visits could not but affect the ecological situation and the appearance of the rock massif.

Mountain system in the Urals, located between the East European and West Siberian plains. The Ural Mountains are located on the territory of Russia and Kazakhstan and are unique geographical object, dividing the continent of Eurasia into two parts.

In ancient sources, the Ural Mountains were called Riphean or Hyperborean. Russian pioneers called them “Stone”. The toponym “Ural” was most likely taken from the Bashkir language and means “stone belt”.

Length more than 2000 km, width from 40 to 150 km.
Altitude: 1,895 m.
Area: 781,100 km2

The formation of the Ural mountain system began about 350 million years ago and ended about 200 million years ago.

The mountains originate from the shores of the Arctic Ocean and end in the sultry deserts of Kazakhstan.

Minerals of the Ural Mountains
In the depths of the Urals are hidden countless riches known to the whole world.

This includes the famous malachite, and semi-precious stones, colorfully described by Bazhov in his fairy tales, asbestos, platinum, gold and other minerals. Of the 55 types of important minerals that were developed in the USSR, 48 are represented in the Urals.

Nature of the Ural Mountains
This region is famous for its incredible natural beauty. People come here to look at the amazing mountains, plunge into the clear waters of numerous lakes, go down into caves or raft down the stormy rivers of the Ural Mountains. The beauty of these mountains is best seen in and nature reserves. Once in Sverdlovsk region , you definitely need to visit Oleniye Ruchiye. Tourists come here to see the drawings painted on the surface of the rock. ancient man

. In the Kapova Cave, scientists discovered rock paintings that are more than 14 thousand years old. In total, about 200 works by ancient artists were found in its vastness. In addition, you can visit numerous halls, grottoes and galleries, located on three levels, and admire the underground lakes.

Fauna of the Ural Mountains No less varied is the animal world
"Earth Belt".
A predominant position in the local fauna is occupied by forest animals, whose habitat is coniferous, broad-leaved or mixed forests. Thus, squirrels live in coniferous forests, the main diet of which is spruce seeds, and in winter these cute animals with a fluffy tail feed on previously stored pine nuts and dried mushrooms. The marten is widespread in local forests, the existence of which is difficult to imagine without the already mentioned squirrel, which this predator hunts. But the real wealth of these places is the fur-bearing game animals, the fame of which extends far beyond the region, for example, the sable, which lives in the forests of the Northern Urals. It, however, differs from the dark Siberian sable in its less beautiful skin of a reddish color. Uncontrolled hunting for valuable furry animals is prohibited by law. Without this ban, it would probably have been completely destroyed by now.

The taiga forests of the Ural Mountains are also home to the traditional Russian wolf, bear and elk. Roe deer are found in mixed forests. On the plains adjacent to

mountain ranges

, the brown hare and the fox feel at ease. We did not make a reservation: they live precisely on flat terrain, and for them the forest is just a shelter. And, of course, the tree crowns are well inhabited by many species of birds.

Region meaning

The hydropower potential of the Ural rivers (Pavlovskaya, Yumaguzinskaya, Shirokovskaya, Iriklinskaya and several small hydroelectric power stations) remains a far from fully developed resource.

Rivers and lakes

The rivers belong to the basins of the Arctic Ocean (on the western slope - Pechora with Usa, on the eastern slope - Tobol, Iset, Tura, Lozva, Northern Sosva, belonging to the Ob system) and the Caspian Sea (Kama with Chusovaya and Belaya; the Ural River). The rivers of the western slope, especially in the Northern and Subpolar Urals, are fuller; They are characterized by high and long-lasting (up to 2-3 months) floods in May-June (in the Subpolar Urals - in June-July), often turning into high summer floods associated with heavy rains in the mountains. The rivers on the eastern slope of the Southern Urals have the lowest water content (some of them dry up in the summer). The duration of freeze-up increases from 5 months in the Southern Urals to 7 in the Subpolar and Polar Urals. The rivers are fed mainly by snow and rain. Most large lakes located on the eastern slope of the Middle and Southern Urals (Tavatui, Argazi, Uvildy, Turgoyak, etc.; most deep lake up to 136 m - Bolshoye Shchuchye). There are small glacial lakes in the Polar Urals, and karst lakes on the western slope of the Middle Urals. The rivers and lakes of the Urals have a large economic value (water supply sources settlements and industrial enterprises) and transport significance (the Kama, Belaya, Chusovaya rivers - in the lower reaches); many rivers are used for timber rafting. The Kama and Votkinsk reservoirs were created on the Kama.

Types of landscapes, their flora and fauna

Change climatic conditions from north to south and the nature of the relief, especially the presence of heights of more than 1500 m, are reflected in the change of natural landscapes both in the latitudinal direction (zonality) and in the vertical direction (zonality); the change in altitudinal zones is more pronounced than the transitions between zones. In the Urals there are steppe, forest and alpine landscapes.

Steppe landscapes are widespread in the Southern Urals, especially widely on its eastern slope and on the peneplain foothills. There are meadow, forb-turf-grass, turf-grass, and rocky steppes. Meadow steppes on ordinary and leached chernozems are developed in the forest-steppe zone and in the lower parts mountain slopes. Various herbs grow here: six-petalled meadowsweet, Gmelin's sickleweed, middle and mountain clover, grasses - meadow bluegrass, awnless brome, etc. The grass stand is closed and reaches a height of 60-80 cm. Many areas are plowed. Meadow steppes to the south are gradually replaced by forb-turf-grass steppes; they are developed on rich chernozems (in the north), and in more southern regions - on ordinary and medium chernozems. They are most characterized by turf grasses, and to the south, due to increasing dryness, forbs become less typical. In the grass stand there are feather grass (narrow-leaved, Ioanna), fescue, tyrsa; of forbs - six-petalled meadowsweet, mountain clover, burnet, etc. The grass stand is lower than in the meadow steppes, and in the southern direction it becomes more sparse. Soddy-grass steppes predominate in the southernmost, driest regions, on southern, locally saline chernozems, as well as on chestnut soils. Feather grass, fescue, and slender-legged graceful are typical; there is a small admixture of forbs, poor in species composition. The grass stand is low and very sparse. The steep, gravelly slopes of the mountains and hills of the eastern slope of the Southern Urals are usually covered with rocky steppes. Willows, sedge, and shrubby caragana grow in places along the valleys of steppe rivers. The steppes are inhabited mainly by rodents (gophers, jerboas), brown hare; Birds include the steppe kestrel, buzzard, and bustards are preserved here and there.

The forest landscapes of the Urals are the most diverse. Dark-coniferous mountain-taiga forests predominate on the western slope (in the Southern Urals, in some places, mixed and broad-leaved forests), on the eastern slope - light-coniferous mountain-taiga forests. The forests of the Southern Urals are the most diverse in tree stand composition; here on the eastern slope at an altitude of 500-600 m, the mountain steppes are replaced mainly by light-coniferous, in some places steppe forests of Scots pine, less often Sukachev larch; In some places there is a lot of birch. The more humid western foothills of the Southern Urals are covered mainly with mixed forests on mountain forest gray soils, giving way to leached, podzolized and typical chernozems to the west. Broad-leaved trees include common oak, Norway maple, small-leaved linden, elm, and elm; from conifers – Siberian fir, Siberian spruce. In some places, broad-leaved forests remain; the undergrowth is varied (common hazel, brittle buckthorn). The forests have thick grass cover. At an altitude of 500-600 m on the western slope of the Southern Urals, dark coniferous forests predominate, above 1200-1250 m - char with areas of mountain tundra, stone placers, and rocky outcrops.

On the western and eastern slopes of the Middle Urals, forest landscapes are also different. On the western slope there are dark coniferous southern taiga forests of spruce and Siberian fir, in places there are linden, maple, elm, and hazel and honeysuckle in the undergrowth. In the Middle Urals there are natural forest-steppe areas (Kungurskaya, Krasnoufimskaya and other forest-steppes), including small birch groves. On the eastern slope of the Middle Urals there are many pine forests, and on the peneplain foothills (especially in the basin of the Pyshma and Iset rivers) large areas occupied by birch and aspen forests. Dark coniferous forests on the eastern slope are less common. In depressions, sphagnum and hypnum-grass bogs are common. The forest landscapes of the Middle and Southern Urals are greatly changed by human economic activity.

The forests of the more northern regions of the Urals are better preserved. On the western slope of the Northern Urals, up to an altitude of 800-900 m, mid-taiga forests of Siberian spruce, less often Siberian fir and Siberian cedar on slightly podzolic soils dominate; the undergrowth is poorly developed or completely absent. Moss cover with a predominance of green mosses is widespread, and berries (blueberries, cloudberries, black crowberries) are also found. There are pine forests on the alluvial terraces of the Kama and Pechora. On the eastern, drier slope of the Northern Urals, large areas are occupied by pine and larch forests.

In the Subpolar and Polar Urals, due to an increase in climate severity, the upper limit of the forest belt decreases to 400-250 m. Local mountain northern taiga forests are quite monotonous and consist mainly of Siberian spruce (on the western slope) and pine, Sukachev larch and Siberian larch (on eastern slope). Low growth and sparse forest cover are typical, especially at the upper border of the forest belt. Here, during the transition to the loaches, dwarf birch are common. The forests are very swampy in places; Sphagnum bogs predominate.

Animals living in the forests of the Urals, in terms of species, do not differ from those that inhabit the adjacent plains: elk, brown bear, fox, wolverine, lynx, sable (in the north). Only in the Middle Urals is there a cross between sable and pine marten - kidus. Badgers and black ferrets are not uncommon in the forests of the Southern Urals. Reptiles and amphibians live mainly in the Southern and Middle Urals and are represented by the common viper, grass snake, viviparous lizard, etc.; Among the birds there are: capercaillie, black grouse, hazel grouse, nutcracker, common and deaf cuckoos, etc. In summer, songbirds (nightingale, redstart, etc.) fly to the Southern and Middle Urals.

Above the forest belt there are char landscapes. They are especially widespread in the Polar, Subpolar and Northern Urals. On the loaches of the western, more humid slope, moss tundras are more common, and on the loaches of the eastern slope - lichen tundras; There are many sphagnum bogs in the depressions. Among the animals that live in the tundra of the Urals: arctic fox, Ob lemming; of the birds - the bushy buzzard, snowy owl, tundra partridge. The tundras of the Urals have good summer reindeer pastures. In the northernmost regions of the Urals, alpine deserts are also widely developed, almost devoid of vegetation (there are crustose lichens). There is an abundance of stone placers and rocky outcrops formed during intense frost weathering.

Story

Legend

“Ural” in Bashkir means belt. There is a Bashkir tale about a giant who wore a belt with deep pockets. He hid all his wealth in them. The belt was huge. One day the giant stretched him, and the belt lay across the entire earth, from the cold Kara Sea in the north to sandy shores southern Caspian Sea. This is how the Ural ridge was formed.

In Greek books written two thousand years ago, you can read about the distant “Riphean Mountains”, where gloomy vultures guard countless golden treasures.

Primitive communal system in the Urals

The first people appeared in the Urals at the end of the Early Paleolithic (about 75 thousand years ago). A number of sites have been discovered from the Late Paleolithic (35-10 thousand years ago) (Kapova Cave). During the Neolithic period, related tribes formed in the Urals, among which, apparently, the foundations of the Finno-Ugric linguistic community and a mixed (Mongoloid-Caucasian) anthropological type were formed; In the southern regions, cattle breeding and hoe farming began. At the beginning of the 2nd millennium BC. e. Copper and bronze production emerges in the Urals. The main archaeological cultures of the Bronze Age: Abashevskaya, Andronovo, Balanovskaya, Gorbunovskaya, Srubnaya, Turbino. In the 8th-7th centuries. BC e. the tribes of the Urals mastered the technique of obtaining iron. Large tribal alliances were formed. In the steppes of the Southern Urals lived the Sarmatians, in the forest-steppe Urals - tribes of the Kara-Abyzov culture, in the Kama region - tribes of the Ananyin culture, on the basis of which the Pyanobor, Osinsk and Glyadenovsk cultures developed. From the 3rd century. n. e. Large movements of the ancient population took place on the territory of the Urals. New archaeological cultures appeared: Lomovatovskaya, Polomskaya, Bakhmutinskaya, Imenkovskaya, Turaevskaya, Chepetskaya, etc. The population of the Urals had exchange ties with Central Asia, Iran, Byzantium.

The Urals during the period of feudalism

At the beginning of the 1st millennium AD. The decomposition of the primitive communal system began in the Urals. The formation of feudal relations proceeded faster among the ancestors of the Komi-Permyaks, Udmurts and Bashkirs, and more slowly among the Khanty and Mansi. The process of feudalization was accelerated by the influence of neighboring feudal states - Volga-Kama Bulgaria and the Russian principalities. In the 14th century The early feudal state association Perm the Great developed among the Komi-Permyaks in the 15th century. among the Mansi tribes - Pelym.

In the 11th century Russian penetration into the Urals began. In the Northern Urals in the 14th century. squads of Novgorod ushkuiniks appeared. The Yugra land, and then Perm, became volosts of the Novgorod feudal republic, and an influx of Russian settlers began into these lands. At the beginning of the 15th century. Russian settlements arise on the upper Kama (Anfalovsky town, Sol-Kamskaya). In 1471, the possessions of Novgorod in the Urals went to the Moscow state, which became part of the state at the end of the 15th century. included the Upper Kama region and part of the Udmurt lands. After the defeat of the Kazan Khanate by the Russian state in 1552, most of Bashkiria and the rest of the Kama Udmurtia voluntarily became part of Russia. Russian settlements arose: Ufa, Sarapul, etc. In the Kama region, the possessions of the Stroganovs were formed, who organized a campaign of a detachment of Cossacks led by Ermak in the Trans-Urals, where at the end of the 16th century. Russian fortresses arose - Lozvinsky town, Pelym, Verkhoturye, etc. Since the 11th century. Russians called the northern part of the Urals - Stone, less often - Belt. In the mid-16th - early 17th centuries. The Bashkir name “Ural” came into use, initially in relation to the southern regions. It is possible that it came from the Turkic “aral” - island. This is how the Turks call any territory that differs in some way from the surrounding area. The Bashkirs have had it since the 13th century. There is a legend about the Urals - a batyr (hero), who sacrificed his life for the happiness of his people, and people built a mound over his grave, from which the Uraoa Mountains grew. By the end of the 17th century. The Russians extended the Bashkir name “Ural” to the entire mountain system.

In the 17th century Russians settled the lands of the Southern and Middle Urals and the Urals, founding the city of Kungur, the settlement of New Usolye, the Trans-Ural settlements of Irbitskaya, Shchadrinskaya, Kamyshlovskaya, and others. Russian settlers brought more developed agricultural technology and crafts to the local population of the Urals. The colonization of the Urals contributed to the cessation of internecine military clashes among the peoples of the Urals and the formation of feudal relations among them, which developed in the 16th and 17th centuries. But at the same time it led to increased national and social oppression of non-Russian peoples. Mansi, Khanty, Bashkirs were taxed with yasak. A significant part of the Komi-Permyaks and Udmurts became dependent on the Stroganovs and other Russian feudal lords. In the 16th-17th centuries. Agriculture developed significantly in the Urals, grain-producing regions emerged that supplied local markets. Most of the cultivated land was owned by black-plowed peasants; landowner plowing was insignificant. Crafts developed, a number of its branches turned into small-scale production (woodworking, leatherworking, pottery, blacksmithing, etc.). The salt production industry (Lenva, Solikamsk, Novoye Usolye) acquired national importance.

In the 17th century Many mineral deposits (iron, copper and other ores) were discovered in the Urals. The metal from the Ural ores was different high quality. By the middle of the 17th century. The first iron and copper smelters appeared. The Russian government paid attention to the Urals as an important raw material base. At the beginning of the 18th century. In the Urals, widespread factory construction began, caused by the development needs of the Russian state and its military needs. First, state-owned factories were founded: in 1701 - Nevyansky (private since 1702) and Kamensky, in 1723 - Yekaterinburg and Yagoshikhinsky (near Perm). Then private factories arose (Demidovs and others). For the organization and development of the mining industry of the Urals at the beginning of the 18th century. V.N. did a lot Tatishchev and V.I. Gennin. In the 1st half of the 18th century. 63 metallurgical plants were built in the Urals in the 50-60s. 67 more enterprises emerged. The Urals became the largest mining region in Russia. In the 50s 18th century Most state-owned factories passed into private ownership. Ural factories of the 18th century. were manufactories, they widely exploited the labor of serfs and assigned peasants. In connection with factory construction, new cities arose (Ekaterinburg; Perm, etc.). The mining state industry of the Urals was managed since 1719 by the Office of Mining Affairs, and since 1734 by the Office of the Main Board of the Factories. In 1807, a system of mining districts was created, headed by the Mining Administration in Perm (until 1830), then in Yekaterinburg. In 1708, the territory of the Urals became part of the Siberian and Kazan provinces. After a series of transformations, the territory of the Urals was divided into Perm and Orenburg provinces in 1796, and in 1865 the Ufa province was formed. At the beginning of the 19th century. In the conditions of the crisis of the feudal-serf system in Russia in the Urals, the rate of production growth sharply decreased, factory construction decreased, and the productivity of serf labor fell. The industrial revolution proceeded very slowly in the Urals. In the 1st half of the 19th century. Only the gold mining industry developed rapidly here. The largest industrial, trade and craft centers in the Urals were Perm, Yekaterinburg, Orenburg, Ufa, Kungur and Irbit, which hosted the most significant fair in the Urals. Along the Kama since the 40s. steamship service began.

The Urals during the period of capitalism (2nd half of the 19th century) and imperialism (1900-17)

As a result of the Peasant Reform of 1861, the mining peasants of the Urals lost 54% of the land that had previously been in their use, and the average per capita plots decreased from 2.8 to 1.2 dessiatines. The development of capitalism in the Urals was hampered by significant remnants of serfdom in the countryside and the mining industry (preservation of landowners' latifundia, labor, etc.). In the 2nd half of the 19th century. the first joint-stock companies appeared, incl. with the participation of foreign capital. A number of old metallurgical plants were reconstructed and several new ones were built. The gold and platinum industries, coal mining (Kizelovsky basin), mechanical engineering (Ekaterinburg Mechanical Factory, Motovilikhinsky in Perm, Izhevsky, Votkinsk and other plants), chemical industry (Bereznikovsky Soda Plant) developed. But in general, the mining industry of the Urals at the end of the 19th century. was in decline, especially the old metallurgical plants that used water energy. The Urals lost their importance as the main metallurgical region of the country, giving way to the South of Russia. In the 2nd half of the 19th century. The urban population grew rapidly. Developed industrial centers, which were not yet officially cities (Nizhny Tagil, Votkinsk, Zlatoust, etc.). Were built railways: Samara-Orenburg (1876), Gornozavodskaya (1878), Ekaterinburg-Tyumen (1885), Samara-Ufa-Zlatoust-Chelyabinsk (1892), Ekaterinburg-Chelyabinsk (1896). At the end of the 19th century. there were over 300 thousand industrial and railway workers in the Urals. Part of the proletariat (mining plant workers) participated in the struggle for land, for more profitable terms use of land, etc. However, the basis of the labor movement was the struggle against capitalist exploitation; since the 70s One of its main forms is an economic strike with political demands. In the 70s There were several groups of revolutionary populists in the Urals. In the 2nd half of the 90s. Social Democratic organizations arose in Ufa (1895), Chelyabinsk (Ural Workers' Union, 1896), Yekaterinburg (1897), Perm (1898) and other cities. At the beginning of the 20th century. Social Democratic committees were created (in 1902 - in Perm; in 1903 - in Ufa, Sredneuralsky - in Yekaterinburg). In 1904, at a conference in Nizhny Tagil, the Ural Regional Committee of the RSDLP was created. The workers of the Urals actively participated in the Revolution of 1905-07, the Bolsheviks were led by Ya.M. Sverdlov and Artyom (F.A. Sergeev). 1st World War 1914-18 had a serious impact on the national economy of both Russia and the Urals. After some revival of military production, by the end of 1916, an industrial crisis began in the Urals, accompanied by a shortage of fuel, devastation in transport, a reduction in agricultural production and a deterioration in the situation of workers. After the February Revolution of 1917, Soviets were created everywhere in the Urals. The Bolsheviks emerged from underground, their numbers grew (827 people by the beginning of March, over 10 thousand in April). In April 1917, the 1st Ural (free) conference of the RSDLP (b), led by Sverdlov, took place in Yekaterinburg.

The Urals during the October Revolution and Civil War (1917-19), during the years of socialist construction (1920-41) and during the Great Patriotic War of 1941-45.

Soviet power in the Urals was established mainly in October-December 1917: October 26 (November 8) - in Yekaterinburg and Ufa, October 27 (November 9) - in Izhevsk and many other cities, November 23 (December 6) - in Perm. In a number of places, due to resistance to the counter-revolution and the treacherous tactics of the Mensheviks and Socialist Revolutionaries, the struggle for Soviet power continued at the beginning of 1918 (Solikamsk, Cherdyn, Votkinsk, Zlatoust, etc.). In Orenburg, Soviet power was established after the defeat of the Dutov rebellion on January 18 (31), 1918. In May, the rebellion of the Czechoslovak corps in 1918 began, which also captured part of the Urals. In the summer, local counter-revolutionary uprisings took place - Izhevsk-Votkinsk and others. Since November 1918, a counter-revolutionary regime was established in the Urals - Kolchakism. In May 1919, Soviet troops went on the offensive and by the fall they had largely liberated the territory of the Urals. In March 1919, the Bashkir Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic was formed, in November 1920 - the Votskaya Autonomous Okrug (from 1934 - the Udmurt Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic), in 1923 - Ural region, within which the Komi-Permyak National District was created in 1925.

After the end of the Civil War in the Urals, the restoration of the national economy began. In 1920-21 the volume of industrial production in the Urals was 12% of the level of 1913, in 1925-26. - already 93%. During the years of the 1st and 2nd Five-Year Plans, many new large industrial enterprises were built in the Urals; among them are the industry giants Magnitogorsk Metallurgical Plant (1932) and Berezniki Chemical Plant (1932); Ural plant heavy engineering in Sverdlovsk (1933), Chelyabinsk tractor (1933) and Solikamsk potassium (1934) plants, Krasnokamsk pulp and paper mill (1936), etc. The Ural-Kuznetsk plant was created. In 1929, oil was discovered in the Kama region, and in 1932 its production began in Bashkiria. The gross output of large-scale industry in the Urals in 1937 increased almost 7 times compared to 1913. In the 3rd Five-Year Plan, the Novotagil Metallurgical, Ural Aluminum, Ural Carriage Building and other plants came into operation.

During the Great Patriotic War of 1941-45. The Urals became the main arsenal of the country and the most important base for the location of industrial enterprises evacuated from the western regions of the USSR. During the first 5 months of the war, 667 enterprises were transferred to the Urals. By the end of 1941, the Urals provided 62% of cast iron, about 50% of steel and rolled products of all production in the USSR. In 1943, the gross output of Ural factories exceeded the 1941 level by 3 times, and the production of military products by 6 times. During the war years, the Urals accounted for up to 40% of the total production of the country's military industry, and the annual increase in production was 50%. Three factories in the Urals provided 2/3 of the production of tanks and self-propelled artillery units. Many aircraft, guns, small arms, ammunition, etc. were produced in the Urals. Several divisions and the Ural Volunteer Tank Corps were formed from the working people of the Urals. More than 800 residents of the Urals became Heroes of the Soviet Union, 8 people twice. In 1946, the industry of the Urals was transferred to the production of civilian products.

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Name

In ancient sources, the Urals are partly associated with the Riphean and more often with the Hyperborean mountains. According to Ptolemy, the Ural Mountains consist of the mountains Rimnus (Rimninus - the Yaik or Ufa River; Middle Urals), Noros, "Noros" - the Southern Urals, from which the Daix River flows (Ural?) and northern part- The Hyperborean Riphean Mountains are clearly the watershed between the Caspian, Black Sea and Baltic basins (Sarmatian Ocean), etc. Russian pioneers called it Stone, under the name Ural these mountains were first mentioned in Russian sources at the end of the 17th century. The name Ural was introduced by V. Tatishchev from the Mansi “ur” (mountain). According to another version, this word is of Turkic origin.

Geological structure

The Ural Mountains were formed in the late Paleozoic during an era of intense mountain building (Hercynian folding). The formation of the Ural mountain system began in the late Devonian (about 350 million years ago) and ended in the Triassic (about 200 million years ago).

Is integral part Ural-Mongolian folded geosynclinal belt. Within the Urals, deformed and often metamorphosed rocks come to the surface. rocks predominantly Paleozoic in age. The strata of sedimentary and volcanic rocks are usually strongly folded and broken, but in general they form meridional stripes that determine the linearity and zoning of the structures of the Urals. From west to east the following stand out:

Pre-Ural marginal trough with a relatively flat bedding of sedimentary strata in the western side and more complex in the eastern;
zone of the western slope of the Urals with the development of intensely crumpled and thrust-disturbed sedimentary strata of the Lower and Middle Paleozoic;
The Central Ural uplift, where among the sedimentary strata of the Paleozoic and Upper Precambrian, in some places older crystalline rocks of the edge of the East European Platform emerge;
a system of troughs-synclinoriums of the eastern slope (the largest are Magnitogorsk and Tagil), made mainly of Middle Paleozoic volcanic strata and marine, often deep-sea sediments, as well as deep-seated igneous rocks breaking through them (gabbroids, granitoids, less often alkaline intrusions) - the so-called. greenstone belt of the Urals;
Ural-Tobolsk anticlinorium with outcrops of older metamorphic rocks and widespread development of granitoids;
The East Ural synclinorium, in many ways similar to the Tagil-Magnitogorsk synclinorium.

At the base first three zones, according to geophysical data, an ancient, Early Precambrian foundation is confidently traced, composed mainly of metamorphic and igneous rocks and formed as a result of several eras of folding. The most ancient, presumably Archean, rocks come to the surface in the Taratash ledge on the western slope of the Southern Urals. Pre-Ordovician rocks are unknown in the basement of synclinoriums on the eastern slope of the Urals. It is assumed that the foundation of the Paleozoic volcanogenic strata of synclinoriums are thick plates of hypermafic rocks and gabbroids, which in some places come to the surface in the massifs of the Platinum Belt and other related belts; these plates may represent outliers of the ancient oceanic bed of the Ural geosyncline. In the east, in the Ural-Tobolsk anti-clinorium, outcrops of Precambrian rocks are quite problematic.

Paleozoic deposits of the western slope of the Urals are represented by limestones, dolomites, and sandstones, formed in conditions of predominantly shallow seas. To the east, deeper sediments of the continental slope can be traced in an intermittent strip. Even further east, within the eastern slope of the Urals, the Paleozoic section (Ordovician, Silurian) begins with altered volcanics of basaltic composition and jasper, comparable to the rocks of the bottom of modern oceans. In places higher up the section there are thick, also altered spilite-natro-liparite strata with deposits of copper pyrite ores. Younger sediments of the Devonian and partly Silurian are represented mainly by andesite-basalt, andesite-dacitic volcanics and greywackes, which correspond to the stage in the development of the eastern slope of the Urals when the oceanic crust was replaced by a transitional type crust. Carboniferous deposits (limestones, gray wackes, acidic and alkaline volcanics) are associated with the most recent, continental stage of development of the eastern slope of the Urals. At the same stage, the bulk of the Paleozoic, essentially potassium granites of the Urals intruded, forming pegmatite veins with rare valuable minerals. In the Late Carboniferous-Permian time, sedimentation on the eastern slope of the Urals almost stopped and a folded mountain structure formed here; On the western slope at that time, the Pre-Ural marginal trough was formed, filled with a thick (up to 4-5 km) thickness of clastic rocks carried down from the Urals - molasse. Triassic deposits are preserved in a number of depressions-grabens, the emergence of which in the north and east of the Urals was preceded by basaltic (trap) magmatism. Younger strata of Mesozoic and Cenozoic sediments of a platform nature gently overlap folded structures along the periphery of the Urals.

It is assumed that the Paleozoic structure of the Urals was formed in the Late Cambrian - Ordovician as a result of the splitting of the Late Precambrian continent and the spreading of its fragments, as a result of which a geosynclinal depression was formed with crust and sediments of the oceanic type in its interior. Subsequently, the expansion gave way to compression and the oceanic basin began to gradually close and be “overgrown” with newly forming continental crust; the nature of magmatism and sedimentation changed accordingly. The modern structure of the Urals bears traces of severe compression, accompanied by a strong transverse contraction of the geosynclinal depression and the formation of gently sloping scaly thrusts - nappes.

Minerals

The Urals are a treasury of various minerals. Of the 55 types of the most important minerals that were developed in the USSR, 48 are represented in the Urals. For the eastern regions of the Urals, the most typical deposits of copper pyrite ores (Gaiskoye, Sibaiskoye, Degtyarskoye deposits, Kirovgrad and Krasnouralsk groups of deposits), skarn-magnetite (Goroblagodatskoye, Vysokogorskoye, Magnitogorskoye deposits), titanium-magnetite (Kachkanarskoye, Pervouralskoye), oxide nickel ores (group of Orsko-Khalilovsky deposits) and chromite ores (deposits of the Kempirsay massif), confined mainly to the greenstone belt of the Urals, coal deposits (Chelyabinsk coal basin), placers and bedrock deposits of gold (Kochkarskoye, Berezovskoye) and platinum (Isovskiye). The largest deposits of bauxite (North Ural bauxite-bearing region) and asbestos (Bazhenovskoye) are located here. On the western slope of the Urals and in the Urals there are deposits of hard coal (Pechora coal basin, Kizelovsky coal basin), oil and gas (Volga-Ural oil and gas region, Orenburg gas condensate field), potassium salts (Verkhnekamsk basin). The Urals are especially famous for their “gems” - precious, semi-precious and ornamental stones (emerald, amethyst, aquamarine, jasper, rhodonite, malachite, etc.). The best jewelry diamonds in the USSR were mined in the Urals.

The depths of the mountains contain more than two hundred different minerals. For example, reserves of “non-melting ice” - rock crystal in Mount Narodnaya. The bowls of the St. Petersburg Hermitage are made from Ural malachite and jasper.

Geographical aspects

The conventional border between Europe and Asia runs along the eastern foot of the Ural Mountains.

Geographically, the Ural Mountains are divided into five parts:

Central or Middle Urals,

In the north the continuation Ural ridge can be considered the Pai-Khoi mountain system, in the south - Mugodzhary.

Peaks

Highest peaks:

Subpolar Urals - Mount Narodnaya (1895 m above sea level).
Southern Urals - Mount Yaman-Tau (1640 m above sea level).
Northern Urals - Mount Telposis (1617 m above sea level).
Polar Urals - Mount Payer (1499 m above sea level).
Middle Urals - Mount Oslyanka (1119 m above sea level).

Notes

Sources

3rd edition Big Soviet encyclopedia, article "Ural"

Wikimedia Foundation.

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