What was the Sparrow Hills called before? Observation deck “Sparrow Hills. Vorobyovy Gory and modernity

Sparrow Hills
First mention:
As part of Moscow with:
Other names:	Vorobyovo (beginning of the 14th century - 1956), Vorobyovy Kruchi, Lenin Hills (1935-1999)
	CJSC, South-Western Administrative District
	Ramenki, Gagarinsky
Metro stations:	Sparrow Hills

Vorobyovo village

Boyar Vorobyovs

Vorobyovsky Palace

Mamonova dacha

Soviet time

Main building of Moscow State University

Springboard and metro bridge

Modernity

Monument to Prince Vladimir

Sparrow Hills(in 1935-1999 - Lenin's mountains) - the name of an area in the south-west of Moscow, which is the high right bank of the Moscow River (a steep cliff of the Teplostanskaya Upland, washed away by the flow of the river), covered with a forest park. Located opposite Luzhniki, they are considered one of the “seven hills of Moscow”. Stretches from the mouth of the Setun River to the St. Andrew's Bridge of the Small Moscow Ring railway. In the east they border with Neskuchny Garden. They rise above the Moscow River up to 80 meters.

The slope facing the Moscow River is dissected by deep ravines, along which small rivers used to run: Chura with its tributaries, Krovyanka and Kotlovka; there are outlets of groundwater (springs), and landslide processes are observed. The landscape of the Sparrow Hills is formed by the park of the same name, which includes three preserved ponds, as well as an array of broad-leaved forest.

Vorobyovy Gory is one of the most beautiful places in Moscow. The high right bank of the Moscow River has always attracted attention with its dense forest, complex terrain and wonderful views of the river. The widest and most picturesque panorama of the capital opens from the Sparrow Hills.

General historical background

The name of the Vorobyovy Gory is named after the village of Vorobyovo, which existed here since the beginning of the 14th century, named after its original owners, the boyars Vorobyovo.

In the middle of the 15th century, Princess Sofya Vitovtovna, the daughter of the Grand Duke of Lithuania Vitovt and the wife of the Grand Duke of Moscow Vasily I, bought the “priest village of Vorobyovo” from the descendants of the Moscow boyar Yuri Vorobyov, who in 1352 was sent by the Grand Duke Simeon the Proud to Constantinople for approval of the Moscow the metropolitan see of St. Alexy, and gave it, according to her will, to her beloved grandson, Prince Yuri Vasilyevich of Dmitrov in 1453. After the death of the childless Prince of Dmitrov in 1473, the village of Vorobyovo passed, by his order, to his brother Ivan III, the Grand Duke of Moscow.

Vorobyovy Gory also had another, more ancient name - Vorobyovy Kruchi.

On the site of the Trinity Church on the Sparrow Hills in the Middle Ages, there were several successive wooden churches, the oldest of which appeared here back in the 14th century, when the village was the patrimony of the Vorobyovy boyars, long before the purchase of the village by Sofia Vitovtovna, as evidenced by her spiritual charter ( in the document Vorobyovo is called a village and, moreover, a priest’s village). Later, the Vorobyovsky Palace was built here, which for several centuries became the residence of Moscow, Russian, and then Russian monarchs.

For many centuries, the Sparrow Hills were the place from where the conquerors who came to Rus' looked at Moscow - in 1591 the Crimean Khan Kazy-Girey, in 1612 - the Lithuanian hetman Khodkevich, in 1812 Napoleon first looked at the city from here.

From 1648 to the 18th century, St. Andrew’s Monastery operated at the foot of the northern part of the mountains, reopened in 2013. There, next to the royal Vorobyovsky Palace and the settlement of the Andreevsky Monastery, there was Vasilyevskoye, a large estate near Moscow, known as Mamonova Dacha.

Vorobyovy Gory has long been famous for its clean, fine-grained white sand. In this regard, glass and mirror factories were built here in the 17th century: one of them was the mirror factory of Ost Heinrich Brockhausen.

Ancient times and the Middle Ages

Ancient settlement on Vorobyovy Gory

An ancient settlement on the Sparrow Hills existed already in the 1st millennium BC. e., when it came new era- Iron Age. As archaeological excavations of the 19th century showed, on the territory of the village of Vorobyova there was an ancient settlement of the so-called Dyakovo period. The same fortifications were discovered in the areas of Ramenki, the Setun River and St. Andrew's Monastery.

The carriers of the Dyakovo culture were Finno-Ugric peoples. This is evidenced by place names that are more ancient than Slavic and traces of material culture. It is believed that the Dyakovites were the ancestors of the chronicle Meri and Vesi (Vepsians).

The economy of the Dyakovo residents consisted of residential buildings, arable land, blacksmithing, iron smelting and jewelry production. Farming was by hoeing, and millet, barley, wheat and flax were grown in the fields. Iron tools were made from ore mined in the swamps and were initially rare. The main game animals were beaver, elk, bear, and mustelids. A particular intensification of hunting was noted in the late period of the existence of settlements at the beginning of the new era.

The bearers of the Dyakovo culture were brave and enterprising people - traces of active trade with neighbors were found in the settlements - glass glazed beads, arrows, horse harness items (cheek-pieces and bits), buckles, as well as jewelry of the Scythian “animal” style. The Dyakovites owe their “polished” ceramics to the neighboring Baltic tribes - Golyad, and the champlevé colored enamel - to Eastern Europe. The Dyakovites were sun worshipers - solar signs decorate both utensils and jewelry.

In the VI-VII centuries AD. e. In connection with the massive resettlement of the Slavic tribes of the Krivichi and Vyatichi from the west to the territories occupied by the Finno-Ugric people, a change of cultures occurs. Modern authors define it as the Meryan culture of the 6th-9th centuries - mixed Finnish-Slavic. Some of the ancient settlements of the Dyakovo type developed into large villages, turned into boyar estates, and then into noble estates. Future ancient city Moscow becomes the center of land consolidation, and the Finno-Ugric and Slavs become one of the state-forming peoples Ancient Rus'.

Vorobyovo village

The owner's village of Vorobyovo grew up on the site of an ancient settlement - a settlement of the Dyakovo culture, over time turning into a boyar household estate. It is named after the boyar family of the Vorobyovs, who received it as an patrimony from the Grand Dukes of Moscow for their many services.

It was first mentioned in the spiritual charter of Grand Duchess Sophia Vitovtovna in 1453 as “the priest’s village of Vorobyovo,” purchased from the descendants of the Moscow boyar, the ambassador of Grand Duke Simeon the Proud to Constantinople, Yuri Vorobyov (1352-1353). After the purchase, the village turns into a grand ducal residence, the ancient wooden church is rebuilt here, and a wooden palace is built. Large colorfully painted gates led into the estate, fenced with high fences. The mansions themselves were a vast structure, covered with planks, with numerous turrets; the passages were surrounded by railings made of turned balusters, numerous windows had glass and mica windows inserted into carved jambs. Inside the building there were tiled stoves, on the walls upholstered in red cloth, “in gilded and azure frames” hung paintings and images, “written in picturesque writing.” A church was built nearby, furnished with exceptional luxury. Around the choir were crowded household services: baths, glaciers, cellars, granaries, cattle and stable yards, a green birch grove that replaced the park; there was also a pond-cage in which sturgeon, sterlet and other fish were kept. Deer walked freely in the grove, swans swam along the river. The estate had arable land, orchards, hayfields, and mills. This entire farm was served by numerous courtyard people.

Subsequently, Vorobyovo more than once appears on the pages of the chronicles of the Great Moscow Principality, the Russian Kingdom and the Russian Empire. Vorobyovo was very loved by Vasily III, Ivan IV the Terrible, Boris Godunov, Alexey Mikhailovich.

In 1949, large-scale construction of a new building for Moscow State University began on the territory of the village of Vorobyova, which continued until 1953. And in 1956, due to the redevelopment of the territory near the new building of Moscow State University, the village of Vorobyovo was finally demolished. Today, only the Trinity Church on Vorobyovy Gory reminds of him.

Boyar Vorobyovs

The Vorobyovs are a very ancient Russian boyar family, dating back more than a thousand years. Few noble families have such ancient and rich history. It traces its ancestry back to the probable ancestor of the baptist, the 10th century Novgorod Novgorod mayor, Voroby Stoyanovich (see also Baptism of Novgorod).

In the XIII-XVII centuries, many Vorobyov nobles served as boyars, Moscow nobles, tenants, governors, ambassadors and clerks. They have ancient roots going back to Muscovite Rus' during the reign of Daniil of Moscow and Ivan Kalita. They arrived in Moscow from Veliky Novgorod, probably during the reign of Alexander Nevsky or Daniil of Moscow, along with other eminent and noble Novgorod boyar families. In Moscow they had a large family estate in the village of Vorobyovo, now known as Vorobyovy Gory.

The Moscow boyar Yuri Vorobyov, perhaps already in 1352, before his trip to Constantinople as a grand ducal ambassador, owned the village of Vorobyovo near Moscow. This trip required knowledge of the Greek language, Holy Scripture, Byzantine court etiquette and much more. This trip was not the first order of the Grand Duke that the Moscow boyar carried out. There were other equally important and complex assignments that required high professionalism, knowledge and erudition to complete them. The successful solution of such problems contributed to the rise of the Vorobyovy boyars in the hierarchical ladder of the Great Moscow Principality, for which they were granted this fiefdom on the Vorobyovy Gory. It should also be noted that already in the middle of the 14th century, boyar Yuri had the surname Vorobyov, noted in several chronicles of Ancient Rus', then many noble families, including eminent ones, had them only by the beginning of the 16th century. This speaks of the very high social status of boyar Yuri Vorobyov at the court of the Grand Duke of Moscow and the entire ancient boyar family as a whole.

In the middle of the 15th century, the village of Vorobyovo became the property of the grand-ducal family and became a favorite vacation spot of the grand dukes and kings of Moscow, the grand-ducal and royal residence. The descendants of boyar Yuri Vorobyov lost him to the grand ducal family. After the sale of Vorobyovo, part of the numerous boyar family continued to live on the Vorobyovy Gory for more than a hundred years, until they were resettled by Ivan IV the Terrible in the Oryol region. Apparently, the Vorobyovs, for the most part, enjoyed the complete trust and favor of the grand ducal and royal authorities, always being close to them, trying not to participate in conflicts between opposing boyar factions. The closeness to Grand Duke Vasily III, Tsar Ivan IV the Terrible, and later the first Romanov tsars, who loved Vorobyovo very much and lived in it for a long time, explains the large representation of the Vorobyovs in the government bodies of the Great Moscow Principality and the Russian Tsardom in the 16th and 17th centuries, which were constantly in their sight. Even during the oprichnina, not a single person from the family suffered. There is a legend of the Oryol nobles Vorobyovy that their distant ancestors were from the Moscow Vorobyovy Hills.

On the other bank of the Moscow River on the Luzhnetskaya embankment opposite the Vorobyovy Gory there is a chapel in honor of the baptist of Rus', Prince Vladimir Svyatoslavich, Equal-to-the-Apostles, at whose court the probable ancestor of the boyar family of the Vorobyovs, the Novgorod mayor Vorobey Stoyanovich, was brought up. The chapel of Prince Vladimir, whose name is rarely given to churches in Russia, is very clearly visible from the Sparrow Hills.

Vorobyovsky Palace

Vorobyovy Palace is the residence of the great Moscow princes, Russian tsars and Russian emperors on the Vorobyovy Gory in the 15th-18th centuries.

Historians of villages near Moscow Vladimir and Grigory Kholmogorov give the date of construction of the latter royal palace in this place - under Princess Sofya Alekseevna in October 1684, “it was ordered to make stone basements for wooden mansions 80 fathoms long without an arshin, across 6 fathoms with half a fathom, fifty zhizhens, and a passage under those mansions.” The work was carried out by mason Arkhipka Danilov “and his comrades”.

Construction of the palace took several years and was completed by 1690, when Peter I was already on the throne.

The building followed the stylistic principles of the Moscow Baroque, widespread at that time in Russian architecture. The purpose of its main branches is well known thanks to the research of I.E. Zabelin and numerous documents.

In 1732-1735, a new palace was built here according to the design of the architect I. F. Michurin. According to Cornelius de Bruin, who from here, “from the heights of the Tsar’s palace,” drew a panorama of Moscow, “in the lower housing of this palace there were 124 chambers, and I believe that there were the same number in the upper one. It was surrounded by a wooden wall; located at the height of the mountain opposite the Maiden Monastery, on the other side of the Moscow River, 3 versts west of the capital.”

The historian M.P. Pogodin said that in his youth, that is, at the beginning of the 19th century, he still saw “the remains of the palace of Ivan the Terrible.” V.L. Snegirev wrote in a book about Vitberg: “Here once, in the 16th century, the father of Ivan the Terrible, Vasily Ivanovich, built a wooden palace on a white stone foundation. Peter the Great ordered a birch grove to be planted behind the palace. Over time, this place was abandoned; in the second half of the 18th century, the wooden mansions fell into complete disrepair and were dismantled. The ruins of the old foundation have been preserved.” The palace was finally destroyed by the Moscow fire of 1812, after which, according to the memoirs of F.F. Vigel, even the foundation was partially dismantled.

Trinity Church on Sparrow Hills

An ancient wooden church on Vorobyovy Gory already existed in 1453, when Grand Duchess Sofya Vitovtovna bought the village of Vorobyovo. In addition, Vorobyovo always had its own parish priest. This is indicated by the spiritual letter of the Grand Duchess, in which Vorobyovo is called “the priest’s village.”

The first known priest of the wooden Trinity Church was Father Titus, who was rector from 1628 to 1632.

As several ancient wooden churches fell into disrepair, new ones were built in their place or nearby. Finally, the current building of the temple began to be built in 1811 in the Empire style - late classicism according to the design of the architect A. L. Vitberg: quadrangular in plan, with portals decorated with columns, single-dome, with a two-tier bell tower. In 1812, M.I. Kutuzov prayed here before the council in Fili. The building survived the Napoleonic invasion. Construction was completed in 1813.

The first rector of the stone church was Father Yakov Ilyin. The stone temple was erected near the previous wooden one. In 1811, on the site of the altar of the old temple, a white stone monument topped with a cross was erected, which has survived to this day. The porch in front of the entrance on the western facade of the bell tower and extensions on its sides appeared during renovations of the building in 1858-61 and 1898.

IN Soviet time The Trinity Church did not close; both its appearance and interior escaped destruction.

St. Andrew's Monastery in Plennitsy

St. Andrew's Monastery in Plennitsy is one of the oldest stauropegial monasteries in the city of Moscow, located at the foot of the Sparrow Hills. Tradition dates the establishment of the men's monastery “near Vorobyovy Kruchi in Plennitsy” to the 13th century, but early documentary evidence about it dates back only to the middle of the 16th century. Until the end of the 16th century, the monastery was called the Preobrazhenskaya Hermitage.

The founder of the monastery is considered to be the Moscow boyar, okolnichy of Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich Fyodor Rtishchev.

From the middle of the 17th century, the “Teaching Brotherhood” was located within the walls of the monastery, which united the most educated monks of that time “for the sake of book learning,” and essentially became the first academic structure in Moscow.

With the beginning of Catherine’s secularization, in 1764 the St. Andrew’s Monastery was converted into a parish church, since “it turned out to be hopeless for its own maintenance,” and an almshouse was set up in its buildings.

During the epidemic of 1771, a cemetery was built on the territory of the St. Andrew's Monastery for noble townspeople and inhabitants of Moscow monasteries.

By the decree of His Holiness Patriarch Alexy II of Moscow and All Rus' dated August 14, 1991, the Patriarchal metochion was opened in the former St. Andrew's Monastery with the churches of the Resurrection of Christ in Captives, the Apostle Evangelist John the Theologian (Archangel Michael) and the martyr Andrei Stratelates.

Later, by the decision of the Holy Synod of July 16, 2013, the Patriarchal Metochion in the former St. Andrew's Monastery was transformed into the St. Andrew's Stavropegic Monastery monastery Moscow. Bishop Theophylact of Dmitrov was appointed as the vicar of the St. Andrew's Monastery. The monastery houses the Synodal Information Department of the Russian Orthodox Church and the Synodal Library of the Moscow Patriarchate.

Before the revolution

At the beginning of the 19th century, on the Sparrow Hills, on the site of the Sparrow Palace, it was planned to build the Cathedral of Christ the Savior according to the plan of the architect Karl Witberg, but it was not possible to build it here.

WITH late XIX century Vorobyovy Gory - popular country place For countryside holiday Muscovites.

Mamonova dacha

The so-called Mamonova Dacha is the former Vasilievskoye estate near Moscow, which belonged successively to princes V.M. Dolgorukov-Krymsky, N.B. Yusupov and Count M.A. Dmitriev-Mamonov, after whose last name it received its name. Located at the foot of the Vorobyovy Gory, next to the St. Andrew's Monastery (modern address - Kosygina Street, no. 4).

The building is based on a mansion from the 1730s designed by architect I. F. Michurin. The manor house acquired its current Empire appearance in the 1820s, under Prince N.B. Yusupov: then a domed hall for balls and receptions was built over the central volume, and belvederes in the form of turrets appeared above the side ones.

The property consisted of a front yard open in front of the main house, a regular park adjacent to the front yard from the east, and a garden with outbuildings bordering the front yard from the west. The estate was famous for its orchards and greenhouses, from where “red, white and green watermelons, different kinds of best-tasting melons and cantaloupes, as well as many other rare fruits” came to the table of Muscovites.

After the death of Mamonov, in 1877-1883, the estate passed first to I. S. Fonvizin, who rented it out to Dr. Levenshtein, who located a psychiatric hospital here, and then to the merchant F. F. Noev, who, based on Yusupov’s greenhouses, organized a floriculture farm here . In 1910, “Noah’s Dacha” was bought by the Moscow City Duma to establish a public park here.

After the revolution, the wrought-iron fence surrounding the estate and the interiors of the main house were gradually lost; the ancient greenhouse was reconstructed and connected by a passage to the main house.

In 1923-1943, the main building housed the Central Museum of Ethnic Studies. A unique exposition of the dwellings of the peoples of Russia was located right in the park, under open air. During the war it was closed, after which the main building became the property of the Institute of Chemical Physics (at that time the interiors were lost), and the upper estate park was occupied by the Institute of Physical Problems. In addition to the institute buildings, there were mansions of the party nomenclature (in particular, A. N. Kosygin and M. S. Gorbachev lived here). Here are also the museum-apartments of scientists Nikolai Semyonov (in the northern wing of the main building) and Pyotr Kapitsa, who headed these two institutions.

Only the lower part of the park is open to the public. In February 2013, a fire broke out at the Institute of Chemical Physics, which may have destroyed the palace belvedere.

In 1925 on Vorobyovy Gory for the first time in Soviet Russia An official Bird Day was held: under the leadership of Nikolai Dergunov, young naturalists from the Moscow Central Biological Station hung birdhouses here. The poet Vladimir Mayakovsky took part in the preparation of the event (and perhaps in it itself).

In 1935, the Sparrow Hills in honor of V.I. Ulyanov-Lenin were renamed “Leninskie”; they officially bore this name until 1999 - however, the name “Sparrow Hills” remained in use (for example, the penultimate chapter of the novel by M.A. Bulgakov’s “The Master and Margarita” (1929-1940), is called “On the Sparrow Hills”). The park on the territory of the Lenin Mountains was laid out in the 1930s according to the design of architects V. I. Dolganov and M. I. Prokhorova. In 1948, an observation deck was built according to Dolganov’s design.

Main building of Moscow State University

Architects B. M. Iofan, L. V. Rudnev, S. E. Chernyshev, P. V. Abrosimov, A. F. Khryakov, V. N. Nasonov, sculptural design of the facades - the work of V. I. Mukhina’s workshop.

In January 1947, at the proposal of I.V. Stalin, the Council of Ministers of the USSR decided to build eight high-rise buildings in Moscow, of which the tallest was to be the new building of Moscow State University on the Lenin Hills (building height - 182 meters, height with spire - 240 meters, number of storeys in the central building - 36).

Excavation work on the territory of the former village of Vorobyov, which finally disappeared in 1956, began in 1948, the ceremony of laying the first stone took place on April 12, 1949. Work on the construction of the university was supervised by L.P. Beria. Military construction units from nuclear industry facilities were transferred to the site. The three largest buildings - the faculties of physics, chemistry and biology - were built by a camp-type organization of the USSR Ministry of Internal Affairs - SU 560; the labor of several thousand prisoners was used in the construction.

On March 6, 1951, Stalin endorsed the architectural and planning assignment for the construction of roads and landscaping of the areas adjacent to the future building. On September 1, 1953, training classes began in the building.

Central building The university complex together with the observation deck have become a new tourist attraction in the capital.

Springboard and metro bridge

In 1953, a ski jump was built on Vorobyovy Gory: an illuminated ski slope with a 340-meter-long chair lift.

In 1958, the Luzhnetsky metro bridge with the Leninskie Gory metro station located on it (after 1999 - Vorobyovy Gory) was built across the Vorobyovy Gory, connecting Komsomolsky Prospekt and the Moscow State University area. An escalator was built near the exit from the station leading to Kosygina Street, which made it possible to climb towards the observation deck (now destroyed).

Building of the Russian Academy of Sciences

The new building of the Presidium of the Russian Academy of Sciences is located at the foot of the Sparrow Hills, on the banks of the Moscow River. It was built from the late 1960s to the early 1990s according to the design of a creative team of architects and designers. The building houses concert hall“Academic” with 1,200 seats, where various scientific and creative events are held.

Nature reserve "Sparrow Hills"

In 1987, the Vorobyovy Mountains (at that time - Leninsky) Mountains were declared a natural monument; in 1998, the Vorobyovy Gory State Nature Reserve was created, declared a specially protected natural area.

The reserve is located on the high right bank of the Luzhnetskaya bend of the Moscow River (in fact, Vorobyovy Gory is a ledge of the Teplostanskaya Upland, rising above the river’s edge to a height of 80 meters). The high and steep slope of the river valley is dissected by deep gullies descending to the Moscow River. Its characteristic feature is the widespread development of landslide terraces. Due to the danger of landslide processes, Vorobyovy Gory successfully avoided intensive development and largely preserved its natural appearance - this is the only specially protected natural area in Moscow where a natural broad-leaved forest with its characteristic flora and fauna has been preserved in such close proximity to the city center.

Almost the entire length of the Vorobyovy Gory is covered with old broad-leaved forest, consisting mainly of linden, oak, maple, birch and ash: the roots of the trees secure the steep slopes from erosion and washout. Under the forest canopy, among other herbaceous plants, there are lilies of the valley, bluebells, lungwort, corydalis, and broad-leaved napkin. The park's fauna is also diverse: squirrels and moles, nightingales and warblers live here. The long-eared owl, raven and gray owl are listed in the Red Book of the city of Moscow. In the sky above the nature reserve you can see a falcon, sparrowhawk, and kestrel.

The reserve conducts excursions, runs an environmental education program, and has developed three ecological trails.

Modernity

In 1999, Vorobyovy Gory was returned to its historical name, and at the same time the Lenin Gory metro station was renamed.

Competitions began to be held on Vorobyovy Gory mountain bike and motorsport.

In 2013, the reserve was annexed to the territory of the Central Park of Culture and Culture named after. Gorky and Neskuchny Gardens.

The observation deck, which nowadays attracts not only tourists and newlyweds, but also communities of motorcyclists and fans of street car racing, underwent a major renovation in the second half of 2014: it was built into the granite pavement interactive map Moscow is illuminated, the balustrade is illuminated, and a recreation area is equipped under the platform.

At the beginning of 2015, plans were announced to reconstruct the ski jump and build a new cable car between Sparrow Hills and the Luzhniki Stadium, which will have to combine excursion, transport and sports functions.

Monument to Prince Vladimir

At the beginning of 2015, it became known about the authorities’ plans to erect a monument to Prince Vladimir on the Sparrow Hills on the Day of National Unity, November 4, 2015. In February 2015, the competition commission of the Russian Military Historical Society chose the design of the studio of Salavat Shcherbakov (architect Vasily Danilov), according to which the monument, 24 meters high and weighing 330 tons, should be installed at the very edge of the hill. A fundraiser for construction was announced; on February 25, the installation of the monument was supported by the Moscow City Duma.

At the same time, a collection of signatures began demanding that the project be stopped, since the Moscow City Duma did not conduct an open competition for projects required by law, nor an environmental assessment, and the very construction of the monument on this site conflicts with the legislation on the protection of cultural heritage, interferes with the established architectural ensemble and actually eliminates the observation deck. On April 21, the creation of a citywide coalition in defense of the Sparrow Hills was announced. By early June, the petition had been signed by almost 60 thousand people. A petition was also created in support of the Moscow City Duma’s decision to erect the monument, which was signed by 52 thousand people by the end of May.

Sculptor Salavat Shcherbakov does not insist on the observation deck of the Sparrow Hills: “Moscow - a beautiful city, there are a lot of places to place it,” and he is ready to adjust the size of the monument. Earlier, the Arkhnadzor movement proposed alternative options for installing the monument.

At the end of May, the observation deck was fenced off, work began on it without a building permit or approvals required by law, and the interactive tiles laid in 2014 were dismantled.

Sports and active recreation

Vorobyovy Gory includes two embankments of the Moskva River, Vorobyovskaya and Andreevskaya, used for cycling, roller skating, skateboarding and hiking.

In culture

In Russian oral folk art, there is an old drawn-out song “Vorobyovy Mountains”, which bears the name of the Vorobyovy Mountains. This song was used in the form of separate chants by A.P. Borodin when composing his opera “Prince Igor”, as well as in the Andante of the First Quartet.

One of the largest and most popular parks in Moscow is Vorobyovy Gory. Located in close proximity to the noisy center, it is an island of real Central Russian nature. The history of Vorobyovy Gory is very interesting. In the 15th century, a village was founded here, through which Ivan III passed on the eve of his death. Later, Ivan the Terrible took refuge in the palace that was located here, waiting out the grandiose Moscow fire. Interesting Facts from the history of Sparrow Hills are presented in the article.

Location

Moscow is called the city on seven hills. It really is located on the hills. And the Sparrow Hills are one of these seven hills.

The park is located in the southwest of the capital, not far from the Luzhniki stadium. In order to get to this landscaped forested park area, you need to get to the Vorobyovy Gory metro station. The history of the station begins in 1959. Just like the park of the same name, the metro was called “Lenin Hills” for more than fifty years.

The forest park area begins at the Setun River and ends at the Andreevsky Bridge. The height of the Sparrow Hills is 80 meters. Here is one of the best observation platforms in Moscow.

Name of Sparrow Hills

Where did this name come from? In this area, as already mentioned, there once existed a village of the same name. It belonged to boyar Vorobyov at the beginning of the 14th century. Little is known about the origin of this ancient noble family and the appearance of its representatives in the Grand Duchy of Moscow. However, chronicle sources mention several times Yuri Vorobyov, who owned an ancient village, on the site of which today there is a huge park area.

The boyar had no children, and therefore after his death his possessions passed to Ivan III. Nevertheless, the name “Sparrow Hills” has been preserved. True, sometimes this area was called “Sparrow Hills”.

This is the history of the name Vorobyovy Gory. It is worth saying that settlements on the site of the village existed long before the formation of the Moscow Principality.

History of the Sparrow Hills: ancient times

Researchers claim that people in this area appeared in the first millennium BC, that is, during the Iron Age. Archaeologists here discovered the remains of an ancient settlement from the Dyakovo period. Something similar was found in other areas of southwest Moscow.

Representatives of the Dyakovo culture were hardworking and enterprising people. They not only produced items necessary for the household, but also engaged in trade, as evidenced by archaeological excavations. The change of cultures occurred around the 6th century BC. Krivichi and Vyatichi appeared on the territory of modern Moscow.

Middle Ages

Over time, ancient settlements began to turn into villages. Villages in the Middle Ages became boyar estates. Thus, the history of the Sparrow Hills in Moscow begins in ancient times. The small settlement turned into a village named after the owner of the area. Vorobyov received the lands as a gift from the Moscow princes for many years of service.

Vorobyovy Gory was first mentioned in the spiritual charter of Princess Sophia, and they were called “the priest’s village.” The small village quickly turned into a grand ducal residence. Construction began here wooden palace, which, of course, did not last long - Moscow burned often in those days.

If a modern Muscovite found himself in the medieval Sparrow Hills, he would never recognize them. In addition to the boyar's house, there were many wooden buildings: a granary, a glacier, a cellar, livestock and stable yards. Not far from the palace there was a small garden with a pond where sturgeon, sterlet and other fish were found. Deer were calmly strolling through the grove.

Palace on Sparrow Hills

This grandiose wooden building, erected in the 15th century, served as the residence of first the Moscow princes and then the Russian tsars for more than two centuries. The palace, of course, was rebuilt more than once. The last one was erected in 1684. The construction was made in the Moscow Baroque style.

Church of the Life-Giving Trinity

This church can be called the main attraction of the Sparrow Hills. At least a building that would have a higher historical and cultural significance, there is no.

On the site of the Church of the Life-Giving Trinity, a wooden church already existed in the mid-15th century. The parish priest lived here permanently. Perhaps this is why the strange name “Popovskoy village” appears in the documents.

Wooden buildings quickly deteriorated. New ones were built in their place. The stone temple, which can be seen today on Vorobyovy Gory, began to be built in 1811. During the Soviet years, the church was in a dilapidated state. In the nineties, restoration began.

19th century

In the 19th century, Vorobyovy Gory became a popular holiday destination. Moscow looked different then, its size was much smaller. Vorobyovy Gory was located on the outskirts of the city. Here on the weekends and holidays folk festivals were held. On the slope of the Sparrow Hills there was Krynkin’s restaurant - a very popular establishment in those years.

At first XIX century On the site of the Vorobyovsky Palace, it was planned to build the Cathedral of Christ the Savior. But during the excavation work it was discovered that the conditions here were unsuitable. Construction was stopped. For some time, two factories and barracks for workers were located on Vorobyovy Gory.

Another attraction of the Sparrow Hills is Mamontova Dacha. Today, the Semenov Institute of Chemical Physics is located in the building of an old noble estate. The manor house acquired its modern appearance back in 1820. Then Prince Yusupov owned the estate.

In 1910, Mamontov’s dacha was bought by the Moscow City Duma. A city park was built on the territory of the estate.

XX century

After the revolution, the former noble estate gradually fell into disrepair. The main building housed the Central Museum of Ethnic Studies. During the Great Patriotic War it was closed, and after that the building was transferred to the Institute of Chemical Physics.

During the Soviet years, on the Lenin Hills - that’s what this area was called then - there were not only institute buildings, but also dachas of prominent political figures. Including Mikhail Gorbachev.

The Moscow landmark was renamed in 1935. The Soviet name lasted until 1999. The Lenin Mountains are mentioned, by the way, in Mikhail Bulgakov’s work “The Master and Margarita”.

Two years after the end of the war, a decision was made to build eight high-rise buildings. One of them, the tallest, was intended for Moscow State University. Excavation work began in 1948. The first stone was laid in April 1949. The grand opening of the main building of Moscow State University took place six months after Stalin’s death.

Today, the main university building and observation deck are popular tourist attractions.

In 1953, a ski slope 340 meters long was built on Vorobyovy Gory. 6 years later a station was opened here Sokolnicheskaya line- the first line of the Moscow Metro.

At the foot of the Sparrow Hills is the building of the Russian Academy of Sciences. Construction lasted more than twenty years. Ended in the early nineties. The RAS building houses the Academic Hall, where creative and scientific events are held.

This is a brief history of the Sparrow Hills. Many books have been written about the sights of Moscow, and almost every one talks about this area. A lot of works have been created for children. Short story Sparrow Hills, for example, is described in the book “Walks around the City” by S. Makhotin.

Nature reserve

In 1987, Vorobyovy Gory was included in the list of natural monuments. A characteristic feature of this area is the widespread development of landslide terraces. It is precisely because of this feature that the natural reserve once escaped active development. Today Vorobyovy Gory is a favorite place for Muscovites and guests of the capital.

This part of the south-west of Moscow is covered with old broad-leaved forest. The dominant trees are maple, birch, ash, and oak. In the territory natural reserve there are two ponds, one of which is named after St. Andrew's Monastery.

Is it a coincidence that this Moscow area was loved by many Russian writers, who themselves loved to visit the Sparrow Hills and mentioned them on the pages of their novels, stories, and poems? There is no coincidence here: it is in the Sparrow Hills that the widest and most picturesque panorama of the capital opens up - writers, just like you and me, could not imagine Moscow without this very area, the Sparrow Hills.

We find the name Sparrow Hills on the pages of the works, letters and diaries of N. M. Karamzin, M. Yu. Lermontov, F. M. Dostoevsky, L. N. Tolstoy, A. M. Gorky, A. A. Blok and others. Thus, the panorama of the Sparrow Hills brings, according to Leo Tolstoy’s plan, peace in a difficult hour into the soul of Pierre Bezukhov: “On everything, both distant and nearby objects, lay that magical crystal shine that only happens at this time of autumn. The Vorobyovy Hills were visible in the distance mountains, with ancient church and a big white house. And bare trees, and sand, and stones, and roofs of houses, and the green spire of a church, and the corners of a distant white house, all this was unnaturally clearly cut out in the thinnest lines in the transparent air.

And another classic of Russian literature, who had an equally acute artistic perception of the world around him, the poet Alexander Blok, once remarked: “Paris from Montmartre is not like Moscow from the Sparrow Hills.”

Professor E.M. Murzaev, Doctor of Geographical Sciences, is a well-known domestic specialist in toponymy and folk geographical terms. Studying the toponymy of Moscow, he described popular geographical names capital terms settlement, field, shore, mud, garden, gate, rampart and others. E.M. Murzaev also analyzed those names that included the term Jurassic. The researcher (like many others) found it difficult to answer the question: what is considered a mountain, what is a hill? "The Kremlin hill, the flat surface of the cliff of the Lenin Mountains (this article by E. M. Murzaev was published in 1985 - M. G.). And where is the mountain in the Sokolinaya Gora microdistrict? In the toponymy of Moscow, the word “mountain” is found often, giving rise to names according to different models. It often appears in the diminutive form - slide. Let us remember the well-known Lenin Mountains, from where a wide panorama of the capital opens. This name appeared in 1935 and replaced “Sparrow Hills”. So why was this place called Sparrow Hills? More than a hundred years ago, in 1887, the “Guide to Moscow and its environs” wrote: “Sparrow Hills. Directions. The steamer runs 8 times a day back and forth from Kanava, 20 kopecks per person; the second route is from the Kaluga outpost, and from there it’s 3 miles; the road to Mamonov’s dacha is a highway, and then a clay one, a dirt road. Trinity Day, during the temple festival, there is a public festival below, near the river, and the second one is up on the mountain, where you can get a spyglass.”

The Church of the Life-Giving Trinity, mentioned in the guidebook (Pierre Bezukhov also saw it in the quoted excerpt from the novel “War and Peace”), like most Moscow Orthodox churches, had and continues to have a second part of the name that specifies the location: the Church of the Life-Giving Trinity “on Sparrow Hills." It has survived to this day, happily avoiding the bitter fate of many other closed, destroyed or rebuilt churches in Moscow. The temple was built here, in this Vorobyovo, which gave its name to this high bank of the Moscow River, in 1811 and therefore can serve as one of the examples of classicism in Moscow temple architecture. On the eve of the famous council in Fili, which was already described in our book in connection with the history of the toponym Fili, M.I. Kutuzov prayed here, on the Sparrow Hills, in the Church of the Life-Giving Trinity. Before him, here, in Vorobyovo, there was an older Trinity Church - since 1644, and the Vorobyovo Church was known even earlier, which is why the settlement of Vorobyovo was officially considered a village.

Not too much is known about the village of Vorobyovo. It is important that this was one of the oldest settlements in the vicinity of Moscow: Vorobyovo was bought by Princess Sofia Vitovtovna - this happened no later than 1453, since in 1453 Sophia, the daughter of the Grand Duke of Lithuania Vitovt and the wife (in 1390 - 1425) of the great Prince of Moscow Vasily I, died. This was an unusual woman: during the early childhood of her son, Vasily II, Sofya Vitovtovna successfully ruled the principality, actively participated in the fight against appanage princes, and in 1451 led the defense of Moscow from the Tatars. From the moment of acquisition by Princess Sophia, the village of Vorobyovo became a palace - the Grand Duke's, and then the Tsar's. summer residence. According to P.V. Sytin, the Grand Duchess bought the village for herself from a certain priest nicknamed Sparrow. From here the origin of the toponym becomes clear: the village, like many others, was named after its owner. The nickname Sparrow was most likely associated with the person’s appearance (this could be the name for a medium-sized, short person) or some noticeable features of his character and behavior.

It is worth simultaneously eliminating a common mistake regarding the common noun sparrow, the name of the bird. For some reason, the version that this nondescript bird, constantly looking for food for itself, was considered a thief has become widespread (but where can a sparrow compare with crows and magpies in this?). That’s why the exclamation-phrase “beat the thief!” supposedly turned over time into the word sparrow. In fact, this is a typical “folk etymology” that has nothing to do with the true history of the word sparrow." In Slavic languages, its analogues are known, associated with the same root: in Ukrainian - gorobets, Belarusian - verabey, Bulgarian - vrabets, Serbo-Croatian - vrabac, Czech - vrabec, Polish - wrobel, etc. Academician N. M. Shansky, one of the authors of the "Etymological Dictionary of the Russian Language", believes that the word sparrow is originally Russian, that is, it arose directly ¬but in the Russian language, using the suffix -ii (> -е) from the same base as the Slavic names of this bird, such as the Polish wrobel. The scientist believes that from ancient times the Slavs called the bird this way by its chirping, the onomatopoeic base in the words sparrow, sparrow, The sparrow is the same as in the word coo. Let us recall that the basis of this verb, like the verb to grumble, was the now unpreserved word vork. In Russian dialects, the word vorkot with the suffix -ot, formed according to the type of the commonly used and no less ancient noun roar, is known. The word vork itself is an Old Russian word, which arose from the onomatopoeic root var- and the suffix -ky.

Not only in the name of the Church of the Life-Giving Trinity “on the Sparrow Hills” and the Sparrow Hills themselves, the ancient toponym village of Vorobyovo has survived to this day. In this part of the capital there is Vorobyovskaya embankment, Vorobyovskoe highway, two Vorobyovsky passages. Connoisseurs of the capital’s literary places K. Starodub, V. Emelyanova and I. Krausova are right when they draw the readers’ attention to the fact that writers of different schools and trends who turned to the image of Moscow were united in one thing: the Sparrow Hills invariably set them in a poetic mood, and significant, bright events that determined the fate of the heroes were sometimes connected precisely with this place in Moscow. The green massif of the Sparrow Hills, in terms of the nature of its vegetation, occupies an intermediate position between a city park and a forest park. Vorobyovy Gory is located almost in the center of the city: from here the Kremlin is 5.5 km away and the ring road is 13 km away. highway- city border.

The green massif has a limited area and extends in a curved arc in the form of a narrow strip (up to 0.5 km wide) for 3.5 km along the right bank of the Moscow River. From the southwest it is bordered by Vorobyovskoye Highway (Kosygina Street) with busy traffic. A busy highway passes over it, connecting Vernadsky and Komsomolsky avenues. Here, fundamental granite and concrete embankments were built along the bed of the Moscow River, ski jumps and lifts, a metro escalator staircase gallery, a metro bridge, sports facilities, asphalt roads and paths were built. All this led to the destruction of vegetation cover. Natural biocenoses have been changed as a result of decorative park works. In many areas, trees and shrubs have been planted, alleys have been created, flower beds and flower beds have been created... But, nevertheless, on the Sparrow Hills many areas of natural forest have been preserved with huge old trees, swampy hollows and swamps, overgrown with moisture-loving vegetation.

The green massif of the Sparrow Hills has existed since ancient times. Mention of it has been known since the 15th century. At that time, this area was far from Moscow. At the beginning of the 20th century, it turned out to be very close to the city limits, which ran along the current inner ring road. But not all the time there remained a green area on the Sparrow Hills, forests grew. Mass construction has never been carried out here. The forest was not cleared for agricultural purposes either.

The green area on Vorobyovy Gory survived for the following reasons. Firstly, there is a large difference in relief elevations. At a distance of 300-500 m from the river bed, the rise reaches 70 m. Such a steep rise of the right side of the valley is especially contrasting in comparison with the low, flat left bank. Hence the name of the local right bank - mountains. The difference in elevation and steep slopes interfered and continue to interfere with the construction of roads and the construction of houses. But since in Moscow there are slope areas built up with multi-story buildings, this cannot be the main reason.

Vorobyovy Gory is one of three undeveloped areas where natural vegetation has been preserved to varying degrees. In all these areas, landslide processes are intense and any construction is impossible, and if it is carried out, it is only subject to very large and expensive geological engineering work. All these landslide processes are located on the right bank of the river and have approximately the same length (about 3.5 km each).

Vorobyovy Gory was formed as a result of the erosion of the hill by the Teplostanka River. Its slopes facing the river are complicated by landslides, which, when landslide bodies were detached, gave the slope the character of a ledge.

Black Jurassic clays lie at the base of the Vorobyovy Gory. They serve as a water stop. Therefore, their surface is often wet and slippery. The overlying strata slide along it. Jurassic clays could previously be seen in outcrops at the water's edge. After the construction of the embankments, it became impossible to observe them. Above the Jurassic clays lie gray clayey sands of Upper Jurassic age. The bedrock is covered by a layer of Quaternary sediments. They are represented by moraine and fluvioglacial sands, as well as deluvial deposits. Moraine loams with boulders can be seen in different heights along the mountain slopes This is due to their sliding as part of overturned landslide bodies. They usually serve as the base of broken aquitards. They are associated with outlets of underground and groundwater in the form of permanent springs and springs. There are quite a lot of them on the slopes. Small streams originate from some of them.

Numerous landslides complicate the bedrock slope of the Moscow River valley. They form several landslide ridges (from two to five in different parts of the slope). The largest landslide bodies reach a height of 15 m. When moving down the slope, such landslide masses produce swelling of the soil in front of the landslide base in the form of shafts or mounds. Steep fault walls rise above the surface of the landslide masses. They separate the flat surface of the Sparrow Hills from the landslide ridges and make it difficult to descend to the river. This circumstance to some extent protects the forest from overload by people and contributes to its conservation.

Landslide dissection of the slope is accompanied by the formation of various types natural complexes, gives a special picturesqueness and diversity to the Sparrow Hills. In the basins that formed between the landslide mounds there are areas of marshy and waterlogged lands and even small lakes. Along their banks there are dense thickets of willow and alder. Until recently, some landslides were mobile, so in many areas old trees are tilted, forming a so-called “drunken forest.”

Moscow Photos

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The movement of landslides, both in the past and today, interferes with construction and destroys erected buildings. In the last century, the Cathedral of Christ the Savior began to be built on the slopes of the Sparrow Hills to commemorate the victory over Napoleonic troops. Soon construction was stopped, including due to the destruction of the foundations being laid by landslides. In 1959, an escalator gallery-lift was built on the slopes of the mountains near the Leninskiye Gory metro station. It is now closed due to damage caused by landslides.

Above the edge of the slope there are buildings of research institutes, residential buildings, government hotels, and a highway. In order to slow down and stop landslide processes, a concrete wall was built along the river bank. It protects the slopes from being washed away and thereby maintains the slid mass of landslide bodies in a stable condition. Landslides are constantly monitored. From the top of the slope to the riverbed, special benchmarks are installed that record any movements of landslide bodies.

On the steep slopes of the Sparrow Hills, areas of broad-leaved forest have been preserved. They contain old and young lindens, oaks, elms, maples with a typical hazel undergrowth. Their growth is facilitated by abundant groundwater, which, passing through chalk sands, is enriched with potassium, phosphorus and calcium compounds. In the grass cover, common sedges, sedges, goose onions with populations of early spring primroses are common. In spring, the aroma of blooming cherry blossoms spreads. Forest birds nest in secluded places: black-headed warbler, redstart, warbler. Near the rowan trees there are colonies of thrushes. There are nuthatch and spotted woodpecker, and many starlings. There are crow's nests on old trees with spreading crowns. In spring, you can often hear the clear trills of a nightingale. And all this is inside the city, in close proximity to thousands of rushing cars.

The river and terrain features contribute to the preservation of the green massif of the Sparrow Mountains. The river serves as reliable protection on the northern side, and on the southwest, the steep cliff of the upper part of the slope is an insurmountable barrier for cars, as well as an obstacle for people. A paved pedestrian path lined with trees runs above its edge. It offers magnificent views of the Moscow panorama. Therefore, many vacationers limit themselves to walking along this path and do not go down to the forest park below. The best way to protect vegetation from destruction and degradation is to create well-maintained paved walkways. There are many of them in the Vorobyovsky green massif with a total length of about 10-12 km. A wide walking road is laid directly along the riverbed. It runs along embankments built in 1958-1964. Closer to railway bridges, which enclose the green area on both sides, high reinforced concrete embankments on a pile foundation were created. The outside is decorated with decorative granite with openwork metal fences. In the middle part of the bend, the supporting reinforced concrete piles are hidden under water. The coastal strip here is reinforced with cellular reinforced concrete slabs. The slopes and cell spaces in the slabs are covered with turf. As a result, vast green lawns come close to the water and gradually turn upward into green lawns. In fine weather summer days A lot of people vacation here.

The most picturesque asphalt and dirt paths whimsically meander along landslide ridges, basins and between them. These trails are located in the middle part of the park. The most shady paths stretch along the foot of the high steep bedrock slope. It is especially quiet, cool, and in some places simply damp from the waters and springs oozing from the slopes. All these paths disperse vacationers and thereby save vegetation from trampling and degradation.

It’s convenient to start your excursion to Vorobyovy Gory from the Leninsky Prospekt metro station. From the station you can quickly walk to the monument to Yu. A. Gagarin. The monument is installed on the square of the same name. Here Muscovites enthusiastically greeted the world's first cosmonaut after his stellar triumph. The monument was opened in 1980. It is a silver column 38 m high, made of titanium. The column symbolizes the fiery plume of the space rocket that lifted the 14-meter figure of the first cosmonaut. In the center of the monument is a launch silo from which a rocket bursts into space. The silver ball represents a model of Gagarin's spaceship. The author of the monument is sculptor P. I. Bondarenko. If you come close to the column and look up at the sculptural figure of Gagarin, the effect will be stunning: against the backdrop of moving clouds, the illusion of an astronaut taking off into the sky appears.

From the Gagarin monument, the excursion route continues to the building of the Presidium of the Academy of Sciences (now it houses the administrative services of the Russian Academy of Sciences and the offices of commercial banks). The building amazes with its modern designs, magnificent glass facades, stylized symbols of science, and bronze sculptures.

Along the courtyard of the Presidium building you should reach a platform located above a 30-meter cliff of the steep bedrock slope of the Moscow River valley. From here a wide picturesque panorama of its valley opens. To the right in the northeast direction, in the foreground, the graceful steel arch of the Andreevsky Bridge of the intracity railway ring curves over the river. This bridge was built in 1905-1907. Behind it, on the right high bank of the river, the Neskuchny Garden is lushly green. The horizon is closed by chain suspension structures Crimean bridge and silhouettes of the Kremlin towers and temples. Left in westward forested areas are visible; slopes of the Vorobyovy (Lenin) Mountains forest park. Above them rise the towers of Moscow State University. M.V. Lomonosov, the design of a large ski jump, the golden dome of the Trinity Church, built in the former village of Vorobyovo at the beginning of the century. Opposite the site, the distant horizon is closed by the golden domes and high belfry of the Novodevichy Convent (about 2 km in a straight line).

The Presidium building is placed impressively and advantageously in terms of landscape: above the high cliff of the river valley. All windows of the building offer magnificent views of the valley and the city. It is known that the constant perception of wide open spaces and beautiful landscapes has a beneficial effect on human mental activity. The building itself became a noticeable dominant feature over the Moscow River valley and enriched its silhouette. During the construction of the Presidium building, complex hydrogeological work had to be carried out in order to prevent landslide processes and reliably strengthen it. Therefore, construction dragged on for many years.

Photo active recreation

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At the foot of the steep bedrock slope of the valley, next to the Presidium building, there are buildings of the St. Andrew's Monastery. It was founded in the middle of the 17th century. The first Moscow school was created there, where they studied Greek, Latin and Slavic grammar, philosophy and oratory - rhetoric. Translators of foreign books into Russian also worked here. The monastery also housed street children. At the end of the 18th century. the monastery was closed. From the Presidium building to the monastery you can go down the stairs and examine the surviving buildings. In the center there is the Church of the Resurrection (late 17th century), the Church of St. John the Evangelist (18th century), the gate church of St. Andrew Stratilates (17th century) and the buildings of almshouses. The external facades of the gate church are lined with bright colored tiles, characteristic of Russian architecture XVII V.

Next, the excursion route should continue along the river upstream. On the western side of the monastery there is a pond. It is elevated above the embankment by 8-10 m. Going up to the pond, you can see the entire panorama of the monastery, old trees on the mountain slopes, and the uneven surface of landslide mounds. From the pond the route leads towards the metro bridge. It is best to follow the paths laid along the lower tier of landslide ridges. From here you can clearly see the Luzhniki Sports Park, located on the left bank of the river. Above this part of the sports park, the Druzhba sports hall stands out with its original architecture. The huge round tent-roof of the hall rests on wedges of concrete supports. The building resembles a crab getting ready to run. There are no columns inside the hall, which made it possible to place an arena area measuring 1764 m2.

Photos of modern Moscow

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On the right bank, a system of landslide ridges covered with thickets of broad-leaved trees, areas of “drunk forest”, small lakes and swamps in the basins between the landslide mounds are clearly visible. Having reached the two-tier metro bridge, you need to turn left and climb along the asphalt path to the foot of the steep bedrock slope of the valley. You have to walk about 500 m along the path. reverse direction to the stairs going up the steep slope. On this section of the path you can see old lindens, oaks and maples growing along the bedrock slope, as well as along landslide mounds. Here and there there are springs, oozing slopes and babbling brooks. In the outcrops of the bedrock slope, brown loams with boulders (moraine) and layered loams with interlayers of sand (deluvium) are visible. The path intersects the reference profile. Low iron posts are driven into the surface of the bedrock slope and landslide bodies in a straight line. For each benchmark, the height above the river's edge and the distance from its bed are determined. If landslides start moving, these indicators will change. Using benchmarks, you can judge the intensity of landslide processes and take protective measures in a timely manner.

The stairs lead to the old manor's estate. It belonged in turn to the princes Dolgorukov, Yusupov, and Count Dmitriev-Mamonov. In 1910, the estate was acquired by the city council to establish a park. The 18th century palace, rebuilt in the 19th century, has survived to this day. famous Moscow architect D.I. Gilardi. The two-story palace building is decorated with a colonnade, light turrets, balconies and terraces. The house is surrounded by a park built at the end of the 18th century.

In front of the building there are flower beds and lilac plantings. Today the estate houses the Institute of Chemical Physics. After visiting the estate, you should walk along Vorobyovskoye Highway about 0.5 km to the bridge over Vernadsky Avenue. A majestic panorama of Moscow opens from the bridge. A flyover bridge with a total length of 1.5 km runs over the forest park, river and Luzhniki sports park. A huge flow of vehicles and metro trains move along it over the green areas of the Sparrow Hills forest park, over the river and Luzhniki Park, almost without disturbing their natural conditions.

Photos of modern Moscow

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The panorama of Komsomolsky Prospekt is closed on the horizon by the towers and domes of the Kremlin cathedrals. The distance from Vorobyovskoye Highway to the Kremlin is about 6 km. From the bridge you can clearly see what the avenue is. The Latin word "prospect" literally means "view". Indeed, Komsomolsky Prospekt opens beautiful view to the central part of the city. In urban planning, an avenue is usually called a straight, wide street in a city with multi-lane traffic. Komsomolsky Prospekt fully meets all these qualities. At Vorobyovskoye Highway, Komsomolsky Prospekt turns into Vernadskogo Prospekt, forming the city’s most important highway, about 13 km long. Since 1986, after the construction of a two-tier bridge over the Moscow River, it has directly connected the center of Moscow with the southwestern region of the city.

Near the bridge, on the left side of Vorobyovskoye Highway, there is a park and the building of the Palace of Pioneers and Schoolchildren, built in 1962 (now the Palace of Creativity of Schoolchildren and Youth). The palace consists of 11 buildings containing 400 rooms, dozens of offices and laboratories, theaters, concert halls, a planetarium, an observatory, a winter garden, and an indoor swimming pool. A children's stadium has been built in the park. There is a lake where you can exercise aquatic species sports. Previously, there was a landfill on the site of the park. Nowadays, on a territory with a total area of ​​about 50 hectares, thousands of ornamental trees and shrubs have been planted, lawns and flower beds have been created, and paths have been laid among the alleys.

Near Vorobyovskoye Highway, at the main entrance to the park, a monument to the literary hero Malchish-Ki-balchish, the brave character of Arkady Gaidar’s wonderful story “Military Secret,” was erected. Not far from the monument there is a 55-meter arrow-shaped mast-flagpole. Next to it is the main building of the Children's Palace, in which a winter garden is located. It contains fruit-bearing bananas, bamboo, palm trees and many other exotic trees and shrubs. Goldfish swim in picturesque pools. The Palace Park adjoins the Sparrow Hills forest park and increases total area green area of ​​this area of ​​Moscow. Both the park and the Palace are interesting to visit during an excursion to the Sparrow Hills.

After visiting the Palace, you should return to Vorobyovskoe Highway and go further along its right side, to the northwest towards the Big Ski Jump. From the bridge, an asphalt pedestrian road is laid over the steep cliff of the valley's bedrock slope. Centuries-old lindens, oaks, poplars, elms and maples grow above the edge of the slope. The path is separated from the highway by linden and rowan plantings. Having walked approximately 300-400 m from the bridge, below the edge of the slope you can see interesting monument. Above the small round platform rises a granite pylon in the form of two verticals, symbolizing the friendship of young people, two “sprouts” making their way towards the sun. The pylon is topped with two lamps - symbolic images of two revolutionary publications: the Polar Star almanac and the Bell newspaper. The retaining wall of the monument is lined with gray granite with bronze bas-reliefs of Herzen and Ogarev.

The monument was erected on the spot where in 1827 the young men Herzen and Ogarev vowed to devote their whole lives to the struggle against the autocracy. Herzen recalled this day many years later: “The sun was setting, the domes were shining, the city was spread out over the vast expanse under the mountain, a fresh breeze was blowing on us, we stood, stood, leaning on each other, and, suddenly hugging each other, swore allegiance, in full view of Moscow, to sacrifice our lives to our chosen destiny.”

The excursion route can be completed at the observation deck, which is located on the highest part of the Vorobyovy (Lenin) Mountains in the central part of the bend of the Moscow River. A ski jump was built next to the observation deck. When choosing a site for its construction, the maximum difference in elevation of the valley was used. The springboard is not only used in winter. In summer it is covered with a special plastic covering, providing athletes with training all year round. From the granite parapet you can see the entire valley of the Moscow River and a huge panorama of the city. On a clear, windless day, the yellowish-gray haze of smog is clearly visible from here, which has become especially frequent and thick in last years. Due to big amount smog regularly forms over the center of Moscow.

If you look towards the university, you can see a striking contrast in the air quality of different parts of the city: dirty smoke hangs over the center, while over the southwestern region there is often clear skies. On average, the air over the southwestern region of Moscow and especially over the Sparrow Hills is approximately ten times cleaner than in the central and southeastern regions of the city. Well visible from Vorobyovy Gory sports complex Luzhniki. The park and stadiums are located on the low left bank of the river. They occupy the flat, leveled surface of the floodplain. Previously, it was often flooded with spring waters. It contained wet meadows and swamps. The name “Luzhniki” comes from the wet meadows. In the 50s It was decided to create a large sports complex to host the All-Union Olympiads. By this time, the only undeveloped vast territory in relative proximity to the city center remained the Luzhnetsk floodplain. It was chosen for the construction of the stadium.

In 1955, construction of the country's largest sports complex began here. First of all, soil was added to an area of ​​about 190 hectares to raise the surface level above the river. Soil was gradually brought here starting in 1935, when the first subway tunnels were laid. But this was too little. In 1955, the volume of supplied soil increased sharply. It was taken from the river bottom using floating dredgers. As a result, 3.5 million m3 of soil was moved to the Luzhnetskaya floodplain. The floodplain level rose by an average of 1.5 m. After excavation, the river became twice as wide. Opposite the Great Sports Arena, its width now reaches 250 m. Fertile soil was laid on top of the reclaimed soil.

More than 40 thousand trees were planted on the floodplain: spruce, linden, maple, birch, rowan, hundreds of thousands of bushes, and extensive flower beds and lawns were created. The park came into being quickly, as trees were planted between 7 and 50 years old. A beautiful granite and concrete embankment with a cast fencing lattice was built along the riverbed. At the steps of the staircase going down to the water, bronze sculptural compositions made by the famous Soviet sculptor V.I. Mukhina were installed. The park and stadium took about a year and a half to build.

From the observation deck you can clearly see the Luzhniki Main Sports Arena. A bowl is installed above it, where the flame of the World Olympics broke out in 1980. To the left of the main arena is the Sports Palace, which seats 13 thousand spectators. Air conditioners supply clean air inside. In summer, it is cooled and moistened with artesian water, which comes through wells from a depth of 100 meters. The wells were drilled on the territory of the Luzhniki Stadium itself. A brilliant decoration of the panorama of the left bank of the river is the Novodevichy Convent with its openwork towers, walls and golden domes of churches. Behind the monastery the chimneys of a thermal power plant rise. Thanks to their height, the smoke from the chimneys rises high above the city, including above the Sparrow Hills. It flies over Moscow and dissipates far from it. It wasn't like that before. Low pipes (they survived next to the high ones) contributed to the pollution of the central part of the city.

Behind Luzhniki the city blocks rise. They are located on the floodplain terraces of the Moscow River. If you look closely, you can see how the city gradually rises along them from the low left bank of the river. In the absence of smog, the domes of the Kremlin cathedrals, the tops of high-rise buildings, and the Government building are visible on the horizon. Above eastern part bending the valley (to the right) rises the building of the Presidium of the Academy of Sciences. From here the excursion to the Sparrow Hills began. Behind it on the horizon you can see the openwork outlines of the Shukhov Tower. It was built according to the design of engineer V.G. Shukhov in 1922 to accommodate the transmitting antennas of the first Soviet radio station. The height of the tower is 160 m. The tour can be completed at the Vorobyovy Gory observation deck. A trolleybus runs from here to the Leninsky Prospekt metro station and Kievsky railway station.

• Favorite vacation spot for tourists, students, newlyweds, bikers and sports car enthusiasts.
• Observation deck at an altitude of 80 m above sea level offers spectacular panoramic view to the city.
• Architectural landmarks‒ Luzhniki sports complex, Shukhov TV tower, Novodevichy Convent, St. Andrew’s Monastery and others.
• The most impressive buildings‒ three Stalinist high-rise buildings and the main building of Moscow State University in the Stalinist Empire style.
• In summer you can do boat trip, ride the cable car, bike, roller skate, feed the animals, just take a walk.
• In winter you can practice skiing here, ski jumping, snowboarding.

One of the most famous park areas of Moscow is a favorite vacation spot for students, bikers, newlyweds and tourists. Here are located, offering a panoramic view of the whole of Moscow, and the symbol of the Stalinist Empire style - the Main Building of Moscow University.

In the Middle Ages, there were several villages on this site. One of them, Vorobyovo, stood on the current territory of the university. Today, the preserved Church of the Life-Giving Trinity reminds of the village. In 1453, these lands were bought by Princess Sophia, the wife of Moscow Prince Vasily I, and they became part of the royal possessions. Prince Vasily III loved this place very much, often visited it and, according to legend, even took refuge here from the Crimean Khan Devlet Giray, who attacked Moscow in 1521. And in 1547, in this village, together with his family, he took refuge from the Moscow fire.

Observation deck

From the observation deck of the Sparrow Hills, located at an altitude of 80 m above sea level, an excellent panorama of the city opens. City holidays are widely celebrated here, where motorcyclists and sports car enthusiasts gather. From the observation deck you can see the architectural dominants of the city: the Luzhniki sports complex, the Moscow City business center, and St. Andrew's Monasteries, the building of the Russian Academy of Sciences, the Shukhov TV Tower, three Stalinist skyscrapers - the Ministry of Foreign Affairs building, the skyscraper at the Red Gate and the Ukraine Hotel ", Kremlin domes, monument to Peter I by Zurab Tsereteli.

Address: intersection of st. Kosygin and Universitetsky proezd

Trinity Church

The Church of the Life-Giving Trinity is the only reminder of the village of Vorobyovo that was once located here. At first it was wooden, but at the end of the 18th century. On the instructions of Catherine II, a new Empire church was built in its place under the direction of the architect Karl Witberg. The temple is active and is located in close proximity to the observation deck. The bell tower, the main volume and the gallery connecting them are on the same axis, that is, the temple was built by a “ship”. The temple building ends with a large drum with a dome resembling a rotunda, which is quite typical for Empire buildings. However, inside the church has a quadrangular rather than a round configuration. On the outside, it is decorated with Tuscan order columns, pilasters and paintings.

Address: st. Kosygina, 30

St. Andrew's Monastery

At the foot of the Sparrow Hills is the St. Andrew's Monastery. It was founded in the 17th century. favorite of Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich Fedor Rtishchev in honor of the liberation of Moscow from the invasion of the Crimean Khan Kazy-Girey. Since this happened on the day of remembrance of the martyr Andrei Stratelates, the monastery was consecrated. Initially, the gate temple was wooden, but in 1675 it was rebuilt in stone. Particularly noteworthy are the tiles made by Belarusian masters of the “tsenin” craft, among whom was the famous Stepan Polubes. Later, another stone structure appeared - the Church of the Resurrection of Christ. Today on the territory of the monastery you can see the bell tower, which received its modern look in the middle of the 19th century Throughout the 19th century. Utility buildings were also built around these three buildings.

Address: Andreevskaya embankment, 2

The lands with the royal residence and monastery settlement were owned in turn by several famous noble families - the Saltykovs, Dolgorukovs, Yusupovs, as well as Count Matvey Dmitriev-Mamonov, in whose honor the manor house is often called the “Mamonova Dacha”. After the name of the first owner from the Dolgorukov family, the entire estate was named Vasilyevskoye. There was a noisy social life here, many guests came, and gardens with exotic plants grew around the house. The building of the main house in the Empire style, which can be seen now, most likely belongs to the author of the architect Osip Bove, who built a lot in Moscow after the fire of the War of 1812. Its main feature is the presence of a large domed rotunda. On the facade it is highlighted by a mezzanine and a six-column portico of the Ionic order. The rotunda is echoed by the belvedere towers crowning the two estate wings. The house is harmoniously integrated into the environment: standing on a hill, it allowed guests and owners to enjoy the panorama of Moscow. Now this building houses the Institute of Chemical Physics.

Address: st. Kosygina, 4

XX - XXI centuries

Main building of Moscow State University

In the second quarter of the 20th century. Vorobyovy Gory was renamed Leninsky Gory. It was here that one of the most famous Moscow buildings of the Stalin era was built - the main building of Moscow State University. M.V. Lomonosov. It was built from 1949 to 1953, and was completed after Stalin's death. Its architects were Boris Iofan, Lev Rudnev and Sergei Chernyshev; The sculpture on the facades was done by Vera Mukhina, who initially planned to place her famous composition “Worker and Collective Farm Woman” in front of the building.

The main building of Moscow State University is one of the seven embodied. Its height together with the spire is 240 m. Despite the difficult soils, the Main Building stands strong thanks to the special system of foundation, columns and supports designed by the architect and designer Nikolai Nikitin. The premises of the physics, chemistry and biology faculties were built as separate buildings, forming an entire university campus. The general style in which the buildings were erected is usually called a variant of Art Deco, “grand style” or Stalinist Empire style.

The building looks grandiose: a high spire, bas-reliefs, a giant order, expensive materials, luxurious stucco. Inside it was supposed to place everything necessary to ensure autonomy - post office, canteens, hairdressers, shops, etc. There are a lot of legends surrounding the construction of Moscow State University. It is believed that somewhere in the Main building there is even an underground passage and a bomb shelter, an entrance to the express metro (in the area of ​​zone “B”).

Address: Leninskie Gory, 1

the Russian Academy of Sciences

The building of the Russian Academy of Sciences is also impressive in scale. Its construction took 16 years, from 1974 to 1990. In plan, the building resembles two towers that stand side by side. They are surrounded by low extensions included in a single ensemble. On top of the complex is decorated with an intricate golden composition with a clock. Now on the upper floors of the RAS building there is a concert hall and an expensive restaurant with panoramic views.

Address: Leninsky Prospekt, 32a

Metropolitan

In 1959, the first open station of the Moscow metro, Vorobyovy Gory, was built in this area. It is located on the Luzhnetsky Bridge over the Moscow River. The construction of the station was fraught with significant difficulties and numerous errors; the station was closed for large-scale reconstruction. Now this is one of the most beloved stations by Muscovites: laconically decorated, spacious, bright, with an opening panorama of the city. It is the station with the longest hall in the Moscow metro, and its glass-enclosed station lobby periodically hosts temporary exhibitions.

Address: Vorobyovy Gory station, Sokolnicheskaya line of the Moscow Metro.

Luzhniki is a large multifunctional sports complex, which, in addition to matches and tournaments, hosts large-scale concerts and public holidays. The main construction took place in the 1950s; later the complex was partially reconstructed in preparation for the famous 1980 Summer Olympics. Many sports competitions in Russia and the world took place in this sports complex. Today you can rent courts, sports grounds, and use the services of a tour desk. Luzhniki has a golf complex, a swimming pool, sports sections, a hotel, a restaurant, and a medical center. Around the complex there is big park, there are several notable sculptures from the 1960s to the 1990s, as well as a small modern octagonal chapel of Prince Vladimir.

Address: Luzhniki, 24 (Bolshoi Sports Arena)

Active recreation on Vorobyovy Gory

The Vorobyovy Gory nature reserve lays wooden paths to several springs in the summer, spring and autumn and organizes “ecological” walking routes. You can book an excursion and feed the animals (there are special feed vending machines).

In the Moscow Palace of Children and Youth Creativity (Kosygina St., 17) there are many different clubs and sections. On the territory of the complex you can ride a slide, rent bicycles and tubes.

Tolstoy, Dostoevsky, Lermontov, Gorky and Blok loved to visit Sparrow Hills. The park is beautiful at any time of the year. To this day, it is considered a favorite vacation spot for citizens and guests of the capital on warm summer days. And in winter, Vorobyovy Gory becomes the venue for skiing and snowboarding competitions. Well-equipped ski lifts and 3 high-speed descents, up to 230 meters long, create ideal conditions for training for professional and amateur athletes.

The first settlement on the Sparrow Hills existed already in the 1st millennium BC. Excavations carried out in the 19th century made it possible to discover an ancient settlement, attributed by archaeologists to the Dyakovo period.

The name of the mountains, previously called Vorobyovy Kruchi, was given by the village of Vorobyovo, which was once located here, and existed until the 14th century. It, according to archaeologists and historians, grew out of that ancient settlement that was discovered in the 19th century. The village is repeatedly mentioned in the chronicles of the Great Moscow Principality and other historical sources. Since the 14th century, wooden churches were erected in the village, periodically suffering from a common disaster in those days - fires. Later, the Church of the Life-Giving Trinity was erected.

The observation deck in the mountains was the most famous point from where Khan Kazy-Girey, Hetman from Lithuania Khodkevich, and in 1812 Napoleon looked at the city. Ivan the Terrible, and later Boris Godunov and Alexei Mikhailovich, loved to relax here.

Today the park is famous for the Moscow State University building, which was built from 1949 to 1956. It is precisely with the need to expand the territory of the university that the remains of the village are demolished. Only the temple remains in memory of him.

Observation deck of Sparrow Hills

A site was erected at the intersection of Kosygina Street and University Square. This is the highest point of the park, from where you can appreciate the stunning view of the surrounding area. Through telescopes you can take a look at the surrounding beauty at an altitude of 80 meters above the Moskva River completely free of charge.

The first visitors were able to climb the site back in 1848, when its construction was completed under the leadership of architect V.I. Dolganova. Today this place is very popular among city residents. For cultural recreation everything you need is here. Therefore, the observation deck is often chosen as a venue for wedding photo shoots, excursions and public events. Guests of the city traditionally take memorable photos here.

To get down from the site, you can walk along the stairs or use the cable car, which is located on the right and operates all year round. The descent has three stops: intermediate, embankment and pier. There are always liners on duty at the pier, on which good weather you will be able to take a river trip. If you wish, you can add a walk in the park river cruise on the boat with live music.

What can you see from the observation deck

From a bird's eye view there is a beautiful panorama of:

• Luzhniki Stadium is a landmark in the central part of the park.
• Novodevichy Convent, which rises to the left of the stadium.
• Skyscrapers of Moscow City, located across the Moscow River.
• Shukhov Tower is located to the right of the park.

In 2018, a fan zone was equipped on the territory of Vorobyovy Gory to watch the World Cup. Equipped with a 27-meter stage and screen, it is located next to Moscow State University and can simultaneously accommodate up to 25 thousand fans.

Cable car on Vorobyovy Gory

The funicular on Vorobyovy Gory opened in 1953. The local ski jump was also completed at the same time. For more than 60 years, the complex has been extremely popular among athletes and visitors. And from the chairs of the cable car there is a dizzying view.

The lower landing point is located near the Vorobyovy Gory metro station. The highest starting point is located at the observation deck of Moscow State University. There you will also find ticket offices where you can purchase tickets for 150 rubles on weekdays and 200 rubles on weekends.

If you use the services of a local photographer on the funicular, the price of this service will be 200 rubles. To save money, you can buy tickets for the ascent and descent at once, then you can take advantage of the discount, as in the case of travel for a tourist group. Please note that payment is accepted only in cash.

Main attractions of the park

Choice interesting places Large enough for a walk in the park. Among the local attractions you can see the following:

• Main building of Moscow State University. Its foundation was laid on the initiative of M.V. Lomonosov in 1755. There is a separate observation deck located on the 24th floor. From a height of 200 meters, an extraordinary panorama opens up, for which you will have to purchase a ticket for the excursion.
• Botanical Garden of Moscow State University. Its territory covers 30 hectares. Over 5 thousand different plants are planted on the alleys and paths. There is a rock garden, an arboretum and a separate area with exotic plants.
• Boring Garden. Its territory is covered with picturesque walking paths, special trails for cyclists, as well as well-equipped training grounds and children's play complexes.
• Luzhniki Stadium. To get here, you need to cross the Moscow River via the Luzhnetsky Metro Bridge. This is where the Vorobyovy Gory metro station is located.
• Central Park named after M. Gorky. The easiest way to get there is from the two nearest metro stations “Park Kultury” or “Oktyabrskaya”. In terms of popularity, the park is not inferior to the largest recreation areas of the capital.
• Springboard. Built specifically for skiers in 1953, it is 72 meters long.
• Trinity Church. The ancient temple is famous for the fact that in 1812 M.I. prayed here. Kutuzov, before going to the famous council in Fili.
• Borodino Alley. 20 registered oak trees were planted on the alley in honor of the 200th anniversary of the victory in the Patriotic War of 1812.
• Memorial sign. It was also installed to commemorate victory in the War of 1812. To find the composition, you need to walk 200 meters away from the lower cable car station.
• Stele dedicated to A.I. Herzen and N.P. Ogarev. It is known that it was in Vorobyovy Gory in 1827 that future thinkers took an oath that they would fight for people’s freedom to the end. The stela was erected next to the Ski Jump.

Most of the attractions of the Sparrow Hills, as well as the observation deck, can be visited during one of the sightseeing excursions. You can order a guided walk from the Sputnik portal.

Ecological trail

This is a local ecological zone, characterized by an unusual natural landscape with springs. Ecological trail in Vorobyovy Gory opened in 2005. Information stands and signs provide useful information about the history of its creation, as well as about all the types of plants and animals that live here.

The local fauna is mainly represented by moles, squirrels and voles. There are also many different types of birds here. These are woodpeckers, tits, falcons, warblers, thrushes and nightingales. After a walk to the ponds, you can look into any of the gazebos. And don’t forget to take grains and nuts with you, because the squirrels in the forest park are tame, and there are feeders for birds.

Working hours

The cable car on Vorobyovy Gory is not closed all year round. Its operating hours please visitors with their duration. The first passenger departs at 10:00, and the last flight departs at 22:00. The journey takes only 8 minutes, and the route crosses most of the park. Please note that on Mondays the cable car only opens at 15:00.

How to get to Vorobyovy Gory by metro

Vorobyovy Gory is located at 28 Kosygina Street. There may be several options for how to get here. First of all, you should use the metro. The following stations are suitable: “Frunzenskaya”, “University” and “Vorobyovy Gory”.

On the map of the capital you can also easily map out the route to get to the park by car. There is a parking lot near the site. Current price places are indicated on signs and signs.

You can find useful information about the recreation area and a poster of events on the official website. There is also a detailed map of the Vorobyovy Gory Park, which you can use to find out how to get to this or that object by the shortest route.

 

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