General characteristics of Austria. Brief information (geography, economics, politics). Traditions and rules of conduct in the country

Geographical position

Austrian Republic is a continental state located in southern central Europe. This state was formed after the collapse of the Austro-Hungarian monarchy at the end of the First World War.

Austria in the north Borders with Germany And Czech Republic, in the West- with Switzerland And Liechtenstein, on South borders with Italy And Slovenia, in the east the country borders Slovakia And Hungary. The length of Austria's state borders with these countries is 2,706 km, of which 816 km are with Germany, 466 km with the Czech Republic, 107 km with Slovakia, 354 km with Hungary, 330 km with Slovenia, 430 km with Italy, 166 km with Switzerland and 35 km with Liechtenstein. total area territory of the country amounts to 83.858 sq. km.

Administratively, the state consists of 9 federal states: Burgenland, Carinthia, Lower Austria, Upper Austria, Salzburg, Styria, Tyrol, Vorarlberg And Vienna city(on land rights).

Capital of Austria is a city Vein. The state is located in mountainous areas. Most of the country's territory is occupied Eastern Alps, which are lower and wider than Western ones. In addition, these mountains are distinguished by the presence of more forests and meadows, but there are fewer glaciers here. The border between them runs along the western border of the state - along the Upper Rhine valley. In the north these mountains border with Northern Alpine foothills, and in the east - from Eastern Alpine foothills. This foothills includes Viennese And Styrian pools. Further in the east it turns into Hungarian lowland.

The Eastern Alps have fewer glaciers and more forests and meadows than the Western Alps. The plains account for only 7% of the country's territory.

The largest and only navigable river Austria is Danube. Its length in Austria is about 350 km. It's leaking from Passau on the border with Germany to the suburbs of Bratislava in Slovakia. The main tributary of the Danube in Austria it is considered Inn.
There are a large number of lakes in the country, there are thermal springs with warm water. Most of them in the area Salzkammergut in Upper Austria and also in Styria And Salburg.

The tallest Mountain peak countries - Grossglockner in the Hohe Tauern, whose height is 3797 m. There are also a large number of other high peaks. The largest glacier The Eastern Alps are called Pasierce, its length exceeds 10 km.

The most famous arrays The Central Alps are: Retikon, Ötztal, Zillertal, Kitzbühel Alps, Hohe Tauern And Semmering.

Most of the country's territory is located in the mountains, for this reason the climate of Austria is quite diverse. In the West country prevails humid climate, in the south and east Austria continental climate. The climate is subject to Atlantic, continental and Mediterranean influences. In the northern and western regions country prevails soft And wet weather With Atlantic Ocean. Average annual temperatures here make up from 7 to 9 degrees C. During the winter months temperature can drop to - 1-7 degrees. In the mountains the climate is cooler. In summer usually here 18-24 degrees.

Winter in Austria it is soft, no frost. average temperature during this period is about 0 degrees. Summer warm, but not hot. average temperature air in summer is 22°C.

In the eastern regions The country is dominated by continental influences. There is less precipitation here, but in the summer there are showers. The annual precipitation rate in Austria exceeds 760 mm. The only exceptions are: the Vienna Basin, some areas of Burgenland and intermountain valleys. Snow remains on the plains from one to six months a year. Very common in the valleys in winter fogs.

Visas, entry rules, customs regulations

For entry to the territory of Austria for citizens of Russia requiredinternational passport and current Schengen visa. In addition, you also need design health insurance policy. At customsmay ask present return tickets or confirmation of hotel reservation or voucher from a travel agency.

When entering Austria by personal carneed to also have with you international driver's license And registration certificate. In addition, it is necessary design international compulsory insurance policy civil liability of vehicle owners.

Apply for a visa You can visit the consular section of the Austrian Embassy in Moscow. The visa process takes 7 days.

In Austria no restrictions for the import and export of foreign and local currency. Without special permission cannot be imported into the country objects that have historical or artistic value. When entering Austria from non-EU countries, must be declared amounts over 10 thousand euros.

Persons over 17 years of age they have a right import into Austria 200 pcs. cigarettes or 500 cigars or 250 g of tobacco. Can be imported 2.25 liters of wine or 3 liters of beer and an additional 1 liter of other alcoholic drinks. In addition, other goods may be imported in an amount not exceeding US$200 per person. If the tourist arrives by train or car, then import allowed goods totaling 80 US dollars.

Gold items and jewelry with a total weight of more than 500 g must be declared.

From May 1, 2009 to the territory of the European Union countries cannot be imported products containing meat or milk. This ban does not apply on baby food and special drugs.

Without the appropriate permit to Austria cannot be imported drugs and drug-containing drugs, medications, weapons, ammunition, pornographic materials.

All plants, animals and plant products must be presented quarantine officials. Required for pets design vaccination certificate and medical certificate. A medical certificate must be issued no earlier than 10 days until departure.

Population, political status

Population of Austria is 8188 thousand people.

Largest cities countries are: Vienna, Graz, Linz, Salzburg and Innsbruck. About 30% of the country's population lives in these cities.

Capital Vein represents economic and cultural center of the country. The city stretches on both banks of the Danube.

State language is Austrian.Colloquial represents Austrian dialect of German.

More than 98% of the population make up Austrians. In Austria there is also six recognized national minorities - Croats, Slovenes, Czechs, Slovaks, Hungarians, Gypsies(total approx. 300 thousand people). Slovenes, Croats and Hungarians live in some areas Styria, Carinthia And Burgenland. In Vienna also live Czechs And Jews.

Number of foreigners in Austria it is about 8.8%. 45% of them are immigrants from the former Yugoslavia. The share of the urban population is 65%.

Austria is parliamentary federal republic. The state gained independence on May 15, 1955.

Head of State and Executive Power - the president. He is elected by direct popular vote for a term of 6 years. Head of government is chancellor. Austria consists of 9 federal states. The population of each land elects its own parliament (landtag). Parliament elects head of the state government. Lands are divided into districts. In villages and small townsthe population elects municipal councilors, which are electedburgomasters.

Legislative branch represents in the country bicameral parliament - Federal Assembly. Federal states is Federal Council (Bundesrat). Population of the country is national council (nationalrat).

Head of the Federal Government costs Federal Chancellor. The government carries out executive and administrative functions.

What to see

Largest cities Austria are: Vienna, Salzburg And Graz. It is here that a large number of tourists come every year. But not only big cities are interesting, but also small ones, for example, Furstenfeld or Feldbach. They also have interesting sights.

Of course, most tourists come to the capital of Austria - Vienna. It's very beautiful traditional European city with a unique charm. Vienna has many attractions. Symbol of the city considered gothic St. Stephen's Cathedral. The cathedral is surrounded famous streetRingstrasse, which has the shape of a horseshoe. On this street are the most fashionable and sophisticated restaurants, shops And cafe. Both ends of the street are connected by an embankment.

In Vienna there are more than 80 museums. Many museums in Austria are dedicated to famous musicians. So, in Salzburg There is two Mozart house museums. In Mürzzuschlag you can visit Brahms house. In Vienna There are many memorials dedicated to musicians. Among them we can highlight four Beethoven house museums.

Austria is interesting big amount various architectural monuments. There are cathedrals, palaces, castles and monasteries. The most important artistic treasures are kept in the museums of Vienna. Of them the main ones are: Schönbrunn, Albertina Gallery And Kunsthistorisches Museum. Vienna is also famous for its parks.

Archaeological Park Carnuntum is one of the most interesting attractions in Austria. He is in between Vienna And Bratislava. On south coast Danube, at the intersection of ancient trade routes used to be capital of the Roman province of Upper Pannonia- city Carnuntum. In the park, tourists have an excellent opportunity to get acquainted with the history of Carnuntum.

Prater- This Vienna's most famous park. It is located northeast of the capital city center. You can get to this park through the Danube Canal, along Praterstrasse. In 1766, Emperor Joseph II opened these park estates of the imperial family to everyone. The Prater is famous for its magnificent boulevard, which is more than 4 km long. In addition, this park has excellent training opportunities different types sports. There is golf course, stadium, racecourse and swimming pool. For fun the park has planetarium And fairground Würstelprater. Runs throughout the park miniature Railway . Main stop is Ferris wheel Riesenrad, whose height is 60 meters. This wheel was built in 1897 for the Vienna World Exhibition. The Ferris wheel completes a full rotation in 20 minutes.

Vienna Woods Park located near Vienna, in the foothills of the Eastern Alps. The park is a whole forest area. It housed various hotels And resorts on thermal springs . On one side of the park lies the picturesque Danube Valley, and on the other side is the famous district of Baden. A large number of Austrians and foreigners come here on vacation.

Old Augarten park famous for its numerous musical performances And symphony concerts.

You can also have a great rest in the city’s natural Lobau Nature Reserve.

Schönbrunn represents summer residence Habsburgs. This beautiful ensemble includes park area And castle. Here you can admire not only the architecture, but also nature. In Schönbrunn, tourists can also visit crew exhibition. French park decorated mythological sculptures. Located at the foot of the hill Neptune fountain. There is a summer one here palace theater, and several museums And zoo.

Ancient St. Stephen's Cathedral built in honor of the patron saint of Vienna. This is a grandiose structure that attracts many tourists. The cathedral is already more than 800 years old. He survived despite wars and disasters. Below the cathedral are located ancient catacombs, in which representatives of the Habsburg dynasty were buried. The interior of the cathedral also deserves special attention. Here you can see ancient stone statues and fantastically diverse carving.

Into the cathedral spire done Turkish cannonball. This core came here during the Turkish siege of the city in the 16th century. A powerful masonry of supports is noticeable at the top. There are niches, arches and turrets. The colored roof tiles are laid out in zigzag patterns. In the cathedral itself you can enjoy the solemn sounds of the organ. Opposite the cathedral is Stephansplatz square. In the square there is a post-modern glass Haas commercial center building. On the walls of Stefansdom you can see measures of length, size and weight. These measures were used in the Middle Ages to verify goods when purchasing.

Belvedere Palace consists of 2 magnificent mansions, designed in the Rococo style. They were built at the beginning of the 18th century. The buildings are located opposite each other on a slope above Vienna. These buildings offer a wonderful view of the capital. Belvedere Palace was built by Evgeny Savoysky. This famous general liberated Vienna from the expansion of the Ottoman Empire. The palace is considered the most beautiful palace complex of the Austrian capital.

The museums of the two palaces contain some of the most famous art galleries Vienna. Here tourists can admire Austrian paintings from different time periods. Museum exhibitions include a magnificent a collection of paintings by Klimt, famous works by Schiele and Kokoschka, Renoir and Monet. IN lower palace many rooms are still preserved in their original appearance. Exhibited here works in the Baroque style of the Middle Ages.

Vienna State Opera famous all over the world. Her repertoire includes about a hundred operas, operettas and ballets. Performances take place here every day. the season lasts from September to June. The Opera building was opened at the beginning of the 18th century. During the war in 1945, the building was destroyed, and in 1955 it was reconstructed. The Opera building has a majestic atmosphere. It's very difficult to get to the show here.. It is especially difficult to buy tickets for seated seats in the hall. But tickets for standing seats can be purchased at a fairly affordable price. You just have to stand in line for them. The State Opera works closely with Vienna Philharmonic Orchestra. Their joint New Year's concert is especially famous, tickets for which must be purchased a year in advance. The waiting list for subscription concerts stretches for 13 years.

Augustinian Church of the 14th century located in the Hofburg palace complex. The parishioners of this church were the imperial court. At the end of the 18th century, the church returned to its former Gothic appearance. Chapel of St. George was built in 1337. It is located at the right nave. Buried in the church Maria Christina, darling daughter of Maria Teresa. Her grave is located in the central nave, near the rear entrance to the church. But the body of Maria Christina is in the Imperial Crypt. The grave represents masterpiece of the Italian architect Canova. In a small room in the Loreto chapel urns were installed in which the hearts of representatives are stored Habsburg imperial family. You can see them through the window in the iron door. Tourists can only visit the Chapel of St. George and the Chapel of Loreto on a pre-booked tour.

In addition, the church is also interesting because in 1736 it Maria Teresa got married to Francois de Lorrain. The Augustinian Church also married other royal couples. They got married here in 1770 Marie Antoinette And Louis XVI, in 1810 - Marie Louise And Napoleon, in 1854 - Franz Joseph And Elizabeth of Bavaria. The best time to visit this church is at 11 am. At this time, the choir, soloists and orchestra perform the High Mass.

Imperial Palace Hofburg located in the center of the Austrian capital. IN different time this palace was the residence of many influential people, including representatives Habsburg dynasty. Today is here official residence of the country's president.

Hofburg represents complex of imperial buildings. The first of these buildings was built in 1279. Most ancient part residence is Swiss court. It got its name in honor of the Swiss Guard, which was responsible for protecting the Kaiser. The architectural styles of the Hofburg are somewhat different. This is due to the fact that each new emperor sought to bring something of his own to the appearance of the palace. The Hofburg suffered three major sieges and a great fire. It has more than 2,600 rooms, but only about 20 are open to the public.

Of great interest to tourists are State Halls And museums. They house rich collections from the Habsburg dynasty. Here you can also visit the famous Spanish Riding School, National Library. IN Imperial Chapel Every Sunday since 1498, the famous boys' choir has performed.

Most ancient church Vienna is Church of St. Ruprecht (Ruprechts-Kirche). It is believed that its construction began back in 740. This church was founded by the Archbishop of Salzburg. Previously, this place was located “ House for prayer and reflection" The nave and lower part of the tower were built in the 11th century. Some parts of the church building can most likely be dated to an even earlier period.

Fucking is an old town. It is located near Salzburg. The city received its name in the middle of the 6th century in honor of its founder Foco. This small settlement is the most popular among tourists among all the towns in the southeastern region of the country. This is due to the fact that on English language The city's name is spelled "Fucking". Numerous tourists always try to take a road sign with them as a souvenir. with such funny name cities. This is wreaking havoc on this small town's budget. The cost of one such sign is several hundred dollars. Residents and city authorities are not happy about their popularity. In 2004, there was even a vote to change the name of the city, but it was decided to keep it the same. The town authorities are constantly trying to strengthen the structure with the sign.

Small federal province Burgenland located in the very east of Austria, on the border with Hungary, Slovakia and Slovenia. Capital of Burgenland is Eisenstadt. Here tourists can see the square Esterhazy Platz. Also interesting Esterhazy Palace with 4 Baroque wings, the Haydn Hall and magnificent state rooms. Sights of the town are also: park on Haydngasse, house - museum of Haydn, Franciscan Church(1625) with the crypt of the Esterhazy family, city ​​hall . Interesting Kalvarinbergkirche church And Haydn's mausoleum Near Bergkirche church.

Austria is home to Europe's only large steppe lake Neuwiedlersee - Seewinkel. This lake is surrounded on all sides by thickets of reeds, salt marshes and swamps. The lake is 33.5 km long, 12 km wide, and only 1.8 m deep. The lake is home to a large number of animals and rare birds. Residents of Austria very often come here on vacation. To the southwest of the shores of the lake stretches a chain of ancient castles and monasteries. Here you can see baroque palace in Halbturn, built in 1711. Of interest is the former Servite monastery 1651, located in Loretto, as well as ruinthe largest fortress in Burgenland in Landsee. In the vicinity of the lake there is also Burg Schlaining fortress, built in 1272, medieval fortress(XV - XVII centuries) and Franciscan monastery 1648, located in Güssing.

Large Austrian city Graz represents capital of Styria. The city is spread out on the banks of the Mur River in fertile Graz Basin. It is an important industrial, commercial and educational center of the country.

City Linz located on the Danube River. He is administrative center of Upper Austria. This industrial centre and port. This city is located the oldest active church in Austria- St. Martin's Church was built back in Roman times.

Salzburg is one of the most beautiful and famous cities in Austria. Moreover, this second largest city in the country. He settled down on the Salzach River at the foot of the Alps. Salzburg became famous, first of all, as birthplace of the famous Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart. There are a large number of monuments and museums dedicated to the great composer. In the city music and theater festivals are held annually. The architecture of Salzburg is dominated by Baroque buildings. There are a lot of areas here. Located not far from the city large deposit of rock salt. It was this circumstance that once allowed the city to become major retail outlet in Europe.

City Innsbruck lies on the Inn River, high in the Tyrolean Alps. He is world famous sports center.

St. Pölten is one of the oldest cities in Austria.

Tourists are attracted here City Hall building, Shallaburg Palace. It is also interesting to visit here Historical Museum Lower Austria And Modern Art Museum.

Carinthia is a beautiful lakeland in Austria. This place is often called " Austrian Riviera" Carinthia has sunshine for about 2,000 hours a year. Here is located a huge number of lakes, there are warm mineral springs. All resorts in this area are distinguished by excellent quality of service. A large number of Austrians and foreigners come here every year to have a great rest in comfort and receive medical treatment.

The nature of Carinthia is amazingly picturesque. Here are located the most famous lakes Austria: Wörther See, Ossiacher See, Millstater See And Weissensee. Here you can also see small Afritzer See, Faaker See with unique landscapes, Feld See And Keutschacher See. Klopeiner See is the warmest lake in Austria. Lakes Pressegger See And Langsee are distinguished by amazing purity of water. Thanks to thermal springs, the water in these lakes is warm. We can say that each lake in this region has its own unique flavor.

In various provinces of Austria, tourists can admire magnificent castles with a centuries-old history. The most famous in this regard province of Styria. Here is the so-called " Road of Castles" There are more than 10 castles along the border with Hungary. These castles once belonged to the feudal lords of Styria and Burgenland. Of the most popular can be distinguished: Kornberg, Herberstein, Obermayerhofen And Pellau. Some of these castles belong today to descendants of ancient family lines. But despite this, castles and family estates are open to tourists.

Austria is famous throughout the world for its magnificent ski resorts, located in the Alps. Many fans of active sports come here winter holidays.

Ischgl counts one of the most popular resorts countries. Its territory is equipped with the most modern ski lifts. For the convenience of vacationers, there is even Internet cafe. The hotels in this resort offer high quality service. The resort regularly hosts concerts of various rock And pop musicians and singers. The only negative This resort can only be called the absence of difficult descents. Ischgl is very popular among lovers go snowboarding. Resort belongs to the Silveretta region. This region is traditionally one of the four best European snowboarding areas.

Innsbruck is Austrian center winter sports . This city is located in the heart of the Eastern Alps. Innsbruck became twice capital of the Winter Olympics. It perfectly combines the comfort of upscale ski resort and the sophistication of one of the most interesting cities peace. Located around the city 7 popular ski areas And snowboarding Located here Stubai Glacier. The ski resorts of this city meet the highest European requirements. Everything you need for skiing and winter recreation is provided here. Numerous tourists visit Innsbruck not only for skiing. It is of quite great interest as a city. Here you can admire the beautiful architecture of cathedrals and other buildings. The city has a large number of different museums, cafes, restaurants. In addition, Innsbruck also provides great shopping opportunities.

Mayrhofen represents one of the most popular Alpine ski resorts. Here you can see amazing mountain landscapes. The nature of the Tyrolean Alps is simply mesmerizing. The resort attracts many tourists wide choice trails that vary in difficulty. These trails will please even the most demanding visitors. This ski resort is famous all over the world. What makes Mayrhofen particularly popular is its proximity to Tuxer glacier, whose height is 3250 meters. This peak is distinguished by the fact that there is snow here even in summer. Mayrhofen is dominated by red and blue pistes. The system of chairlifts and rope tows is very well developed here.

Sant Anton(St. Anton am Arlberg) is one of the most popular and prestigious resorts in Austria. This largest ski resort is located in the Alberg area. Representatives of the world elite come to this resort every year. The Arlberg ski area covers an area of ​​more than 50 sq. km. The elevation difference here reaches 1500 meters. The highest peak in the region is Valluga, whose height is 2811 meters. The resort offers its guests more than 260 kilometers of well-prepared trails. For especially trained skiers, there are 180 kilometers of slopes along unprepared trails.

In Sant Anton there are also ample opportunities for skiing on virgin snow. This ski resort has a traditional Tyrolean atmosphere. Local hotels, restaurants, bars And cafe are distinguished by their unique comfort. For lovers of discotheques there are night clubs.

On the territory of modern Austria in the 2nd millennium BC livedAryan tribes. Then, in 300 BC this land was populated Gauls And by the Celts.

In the 1st century AD uh. southern part lands captured by the Romans. The invaders began to introduce Christianity here. Barbarian tribes They always tried to capture the cities of the Romans, therefore, the cities were surrounded by fortifications.

Over time, they settled in this territory Germans, Hungarians And Slovenian peoples. They created the Austrian nation. For many years the duchy was headed by representatives of the Habsburg dynasty.Rise of the Duchy arrived in the 18th century. Austria then participated in a long war with Prussia over Germany. She was defeated, after which a state called Austria-Hungary. It has developed at a fairly rapid pace and has already by the end of the 19th century has become the second largest European state.

But then the state was defeated in the First World War, which undermined its power. A in 1918 the revolution that took place led to the overthrow of the monarchy.

During the Second World War Austria occupied by fascist troops. After the war The territory of the country was occupied by 4 victorious countries. Independence Austria was only able to get in May 1955 of the year. October 25, 1955 years she gained federal republic status.

Currently Austria is a member of the UN, the European Union, the European Economic Society And Commonwealth of Schengen countries. It is a developed democratic state, which is considered one of the most significant cultural and economic centers in Europe.

International trade

Austria has very good location in the very center of Europe. A country has a fairly small domestic market. For this reason, the country's economy is very Foreign trade plays a big role.

Main trading partners states are: Germany, Italy, America, Switzerland And France.

Main export items are: cars And equipment, trucks And spare parts for cars, steel, metal And products made from it. The country also actively exports paper And cardboard, medical And pharmaceutical products, polymers And polymer products, food And beverages.

The export of services is also important for the country’s economy, in which the first place traditionally occupies tourism.

The shops

Shopping It is very popular among guests of Austria, especially in large cities of the country. There is large department stores, various boutiques, antique And jewelry stores, bookstores And designer furniture stores And lamps.

There are no longer uniform opening hours for stores in Austria. Usually shopping centers and shops open on weekdays from 09.00 to 18.30, A on Saturdays they are open from 09.00 to 18.00 hours. Thursdays and Fridays many shops are open until 21 hours. There are shops at the stations (groceries, flowers, tobacco products, books, etc.) open daily from 7 to 22:30.

Tobacco products sold only in specialized licensed kiosks or vending machines.

In Vienna located one of the largest auction complexes in the world, former pawn shop. You can purchase here unique books, postage stamps, jewelry, carpets, various artistic products. The most popular ones are also sold here famous Viennese souvenirs:miniature Lipizzan horses for the slide in the living room.

Hammerer - national clothing and youth fashion. Goess - the best shop interior items in Europe.

In Vienna The main streets for shopping are considered: Favoritenstrasse(between squares Sudtiroler And Reumannplatz),Landstrasse And Meidlinger Hauptstrasse, and MariahilferStrasse(Mariahilfer Strasse). You can get to Mariahilfer Strasse by driving Metro(lines U2, U3, U6). The most interesting for shopping is the area between Westbahnhof (Westbahnhof) And Ringstrasse (Ringstrasse).

Shopping centers in Vienna:

On the southern outskirts of the city there is inexpensive shopping center SCS - Shopping City Süd.

Shopping City South - second by size shopping mall Europe - more than 300 stores!

Shopping center address: 2334 Vösendorf-Süd, Bürocenter SCS 4. Stock. Tel. 01/699 39 69-0, Fax: 01/699 48 66

Opening hours:

The shops: Mon-Wed 9.30-19.00, Thu 9.00-21.00, Fri 9.00-19.00, Sat 9.00-18.00;

The biggest Vienna bookshop is Morawa, 1, Wollzeile 11. It has been recently renovated.

Art products And souvenirs tourists can buy at Augarten-Porzellanmanufaktur, Stock-im-Eisen-Platz 3 A-1010 Wien.

The most luxury shopping streets of Vienna- They are located in the golden triangle between

Outlets and discount centers:

40 km from Vienna there is a wonderful outlet (discount) center - Designer Outlet Parndorf, where presented more than 150 famous brands with very big discounts. Information about the center in Russian

If an Austrian store has a sign “ Ausverkauf”, then here prices will be slightly lower. Ubiquitous chains of stores where, along with groceries, essential items and personal hygiene items are presented, various consumer goods periodically appear: “Hofer”, “ Spar", "LIDL", "Zielpunkt" and "Billa".

Foreign tourists have the opportunity refund paid VAT. This can be done when purchasing in stores that have the “ Tax Free for tourist Austria Tax Free-Shopping” or silver-black-blue sign “ Europa-Tax-Free Plakette" To do this, in the seller’s store they should receive a check“Tax-free-Scheck” along with the envelope. This check is then presented at customs when leaving the country. The refund amount is approximately 13% of the purchase amount.

Demography

Population of Austria amounts to about 8188 thousand people. Population of Vienna - about 1.8 million people.

About 71% population lives in Lower Austria, Upper Austria, Styria and Vienna. Densely populated cities are also Salzburg and Innsbruck.Fewer people live in the mountainous regions of the country.

Since the early 70s, the country's population has stopped growing. The reason for this can be attributed to the decline in the birth rate. But in Austria there has been a noticeable increase average life expectancy. It amounts to 78,8 of the year. Average life expectancy for men - 75,9 of the year, women - 81,7 of the year.

There is practically no natural population growth in the country. The number of births and deaths is almost the same and amounts to: 75.5 thousand. on 74.8 thousand. Human. It should be noted that there is a decrease in both the birth rate and the death rate. A small natural increase in population still persists in rural areas. Besides, in last years More and more foreigners are coming to live in Austria.

Increasing in the country number of residents 60 years and older. Their share is OK. 20%. This threatens Austria with a decrease in labor resources.

Industry

Main industries in Austria are considered mechanical engineering, chemical, food, pulp and paper And metallurgical.

After 1995, the country experienced a noticeable increase in industrial production. The greatest increase was observed in Carinthia, where production increased on 56,5% . But in Vienna industrial production decreased on 3,6% .

During the same period growth in production of investment goods made up 56,5% , A consumer durables decreased on 0,5% . Especially rapid growth production occurred in the field of office equipment and information processing devices.

Main industrial and agricultural area Austria are Danube lands. Here are located the most significant economic centers. The highlands of the country are dominated by sparsely populated areas with no industrial production.

Happening in Austria uneven development of individual industries. Some of the most important branches of the manufacturing industry are completely absent here - aircraft manufacturing. Other industries are not sufficiently developed, such as automobile manufacturing and electronic equipment manufacturing.

Automotive industry in Austria consists mainly in the production of engines and gearboxes. Their share export amounts to 90% . Austria is famous throughout the world for custom production. integrated circuits and chips. Plays a fairly large role in the country's economy export

Monetary unit in Austria - Euro (EURO), 1 EURO = 100 EURO cent. In circulation are banknotes in denominations of 5, 10, 20, 50, 100, 200 and 500 euros, as well as coins in denominations of 1, 2, 5, 10, 20 and 50 cents. More profitable total exchange currency in the country's banks.

Banks are open on weekdays from 8.00 to 12.30 And from 13.30 to 15.00.Banks close on Thursday at 17.30. At exchange offices The exchange rate is not that favorable. But they work daily seven days a week. They are open and a “trade margin” is added at the stations, but they are open from 8.00 to 20.00. There are currency exchange offices at airports, railway stations and in hotels. In addition, currency can be exchange also at the main post offices. They are open in major cities around the clock. When exchanging dollars at ATMs accepted Only banknotes in denominations of 10, 20 and 50 USD. Credit cards you can pay in almost all major stores, restaurants, hotels and cafes.

When purchasing goods worth over 1000 euros in one store tourists have the opportunity return value added tax. For this you need to get a receipt from the store. When leaving the country, this check is presented at customs. In this case, the tax paid upon purchase will be refunded ( up to 20%).

Main religion in Austria is Catholicism. He is confessed around 78% residents of the country. Protestants are about 5% , the main part of them are Lutheran Evangelicals. Muslims make up 4.2% of the total number of believers in the country. There is a fairly large increase in Muslims, especially in Vienna. In Austria there is also a small Jewish community, which is about 10 thousand people. Near 9% do not belong to any religion. The influence of the Catholic Church is constantly declining. Austrian trains are distinguished by their reliability and comfort. Directions to intercity buses costs slightly less than by rail.

Travel tickets can be purchased at the box office, newsstand or on the transport itself, but it will be a little more expensive. Tickets can be: for 1 day, 3 days, week, month. In Austria it is very well developed network of city bus lines. Public transport runs from 5 to 24 hours. Between 0.30 and 4.00 hours at intervals of 30 minutes they travel night buses.

You can also use the services of taxi drivers. Taxi You can order by phone, they are also always on duty near airports and train stations.

Right on the street catching a taxi is almost impossible— You can “vote” for hours, but no one will stop. It's better to find a taxi stand or ask to call a taxi from some hotel or restaurant.

Tourists can also rent a car. For this must have with me international law And credit card. The tourist must be at least 21 years old. The most reliable car rental company in Austria it is considered " Europcar". Car rental locations are available at all airports and major cities in the country. In their own country, tourists can also pre- reserve a car at a special rate.

Rent price car from 30 euro for a rental period of a week. Necessarily you need to have a credit card. We recommend company "Europcar" as the best for Austria in terms of price-quality ratio.

Driving on motorways and expresswayspaid. The traffic is on the right. Need to know that in winter some roads and passes in Tyrol may be closed due to the risk of avalanches. In some regions Necessarily Need snow chains. Parking lots in AustriapaidMonday through Friday. Almost 39% of the entire territory of Austria is covered by forests. About 19% of Austria's land is completely unsuitable for agricultural use. Most of the agricultural land busy meadows and pastures.The rest is allocated under growing crops, fruits and grapes.

The most fertile lands located in the foothills of the Alps And in the Styrian regions And Vienna basins. A country by 90% provides himself with the necessary food products. A small amount of meat, wheat, corn And dairy products for sale for export. Very important for Agriculture countries have livestock farming. Leading industry is dairy farming.

If tip is included in the bill, That extra money give no need. Tips accepted give restaurant waiter, taxi driver and hotel porter. To the porter usually give 10 cents for one piece of luggage. Maid hotel usually don't pay.

In restaurants tip is given in the amount 10-15% from the account. Porter services at train stations and at the airport are paid at fixed rates.

National characteristics

Austrians may seem a little arrogant. But at the same time they are quite hospitable And friendly. They easy to get in touch with with foreigners, responsive and always ready to help. The main distinctive features of this people can be called their politeness And punctuality.

Austrian national cuisine traditionally considered one of the best in Europe. For its formation big influence provided by people from border states. Traditional food

Medical service in Austria paid. To enter the country vaccination certificate not required.

The best for Russian tourists addressto the medical center at the Russian Embassy.

In all cities and populated areas there are countries pharmacies And doctors. Pharmacies take turns open at night And on Sundays. In the event that the pharmacy is in this moment closed, there will be announcement indicating the nearest working pharmacy.

Information about emergency medical care tourists can get at police stations or in the phone book. All mountain resorts countries are equipped rescue services.

Economic-geographical location

Republic of Austria – Austria is a state located in the center of Europe. The country's territory is surrounded on all sides by land. The state borders: with the Czech Republic (in the north); with Slovakia (in the northeast); with Hungary (in the east); with Italy and Slovenia (in the south); with Switzerland and Liechtenstein (in the west) and with Germany (in the northwest).

Austria - union state. It includes:

• Lower and Upper Austria,
• Styria,
• Burgerland,
• Carinthia,
• Vorarlberg,
• Tyrol,
• Vein,
• Salzburg.

The territory of Austria is elongated in the shape of a wedge. The total area of ​​the territory is 83.8 thousand square meters. km.

The country's main marinas are located near Vienna and Linz. Largest cities: Vienna, Linz, Graz, Salzburg.

The geographical location favors the development of economic ties with neighboring countries.

Austria is a crossroads for a number of trans-European transport flows.

Natural conditions

The natural features of Austria are largely predetermined by the presence on the territory of the country mountain system Eastern Alps. Mountain ranges occupy up to 70% of the entire territory of the country, most of which are represented by the Eastern Alps. The Eastern Alps are divided into: the Salzburg and North Tyrol Alps (in the north) and the Carnic and Zillertal Alps (in the south). High Taeurn is the most powerful mountain range in the country. Mount Großglockner is the highest point in the country (3797 m).

Pasterze is the largest glacier in the Eastern Alps (more than 10 km long).

The Stubai, Ötztal and Zillertal Alps are a ridge granite-gneiss mountain zone. Alpine landforms are clearly expressed here - steep-walled valleys and sharp ridges. To the south and north of the ridge zone stretch the Limestone Alps, in northern regions passing into the Pre-Alps, which descend to the Danube. In the Tennengebirge mountains there is ice cave Eisriesenwelt. The pre-alps are ridged low mountains, overgrown with forest.

On the left side of the Danube there is a part of the ancient Bohemian massif - the southern spurs of the Sumava, up to 500 m high (in some places the height reaches 1000 m).

1/5 of the entire area of ​​the country is occupied by flat territories and hilly lowlands: the Danube part of Austria, part of the Middle Danube Plain. There are significant areas of fertile land here.

The climate is moderate. In the western parts of the country, the influence of the Atlantic can be seen. In the eastern regions and in the mountains the climate is more continental.

The climatic conditions of the plains are warm and humid. The average July temperature is +20º C. The winter is mild, average temperature January - +1-5º C. The average annual precipitation is 700-900 mm.

For every 100m rise, the average temperature drops by 0.5-0.6ºC.

Snow occurs at an altitude of 2500-2800 m. Summer in the mountains is windy, damp, cold, and wet snow often falls. In winter, huge layers of snow accumulate on the mountain slopes, which often form avalanches.

Note 1

A characteristic feature of the mountainous regions of the country is the abundance of clean fresh water, which accumulates during the main part of the year in the form of glaciers and snow, and in the summer flows down to the Danube and forms lake basins.

Natural resources

Water resources. Largest river countries - Danube. The river is at its fullest in summer (due to the melting of snow and ice in mountainous areas). The tributaries of the Danube - Salzach, Inn, Drava, Ends - have great hydroelectric potential. These rivers are partially used for timber rafting. In the northern foothills of the Alps and in the Klagenfurt Basin (in the south) there are many deep lakes glacial origin. Largest lake– Constance – partly belongs to Austria. The largest waterfalls in the world include the Kriml Falls. Mineral springs– Bad Ischl, Baden.

Forest resources. Forests occupy almost 2/3 of the country's territory. Forests are most common in the mountains. Mountain forests are the national wealth of Austria.

Minerals. The main mineral resources of the country are: oil and natural gas (Vienna Basin), brown coal (Upper Austria, Styria), magnesite (Faich, Styrian Alps). The territory contains deposits of iron ore (Eisenertz area, Mount Erzberg; Carinthia, Hüttenberg), lead-zinc ores (Klagenfurt area, Bleiberg, etc.), copper ores (Tirol, Mitterberg). The country produces table salt (Salzkamergut), marble, graphite, feldspar, granite, limestone, and kaolin.

Recreational resources. Austrian Alps – popular place recreation for skiers. The most visited resorts in the provinces: Tyrol, Salzburg, Carinthia. Tourists visit Styria and Vorlarlberg. Resorts where you can combine relaxation and wellness treatments (at thermal springs): Bad Hofgastein, Bad Gastein in the Gastein Ral region. Comfortable temperatures, clean air, and beautiful landscapes attract mountain tourists and other vacationers.

Flora and fauna

The foothills and lower regions of the mountain slopes are covered with broad-leaved tree species - beech, oak, hornbeam forests. Above are mixed beech-spruce and coniferous forests, mainly fir. Above 1200 m there are larch, spruce, and cedar. The zone of subalpine meadows - mattas - is located above the forest belt and is distinguished by the abundance of high-grass representatives first, and then - short-grass - alpine meadows - almas. In the belt of eternal snow and ice you can find a low-growing plant - silver edelweiss.

The vegetation cover of the plain-hilly areas of the country is almost completely changed under the influence of anthropogenic factors. Most of the land has been plowed, leaving small oak and beech groves.

The fauna of Austria is Central European. In high mountain areas - typically alpine. The protected areas in the forested mountains are inhabited by: red deer, roe deer, elk, brown bear, mountain sheep, chamois, mountain goats, alpine marmot, mountain eagle, black grouse, wood grouse, partridges.

Hares, foxes, and rodents are found on the plains. In the steppe region near Lake Neusiedlersee there is a purple heron.

There is an airport in the capital of each state. The main marinas are located in Linz and near Vienna. The largest cities are Vienna, Graz, Linz and Salzburg.

Austria, whose territory is elongated in the form of a wedge, strongly tapering to the west, occupies little space on the map. Its area is 83.8 thousand km2. It facilitates her communication with others European countries, of which it directly borders seven. The most important in terms of economic potential and the most densely populated East End The country borders with the Czech Republic and Slovakia, in the north with, in the southeast with. This provides Austria with favorable geographical conditions for mutually beneficial trade with neighboring countries. In the west, Austria borders on and is closely connected with it. In the northwest and south it is adjacent to and.

Its position in the center of Europe makes Austria the crossroads of a number of trans-European meridional routes (from the Scandinavian and central European states through the Alpine passes of Brenner and Semmering to Italy and other countries). Service transit transportation cargo and passengers gives Austria certain income in foreign currency. In addition, as can be easily established from a physical map, the state borders of Austria for the most part coincide with natural boundaries - mountain ranges or . Only with Hungary, and (for a short distance) they pass through almost flat terrain.

When our compatriot, heading to Austria by train, crosses the Czech-Austrian border in the north-eastern corner of the country, he is somewhat disappointed. Where is alpine Austria? All around, as far as the eye can see, is a treeless, plowed plain, as flat as a table. Here and there you can see green gardens and vineyards, brick houses and lonely trees on the borders and along the roads. and hilly lowlands extend from here far to the south along the entire border with Hungary and occupy 20% of the territory. But having reached Vienna, we find ourselves in a more typical natural environment for Austria: mountains, the Vienna (Wienerwald) - the north-eastern outpost of the mighty Alps and a sublimely hilly, wide and open valley, rising noticeably in westward. If you climb one of the peaks of the Vienna Woods, for example, Kahlenberg (“Bald Mountain”), then far to the north and northwest in the blue haze beyond the Danube you can see the low, ridged, forest-covered granite ridges of Sumava, only some of the peaks of which rise several above 700 meters. This ancient hill occupies 0.1 of the country's territory. Undoubtedly, they are dominant in Austria; they (together with the foothills) occupy 70% of the country’s area. These are the Eastern Alps. This is the customary name for the alpine part lying to the east of the valley along which the state border passes here. What is the difference between the Eastern Alps and the Western Alps? To the east of the Rhine fault, the Alpine ridges take a latitudinal direction, begin to fan out and descend. The Eastern Alps are wider and lower than the Western Alps and are more accessible. There are fewer glaciers here, and the largest ones are about half as long as in Switzerland. The Eastern Alps have more and especially forests, and the Eastern Alps are much richer than the Western Alps.

If you cross the Alps from north to south, you will easily notice that geological structure and the composition of their constituents is located symmetrically relative to the axial zone. This zone is the highest and most powerful group of ridges covered with glaciers and snow, among which the Hohe Tauern and highest point country - the double-headed peak Glossglockner (“Big Ringer”), reaching 3997 m; Ötztal, Stubai, Zillertai Alps. All of them, together with the adjacent ridges to the west and east, are composed of hard crystalline rocks - granites, gneisses, crystalline schists.

The largest - Pasterze - has a length of about 10 km and an area of ​​32 km 2. To the north and south of the axial zone lie ridges composed of hard sedimentary rocks, mainly limestones and dolomites: the Lichtal Alps, Karwendel, Dachstein, Hochschwat and other Northern Limestone ridges Alps up to the Vienna Woods mentioned above at the extreme
northeast. In contrast to the peaked peaks of crystalline ridges, limestone mountains are giant blocks with more or less flat, slightly inclined surfaces and almost vertical or even overhanging slopes. The years are mostly bare, and there are sinkholes, caves and other forms of karst formed by melted rainwater in soluble limestone and dolomite.

The peripheral zone of the Alps is formed by low, softly contoured peaks and slopes of the Pre-Alps, composed of loose sedimentary rocks. Within Austria, this zone is well defined in the north, but absent in the south. One of the features of the Alps is that they are dissected by deep and wide transverse valleys, due to which the deep parts of the Alps are relatively easily accessible, and low, convenient passes make it possible to cross the country from north to south in a number of places without much difficulty. Thus, the famous Brenner Pass has a height of 1371 m, and the Semmering Pass - 985 m. It is no coincidence that roads have long been built through the Alpine passes, some without tunnels.

POPULATION: About 7.9 million people (1993). Austrians make up approximately 98% of the population. Croats, Slovenes, Czechs, and Hungarians also live here.

GEOGRAPHY: Austria is located in the very center of Europe. In the north the country borders with the Czech Republic, in the northeast with Slovakia, in the east with Hungary, in the south with Slovenia, Italy and Switzerland, in the west Austria borders with Liechtenstein, Switzerland and Germany. The total area of ​​the country is 83.8 thousand sq. km.

CLIMATE: Temperate, continental. The coldest winter month is January, the temperature drops to -2 C. The hottest are July and August, the temperature is about +20 C. Precipitation ranges from 600 to 1100 mm.

LANGUAGE: Official language- German.

CURRENCY: Austrian schilling (ATS). 1 shilling is equal to 100 groschen. Banknotes in circulation are 20, 50, 100, 500, 1000, 5000 shillings.

RELIGION: 78% of the population are Catholics, 8% are Protestants, 2% are Muslims, 12% are atheists.

POLITICAL STATE: federal parliamentary republic with a presidential form of government.

TIME: It is 2 hours behind Moscow.

MAIN ATTRACTIONS: first of all, the beauty of Vienna and the most famous ski resorts. The Alps have picturesque villages, excellent skiing conditions, and professional instructors. Vienna: symbol of the city - St. Stephen's Cathedral, Graben Street, St. Ruprecht's Church and Schönbrunn Castle, Vienna Amusement Park, Vatican Church, City Hall, Belvedere Palace, meeting of the musical society, collection of ancient musical instruments at the Kunsthistorisches Museum, Graphics Museum - Albertina gallery, main Art Museum Austria - the Museum of Art History, the Chapel of St. Bernard, the Town Hall and Parliament buildings, in front of which stands the statue of Pallas Athena, the Burgtheater, the Staatsoper, the ancient Viennese parks of Augarten and Prater. The Vienna State Museum of Art and the Albertina Museum are very popular among tourists. Vienna Woods, 70 km to the west of Vienna - the ruins of the Dürnstein fortress (12th century), the State Jewish Museum, 25 km to the southwest - the Cistercian monasteries in Heiligenkreutz. The pearl of Vienna is the former imperial court of the Hofburg (XIII century) with the "Schatzkammer" - one of the richest gold storehouses in the world, where the treasures of the Order of the Golden Fleece, the highest order of Austria and Spain, are kept. One of the masterpieces of the collection is the crown of the Holy Roman Empire, made in 962, and the Austrian imperial crown, which was used to crown the Habsburgs. Salzburg: Salzburg Lakes, Salzburg Cathedral (founded in the 8th century, rebuilt in 1611-1628), surrounded by three squares with the luxurious residence of the prince-archbishops, the Baroque Museum, the Salt Mountains, the house in which Mozart was born, Helburn Palaces with a magnificent a park decorated with joker fountains, and Mirabel, Geerfidegasse, the Eisriesenwelt cave ("world of the ice giants") in Tennengebirge, south of Salzburg. Styria and Carinthia attract a huge amount medieval castles and majestic nature. Innsbruck: Ambras Castle (XVI century), ski resort. Kitzbühel is a resort located in the Tyrolean Alps. Karniche is a famous sports center and resort located in the very south of Austria. Saalbach and Hinterglemm are the most popular ski resorts. Lech am Arlberg is a fashionable resort offering the highest service. Baden, a resort with healing hot sulfur springs, located 25 km south of Vienna, has been popular with crowned heads and artists for a long time. The most popular ski resorts are Innsbruck, Kitzbühel, Badgasstein, Baden bei Wien, Seefeld, Otztal, Zillertal, Saalbach-Hinterglemm, St. Anton, Zell am See-Kaprun, Galtür, Gaschurn, Stubaital, St. Johann, Pitztal , Carinthia, Salzkammergut, St. Wolfgang, Hintertux.

ENTRY RULES: Austria is part of the Schengen zone. To enter, you must have a foreign passport, a visa obtained on the basis of an invitation, and a paid consular fee in the amount of 400 Austrian schillings. Regardless of the type of invitation, the embassy issues a multiple visa - for multiple entries into the country within the period specified in the visa.

CUSTOMS RULES: in Austria there are no restrictions on the import or export of foreign and local currency (export of national currency - no more than 50 thousand schillings). The export, without special permission, of objects and things of historical and artistic value is prohibited.

INFORMATION TELEPHONE: throughout Austria 1611

Austria, official name- The Republic of Austria is a state in the center of Europe. The capital is Vienna. Big cities Graz, Linz, Salzburg, Innsbruck.

Landlocked. Austria's geographical position facilitates its communication with other European countries from which it directly borders:
In the north with the Czech Republic (362 km), in the northeast - with Slovakia (91 km), in the east - with Hungary (366 km), in the south - with Slovenia (330 km) and Italy (430 km), in the west - with Liechtenstein (35 km) and Switzerland (164 km), in the northwest - with Germany (784 km). . This provides Austria with favorable transport and geographical conditions for mutually beneficial trade with neighboring countries.

Austria is a federal state.

The government is headed by the Federal Chancellor. Members of the government are appointed by the president.
The Austrian Parliament is a bicameral Federal Assembly (Bundesversammlung), which consists of the Federal Council and the National Council. Geographically located in Vienna. Parliament can be dissolved either by presidential decree or by a vote of no confidence by the lower house of parliament.
Federal Council - Bundesrat (64 seats). Deputies are elected by Landtags - state parliaments. The lands are represented by a different number of deputies (from 3 to 12) depending on the population. The term of office of a member of the Bundesrat is 4 or 6 years, depending on the term of office of the Landtag that elected them.
National Council - Nationalrat (183 seats). Deputies are elected using a proportional list system. The term of office is 5 years.

Area: 83849 km2.

The population is about 8.19 million people. (2003).
The country's territory is populated very unevenly.
The average density is 90 people per 1 sq. km, which ranges from 150-200 or more people in the eastern regions adjacent to Vienna, to 15-20 in the Alps. In most of the country's territory, the rural population lives in farmsteads and individual courtyards, due to the lack of convenient land. Due to difficult living conditions, the proportion of the Alpine population is continuously decreasing, and there is an escape from the mountains - “bergflucht”. 2% of the country's population permanently lives above 1000 m above sea level.
The share of the urban population is 60%.
About 98% of the population are German-speaking Austrians. There are Slovenian (about 50 thousand) and Croatian (about 35 thousand) national minorities; Hungarians, Czechs and Slovaks live (the latter mainly in Vienna).
The official language is German.
The main religion is Christianity (Catholicism).
One of the main features of the Austrian population is the cessation of its growth since the early 70s. This is largely explained by the fall in the birth rate. If it were not for the noticeably increased average life expectancy, which reached 75 years in 1990, the demographic situation would have been even more unfavorable.

Nature.
Relief
The main thing that determines the natural features of almost the entire territory of Austria is the Alps. Their white-headed peaks are visible from everywhere in the country. Austria lies in the Eastern Alps, which are lower and wider than the Western Alps. The border between them coincides with the western border of Austria and runs along the upper Rhine valley. The Eastern Alps have fewer glaciers and more forests and meadows than the Western Alps. The highest point in Austria - Mount Großglockner in the Hohe Tauern - does not reach 4 thousand meters. (3797 m). From the highest peaks flows the largest glacier of the Eastern Alps - Pasierce - over 10 km long. Other peaks of the ridge granite-gneiss zone of the mountains - the Ötztal, Stubai, and Zillertal Alps - are also covered with snow and ice. In this crystalline zone, the so-called alpine landforms are most pronounced - sharp ridges, steep-sided valleys plowed by glaciers. To the north and south of the ridge zone stretches the chain of the Limestone Alps. Of the caves, the ice cave is especially widely known - Eisriesenwelt (world of the ice giants) in the Tennengebirge mountains, south of Salzburg. The names of the mountain ranges themselves speak about the inhospitability and wildness of these places: Totes-Gebirge (meter-high mountains), Hellen-Gebirge (hellish mountains), etc. The limestone Alps to the north turn into the Pre-Alps, descending in steps to the Danube. These are low, rugged mountains, overgrown with forest, in some places their slopes are plowed, and wide sunny valleys quite densely populated. If it is appropriate to compare the geologically young Alps with the Caucasus, then the mountains lying on the other, left side of the Danube resemble the Urals. These are the southern spurs of Sumava, part of the ancient Bohemian massif, almost to its foundation, destroyed by time. The height of this border hill is only 500 meters and only in a few places it reaches 1000 meters. Areas with calm relief, flat or hilly lowlands occupy only about 1/5 of the country's area. This is, first of all, the Danube part of Austria and the adjacent western edge of the Middle Danube Plain. The vast majority of the population lives here and is the “center of gravity” of the entire country.
Climate
This part of Austria has vast areas of fertile land, a warm and fairly humid (700-900 mm of precipitation per year) “grape” climate. This word has it all: a fairly warm, long summer with an average July temperature of + 20 degrees and a warm, sunny autumn. On the plains and foothills there is a relatively mild winter with an average January temperature of 1-5 degrees. However, most of the alpine part of the country is “deprived” of heat. With every 100 meters of rise, the temperature drops by 0.5 - 0.6 degrees. The snow line is at an altitude of 2500-2800 meters. Summer in high mountains cold, damp, windy, and wet snow often falls. In winter, there is even more precipitation here: gigantic layers of snow accumulate on the mountain slopes, which often break off for no apparent reason and rush down in avalanches. Destroying everything in its path. Rarely does a winter go without casualties; Homes, roads, power lines are destroyed... And sometimes in the middle of winter the snow suddenly disappears. This was the case, for example, during the “white” Olympics in early 1976 in the vicinity of Insburg. Usually the snow is “driven away” by warm southern winds - hair dryers. The mountainous part of the country is distinguished by an abundance of clean fresh water.
It accumulates in the form of snow and glaciers during most of the year, only to rush down to the Danube in the summer in thousands of roaring streams, filling the lake basins along the way.
Alpine rivers also determine the regime of the Danube: it is especially rich in water just in the summer, when lowland rivers usually become shallow. The tributaries of the Danube - Inn, Salzach, Ends, Drava - contain large reserves of energy, but all of them are not navigable and are only partially used for timber rafting. The country has many lakes, especially in the northern foothills of the Alps and in the south, in the Klagenfurt Basin. They are of glacial origin, their pits were plowed by ancient glaciers; As a rule, lakes are deep, with cold, clear water. This type is located in the vast Lake Constance, which partially belongs to Austria.
Forest resources
Forest resources Austria is a fairly wooded country. Forests occupy almost 2/3 of its territory.
They were preserved mainly in the mountains, where the vegetation was relatively little changed by man. The foothills and lower parts of the mountain slopes are covered with broad-leaved forests - oak, beech, and coffin forests. Higher up they are replaced by coniferous - mainly fir - forests. Mountain forests are one of Austria's national treasures. Even higher than the forest belt there are tall-grass subalpine meadows - mats, and then low-grass alpine palms. They serve as excellent summer pastures for livestock, mainly dairy. Here peasants prepare hay for the winter. In the flat and hilly areas of the country, the vegetation cover has been almost completely changed by humans. Once upon a time, these areas were covered with shady oak and beech forests, of which small groves remain. Now almost all the land is plowed, there are many gardens, vineyards, and parks. The roads are lined with trees, their green chains often separating the possessions of one owner from the lands of another.
Animal world
Mountain forests, mainly in nature reserves, are home to ungulates - red deer, chamois, mountain sheep, mountain goats, and birds - wood grouse, black grouse, partridge. On the plains, where almost all the land is already cultivated, there are no large wild animals for a long time. But there are still foxes, hares, and rodents here.

Economy
Austria is one of the most developed countries in Europe. In terms of per capita income, Austria ranks 9th in the world.
The leading industries are mechanical engineering, metallurgy, as well as chemical, pulp and paper, mining, textile and food industries. One third of industrial production comes from the public sector of the economy.
Due to the poverty of mineral resources, the mining industry plays an extremely insignificant role in the economy, with the exception of magnesite, which is of export importance. One of the most important branches of Austrian industry is ferrous metallurgy. The production of iron and steel significantly exceeds the country's needs, and most of the ferrous metal is exported.
More than half of the electricity is produced at numerous hydroelectric power plants, but the importance of hydropower is falling, and electricity production at thermal power plants is growing faster. Hydroelectric power plants are mainly built on Alpine rivers in the west of the country, from where part of the electricity is transmitted to the eastern regions, part is exported and only a little is consumed locally. The needs of metallurgical plants are only 3/4 covered by local ore. All alloying metals and metallurgical coke are imported from abroad. In non-ferrous metallurgy, only aluminum production is important. The development of this industry in Austria, which does not have bauxite in its depths, is associated with the use of cheap electricity from numerous hydroelectric power stations on the Inn River. Mechanical engineering, although it forms the core of the entire industry in Austria, is less developed than in other Western European countries. Machines and apparatus for the light and food industries, some types of machine tools, and equipment for the mining industry are produced in large quantities. Locomotives and small sea vessels are also produced. The largest center of mechanical engineering is Vienna. Austria is also characterized by a complex of industries, including timber harvesting, wood processing and the production of pulp, paper and cardboard. The importance of the timber industry goes far beyond the country's borders. Forest products account for about a third of the country's total exports. Large areas of timber harvesting are carried out in the mountainous regions of Styria, and its primary processing is mainly carried out here.
Austria has a highly developed agriculture. Almost all types of agricultural products necessary to provide for the population are produced. The most important branch of agriculture is livestock raising.
The main crops are wheat, barley and sugar beets
Foreign tourism is one of the most profitable sectors of the Austrian economy. In this industry, about 350 thousand people are employed in more than 70 thousand various kinds of medium and small tourism enterprises (hotels, restaurants, resorts and medical institutions, swimming pools and beaches, sports facilities, etc.). In terms of the share of gross tourism receipts in GDP (more than 6%), Austria occupies one of the leading places in the world.
Austria trades with more than 150 countries around the world. About 65% of exports and 68% of imports come from the countries of the European Union. The main trading partners are Germany (40%), Italy, Switzerland. Russia accounts for only 1.5%.
Minerals
Austria has a fairly diverse range of minerals, but among them there are very few whose significance goes beyond the country. The exception is magnesite, which is used for the production of refractories and partly for the production of metallic magnesium from it. Magnesite occurs in the Styrian, Carinthian and Tyrolean Alps.
There are very few energy minerals. These are very modest deposits of oil (23 million tons) and natural gas (20 billion cubic meters) in Lower and partly in Upper Austria. Even with the Austrian scale of production, these reserves are projected to be exhausted within two decades. There are slightly larger reserves of brown coal (in Styria, Upper Austria and Burgenland), but it is of poor quality.
Relatively high-quality iron ores, but with a high metal content, are found in Styria (Erzberg) and a little in Carinthia (Hüttenberg). Non-ferrous metal ores are found in small quantities - lead-zinc in Carinthia (Bleiberg) and copper in Tyrol (Mitterberg). Of the chemical raw materials, only table salt is of practical importance (in Salzkamergut), and of other minerals - graphite.
Sports in Austria
Austria is a sports country. Most popular types Sports in Austria include alpine and cross-country skiing, football, swimming, athletics, golf, cycling and windsurfing. Recently, new sports have been gaining popularity in Austria. For example, snowboarding.
Alpine skiing has been considered the most popular sport in the country for more than a hundred years. In general, the founder of this sport is the Austrian Mathis Zdarsky, who invented the first fastenings for alpine skiing, and in 1905 organized the first slalom competitions.
Austria has more than once become the venue for the most prestigious alpine skiing competitions. The best ski slopes in Austria are in Alberg (Tirol), St. Anton and St. Christoph, where the Austrian Ski Academy and coach training center are located.
In Austria you can ski in the summer. There are eight glaciers in the country, next to which entire tourist cities have sprung up. The most popular glaciers in Austria are in the areas of Kaprun and Stubai.
There is nothing strange in the fact that in 1999 the World Cross-Country Ski Championships were held in the Austrian province of Styria, on the local Dachstein glacier, which is a popular training base for skiers from all over the world. This glacier is so popular that even national teams from northern countries such as Finland and Norway train on this glacier in the summer. Moreover, in the summer you can ski in your bathing suit. Another popular winter sport in Austria is luge. Austria is the undisputed favorite in this sport. And only Italy and Germany can compete with her in some competitions.
The reasons for Austria's success in this sport are quite simple. The country has created all conditions for athletes. Ordinary residents also love tobogganing, as there are 310 toboggan clubs in Austria.
Among the summer sports in Austria, football ranks first. In general, Austria at the beginning of the 20th century was a football power. The greatest players of that time were Matthias Sindler, Toni Polister and Hans Krankl.
Today Austria cannot boast of great football achievements on the international stage. But in the summer, football in Austria becomes the number one sport.
Austria's countless mountain rivers, lakes, and picturesque slopes create excellent opportunities and conditions for practicing sports such as canoeing and mountain biking. Also in Austria good conditions for hiking and climbing
Conclusion: The geographical location of Austria is convenient for hosting the Olympic Games. She had
etc.................

 

It might be useful to read:

• How to get on an excursion to Antarctica?;
• Czech Republic Troy Castle. Troja Castle in Prague. Ancient winery and museum;
• Böcklin and his “island of the dead” A cultural phenomenon of its time;
• Air tickets to Crimea Air tickets to Crimea will become cheaper;
• What you can and cannot take with you;
• Open left menu Heviz How to get from Budapest to Lake Heviz;
• Cable car in Nha Trang (Vinpearl) The longest cable car in the world Vietnam;
• Kamenets-Podolsk fortress - a historical monument of Ukraine Life outside the walls of the Kamenets-Podolsk fortress;