The names of travelers and their discoveries. Great geographical discoveries. Nikolai Nikolaevich Miklouho-Maclay

AMUNDSEN Rual

Travel routes

1903-1906 - Arctic expedition on the ship "Joa". R. Amundsen was the first to travel through the Northwest Passage from Greenland to Alaska and determined the exact position of the North Magnetic Pole at that time.

1910-1912 - Antarctic expedition on the ship "Fram".

On December 14, 1911, a Norwegian traveler with four companions on a dog sled reached the South Pole of the earth, ahead of the expedition of the Englishman Robert Scott by a month.

1918-1920 - on the ship “Maud” R. Amundsen sailed across the Arctic Ocean along the coast of Eurasia.

1926 - together with the American Lincoln Ellsworth and the Italian Umberto Nobile R. Amundsen flew on the airship "Norway" along the Spitsbergen route - North Pole- Alaska.

1928 - during the search for the missing expedition of U. Nobile Amundsen in the Barents Sea, he died.

Name on geographical map

The name of the Norwegian traveler is the sea in Pacific Ocean, a mountain in East Antarctica, a bay near the coast of Canada and a basin in the Arctic Ocean.

The US Antarctic research station is named after the pioneers: the Amundsen-Scott Pole.

Amundsen R. My life. - M.: Geographgiz, 1959. - 166 p.: ill. - (Travel; Adventure; Science Fiction).

Amundsen R. South Pole: Per. from norwegian - M.: Armada, 2002. - 384 p.: ill. - (Green Series: Around the World).

Bouman-Larsen T. Amundsen: Trans. from norwegian - M.: Mol. Guard, 2005. - 520 pp.: ill. - (Life is remarkable. People).

The chapter dedicated to Amundsen was titled by Y. Golovanov “Travel gave me the happiness of friendship...” (pp. 12-16).

Davydov Yu.V. Captains are looking for a way: Tales. - M.: Det. lit., 1989. - 542 pp.: ill.

Pasetsky V.M., Blinov S.A. Roald Amundsen, 1872-1928. - M.: Nauka, 1997. - 201 p. - (Scientific-biography ser.).

Treshnikov A.F. Roald Amundsen. - L.: Gidrometeoizdat, 1976. - 62 p.: ill.

Tsentkevich A., Tsentkevich Ch. The Man Whom the Sea Called: The Tale of R. Amundsen: Trans. with est. - Tallinn: Eesti Raamat, 1988. - 244 p.: ill.

Yakovlev A.S. Through the Ice: The Tale of a Polar Explorer. - M.: Mol. Guard, 1967. - 191 p.: ill. - (Pioneer means first).

Bellingshausen Faddey Faddeevich

Travel routes

1803-1806 - F.F. Bellingshausen took part in the first Russian circumnavigation under the command of I.F. Kruzenshtern on the ship “Nadezhda”. All the maps that were later included in the “Atlas for Captain Krusenstern’s trip around the world” were compiled by him.

1819-1821 - F.F. Bellingshausen led a round-the-world expedition to the South Pole.

On January 28, 1820, on the sloops “Vostok” (under the command of F.F. Bellingshausen) and “Mirny” (under the command of M.P. Lazarev), Russian sailors were the first to reach the shores of Antarctica.

Name on geographical map

The sea in the Pacific Ocean, a cape on Southern Sakhalin, an island in the Tuamotu archipelago, an ice shelf and basin in Antarctica.

A Russian Antarctic research station bears the name of the Russian navigator.

Moroz V. Antarctica: History of discovery / Artistic. E. Orlov. - M.: White City, 2001. - 47 p.: ill. - (Russian history).

Fedorovsky E.P. Bellingshausen: East. novel. - M.: AST: Astrel, 2001. - 541 p.: ill. - (Golden library of the historical novel).

BERING Vitus Jonassen

Danish navigator and explorer in Russian service

Travel routes

1725-1730 - V. Bering led the 1st Kamchatka expedition, the purpose of which was to search for a land isthmus between Asia and America (there was no exact information about the voyage of S. Dezhnev and F. Popov, who actually discovered the strait between the continents in 1648). The expedition on the ship "St. Gabriel" rounded the shores of Kamchatka and Chukotka, discovered the island of St. Lawrence and the Strait (now the Bering Strait).

1733-1741 - 2nd Kamchatka, or Great Northern Expedition. On the ship "St. Peter" Bering crossed the Pacific Ocean, reached Alaska, explored and mapped its shores. On the way back, during the winter on one of the islands (now the Commander Islands), Bering, like many members of his team, died.

Name on geographical map

In addition to the strait between Eurasia and North America, islands, the sea in the Pacific Ocean, and a cape on the coast are named after Vitus Bering Sea of Okhotsk and one of the largest glaciers in southern Alaska.

Konyaev N.M. Revision of Commander Bering. - M.: Terra-Kn. club, 2001. - 286 p. - (Fatherland).

Orlov O.P. To unknown shores: A story about the Kamchatka expeditions undertaken by Russian navigators in the 18th century under the leadership of V. Bering / Fig. V. Yudina. - M.: Malysh, 1987. - 23 p.: ill. - (Pages of the history of our Motherland).

Pasetsky V.M. Vitus Bering: 1681-1741. - M.: Nauka, 1982. - 174 p.: ill. - (Scientific-biography ser.).

The last expedition of Vitus Bering: Sat. - M.: Progress: Pangea, 1992. - 188 p.: ill.

Sopotsko A.A. The history of V. Bering’s voyage on the boat “St. Gabriel" into the Arctic Ocean. - M.: Nauka, 1983. - 247 p.: ill.

Chekurov M.V. Mysterious expeditions. - Ed. 2nd, revised, additional - M.: Nauka, 1991. - 152 p.: ill. - (Man and the environment).

Chukovsky N.K. Bering. - M.: Mol. Guard, 1961. - 127 p.: ill. - (Life is remarkable. People).

VAMBERY Arminius (Herman)

Hungarian orientalist

Travel routes

1863 - A. Vamberi's journey under the guise of a dervish Central Asia from Tehran through the Turkmen desert along the eastern shore of the Caspian Sea to Khiva, Mashhad, Herat, Samarkand and Bukhara.

Vambery A. Traveling through Central Asia: Trans. with him. - M.: Institute of Oriental Studies RAS, 2003. - 320 p. - (Stories about Eastern countries).

Vamberi A. Bukhara, or History of Mavarounnahr: Excerpts from the book. - Tashkent: Literary Publishing House. and isk-va, 1990. - 91 p.

Tikhonov N.S. Vambery. - Ed. 14th. - M.: Mysl, 1974. - 45 p.: ill. - (Notable geographers and travelers).

VANCOUVER George

English navigator

Travel routes

1772-1775, 1776-1780 - J. Vancouver, as a cabin boy and midshipman, participated in the second and third voyages around the world by J. Cook.

1790-1795 - a round-the-world expedition under the command of J. Vancouver explored northwest coast North America. It was determined that the proposed waterway connecting the Pacific Ocean and Hudson Bay did not exist.

Name on geographical map

Several hundred are named after J. Vancouver geographical objects, including island, bay, city, river, ridge (Canada), lake, cape, mountain, city (USA), bay (New Zealand).

Malakhovsky K.V. In the new Albion. - M.: Nauka, 1990. - 123 p.: ill. - (Stories about Eastern countries).

GAMA Vasco yes

Portuguese navigator

Travel routes

1497-1499 - Vasco da Gama led an expedition that opened a sea route to India around the African continent for Europeans.

1502 - second expedition to India.

1524 - the third expedition of Vasco da Gama, already as Viceroy of India. He died during the expedition.

Vyazov E.I. Vasco da Gama: Discoverer of the sea route to India. - M.: Geographizdat, 1956. - 39 p.: ill. - (Notable geographers and travelers).

Camões L., de. Sonnets; Lusiads: Trans. from Portugal - M.: EKSMO-Press, 1999. - 477 p.: ill. - (Home library of poetry).

Read the poem "The Lusiads".

Kent L.E. They walked with Vasco da Gama: A Tale / Trans. from English Z. Bobyr // Fingaret S.I. Great Benin; Kent L.E. They walked with Vasco da Gama; Zweig S. Magellan's feat: East. stories. - M.: TERRA: UNICUM, 1999. - P. 194-412.

Kunin K.I. Vasco da Gama. - M.: Mol. Guard, 1947. - 322 pp.: ill. - (Life is remarkable. People).

Khazanov A.M. The Mystery of Vasco da Gama. - M.: Institute of Oriental Studies RAS, 2000. - 152 p.: ill.

Hart G. The sea route to India: A story about the voyages and exploits of Portuguese sailors, as well as about the life and times of Vasco da Gama, admiral, viceroy of India and Count Vidigueira: Trans. from English - M.: Geographizdat, 1959. - 349 p.: ill.

GOLOVNIN Vasily Mikhailovich

Russian navigator

Travel routes

1807-1811 - V.M. Golovnin leads the circumnavigation of the world on the sloop “Diana”.

1811 - V.M. Golovnin conducts research on the Kuril and Shantar Islands, the Tatar Strait.

1817-1819 - circumnavigation on the sloop "Kamchatka", during which a description of part of the Aleutian ridge and the Commander Islands was made.

Name on geographical map

Several bays, a strait and an underwater mountain are named after the Russian navigator, as well as a city in Alaska and a volcano on the island of Kunashir.

Golovnin V.M. Notes from the fleet of Captain Golovnin about his adventures in captivity of the Japanese in 1811, 1812 and 1813, including his comments about the Japanese state and people. - Khabarovsk: Book. publishing house, 1972. - 525 pp.: ill.

Golovnin V.M. A voyage around the world made on the sloop of war "Kamchatka" in 1817, 1818 and 1819 by Captain Golovnin. - M.: Mysl, 1965. - 384 p.: ill.

Golovnin V.M. A voyage on the sloop "Diana" from Kronstadt to Kamchatka, made under the command of the fleet of Lieutenant Golovnin in 1807-1811. - M.: Geographizdat, 1961. - 480 pp.: ill.

Golovanov Ya. Sketches about scientists. - M.: Mol. Guard, 1983. - 415 pp.: ill.

The chapter dedicated to Golovnin is called “I feel a lot...” (pp. 73-79).

Davydov Yu.V. Evenings in Kolmovo: The Tale of G. Uspensky; And before your eyes...: An experience in the biography of a marine marine painter: [About V.M. Golovnin]. - M.: Book, 1989. - 332 pp.: ill. - (Writers about writers).

Davydov Yu.V. Golovnin. - M.: Mol. Guard, 1968. - 206 pp.: ill. - (Life is remarkable. People).

Davydov Yu.V. Three admirals: [About D.N. Senyavin, V.M. Golovnin, P.S. Nakhimov]. - M.: Izvestia, 1996. - 446 p.: ill.

Divin V.A. The story of a glorious navigator. - M.: Mysl, 1976. - 111 p.: ill. - (Notable geographers and travelers).

Lebedenko A.G. The sails of ships rustle: A novel. - Odessa: Mayak, 1989. - 229 p.: ill. - (Sea b-ka).

Firsov I.I. Twice Captured: East. novel. - M.: AST: Astrel, 2002. - 469 p.: ill. - (Golden library of the historical novel: Russian travelers).

HUMBOLDT Alexander, background

German natural scientist, geographer, traveler

Travel routes

1799-1804 - expedition to Central and South America.

1829 - travel across Russia: the Urals, Altai, Caspian Sea.

Name on geographical map

Ranges in Central Asia and North America, a mountain on an island, are named after Humboldt New Caledonia, glacier in Greenland, cold current in the Pacific Ocean, river, lake and row settlements in USA.

A number of plants, minerals and even a crater on the Moon are named after the German scientist.

The university in Berlin is named after the brothers Alexander and Wilhelm Humboldt.

Zabelin I.M. Return to descendants: A novel-study of the life and work of A. Humboldt. - M.: Mysl, 1988. - 331 p.: ill.

Safonov V.A. Alexander Humboldt. - M.: Mol. Guard, 1959. - 191 p.: ill. - (Life is remarkable. People).

Skurla G. Alexander Humboldt / Abbr. lane with him. G. Shevchenko. - M.: Mol. Guard, 1985. - 239 pp.: ill. - (Life is remarkable. People).

DEZHNEV Semyon Ivanovich

(c. 1605-1673)

Russian explorer, navigator

Travel routes

1638-1648 - S.I. Dezhnev took part in river and land campaigns in the area of the Yana River, Oymyakon and Kolyma.

1648 - a fishing expedition led by S.I. Dezhnev and F.A. Popov circled the Chukotka Peninsula and reached the Gulf of Anadyr. This is how the strait between the two continents was discovered, which was later named the Bering Strait.

Name on geographical map

A cape on the northeastern tip of Asia, a ridge in Chukotka and a bay in the Bering Strait are named after Dezhnev.

Bakhrevsky V.A. Semyon Dezhnev / Fig. L. Khailova. - M.: Malysh, 1984. - 24 p.: ill. - (Pages of the history of our Motherland).

Bakhrevsky V.A. Walking towards the sun: East. story. - Novosibirsk: Book. publishing house, 1986. - 190 pp.: ill. - (Fates connected with Siberia).

Belov M. The feat of Semyon Dezhnev. - M.: Mysl, 1973. - 223 p.: ill.

Demin L.M. Semyon Dezhnev - pioneer: East. novel. - M.: AST: Astrel, 2002. - 444 p.: ill. - (Golden library of the historical novel: Russian travelers).

Demin L.M. Semyon Dezhnev. - M.: Mol. Guard, 1990. - 334 pp.: ill. - (Life is remarkable. People).

Kedrov V.N. To the ends of the world: East. story. - L.: Lenizdat, 1986. - 285 p.: ill.

Markov S.N. Tamo-rus Maclay: Stories. - M.: Sov. writer, 1975. - 208 pp.: ill.

Read the story “Dezhnev’s Feat.”

Nikitin N.I. Explorer Semyon Dezhnev and his time. - M.: Rosspan, 1999. - 190 pp.: ill.

DRAKE Francis

English navigator and pirate

Travel routes

1567 - F. Drake took part in J. Hawkins' expedition to the West Indies.

Since 1570 - annual pirate raids in the Caribbean Sea.

1577-1580 - F. Drake led the second European voyage around the world after Magellan.

Name on geographical map

The most famous navigator is named after the brave navigator. wide strait on globe, connecting the Atlantic and Pacific oceans.

Francis Drake / Retelling by D. Berkhin; Artist L.Durasov. - M.: White City, 1996. - 62 p.: ill. - (History of piracy).

Malakhovsky K.V. Round-the-world run of the "Golden Hind". - M.: Nauka, 1980. - 168 p.: ill. - (Countries and peoples).

The same story can be found in K. Malakhovsky’s collection “Five Captains”.

Mason F. van W. The Golden Admiral: Novel: Trans. from English - M.: Armada, 1998. - 474 p.: ill. - (Great pirates in novels).

Muller V.K. Queen Elizabeth's Pirate: Trans. from English - St. Petersburg: LENKO: Gangut, 1993. - 254 p.: ill.

DUMONT-DURVILLE Jules Sebastien Cesar

French navigator and oceanographer

Travel routes

1826-1828 - circumnavigation of the world on the ship "Astrolabe", as a result of which part of the coasts of New Zealand and New Guinea were mapped and examined island groups in the Pacific Ocean. On the island of Vanikoro, Dumont-D'Urville discovered traces of the lost expedition of J. La Perouse.

1837-1840 - Antarctic expedition.

Name on geographical map

The sea is named after the navigator Indian Ocean off the coast of Antarctica.

The French Antarctic scientific station is named after Dumont-D'Urville.

Varshavsky A.S. Travel of Dumont-D'Urville. - M.: Mysl, 1977. - 59 p.: ill. - (Notable geographers and travelers).

The fifth part of the book is called “Captain Dumont D'Urville and his belated discovery” (pp. 483-504).

IBN BATTUTA Abu Abdallah Muhammad

Ibn al-Lawati at-Tanji

Arab traveler, wandering merchant

Travel routes

1325-1349 - Having set off from Morocco on a hajj (pilgrimage), Ibn Battuta visited Egypt, Arabia, Iran, Syria, Crimea, reached the Volga and lived for some time in the Golden Horde. Then, through Central Asia and Afghanistan, he arrived in India, visited Indonesia and China.

1349-1352 - travel to Muslim Spain.

1352-1353 - travel through Western and Central Sudan.

At the request of the ruler of Morocco, Ibn Battuta, together with a scientist named Juzai, wrote the book “Rihla”, where he summarized the information about the Muslim world that he collected during his travels.

Ibragimov N. Ibn Battuta and his travels in Central Asia. - M.: Nauka, 1988. - 126 p.: ill.

Miloslavsky G. Ibn Battuta. - M.: Mysl, 1974. - 78 p.: ill. - (Notable geographers and travelers).

Timofeev I. Ibn Battuta. - M.: Mol. Guard, 1983. - 230 pp.: ill. - (Life is remarkable. People).

COLUMBUS Christopher

Portuguese and Spanish navigator

Travel routes

1492-1493 - H. Columbus led the Spanish expedition, the purpose of which was to find the shortest sea route from Europe to India. During the voyage on three caravels "Santa Maria", "Pinta" and "Nina" the Sargasso Sea, the Bahamas, Cuba and Haiti were discovered.

October 12, 1492, when Columbus reached the island of Samana, is recognized as the official day of the discovery of America by Europeans.

During three subsequent expeditions across the Atlantic (1493-1496, 1498-1500, 1502-1504), Columbus discovered the Greater Antilles, part of the Lesser Antilles, the coasts of the South and Central America and the Caribbean Sea.

Until the end of his life, Columbus was confident that he had reached India.

Name on geographical map

The state is named after Christopher Columbus. South America, mountains and plateaus in North America, a glacier in Alaska, a river in Canada and several cities in the USA.

In the United States of America there is Columbia University.

Travels of Christopher Columbus: Diaries, letters, documents / Transl. from Spanish and comment. Ya. Sveta. - M.: Geographizdat, 1961. - 515 p.: ill.

Blasco Ibañez V. In Search of the Great Khan: A Novel: Trans. from Spanish - Kaliningrad: Book. publishing house, 1987. - 558 pp.: ill. - (Sea novel).

Verlinden C. Christopher Columbus: Mirage and Perseverance: Trans. with him. // Conquerors of America. - Rostov-on-Don: Phoenix, 1997. - P. 3-144.

Irving V. History of the life and travels of Christopher Columbus: Trans. from English // Irving V. Collection. cit.: In 5 vols.: T. 3, 4. - M.: Terra - Book. club, 2002-2003.

Clients A.E. Christopher Columbus / Artist. A. Chauzov. - M.: White City, 2003. - 63 p.: ill. - (Historical novel).

Kovalevskaya O.T. The admiral's brilliant mistake: How Christopher Columbus, without knowing it, discovered the New World, which was later called America / Lit. processing by T. Pesotskaya; Artist N. Koshkin, G. Alexandrova, A. Skorikov. - M.: Interbook, 1997. - 18 p.: ill. - (The greatest journeys).

Columbus; Livingston; Stanley; A. Humboldt; Przhevalsky: Biogr. narratives. - Chelyabinsk: Ural LTD, 2000. - 415 p.: ill. - (Life of remarkable people: Biography of the library of F. Pavlenkov).

Cooper J.F. Mercedes from Castile, or Journey to Cathay: Trans. from English - M.: Patriot, 1992. - 407 p.: ill.

Lange P.V. The Great Wanderer: The Life of Christopher Columbus: Trans. with him. - M.: Mysl, 1984. - 224 p.: ill.

Magidovich I.P. Christopher Columbus. - M.: Geographizdat, 1956. - 35 p.: ill. - (Notable geographers and travelers).

Reifman L. From the harbor of hopes to the seas of anxiety: The life and times of Christopher Columbus: East. chronicles. - St. Petersburg: Lyceum: Soyuztheater, 1992. - 302 p.: ill.

Rzhonsnitsky V.B. Discovery of America by Columbus. - St. Petersburg: St. Petersburg Publishing House. University, 1994. - 92 p.: ill.

Sabatini R. Columbus: Novel: Trans. from English - M.: Republic, 1992. - 286 p.

Svet Ya.M. Columbus. - M.: Mol. Guard, 1973. - 368 pp.: ill. - (Life is remarkable. People).

Subbotin V.A. Great discoveries: Columbus; Vasco da Gama; Magellan. - M.: Publishing house URAO, 1998. - 269 p.: ill.

Chronicles of the Discovery of America: New Spain: Book. 1: East. documents: Per. from Spanish - M.: Academic project, 2000. - 496 p.: ill. - (B-Latin America).

Shishova Z.K. The Great Voyage: East. novel. - M.: Det. lit., 1972. - 336 pp.: ill.

Edberg R. Letters to Columbus; Spirit of the Valley / Transl. with Swedish L. Zhdanova. - M.: Progress, 1986. - 361 p.: ill.

KRASHENINNIKOV Stepan Petrovich

Russian scientist-naturalist, first explorer of Kamchatka

Travel routes

1733-1743 - S.P. Krasheninnikov took part in the 2nd Kamchatka expedition. First, under the guidance of academicians G.F. Miller and I.G. Gmelin, he studied Altai and Transbaikalia. In October 1737, Krasheninnikov independently went to Kamchatka, where until June 1741 he conducted research, based on the materials of which he subsequently compiled the first “Description of the Land of Kamchatka” (vols. 1-2, ed. 1756).

Name on geographical map

An island near Kamchatka, a cape on Karaginsky Island and a mountain near Lake Kronotskoye are named after S.P. Krasheninnikov.

Krasheninnikov S.P. Description of the land of Kamchatka: In 2 volumes - Reprint. ed. - St. Petersburg: Science; Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky: Kamshat, 1994.

Varshavsky A.S. Sons of the Fatherland. - M.: Det. lit., 1987. - 303 pp.: ill.

Mixon I.L. The man who...: East. story. - L.: Det. lit., 1989. - 208 pp.: ill.

Fradkin N.G. S.P. Krasheninnikov. - M.: Mysl, 1974. - 60 p.: ill. - (Notable geographers and travelers).

Eidelman N.Ya. What is there beyond the sea-ocean?: A story about the Russian scientist S.P. Krasheninnikov, the discoverer of Kamchatka. - M.: Malysh, 1984. - 28 p.: ill. - (Pages of the history of our Motherland).

KRUZENSHTERN Ivan Fedorovich

Russian navigator, admiral

Travel routes

1803-1806 - I.F. Kruzenshtern led the first Russian round-the-world expedition on the ships “Nadezhda” and “Neva”. I.F. Kruzenshtern - author of the Atlas South Sea"(vols. 1-2, 1823-1826)

Name on geographical map

The strait in the northern part bears the name of I.F. Kruzenshtern Kuril Islands, two atolls in the Pacific Ocean and the southeastern passage of the Korea Strait.

Krusenstern I.F. Voyages around the world in 1803, 1804, 1805 and 1806 on the ships Nadezhda and Neva. - Vladivostok: Dalnevost. book publishing house, 1976. - 392 pp.: ill. - (Far Eastern history library).

Zabolotskikh B.V. In honor of the Russian flag: The Tale of I.F. Kruzenshtern, who led the first voyage of Russians around the world in 1803-1806, and O.E. Kotzebue, who made an unprecedented voyage on the brig “Rurik” in 1815-1818. - M.: Autopan, 1996. - 285 p.: ill.

Zabolotskikh B.V. Petrovsky Fleet: East. essays; In honor of the Russian flag: A Tale; The second journey of Kruzenshtern: A Tale. - M.: Classics, 2002. - 367 pp.: ill.

Pasetsky V.M. Ivan Fedorovich Krusenstern. - M.: Nauka, 1974. - 176 p.: ill.

Firsov I.I. Russian Columbus: History of the round-the-world expedition of I. Kruzenshtern and Yu. Lisyansky. - M.: Tsentrpoligraf, 2001. - 426 p.: ill. - (Great geographical discoveries).

Chukovsky N.K. Captain Krusenstern: A Tale. - M.: Bustard, 2002. - 165 p.: ill. - (Honor and courage).

Steinberg E.L. Glorious sailors Ivan Krusenstern and Yuri Lisyansky. - M.: Detgiz, 1954. - 224 p.: ill.

COOK James

English navigator

Travel routes

1768-1771 - round-the-world expedition on the frigate Endeavor under the command of J. Cook. Defined island status New Zealand, Big open barrier reef And East Coast Australia.

1772-1775 - the goal of the second expedition headed by Cook on the Resolution ship (to find and map the Southern Continent) was not achieved. As a result of the search, the South Sandwich Islands, New Caledonia, Norfolk, and South Georgia were discovered.

1776-1779 - Cook's third round-the-world expedition on the ships "Resolution" and "Discovery" was aimed at finding the Northwest Passage connecting the Atlantic and Pacific oceans. The passage was not found, but the Hawaiian Islands and part of the Alaskan coast were discovered. On the way back, J. Cook was killed on one of the islands by the aborigines.

Name on geographical map

The most are named after the English navigator. high mountain New Zealand, a bay in the Pacific Ocean, islands in Polynesia and the strait between the North and Southern Islands New Zealand.

James Cook's first circumnavigation of the world: Sailing on the ship Endeavor in 1768-1771. / J. Cook. - M.: Geographizdat, 1960. - 504 p.: ill.

James Cook's second voyage: Voyage to the South Pole and around the world in 1772-1775. / J. Cook. - M.: Mysl, 1964. - 624 p.: ill. - (Geographical ser.).

James Cook's third voyage around the world: Navigation in the Pacific Ocean 1776-1780. / J. Cook. - M.: Mysl, 1971. - 636 p.: ill.

Vladimirov V.I. Cook. - M.: Iskra revolution, 1933. - 168 p.: ill. - (Life is remarkable. People).

McLean A. Captain Cook: History of Geography. discoveries of the great navigator: Trans. from English - M.: Tsentrpoligraf, 2001. - 155 p.: ill. - (Great geographical discoveries).

Middleton H. Captain Cook: Famous navigator: Per. from English / Ill. A. Marx. - M.: AsCON, 1998. - 31 p.: ill. - (Great names).

Svet Ya.M. James Cook. - M.: Mysl, 1979. - 110 p.: ill. - (Notable geographers and travelers).

Chukovsky N.K. Frigate Drivers: A Book about Great Navigators. - M.: ROSMEN, 2001. - 509 p. - (Golden Triangle).

The first part of the book is titled “Captain James Cook and his three voyages around the world” (p. 7-111).

LAZAREV Mikhail Petrovich

Russian naval commander and navigator

Travel routes

1813-1816 - circumnavigation of the world on the ship "Suvorov" from Kronstadt to the shores of Alaska and back.

1819-1821 - commanding the sloop “Mirny”, M.P. Lazarev participated in a round-the-world expedition under the leadership of F.F. Bellingshausen.

1822-1824 - M.P. Lazarev led a round-the-world expedition on the frigate “Cruiser”.

Name on geographical map

A sea in the Atlantic Ocean, an ice shelf and an underwater trench in East Antarctica, and a village on the Black Sea coast are named after M.P. Lazarev.

The Russian Antarctic scientific station also bears the name of M.P. Lazarev.

Ostrovsky B.G. Lazarev. - M.: Mol. Guard, 1966. - 176 pp.: ill. - (Life is remarkable. People).

Firsov I.I. Half a century under sail. - M.: Mysl, 1988. - 238 p.: ill.

Firsov I.I. Antarctica and Navarin: A Novel. - M.: Armada, 1998. - 417 p.: ill. - (Russian generals).

LIVINGSTON David

English explorer of Africa

Travel routes

Since 1841 - numerous travels through the interior regions of South and Central Africa.

1849-1851 - studies of the Lake Ngami area.

1851-1856 - research of the Zambezi River. D. Livingston discovered the Victoria Falls and was the first European to cross the African continent.

1858-1864 - exploration of the Zambezi River, lakes Chilwa and Nyasa.

1866-1873 - several expeditions in search of the sources of the Nile.

Name on geographical map

Waterfalls on the Congo River and a city on the Zambezi River are named after the English traveler.

Livingston D. Travels around South Africa: Per. from English / Ill. author. - M.: EKSMO-Press, 2002. - 475 p.: ill. - (Compass Rose: Epochs; Continents; Events; Seas; Discoveries).

Livingston D., Livingston C. Travel along the Zambezi, 1858-1864: Trans. from English - M.: Tsentrpoligraf, 2001. - 460 pp.: ill.

Adamovich M.P. Livingston. - M.: Mol. Guard, 1938. - 376 pp.: ill. - (Life is remarkable. People).

Votte G. David Livingston: The Life of an African Explorer: Trans. with him. - M.: Mysl, 1984. - 271 p.: ill.

Columbus; Livingston; Stanley; A. Humboldt; Przhevalsky: Biogr. narratives. - Chelyabinsk: Ural LTD, 2000. - 415 p.: ill. - (Life of remarkable people: Biography of the library of F. Pavlenkov).

MAGELLAN Fernand

(c. 1480-1521)

Portuguese navigator

Travel routes

1519-1521 - F. Magellan led the first circumnavigation in the history of mankind. Magellan's expedition discovered the coast of South America south of La Plata, circled the continent, crossed the strait, which was later named after the navigator, then crossed the Pacific Ocean and reached Philippine Islands. On one of them, Magellan was killed. After his death, the expedition was led by J.S. Elcano, thanks to whom only one of the ships (Victoria) and the last eighteen sailors (out of two hundred and sixty-five crew members) were able to reach the shores of Spain.

Name on geographical map

The Strait of Magellan is located between the mainland of South America and the archipelago Tierra del Fuego, connects the Atlantic and Pacific oceans.

Boytsov M.A. Magellan's Path / Artist. S. Boyko. - M.: Malysh, 1991. - 19 p.: ill.

Kunin K.I. Magellan. - M.: Mol. Guard, 1940. - 304 p.: ill. - (Life is remarkable. People).

Lange P.V. Like the sun: The life of F. Magellan and the first circumnavigation of the world: Trans. with him. - M.: Progress, 1988. - 237 p.: ill.

Pigafetta A. Magellan's Journey: Trans. with it.; Mitchell M. El Cano - the first circumnavigator: Trans. from English - M.: Mysl, 2000. - 302 p.: ill. - (Travel and travelers).

Subbotin V.A. Great discoveries: Columbus; Vasco da Gama; Magellan. - M.: Publishing house URAO, 1998. - 269 p.: ill.

Travinsky V.M. Navigator's Star: Magellan: East. story. - M.: Mol. Guard, 1969. - 191 p.: ill.

Khvilevitskaya E.M. How the earth turned out to be a ball / Artist. A. Ostromentsky. - M.: Interbook, 1997. - 18 p.: ill. - (The greatest journeys).

Zweig S. Magellan; Amerigo: Transl. with him. - M.: AST, 2001. - 317 p.: ill. - (World classics).

MIKLOUKHO-MACLAY Nikolai Nikolaevich

Russian scientist, explorer of Oceania and New Guinea

Travel routes

1866-1867 - travel to Canary Islands and in Morocco.

1871-1886 - study of indigenous peoples South-East Asia, Australia and Oceania, including the Papuans of the North-Eastern coast of New Guinea.

Name on geographical map

The Miklouho-Maclay coast is located in New Guinea.

Also named after Nikolai Nikolaevich Miklouho-Maclay is the Institute of Ethnology and Anthropology of the Russian Academy of Sciences.

Man from the Moon: Diaries, articles, letters of N.N. Miklouho-Maclay. - M.: Mol. Guard, 1982. - 336 pp.: ill. - (Arrow).

Balandin R.K. N.N. Miklouho-Maclay: Book. for students / Fig. author. - M.: Education, 1985. - 96 p.: ill. - (People of science).

Golovanov Ya. Sketches about scientists. - M.: Mol. Guard, 1983. - 415 pp.: ill.

The chapter dedicated to Miklouho-Maclay is titled “I foresee no end to my travels...” (pp. 233-236).

Greenop F.S. About the one who wandered alone: Trans. from English - M.: Nauka, 1986. - 260 pp.: ill.

Kolesnikov M.S. Miklukho Maclay. - M.: Mol. Guard, 1965. - 272 pp.: ill. - (Life is remarkable. People).

Markov S.N. Tamo - rus Maklay: Stories. - M.: Sov. writer, 1975. - 208 pp.: ill.

Orlov O.P. Come back to us, Maclay!: A story. - M.: Det. lit., 1987. - 48 p.: ill.

Putilov B.N. N.N. Miklouho-Maclay: Traveler, scientist, humanist. - M.: Progress, 1985. - 280 pp.: ill.

Tynyanova L.N. Friend from Afar: A Tale. - M.: Det. lit., 1976. - 332 pp.: ill.

NANSEN Fridtjof

Norwegian polar explorer

Travel routes

1888 - F. Nansen made the first ski crossing in history across Greenland.

1893-1896 - Nansen on the ship "Fram" drifted across the Arctic Ocean from the New Siberian Islands to the Spitsbergen archipelago. As a result of the expedition, extensive oceanographic and meteorological material was collected, but Nansen was unable to reach the North Pole.

1900 - expedition to study the currents of the Arctic Ocean.

Name on geographical map

An underwater basin and an underwater ridge in the Arctic Ocean, as well as a number of geographical features in the Arctic and Antarctic, are named after Nansen.

Nansen F. To the Land of the Future: The Great Northern Route from Europe to Siberia through the Kara Sea / Authorized. lane from norwegian A. and P. Hansen. - Krasnoyarsk: Book. publishing house, 1982. - 335 pp.: ill.

Nansen F. Through the eyes of a friend: Chapters from the book “Through the Caucasus to the Volga”: Trans. with him. - Makhachkala: Dagestan book. publishing house, 1981. - 54 p.: ill.

Nansen F. “Fram” in the Polar Sea: At 2 o’clock: Per. from norwegian - M.: Geographizdat, 1956.

Kublitsky G.I. Fridtjof Nansen: His life and extraordinary adventures. - M.: Det. lit., 1981. - 287 pp.: ill.

Nansen-Heyer L. Book about the father: Trans. from norwegian - L.: Gidrometeoizdat, 1986. - 512 p.: ill.

Pasetsky V.M. Fridtjof Nansen, 1861-1930. - M.: Nauka, 1986. - 335 p.: ill. - (Scientific-biography ser.).

Sannes T.B. "Fram": Adventures of Polar Expeditions: Trans. with him. - L.: Shipbuilding, 1991. - 271 p.: ill. - (Notice ships).

Talanov A. Nansen. - M.: Mol. Guard, 1960. - 304 pp.: ill. - (Life is remarkable. People).

Holt K. Competition: [About the expeditions of R.F. Scott and R. Amundsen]; Wandering: [About the expedition of F. Nansen and J. Johansen] / Trans. from norwegian L. Zhdanova. - M.: Physical culture and sport, 1987. - 301 p.: ill. - (Unusual travels).

Please note that this book (in the appendix) contains an essay famous traveler Thor Heyerdahl's Fridtjof Nansen: A Warm Heart in a Cold World.

Tsentkevich A., Tsentkevich Ch. Who will you become, Fridtjof: [Tales of F. Nansen and R. Amundsen]. - Kyiv: Dnipro, 1982. - 502 p.: ill.

Shackleton E. Fridtjof Nansen - researcher: Trans. from English - M.: Progress, 1986. - 206 p.: ill.

NIKITIN Afanasy

(? - 1472 or 1473)

Russian merchant, traveler in Asia

Travel routes

1466-1472 - A. Nikitin’s journey through the countries of the Middle East and India. On the way back, stopping at a Cafe (Feodosia), Afanasy Nikitin wrote a description of his travels and adventures - “Walking across the Three Seas.”

Nikitin A. Walking beyond the three seas of Afanasy Nikitin. - L.: Nauka, 1986. - 212 p.: ill. - (Lit. monuments).

Nikitin A. Walking beyond three seas: 1466-1472. - Kaliningrad: Amber Tale, 2004. - 118 p.: ill.

Varzhapetyan V.V. The Tale of a Merchant, a Piebald Horse and a Talking Bird / Fig. N.Nepomniachtchi. - M.: Det. lit., 1990. - 95 p.: ill.

Vitashevskaya M.N. The wanderings of Afanasy Nikitin. - M.: Mysl, 1972. - 118 p.: ill. - (Notable geographers and travelers).

All peoples are one: [Sb.]. - M.: Sirin, B.g. - 466 pp.: ill. - (History of the Fatherland in novels, stories, documents).

The collection includes V. Pribytkov’s story “The Tver Guest” and the book by Afanasy Nikitin himself “Walking across Three Seas”.

Grimberg F.I. Seven songs of a Russian foreigner: Nikitin: Ist. novel. - M.: AST: Astrel, 2003. - 424 p.: ill. - (Golden library of the historical novel: Russian travelers).

Kachaev Yu.G. Far away / Fig. M. Romadina. - M.: Malysh, 1982. - 24 p.: ill.

Kunin K.I. Beyond Three Seas: The Journey of the Tver Merchant Afanasy Nikitin: Ist. story. - Kaliningrad: Amber Tale, 2002. - 199 p.: ill. - (Treasured pages).

Murashova K. Afanasy Nikitin: The Tale of the Tver Merchant / Artist. A. Chauzov. - M.: White City, 2005. - 63 p.: ill. - (Historical novel).

Semenov L.S. Travel of Afanasy Nikitin. - M.: Nauka, 1980. - 145 p.: ill. - (History of science and technology).

Soloviev A.P. Walking beyond three seas: a novel. - M.: Terra, 1999. - 477 p. - (Fatherland).

Tager E.M. The story of Afanasy Nikitin. - L.: Det. lit., 1966. - 104 p.: ill.

PIRI Robert Edwin

American polar explorer

Travel routes

1892 and 1895 - two trips through Greenland.

From 1902 to 1905 - several unsuccessful attempts to conquer the North Pole.

Finally, R. Peary announced that he had reached the North Pole on April 6, 1909. However, seventy years after the death of the traveler, when, according to his will, the expedition diaries were declassified, it turned out that Piri was actually unable to reach the Pole; he stopped at 89˚55΄ N.

Name on geographical map

Peninsula on far north Greenland is called Peary Land.

Pirie R. North Pole; Amundsen R. South Pole. - M.: Mysl, 1981. - 599 p.: ill.

Pay attention to the article by F. Treshnikov “Robert Peary and the conquest of the North Pole” (p. 225-242).

Piri R. North Pole / Transl. from English L.Petkevichiute. - Vilnius: Vituris, 1988. - 239 p.: ill. - (World of Discovery).

Karpov G.V. Robert Peary. - M.: Geographizdat, 1956. - 39 p.: ill. - (Notable geographers and travelers).

POLO Marco

(c. 1254-1324)

Venetian merchant, traveler

Travel routes

1271-1295 - M. Polo’s journey through the countries of Central and East Asia.

The Venetian’s memories of his wanderings in the East compiled the famous “Book of Marco Polo” (1298), which for almost 600 years remained the most important source of information about China and other Asian countries for the West.

Polo M. Book about the diversity of the world / Trans. with old French I.P. Minaeva; Preface J.L. Borges. - St. Petersburg: Amphora, 1999. - 381 p.: ill. - (Personal library of Borges).

Polo M. Book of Wonders: Excerpt from the “Book of Wonders of the World” from the National. libraries of France: Transl. from fr. - M.: White City, 2003. - 223 p.: ill.

Davidson E., Davis G. Son of Heaven: The Wanderings of Marco Polo / Trans. from English M. Kondratieva. - St. Petersburg: ABC: Terra - Book. club, 1997. - 397 p. - ( New Earth: Fantasy).

A fantasy novel on the theme of the travels of a Venetian merchant.

Maink V. The Amazing Adventures of Marco Polo: [Hist. story] / Abbr. lane with him. L. Lungina. - St. Petersburg: Brask: Epoch, 1993. - 303 pp.: ill. - (Version).

Pesotskaya T.E. Treasures of a Venetian merchant: How Marco Polo a quarter of a century ago wandered around the East and wrote a famous book about various miracles that no one wanted to believe in / Artist. I. Oleinikov. - M.: Interbook, 1997. - 18 p.: ill. - (The greatest journeys).

Pronin V. Life of the great Venetian traveler Messer Marco Polo / Artist. Yu.Saevich. - M.: Kron-Press, 1993. - 159 p.: ill.

Tolstikov A.Ya. Marco Polo: The Venetian Wanderer / Artist. A. Chauzov. - M.: White City, 2004. - 63 p.: ill. - (Historical novel).

Hart G. The Venetian Marco Polo: Trans. from English - M.: TERRA-Kn. club, 1999. - 303 p. - (Portraits).

Shklovsky V.B. Earth scout - Marco Polo: East. story. - M.: Mol. Guard, 1969. - 223 pp.: ill. - (Pioneer means first).

Ers J. Marco Polo: Trans. from fr. - Rostov-on-Don: Phoenix, 1998. - 348 pp.: ill. - (Mark on history).

PRZHEVALSKY Nikolai Mikhailovich

Russian geographer, explorer of Central Asia

Travel routes

1867-1868 - research expeditions to the Amur region and the Ussuri region.

1870-1885 - 4 expeditions to Central Asia.

N.M. Przhevalsky presented the scientific results of the expeditions in a number of books, giving a detailed description of the relief, climate, vegetation and fauna of the studied territories.

Name on geographical map

A ridge in Central Asia and a city in the southeastern part of the Issyk-Kul region (Kyrgyzstan) bear the name of the Russian geographer.

The wild horse, first described by scientists, is called Przewalski's horse.

Przhevalsky N.M. Travel in the Ussuri region, 1867-1869. - Vladivostok: Dalnevost. book publishing house, 1990. - 328 pp.: ill.

Przhevalsky N.M. Traveling around Asia. - M.: Armada-press, 2001. - 343 p.: ill. - (Green Series: Around the World).

Gavrilenkov V.M. Russian traveler N.M. Przhevalsky. - Smolensk: Moscow. worker: Smolensk department, 1989. - 143 p.: ill.

Golovanov Ya. Sketches about scientists. - M.: Mol. Guard, 1983. - 415 pp.: ill.

The chapter dedicated to Przhevalsky is called “The exclusive good is freedom...” (pp. 272-275).

Grimailo Ya.V. The Great Ranger: A Tale. - Ed. 2nd, revised and additional - Kyiv: Molod, 1989. - 314 p.: ill.

Kozlov I.V. Great traveler: The life and work of N.M. Przhevalsky, the first explorer of the nature of Central Asia. - M.: Mysl, 1985. - 144 p.: ill. - (Notable geographers and travelers).

Columbus; Livingston; Stanley; A. Humboldt; Przhevalsky: Biogr. narratives. - Chelyabinsk: Ural LTD, 2000. - 415 p.: ill. - (Life of remarkable people: Biography of the library of F. Pavlenkov).

Acceleration L.E. “Ascetics are needed like the sun...” // Acceleration L.E. Seven lives. - M.: Det. lit., 1992. - pp. 35-72.

Repin L.B. “And again I return...”: Przhevalsky: Pages of Life. - M.: Mol. Guard, 1983. - 175 pp.: ill. - (Pioneer means first).

Khmelnitsky S.I. Przhevalsky. - M.: Mol. Guard, 1950. - 175 pp.: ill. - (Life is remarkable. People).

Yusov B.V. N.M. Przhevalsky: Book. for students. - M.: Education, 1985. - 95 p.: ill. - (People of science).

PRONCHISHCHEV Vasily Vasilievich

Russian navigator

Travel routes

1735-1736 - V.V. Pronchishchev took part in the 2nd Kamchatka expedition. A detachment under his command explored the coast of the Arctic Ocean from the mouth of the Lena to Cape Thaddeus (Taimyr).

Name on geographical map

The name of V.V. Pronchishchev is part of eastern shore the Taimyr Peninsula, a ridge (hill) in the north-west of Yakutia and a bay in the Laptev Sea.

Golubev G.N. “Descendants for news...”: Historical document. stories. - M.: Det. lit., 1986. - 255 pp.: ill.

Krutogorov Yu.A. Where Neptune leads: East. story. - M.: Det. lit., 1990. - 270 pp.: ill.

SEMENOV-TIAN-SHANSKY Petr Petrovich

(until 1906 - Semenov)

Russian scientist, explorer of Asia

Travel routes

1856-1857 - expedition to the Tien Shan.

1888 - expedition to Turkestan and the Trans-Caspian region.

Name on geographical map

A ridge in Nanshan, a glacier and a peak in the Tien Shan, and mountains in Alaska and Spitsbergen are named after Semenov-Tian-Shansky.

Semenov-Tyan-Shansky P.P. Travel to Tien Shan: 1856-1857. - M.: Geographgiz, 1958. - 277 p.: ill.

Aldan-Semenov A.I. For you, Russia: Stories. - M.: Sovremennik, 1983. - 320 pp.: ill.

Aldan-Semenov A.I. Semenov-Tyan-Shansky. - M.: Mol. Guard, 1965. - 304 pp.: ill. - (Life is remarkable. People).

Antoshko Y., Soloviev A. At the origins of Yaxartes. - M.: Mysl, 1977. - 128 p.: ill. - (Notable geographers and travelers).

Dyadyuchenko L.B. A pearl in the barracks wall: A chronicle novel. - Frunze: Mektep, 1986. - 218 p.: ill.

Kozlov I.V. Petr Petrovich Semenov-Tyan-Shansky. - M.: Education, 1983. - 96 p.: ill. - (People of science).

Kozlov I.V., Kozlova A.V. Petr Petrovich Semenov-Tyan-Shansky: 1827-1914. - M.: Nauka, 1991. - 267 p.: ill. - (Scientific-biography ser.).

Acceleration L.E. Tian-Shansky // Acceleration L.E. Seven lives. - M.: Det. lit., 1992. - pp. 9-34.

SCOTT Robert Falcon

English explorer of Antarctica

Travel routes

1901-1904 - Antarctic expedition on the Discovery ship. As a result of this expedition, King Edward VII Land, the Transantarctic Mountains, the Ross Ice Shelf were discovered, and Victoria Land was explored.

1910-1912 - R. Scott's expedition to Antarctica on the ship "Terra-Nova".

On January 18, 1912 (33 days later than R. Amundsen), Scott and four of his companions reached the South Pole. On the way back, all the travelers died.

Name on geographical map

An island and two glaciers off the coast of Antarctica, part of the western coast of Victoria Land (Scott Coast) and mountains on Enderby Land are named in honor of Robert Scott.

The US Antarctic research station is named after the first conquerors of the South Pole - the Amundsen-Scott Pole.

The New Zealand scientific station on the Ross Sea coast in Antarctica and the Polar Research Institute in Cambridge also bear the name of the polar explorer.

R. Scott's last expedition: Personal diaries of Captain R. Scott, which he kept during the expedition to the South Pole. - M.: Geographizdat, 1955. - 408 p.: ill.

Golovanov Ya. Sketches about scientists. - M.: Mol. Guard, 1983. - 415 pp.: ill.

The chapter dedicated to Scott is called “Fight to the last cracker...” (pp. 290-293).

Ladlem G. Captain Scott: Trans. from English - Ed. 2nd, rev. - L.: Gidrometeoizdat, 1989. - 287 p.: ill.

Priestley R. Antarctic Odyssey: The Northern Party of the R. Scott Expedition: Trans. from English - L.: Gidrometeoizdat, 1985. - 360 pp.: ill.

Holt K. Competition; Wandering: Transl. from norwegian - M.: Physical culture and sport, 1987. - 301 p.: ill. - (Unusual travels).

Cherry-Garrard E. The Most Terrible Journey: Trans. from English - L.: Gidrometeoizdat, 1991. - 551 p.: ill.

STANLEY (STANLEY) Henry Morton

(real name and surname - John Rowland)

journalist, researcher of Africa

Travel routes

1871-1872 - G.M. Stanley, as a correspondent for the New York Herald newspaper, participated in the search for the missing D. Livingston. The expedition was successful: the great explorer of Africa was found near Lake Tanganyika.

1874-1877 - G.M. Stanley crosses the African continent twice. Explores Lake Victoria, the Congo River, and searches for the sources of the Nile.

1887-1889 - G.M. Stanley leads an English expedition that crosses Africa from West to East, and explores the Aruvimi River.

Name on geographical map

Waterfalls in the upper reaches of the Congo River are named in honor of G.M. Stanley.

Stanley G.M. In the wilds of Africa: Trans. from English - M.: Geographizdat, 1958. - 446 p.: ill.

Karpov G.V. Henry Stanley. - M.: Geographgiz, 1958. - 56 p.: ill. - (Notable geographers and travelers).

Columbus; Livingston; Stanley; A. Humboldt; Przhevalsky: Biogr. narratives. - Chelyabinsk: Ural LTD, 2000. - 415 p.: ill. - (Life of remarkable people: Biography of the library of F. Pavlenkov).

KHABAROV Erofey Pavlovich

(c. 1603, according to other data, c. 1610 - after 1667, according to other data, after 1671)

Russian explorer and navigator, explorer of the Amur region

Travel routes

1649-1653 - E.P. Khabarov made a number of campaigns in the Amur region, compiled a “Drawing of the Amur River.”

Name on geographical map

A city and region in the Far East, as well as the Erofei Pavlovich railway station on the Trans-Siberian Railway, are named after the Russian explorer.

Leontyeva G.A. Explorer Erofey Pavlovich Khabarov: Book. for students. - M.: Education, 1991. - 143 p.: ill.

Romanenko D.I. Erofey Khabarov: Novel. - Khabarovsk: Book. publishing house, 1990. - 301 p.: ill. - (Far Eastern library).

Safronov F.G. Erofey Khabarov. - Khabarovsk: Book. publishing house, 1983. - 32 p.

SCHMIDT Otto Yulievich

Russian mathematician, geophysicist, Arctic explorer

Travel routes

1929-1930 - O.Yu. Schmidt equipped and led the expedition on the ship “Georgy Sedov” to Severnaya Zemlya.

1932 - an expedition led by O.Yu. Schmidt on the icebreaker Sibiryakov managed for the first time to sail from Arkhangelsk to Kamchatka in one navigation.

1933-1934 - O.Yu. Schmidt led the northern expedition on the steamship “Chelyuskin”. The ship, caught in ice, was crushed by ice and sank. The expedition members, who had been drifting on ice floes for several months, were rescued by pilots.

Name on geographical map

An island in the Kara Sea, a cape on the coast of the Chukchi Sea, the peninsula of Novaya Zemlya, one of the peaks and a pass in the Pamirs, and a plain in Antarctica are named after O.Yu. Schmidt.

Voskoboynikov V.M. On an ice trek. - M.: Malysh, 1989. - 39 p.: ill. - (Legendary heroes).

Voskoboynikov V.M. Call of the Arctic: Heroic. Chronicle: Academician Schmidt. - M.: Mol. Guard, 1975. - 192 pp.: ill. - (Pioneer means first).

Duel I.I. Life line: Document. story. - M.: Politizdat, 1977. - 128 p.: ill. - (Heroes of the Soviet Motherland).

Nikitenko N.F. O.Yu.Schmidt: Book. for students. - M.: Education, 1992. - 158 p.: ill. - (People of science).

Otto Yulievich Schmidt: Life and work: Sat. - M.: Publishing House of the USSR Academy of Sciences, 1959. - 470 p.: ill.

Matveeva L.V. Otto Yulievich Schmidt: 1891-1956. - M.: Nauka, 1993. - 202 p.: ill. - (Scientific-biography ser.).

Great geographical discoveries- the most important period in human history from the late 15th to the mid-16th centuries. The brave discoverers of Spain and Portugal opened up new lands to the Western world, thereby ushering in the development of new trade routes and connections between continents.

The beginning of the period of great geographical discoveries

Throughout the existence of the human race, many important discoveries were made, but only those that took place in the 16th and 17th centuries were included in history under the name “great”. The fact is that neither before this period of time, nor after it, none of the travelers and researchers were able to repeat the success of the medieval discoverers.

Geographical discovery is understood as the discovery of new, previously unknown geographical objects or patterns. This could be a part of the earth or an entire continent, a water basin or strait, the existence of which on Earth cultural humanity did not suspect.

Rice. 1. Middle Ages.

But why did the Great Geographical Discoveries become possible precisely between the 15th and 17th centuries?

The following factors contributed to this:

active development of various crafts and trade;
the growth of European cities;
the need for precious metals - gold and silver;
development technical sciences and knowledge;
serious discoveries in navigation, the emergence of the most important navigation instruments - the astrolabe and compass;
development of cartography.

The catalyst for the Great Geographical Discoveries was the unfortunate fact that Constantinople in the Middle Ages came under the rule of the Ottoman Turks, who prevented direct trade between European powers and India and China.

Great travelers and their geographical discoveries

If we consider the periodization of the Great Geographical Discoveries, the first to give the Western world new routes and limitless opportunities were the Portuguese navigators. The British, Spaniards and Russians, who also saw great prospects in the conquest of new lands, did not lag behind them. Their names will forever go down in the history of navigation.

Bartolomeu Dias - a Portuguese navigator who, in 1488, in search of a convenient route to India, circumnavigated Africa and discovered the cape Good Hope and became the first European to land in the Indian Ocean.
- it is with his name that the discovery of an entire continent - America - is associated in 1492.

Rice. 2. Christopher Columbus.

Vasco da Gama - commander of the Portuguese expedition, who in 1498 managed to establish a direct trade route from Europe to Asia.

For several years, from 1498 to 1502, Christopher Columbus, Alonso Ojeda, Amerigo Vespucci and many other navigators from Spain and Portugal carefully explored the northern coast of South America. However, acquaintance with Western conquerors did not bring local residents nothing good - in pursuit of easy money, they showed themselves to be extremely aggressive and cruel.

Vasca Nunens Balboa - in 1513, a brave Spaniard was the first to cross the Isthmus of Panama and open the Pacific Ocean.
Ferdinand Magellan - the first person in history who, in 1519-1522, committed trip around the world, thereby proving that the Earth is spherical.
Abel Tasman - opened Australia to the Western world and New Zealand in 1642-1643.
Semyon Dezhnev - Russian traveler and explorer who was able to find the strait connecting Asia with North America.

Results of the Great Geographical Discoveries

Great geographical discoveries significantly accelerated the transition from the Middle Ages to the New Age, with its most important achievements and the flourishing of most European states.

TOP 4 articleswho are reading along with this

Humanity looked at the world around us differently, and new horizons opened up for scientists. This contributed to the development of natural sciences, which could not but affect the general standard of living.

The conquest of new lands by Europeans led to the formation and strengthening of colonial empires, which became a powerful raw material base of the Old World. There was cultural exchange between civilizations in various areas, there was a movement of animals, plants, diseases and even entire peoples.

Rice. 3. Colonies of the New World.

Geographical discoveries continued after the 17th century, which made it possible to create full map peace.

What have we learned?

When studying the topic “Great Geographical Discoveries” in the 6th grade geography program, we learned briefly about the great geographical discoveries and their significance in world history. We also did short review the greatest personalities who managed to do important discoveries in the geography of the Earth.

Test on the topic

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Average rating: 4.7. Total ratings received: 1167.

Description of the presentation by individual slides:

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Italian traveler Marco Polo (1254-1324). In 1271-75 he traveled to China, where he lived for approx. 17 years. In 1292-95 he returned to Italy by sea. The “Book” written in his words (1298) is one of the first sources of European knowledge about the countries of Central and Eastern Europe. and Yuzh. Asia.

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This is a period in human history, beginning in the 15th century and lasting until the 17th century, during which Europeans discovered new lands and sea routes to Africa, America, Asia and Oceania in search of new trading partners and sources of goods used in great demand in Europe. Historians generally associate the "Great Discovery" with the pioneering long sea voyages of Portuguese and Spanish explorers in search of alternative trade routes to the "Indies" for gold, silver and spices.

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He is the first to reliably famous travelers crossed the Atlantic Ocean and sailed in the Caribbean Sea. He marked the beginning of the discovery of the continent of South America. He discovered all the Greater Antilles (Cuba, Haiti, Jamaica, etc.), the Lesser Antilles and about. Trinidad. On his first expedition, he equipped 3 ships: “Santa Maria”, “Pinta”, “Nina”. In total, Columbus made 4 trips to America. The following countries are named in honor of Columbus: A state in South America - Colombia. Mount Cristobal Colon in Colombia. Federal District of Columbia in the USA. Columbia River in the USA and Canada. Cities in the USA Columbus and Columbia. Streets in Volgograd and Astrakhan, squares in New York and Zelenogad. thin John Vanderline. Columbus's landing in America.

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Columbus can be called the discoverer of America with reservations. Back in the Middle Ages, Icelandic Vikings visited North America, but nothing was known about this outside Scandinavia. It was Columbus's expeditions that made information about America public knowledge. First island from Bahamas was opened on October 12, 1492. Map of Columbus' four expeditions. Queen Isabella of Castile and Columbus Monument to Columbus in Bremerhaven in Germany Replica of the ship “Santa Maria”.

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Florentine traveler. There is an opinion that he received this nickname or named himself so in honor of the already named continent. As a navigator, he took part in expeditions to new lands in 1499 using Columbus's maps, and gave them the name Venezuela - Little Venice, discovered the Amazon delta and mapped 22 other objects. In 1500 -1504 he made two more journeys from Portugal to the lands of the new continent. From 1505 he served as a helmsman in the Spanish service for travel to India. According to legend, Christopher Columbus believed until the end of his days that he had discovered a new route to India. But soon the opinion spread that it was not India that had been discovered, but a new continent. One of the first supporters of this version was Amerigo Vespucci, whose name the new part of the world acquired. It is believed that the term itself “ New World” could have been proposed in 1503 by the same Vespucci, but this opinion is disputed.

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He took part in equipping Columbus's second and third expeditions and maintained friendly relations with him. According to the stories of his contemporaries, Amerigo was an exceptionally fair, intelligent and observant person. He had a talent for writing, and quite often exaggerated when talking about the nature and people of new lands, but never talk about the leaders of the expeditions and his role in these expeditions. In honor of Amerigo Vespucci they named: A three-deck training frigate, launched in February 1931 in Naples. Airport in Italian city Florence. Main street in the city of Lima, the capital of Chile. A bridge spanning the Arno River in the Italian city of Florence. A section of the Arno River embankment in Florence. AMERICUS VESPUCIUS

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Portuguese navigator, known as the first European to complete cruise to India. On July 8, 1497, 4 ships left Lisbon: 2 large three-masted ships “San Gabriel” (flagship ship) and “San Rafael”, a light caravel “Berriu” and a transport ship for transporting supplies. Were in disarray best cards and navigation devices. A Brazilian football club is named after it. A city in Goa is named. The most long bridge in Europe in Lisbon. The Adidas football sword model is named after the logbook on the ship. Monument to Vasco da Gamma in front of the church in Sines.

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Only 5 years before his death, Da Gamma received land holdings and the title of count. Only 2 ships returned after the expedition in September 1499. However, from a financial point of view, the expedition was unusually successful - the proceeds of goods brought from India were 60 times higher than the costs of the expedition. The padran - a stone pillar with the image of the royal coat of arms of Portugal and an inscription - was placed as a sign of the transition of the territory to the control of Portugal. Padran at the Cape of Good Hope.

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English naval sailor, explorer, cartographer, member of the Royal Society. He led three expeditions to explore the World Ocean, all around the world. Surveyed and mapped the east coast of Canada, Australia, New Zealand, the Pacific, Indian and atlantic oceans. On February 14, 1779 he was killed by residents Hawaiian Islands. After the military operation, some parts of Kuku's body were returned by the aborigines and buried at sea. 1st expedition - ship “Endeavour” 2nd expedition – 2 ships “Resolution” and “Adventure” 3rd expedition – 2 ships “Resolution” and “Discovery” The strait between the islands of New Zealand is named in honor of Cook. Islands in the Pacific Ocean. Mountain on the islands of New Zealand. Cooktown in Australia. A bay off the coast of Alaska. The Apollo 12 spacecraft module was named after Endeavor.

Who: Semyon Dezhnev, Cossack chieftain, merchant, fur trader.

When: 1648

What I discovered: The first to pass through the Bering Strait, which separates Eurasia from North America. Thus, I found out that Eurasia and North America are two different continents, and that they do not meet.

Who: Thaddeus Bellingshausen, Russian admiral, navigator.

When: 1820.

What I discovered: Antarctica together with Mikhail Lazarev on the frigates Vostok and Mirny. Commanded the Vostok. Before the expedition of Lazarev and Bellingshausen, nothing was known about the existence of this continent.

Also, the expedition of Bellingshausen and Lazarev finally dispelled the myth about the existence of the mythical “Southern Continent”, which was mistakenly marked on all medieval maps of Europe. Navigators, including the famous Captain James Cook, searched for this “Southern Continent” in the Indian Ocean for more than three hundred and fifty years without any success, and of course, found nothing.

Who: Kamchaty Ivan, Cossack and sable hunter.

When: 1650s.

What I discovered: peninsula of Kamchatka, named after him.

Who: Semyon Chelyuskin, polar explorer, officer of the Russian fleet

When: 1742

What I discovered: most northern cape Eurasia, named after him Cape Chelyuskin.

Who: Ermak Timofeevich, Cossack chieftain in the service of the Russian Tsar. Ermak's last name is unknown. Possibly Tokmak.

When: 1581-1585

What I discovered: conquered and explored Siberia for the Russian state. To do this, he entered into a successful armed struggle with the Tatar khans in Siberia.

Who: Ivan Krusenstern, Russian naval officer, admiral

When: 1803-1806.

What I discovered: He was the first Russian navigator to travel around the world together with Yuri Lisyansky on the sloops “Nadezhda” and “Neva”. Commanded "Nadezhda"

Who: Yuri Lisyansky, Russian navy officer, captain

When: 1803-1806.

What I discovered: He was the first Russian navigator to circumnavigate the world together with Ivan Krusenstern on the sloops Nadezhda and Neva. Commanded the Neva.

Who: Petr Semenov-Tyan-Shansky

When: 1856-57

What I discovered: He was the first European to explore the Tien Shan Mountains. He also later studied a number of areas in Central Asia. For research mountain system and for his services to science, he received from the authorities of the Russian Empire the honorary surname Tien-Shansky, which he had the right to pass on by inheritance.

Who: Vitus Bering

When: 1727-29

What I discovered: He was the second (after Semyon Dezhnev) and the first of the scientific researchers to reach North America, passing through the Bering Strait, thereby confirming its existence. Confirmed that North America and Eurasia are two different continents.

Who: Khabarov Erofey, Cossack, fur trader

When: 1649-53

What I discovered: mastered part of Siberia for the Russians and Far East, studied the lands near the Amur River.

Who: Mikhail Lazarev, Russian naval officer.

When: 1820

What I discovered: Antarctica together with Thaddeus Bellingshausen on the frigates Vostok and Mirny. Commanded the Mirny. Before the expedition of Lazarev and Bellingshausen, nothing was known about the existence of this continent. Also, the Russian expedition finally dispelled the myth about the existence of the mythical “Southern Continent”, which was marked on medieval European maps, and which sailors unsuccessfully searched for for four hundred years in a row.

Pyotr Beketov (1600 - after 1661) - Russian explorer of the 17th century, explorer of Siberia.

One of the most exemplary “Russian conquistadors”, who honestly served his cause and did not get involved in any adventures, Beketov was the founder of several Russian cities.

Biography

Almost nothing is known about the early years of life of many prominent personalities of the 17th century; Pyotr Beketov is no exception in this sense. Information about him appears only in the 1620s, when he got a job as an archer in the government service.

After some time, in 1627, Beketov sent a petition to the tsar, in which he asked to be given the position of centurion in order to have at least some decent salary.

Vasily Poyarkov is one of the discoverers of Siberia. He made a huge contribution to the development of these lands.

In the 17th century, the Russian Empire dreamed of annexing Siberia to its lands. It was a huge and rich territory where many peoples lived.

Special expeditions were assembled to study and annex the Siberian lands. One of them was headed by Vasily Poyarkov.

Years of life

Accurate information about the years of Vasily Poyarkov’s life has not been preserved. Only documentary sources that contain information about his activities have survived to this day. They date back to 1610-1667.

Vasily Ermolaevich Bugor was arctic sailor and one of the pioneers of Siberia.

He explored unexplored territories, helping the Yenisei governor A. Oshanin.

Years of life

The exact years of Bugor's life are unknown, but historians believe that he was born around 1600 and died in 1668.

Biography of Bugor

Bugor did not have a noble origin. He was a Cossack foreman, participated in the construction of forts and the study of Siberia.

Mikhail Stadukhin is an explorer and polar navigator of the 17th century who explored North-Eastern Siberia, a man who was one of the first to visit the north of the Sea of Okhotsk, as well as the Kolyma, Gizhiga, Penzhina and Anadyr rivers.

The geographical discoveries of M. Stadukhin became a huge contribution to the discovery and study of the Russian coast of the Arctic and Pacific Ocean.

Years of life of Mikhail Stadukhin

Year of birth unknown, died in 1666.

Biography of Mikhail Stadukhin

It is not known for certain in what year Mikhail Stadukhin was born. Presumably, the Russian explorer was born into a family of Pomors in one of the villages on the Pinega River

The development of Siberia in the 17th century is often presented as the most important event in the history of modern Russia.

It is spoken of as the Russian analogue of the Great Geographical Discoveries European world and the conquest of the New World.

This is partly a fair comparison. In the context of the emergence of the all-Russian market and economic growth, the development of new trade routes is an important stage in the country’s development.

S.I. Chelyuskin is a sea traveler, researcher, participant in a long-term expedition who made serious geographical discoveries that were ignored during his lifetime.

Origin

Chelyuskin’s ancestors (according to documents of the 17th century - Chelyustkins) were at first quite successful people, occupied important positions, were well promoted, were rich

But under Peter the Great, Semyon Ivanovich’s father fell into disgrace (he was among the rebellious Moscow archers) and until the end of his life his family vegetated in the wilderness of the village, barely making ends meet.

Accurate information about where and when S.I. Chelyuskin was born has not yet been discovered, approximately 1700.

Education

In 1714, the noble ignorant Semyon Chelyuskin was admitted to a Moscow school, where boys were taught exact sciences and navigation. Here the future researcher learned the wisdom of mathematics, geography, and astronomy.

He was a smart and diligent student. In 1721, having completed his studies, he was recommended for a certificate for navigating activities.

Yu. F. Lisyansky is an outstanding Russian navigator who, together with Krusenstern, traveled around the world.

Youth

Yu. Lisyansky was born in the Little Russian city of Nezhin in a simple family of a priest in 1773. Since childhood I dreamed of the sea, so I entered the Naval Cadet Corps and successfully graduated. Assigned to serve on the frigate "Podrazislav" as part of the squadron of Admiral S. K. Greig. He took part in the Hogland and several other naval battles in the war with the Swedes, served as a volunteer in the British fleet, took part in battles with the French on the shores of North America, and sailed on Antilles and to India.

Circumnavigation

Returning to his homeland, Lisyansky was appointed commander of the sloop "Neva". This ship set off on a round-the-world expedition under the leadership of I. F. Krusenstern, who commanded the second sloop Nadezhda. These two Russian ships left their homeland in mid-summer 1803 from Kronstadt. In November 1804, Yu. F. Lisyansky and I. F. Krusenstern were the first in the history of the Russian fleet to cross the equator line. In February of the same year, both ships sailed around Cape Horn, entering Pacific waters. Here the ships separated.

Khariton Prokofievich Laptev is one of the largest Russian polar explorers. The future conqueror of the Arctic was born in the village of Pekarevo, located near Pskov, in 1700. In 1715, young Laptev entered the St. Petersburg Naval Academy, which three years later he successfully graduated and entered the navy as a midshipman. In 1726 he was promoted to midshipman. In 1734 he took part in the war against Stanislav Leszczynski, who had been proclaimed the Polish king a year earlier.

The frigate "Mitava", on which Laptev served, is captured during military operations by the French, who resorted to deception to achieve this. Upon returning to his homeland, Laptev, along with the rest of the Mitava officers, is sentenced to death penalty for surrendering the ship without a fight, but the crew is found not guilty in time. After this misunderstanding, Khariton Prokofievich returns to service. In 1737, he was promoted to lieutenant and appointed commander of a detachment in the Great Northern Expedition. The purpose of the trip was to explore the Arctic coast between the Lena and Yenisei; another great Russian polar explorer, Dmitry Yakovlevich Laptev, cousin of Khariton Prokofievich, also took part in it. In the early spring of 1738, members of the expedition arrived in Yakutsk.

Dmitry Yakovlevich Laptev is a famous Russian traveler who, together with his cousin Khariton Prokofievich Laptev, became famous for their polar expeditions.

Born in 1701 into a family of small landed nobles in the village of Bolotovo, Pskov province. In 1715, together with his cousin, he began studying at the Maritime Academy in St. Petersburg. Upon completion of his studies in 1718, Laptev was promoted to midshipman on one of the ships of the Kronstadt squadron.

In 1721 he received the rank of midshipman, and in 1724 he became a non-commissioned lieutenant. From 1727 to 1729 he commanded the frigate "St. Jacob".

The biography of the great polar explorer Georgy Yakovlevich Sedov is unusual and tragic. He was born in 1877 in a small Azov village; today this village bears the name of the great polar explorer. George learned hard work from an early age. His father, a simple Azov fisherman, disappeared for several years. The boy had to work to feed his mother and eight brothers and sisters. He did not have time to learn to read and write, and until the age of 14 he could neither read nor write.

After his father returned home, within two years he graduated from parochial school and ran away from home. What the boy did in that life and how he made his way to his desired goal is little known. But at the age of 21, Georgy Sedov received a diploma as a navigator long-distance voyage. At the age of 24, after successfully passing the exam, he receives the rank of lieutenant.
His first hydrographic expedition was to the Arctic Ocean. Northern ice have been attracting the young sailor for a long time. He dreamed of conquering the North Pole and proving that a Russian man could do this.

The Russo-Japanese War began and the expedition to the North Pole had to be postponed. But the idea does not leave him. He writes articles in which he proves that the development of the Northern Sea Route is necessary for Russia. He worked on the Caspian Sea, on Kolyma, and explored Krestovaya Bay on Novaya Zemlya.

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