Brief history of tourism. A brief history of tourism. History of tourism development in Russia

§ 5. Characteristics of stages in the history of tourism development

Tourism as a mass social phenomenon began to emerge only after the Second World War, although the roots of tourism go back to the deep past. There are four stages in the history of tourism development.

The first stage is from antiquity to the beginning of the 19th century.
The second stage is from the beginning of the 19th century to the beginning of the 20th century.
The third stage is from the beginning of the 20th century to the Second World War.
The fourth stage is after the Second World War to the present day.

This periodization is based on technical, economic and social prerequisites, as well as the target functions of tourism at different stages of development.

The first stage of tourism development is called the prehistory of tourism. The beginning of this stage dates back to the ancient period (Ancient Greece and Rome), when the main motives for travel were trade, pilgrimage, treatment, and education. Sports travel was born during this period. For example, participants and spectators of the Olympic Games traveled to the competition site from the most remote corners of Greece.

Later, in the Middle Ages, a religious factor became an incentive to travel - worship of the shrines of Christianity and Islam. The Renaissance weakens religious motives and enhances the individual nature of travel.

During the Enlightenment, travel was educational. For example, young nobles went on a kind of “grand tour” of Europe in order to receive a prestigious education, which would give them the right to engage in political or social activities. In Great Britain, such a route began in, then students went to Paris, after which they continued their education in, and, the return route ran through Switzerland, Germany and the Netherlands.

Until the mid-19th century, travel had a number of distinctive features: Firstly, the means of transportation were primitive; Secondly, travel was not an end in itself, but a necessary condition and means of achieving some other goal (for example, trade, treatment, education, etc.). The development of manufacturing production and industrial revolutions of the 18th-19th centuries in leading European countries brought changes to the economic life of society. As a result of the development of the productive forces of society, a differentiation occurs between the working time and the free time of the employee. This created the preconditions for the second stage of tourism development.

The second stage of tourism development is called elite tourism. It is at this stage that the first specialized enterprises for the production of tourism services begin to be created. The most important role at this stage of tourism development was played by revolutionary changes in transport. Change-12

Fox delivery and transportation means. In 1807, the inventor Fulton designed and built the first steamboat. The first steam locomotive was created by Stephenson in 1814. The means of delivering mail were improved and the road network expanded. All this led to much greater reliability and speed of movement. At the same time, travel costs were reduced due to more economical means of transportation.

In the middle of the 19th century, the first shipping companies emerged that transported settlers from the Old World to the shores of North and South America.

Scientific and technological progress and the social struggle of workers for their rights, as well as the growing prosperity of society, have created the opportunity to travel for the majority of ordinary people. Improved quality and reliability of transport services, along with their reduction in cost, have led to a significant increase in the flow of travelers. The first enterprises appeared that specialized in serving temporary visitors. The first hotels are replacing modest boarding houses.

In 1801, the Badische Hof hotel opened in Germany (Baden-Baden). In 1812, the Rigi-Klesterli hotel came into operation in Switzerland; in 1832, a hotel was built in the city of Faulhorn. In the city of Interlaken (Switzerland), the Grand Hotel Schweitzerhof was built in 1859. In Germany at the turn of the 18th – 19th centuries. the first resorts appear mineral waters– in Heiligendamm, Norderney and Travemünde.

During this period of the formation of tourism, luxury hotels were built primarily to serve representatives of aristocratic circles. But in the second half of the 19th century, the leisure industry expanded its scope of production. The first travel agencies were added to the hotel industry, whose task was to organize tourist trips and sell them to consumers.

An example of the first package tour (a set of tourist services sold at a single price) would be group tour for a holiday organized by Thomas Cook in 1841. The package of services included a twenty-mile trip along railway, tea, buns and a brass band. The entire trip cost each passenger just one shilling. Naturally, T. Cook did not pursue commercial, but rather social goals. With such an action, he sought to draw attention to the possibilities for the appropriate use of working time.

After this, over the course of 20 years, many new travel agencies emerged in England. Beginning in 1862, the first catalogs of tourist trips appeared, which reflected the expansion of tourist demand. In Germany, the first travel agency was founded in 1863 in Breslau. It had close contacts with shipping companies and at the beginning of the 20th century actively advertised and sold sea cruise pleasure trips. However, in late XIX- early 20th century Few could afford long-distance tourist trips.

The third stage marked the beginning of the development of social tourism. First World War, the economic depression of the 1930s and World War II had a negative impact on the development of tourism. At the same time, it was during this period that elements of mass tourism appeared, which reached its peak in the post-war decades.

For example, the Hotelplan company appears in Switzerland, which is currently one of the largest producers of travel services in this country. The formation of the company in 1935 was based on the ideas of its founder G. Duttweiler that the involvement of the “little man” in tourism would provide invaluable assistance to the hotel industry. Massive cheap tours are becoming the company's main product. Already in the first financial year, the company sold more than 50 thousand tourist vouchers.

The fourth stage is called the mass tourism stage. It was during this period that tourism became widespread. From a luxury item, it becomes a necessity for the majority of the population of industrialized countries. The leisure and entertainment industry is being formed with its own institutions, product, production cycle, methods of organizing and managing production.

To the west European countries During this period, tourism companies, hotels, and enterprises for attractions and entertainment were actively created. European tourism in the 50s was focused primarily on American tourists and was a source of dollar revenue. In the 60s and until the mid-70s, there was a rapid increase in both outbound and inbound tourism, as well as an increase in the number tourism enterprises and the volume of their production.

The most important indicator of the completion of the process of formation of mass tourism is the intensity of tourism in a particular country. Tourism intensity shows what part of the country's population annually makes at least one tourist trip and is calculated as a percentage of the entire population of the country or that part of it that is over 14 years old. When the intensity of tourism exceeds 50%, then we can talk about established mass tourism.

After the Second World War, fundamental changes occurred in supply and demand in the tourism market, which give reason to say that mass conveyor tourism has been transformed into mass differentiated tourism. In both the first and second cases, we are talking about mass tourism, in which not only the elite, but also the middle class, and, starting from the 80s, the population from low level income.

Conveyor tourism presupposes relative primitivism and homogeneity of the needs and motivations of tourists and, accordingly, the impersonal conveyor nature of the services produced.

Differentiated tourism is distinguished by a variety of needs and motivations of tourists, a multiplicity of highly specialized segments in tourist demand, a variety of services offered and a pronounced specialization of the tourist offer. Differentiated tourism is characterized by a wide range of services. A travel agency, as a rule, offers a certain number of types of tourism products, each of which has many options to choose from. The transition from conveyor to differentiated tourism took place simultaneously with the transition from the producer market to the consumer market.

The determining motive for the behavior of the consumer of tourism services during this period was the recreational aspect of tourism. Rest was seen as a means of restoring physical strength in order to continue working. The expansion of demand in the tourism market was accompanied by the active growth of tourism enterprises. Tourist services are standardized and offered in the form of combined “package tours”.

At the turn of the 60s - 70s. a society of consumption of material goods is being formed, i.e. consumption for the sake of consumption. The producer market is being replaced by the consumer market. The motivation of tourist demand is becoming more complicated. Along with recreational tourism, educational, communication and investment aspects of tourism are becoming increasingly important.

Due to the expansion of tourism demand and supply, capital flows into the tourism industry from other areas of the national economy. Transport enterprises and trading firms are particularly active. Thus, from the second half of the 70s of the XX century. we can talk about the flourishing of conveyor tourism, which is currently gradually transforming into differentiated tourism.

The growing importance of tourism is characteristic of the 20th - early 21st centuries. Its role comes down not only to influencing the economy, but, most importantly, to recognizing the need to develop ties between peoples different countries peace and for mutual knowledge of their history, culture, traditions. Tourism has become an ambassador of friendship in international relations.

Modern tourist flows are formed under the influence of factors reaching the history of ancient eras. This is explained by man’s desire to understand the world around him, to establish trade, economic, cultural and other ties with neighboring peoples. The first signs of tourism are observed in ancient times and are closely related to travel as the main means of understanding the environment.

For many centuries the population was static. It was mainly characterized by attachment to the land, Agriculture. As centuries passed, the need for new territories to live in grew. To search for them, entire tribes went on world travels, meeting little-known peoples who differed in language, culture, and traditions. Some of the travelers described these features, and the materials were then used to strengthen ties between peoples. Among the medieval travelers who described the culture and life, for example, of the peoples of the East, a famous navigator, a Venetian merchant of the 13th century, stood out. Marco Polo. The materials he collected served as the basis for drawing up geographical maps.

The end of the 15th - second half of the 18th century. - era of the Greats geographical discoveries, which contributed to the further development of trade and navigation. The centralized monarchies of Europe equipped expeditions to conquer new overseas territories. All this marked an increase in the mobility of the world's population. So, travelers for many centuries set out on the road not for pleasure, but to achieve some goal. Traveling for pleasure only became popular when regular Passenger Transportation, food and accommodation facilities were organized, the action of travelers (XVII century), when the elements of obvious risk and everyday obstacles, which for centuries had been the main obstacle on the way of travelers, disappeared.

After the First Industrial Revolution (at the end of the 19th century), travel became more popular, but mainly among the wealthy. However, we note that people were constantly moving. They were associated with wars and other political events, with pilgrimages to holy places, job searches, and education. However, the volume of these trips was insignificant.

The large-scale growth of tourism is associated with further development world economy, market relations and classic components of demand: free time, money and consumer preferences.

Most modern tourism researchers identify four main stages (stages) of its development 1, although their timing may differ slightly. Thus, the English scientists Y. Likorish and K. Jenkins associate the first of the four stages with a long period that covers ancient times up to the 18th century, and Ukrainian researchers. Belikov, L. Ustimenko and I. Afanasyev continue it almost until the middle of the 19th century, or more precisely, until 1841. In our opinion, its upper limit coincides with the period of the development of the First Industrial Revolution, which entailed tangible changes in the social life of mankind - the emergence of the steam engine and its practical application.

So, let's name the four main stages (stages) in the history of tourism development.

First - from ancient times to the end of the 18th - beginning of the 19th century. This is the beginning stage of the development of world tourism.

Second - beginning of the 19th century. until the end of the First World War - the period of formation of organized tourism.

Third - from 1918 r. until the end of World War II - the stage of industrialization of tourism.

Fourth - from 1945 to the present day. Associated with the massive development of tourism and the process of globalization.

Many researchers first stage, The stage of the beginning of tourism is most often associated with the development of trade relations between individual cities, countries, and regions 2. The greatest traders of antiquity were the Phoenicians, who successfully used ships to build sea routes to unknown countries, sailing along the western shores of Europe and Africa.

A special period in the history of mankind is associated with the ancient Greek traveler, scientist, father of history Herodotus (around 485 - around 425 AD), who described the countries of the Middle East, the Scythian steppes of the Black Sea region (V century AD .). After Herodotus, Pi-fey made a significant contribution to the knowledge of the world, traveling around the shores of Western and Northern Europe in 330 before the birth of Christ, wrote these countries for the Greeks. For the first time he called England Albion (White Island).

The mobility of the Greeks reached a high level during the heyday of city-states, in particular Athens, Delphi, Epidauri, and Olympia. Starting from 776 AD. That is, every year sports fans and art fans flocked to the Olympic Games not only from Hellas, but also from other European countries. The construction of the first specialized buildings that could accommodate athletes and spectators also dates back to this period. The military campaigns of Alexander the Great in the 4th century were of great importance for understanding the world. to n. e.

The ancient Greek geographer Strabo (63 AD - 20 AD) did a lot to understand the world. His famous “Geography” in 17 books became a noticeable step in understanding the world, countries, and individual peoples. Claudius Ptolemy supplemented previous geographers with new knowledge of the world.

After the Roman conquest of Greece, a direct path opened to places that were already considered the center of world culture in those days. The Romans studied the Greek language, philosophy, recognized cultural monuments, as well as visiting places with warm mineral waters and organized comfort in the regions of Campania and Etruria, Herculaneum. During the Roman Empire, state courts arose along the roads, where couriers and civil servants of Rome were accommodated for rest. During such trips, the Romans already used road guides.

Religious pilgrimage spread in the early Middle Ages. On the way to holy places, pilgrims used monasteries, churches, and inns for rest. The most famous centers of religious tourism in the Holy Land were Jerusalem, Nazareth, Bethlehem, the monasteries of Quelushi, Lourdes, as well as the Muslim shrine - Mecca, etc.

Arab travelers of the UP-XI centuries significantly expanded their knowledge of the world. The most famous was the merchant from Basra - Suleiman, who visited China, India and other countries of the world and left interesting memories.

Marine discoveries in the 8th-9th centuries made a significant contribution to the knowledge of geographical space. northern peoples, in particular the Normans, who during their campaigns simultaneously captured coastal cities, settlements, and captured merchant ships. on our lands they were called Varangians.

During the era of Kievan Rus, the contacts of our ancestors with the countries of Western Europe and Byzantium were especially close, which influenced the fateful decision to adopt Christianity in Rus'-Ukraine. This helped, through the mediation of clergy, translators, and artisans, to maintain close ties with Byzantium and with many other European countries.

In the Middle Ages, mass movements of people were observed during the campaigns of Christ. This made it possible not only to conquer new territories, but also to explore them, expand sales markets, and purchase new goods. Detailed Descriptions these countries and peoples left such famous travelers, like Afanasii Nikitin and Marco Polo, already mentioned by us.

An important milestone in the development of tourism was the use of mineral waters and mud for medicinal purposes; their use since ancient times is evidenced by archaeological excavations and descriptions in the Bible, for example, about the use of the sacred Lake Benares near Jerusalem for medicinal purposes. IN Ancient Egypt medicinal properties Priests used mineral waters, which increased the wealth of local temples. Somewhat later, sacred springs, lakes and even rivers were used for treatment and pilgrimage (India, Ancient China, Persia).

“We can talk about recreational and tourism activities in the modern sense of the word,” notes V. Matsola, “only in Ancient Greece and Ancient Rome. In these countries, special centers with valuable natural recreational resources were formed, which provided a wide range of recreational services: swimming, drinking, hot baths, rubbing, treatment, household services, etc.,” 8 Hot springs on the island were especially popular in Ancient Greece. Yevbel, where special buildings were erected for their use. Here their owners rented houses to newcomers for treatment for an appropriate fee.

In Ancient Rome wonderful places health resorts were Baia, Aqua Albula, the seaside climatic area of ​​Sencio, as well as about. Capri is south of mainland Italy, and to this day is considered one of the most privileged tourist centers in Europe.

In ancient times, popular centers were located on the present-day Beilya Erkulans and Sinjarz Bay in Romania, Aquincula (Budapest) and Lake. Balaton in Hungary, Varajinske Toplice (Croatia), Dobrna (Slovenia), Varna in Bulgaria, Wiesbaden in Germany, Baden in Switzerland, Bath in Great Britain, Aix-les-Bains in France, etc.*

Healing mineral springs and local climatic conditions skillfully used on the American continent, in particular by the Aztecs in Mexico and the Incas in South America. During the era of the Byzantine Empire, some areas on the shores and islands of the Marmara and Aegean Seas, as well as the shores of the Bosphorus Strait, were used for therapeutic and health purposes. In the XII century. Mineral springs in France and Italy gained wide popularity. In the XIV century. The resort of Carlsbad (now Karlovy Vary) arose. At this time, the resort of Baden-Baden in southwestern Germany became popular.

With the birth of resorts, a regime of medical procedures was established. From the middle of the 16th century. Carlsbad introduced a patient tax for the first time. At the beginning of the 17th century. already existed in France resort infrastructure, created to supervise resorts and their operation. Similar institutions arose in Great Britain and Switzerland 5 .

In the same period (late 17th century), the term “tourist” appeared in the French lexicon. They were called representatives of the privileged nobility who, out of curiosity, visited foreign countries. Interest in Italy, the ancient monuments of Rome, Florence and other cities especially increased. With the discovery of Pompeii (19th century), Italy became a leading tourist country Europe.

The development of tourism accelerated significantly in the 18th century, when seaside resorts emerged, creating a fashion for swimming in sea water. First large hotels at such resorts were known in Great Britain, and subsequently in France and other countries. First on sea ​​resorts the wealthiest visitors were relaxing. With the growth of prosperity, representatives of the middle class became clients of such establishments. Massive travel for personal pleasure began in the late 18th and early 19th centuries.

So, travel carried out before the end of the 18th century cannot be considered tourism in the modern sense. they should be considered as the beginning stage of modern tourism.

Second stage which is also called the railway era" is associated with the first explosion of great demand for travel and its impact on social habits and the economy of countries. The increase in the speed of travel by steamships and trains, as well as the increase in the population and its financial and economic opportunities, created a noticeable tourism market. travel, and with them - tourist centers with tourist trade, agents, tour operators who offered organized tours, tour packages and even travel literature. At first glance, little has changed today, but the coordination of transport plans and tourism policies was then limited or rather imperfect.

The first passenger railway opened in England in 1830. According to researchers, in particular the English authors Y. Likorish and K. Jenkins, already in 1841 T. Cook introduced the first package tour, carrying out a mass walk (570 people) from Leicester to Loughborough. He actively started a new line of business. The merit of T. Cook was that he began organizing all components of the trip - transport, accommodation, service at the place of stay, creating a real tourism product and satisfying specific market demand. He invented an essential service - a travel package. The invention of an enterprising Englishman began to be implemented all over the world, but primarily in the 40-50s of the 19th century. - in industrialized European countries.

T. Cook radically changed the attitude towards travel - from necessary, sometimes distant, often associated with finding work or for the purpose of education, to organized entertainment and a new understanding of leisure itself. Contemporaries valued him not only for the science of organizing tourism, but also for his advertising activities, for the travel guides. He was the first to organize international trips (tours) from England to mainland Europe, in particular to the World Exhibition in Paris (1851), and from 1856 to other European countries. From 1865 T. Cook began using ships for cruise trips English tourists to North America, in particular SPIA. In 1882, the first trip around the world was carried out.

In 1867, he took a five-month voyage to the holy places (Palestine) together with Mark Twain, probably the first cruise on the Mediterranean Sea. The cost of such a trip for a passenger was $1,200. At that time it was a huge sum, which only representatives of the rich segments of the population could pay 6 .

The expansion of demand for tourism services is associated not only with an increase in the living standards of the population, but also with the development railway transport, shipping, communications, production machinery, distribution of advertising and service.

Organized travel stimulated the construction of large hotels in cities near train stations and at popular resorts. The demand for tourism services stimulated the development of resorts, which were based on the use of mineral springs and mud. This happened until trips to the sea caused rapid growth Mediterranean centers such as Nice, Cannes in France, etc.

Hotel companies at the turn of the 19th and 20th centuries. started construction individual buildings, and hotel chains, providing holidaymakers with organized food, medical services, etc.

The development of tourism was significantly influenced by amateur tourist clubs and societies that appeared in the second half of the 19th century. They developed routes, taking care to provide tourists with the necessary comfort. The first such club arose in Great Britain (1857 p.), subsequently - in Austria (1862 p.), Italy, Switzerland (1863 p.), Germany (1869) and in other countries of Europe and the world. Advertising and marketing activities have contributed to increasing the attractiveness of tourist and health centers. Thus, in Monte Carlo in 1914, a rally was opened to intensify off-season tourism and entertainment activities. In turn, hotel companies organized an exhibition of old brands of cars. This happened primarily in London and Brighton.

Transatlantic travel since the 60s of the 19th century. began to be called Grand Tours, they were motivated by knowledge of the cultural heritage and curiosity of the population. The number of trips to the American continent gradually increased, in particular to its northern countries. This was the reason for the founding of the new company Wells Fango, Movement of passengers from Great Britain and Europe to America along with migrants in 1910 - 1914 pp. exceeded 1 million people annually 7 .

So, during the second stage of tourism development, serious changes took place in the very essence of travel: traveling for a specific purpose turned into traveling for pleasure or playing sports or hobbies. This new trend has spread to most countries in Europe. High-quality advertising booklets, brochures and guidebooks appeared. Writers who dedicated their works to travel played a positive role.

In fact, modern tourism in form and content appeared on the eve of the First World War. Intensive development of tourism in the 19th century. led to the establishment in 1898 of the International League of Tourist Associations, headquartered in Luxembourg, which in 1919 was transformed into an international tourism alliance that still exists and unites more than 140 countries around the world.

Third (interwar) period relatively short; it lasted from 1918 to 1945. It is also called the stage of industrialization of tourism. This period had the most flaw - it was hit by the main world recessions (crises) of the 30s. After the First World War, tourism recovered relatively quickly, although the war did not pass without a trace. It brought the expected changes, which resulted in interest in peace and mutual understanding between peoples, increased activity in the movement for the emancipation of women, and the like. The second important factor in the development of tourism was technological improvements accelerated by wartime needs. Thus, cars and buses became more efficient, thanks to which tour operators could provide more comfortable and cheaper transport for tourist needs. Aviation has become a practical means of delivery. This was the beginning of the era of mobility and communications, which significantly influenced the development of tourism in all countries of the world.

In general, travel was associated mainly with state transport. In the post-war years there was an increase air service. For example, in 1938, 220 thousand passengers were recorded in Great Britain, of which 95 thousand were sent to mainland Europe. A third of British holidaymakers traveled by coach. The craving for new types of recreation continued. Camping and traveling by car with trailers became increasingly popular in Western Europe, youth tourist camps were spreading, and the social aspect of tourism and recreation with the assistance of national states was intensifying (recreation itself was still limited in time - from one to two weeks a year). Thus, in 1939 in Great Britain, out of 18 million workers, 11 million enjoyed government support. This was the period of formation of social tourism.

The number of foreign trips involving representatives of the middle class also gradually increased. This is observed in Europe and America. Experts assess the mentioned period of tourism development as a rehearsal for the takeoff of tourism after the Second World War. After all, as already mentioned, the global crisis of the 30s had a decisive impact on limiting the development of tourism and reducing the volume of transatlantic transportation. This was especially evident in Germany and Italy. Among the European countries, they had or did not have the greatest economic difficulties. The events also affected Great Britain. If in 1930 there were 1.8 million people traveling from England to Austria, and almost 1 million in Switzerland, then during the crisis these flows decreased by half or even more. Tourism suffered an even more significant blow during World War II. But the path to revolutionary changes in the development of tourism, despite the global crisis and the Second World War, has already been determined. Travel and recreation for millions of people on the planet have become an integral part of their lives.

The fourth period - the stage of mass travel - begins in 1945 and continues to this day. At this stage, a scientific and technological revolution is being introduced, which was realized by an increase in the well-being of all segments of the population, an increase in income and free time, which influenced the lifestyle and behavior of people. The scale of these changes turned out to be enormous.

The massive growth in travel began primarily in the developed countries of the world. This was facilitated by the development of communications, transport and other forms of communications, in particular television, which strengthened the economic factors of tourism development, as well as the population’s interest in the attractions of foreign countries. The situation has developed that foreign trips in developed countries outweighed interest in domestic tourism products or recreation at home.

In general, the population of the world's rich countries has become significantly more mobile thanks to an increase in the number of cars - from 100 million in 1970 to 650 million in the first five years of the 21st century. Moreover, private cars account for almost 4/5 ground transport. The private car has become the most important means of travel to vacation spots - 58% of the total number transported 8.

Railway and public transport(bus) at this stage of tourism development, in particular in developed countries, have lost their decisive role, but the transportation of tourists to regular flights by air. Since the second half of the 80s of the XX century. transportation on irregular flights (charter services) appeared. They accounted for up to 1/6 of the total transportation of vacationers by air in the world and more than 50% on European flights 9 .

The rapid and large-scale development of air passenger transport After the war, the revolutionary introduction of multi-seat aircraft and the high efficiency of equipment contributed to the significant reduction in flight times and reduction in real prices. Charter flights intensively used by tour operators in European countries. The scale of expansion of tourist transport by air, according to the WTO, already in the mid-90s reached almost 600 million people, and in 1960 there were only 69 million. In general, the volume of tourist arrivals from 1950 to 2008 increased almost by 35 times, amounting to 924 million people in 2008. Moreover, the largest share came from Europe, which amounted to 66.4% and 52.8% of the total volume of international arrivals, respectively. With the expansion of the overall volume of travel, tourist flows have changed their direction. First, long-distance travel grew faster than short-distance travel. Secondly, they began to be implemented en masse tourist trips northern industrial cities in sunny southern shores. Most tourist flows during the 50s of the XX century. They became specialized in nature. Cultural and educational travel has increased significantly. Sports tourism, trips to visit friends, acquaintances, and relatives (sentimental tourism) have developed.

in the late 80s there was a mass movement from cold northern latitudes to hot southern beaches The Mediterranean has weakened somewhat, particularly in Spain. This happened due to changes in demand. But from southern countries- Spain, Italy and others, a significant share of the increase in tourists in Europe came from travel to cooler northern European countries. At the same time, reliable air traffic in the world has contributed to the redistribution of international flows for the benefit primarily of the Asia-Pacific macroregion. If their share in 1980 of the total number of arrivals in the world was 8.3%, 1990 - 12.8, 2000 - 16.0, 2005 - 19.3, then in 2008 - 20 .3% 10.

The noticeable growth rate of tourist flows could not be achieved without powerful capital investments aimed at developing new tourist areas, mainly in the European Mediterranean, Caribbean region Central America, countries of Eastern and South-East Asia. Some of these recreation and health centers by the sea, built in an urban style, that is, with high-rise buildings, have experienced many problems. First of all, this is a conflict with the quality of the environment and the “green” movement. However, the expansion of business related to business tourism, including conference tourism, indicates an increase in demand for such hotel complexes in the world tourist centers. High efficiency business tourism has made this market segment of services profitable, and therefore stable and promising.

We also note that the development of tourism is directly affected by global recessions. For example, the first so-called energy crisis in the post-war period (1974) influenced a significant decrease in transatlantic travel to Europe. Fortunately, the revival of travel has occurred in a fairly short period. During the second recession (1981), there was a significant economic downturn, which affected overall tourist arrivals. So in 1982, compared to the previous year, the number of international tourists in the world decreased by 1.7 million, and the average annual growth rate in the 80s was more than 3 million people.

The economic crisis of 1991 is associated with the war in Persian Gulf. It significantly affected certain structural changes in the world economy: there was a decline in the manufacturing industry, and this led to an increase in unemployment, therefore, negatively affecting the growth of tourism, in particular in Europe. Overall, the 1990s were a period of stable growth rates, from 439.5 million international tourists in 1990 to 639.6 million in 1999. 11

The global economic crisis, which began in the second half of 2008, does not yet give us reason to consider its consequences, but it is quite clear that its impact on the development of tourism in the world will be negative.

In recent decades, traditional group trips outside the home country in Europe and North America began to be implemented en masse on own cars. This led to a decrease in the duration of travel (to a maximum of five nights), but a new trend emerged - the frequency of outings and trips increased. This improved, that is, benefited, seasonality in tourism. Since then (late 80s of the 20th century), seasonality in many countries that receive tourist flows began to be viewed not as an invincible economic problem, but as a marketing problem.

In general, during the first half of the fourth period of tourism development, there was an extensive increase in recreation, the number of tourism enterprises and the volume of services they provide. Since the 80s, on the one hand, mass conveyor tourism (as V. Saprunova calls it), has been transformed into mass differentiated tourism, which is due to the diversity of needs and motivations of tourists, that is, the spread of highly specialized segments in tourist demand, the variety of services offered, expressed specialization of tourism services 12. With another sides New factors began to influence the development of mass tourism - the quality of services, the economic state of the environment and even the political situation. So, at the last stage of the fourth period of tourism development, there was a transition from the producer market to the consumer market of services, which requires their flexibility to satisfy not only the needs of the elite and middle class, but also the low-income population.

Ancient Greek, Persian and Arab travelers left many ethnographic references from the 7th-10th centuries about Christian and sun-worshipping tribes and peoples who inhabited the territories that now belong to independent Ukraine. Mentions of the first German traveler were recorded by chroniclers at the court of Vladimir the Great (the prince received the German personally). In subsequent times, tourism remains the personal choice of certain deviant individuals, holy fools or obscenely wealthy.

It became something exceptional and more or less organized with the advent of steamships, and then long-term trips began to gain popularity. sea ​​travel, and river cruises. In the Russian Empire, the first tourism organization was the Russian Society of Tourists. Over time, the “Soviet Tourist” society (in our country, “Ukrtur”) under the People’s Commissariat of the RSFSR became its successor. It was replaced by the All-Union Society of Proletarian Tourism and Excursions (abbreviated OPT) in 1929, and it was a success, albeit a relative one.

In the first year of the society’s functioning, more than 50 thousand people became members of the OPT. The leadership of the OPT has established connections with communist organizations in Czechoslovakia, Germany and other European countries, international tourism began to take shape into something promising. At the end of the twentieth century. European seaside resorts even began to open so-called “Russian boarding houses”, houses for Russian-speaking vacationers. But all this quickly fell into disrepair in 1936, when the entire leadership of the organization was repressed. Nevertheless, the structures of the OPT were transferred to the jurisdiction of the All-Union Committee for Physical Education and Sports.

For Ukrainians, this period was very difficult; out of 153 tourist houses throughout the territory of the united state, only a few were on the territory of Ukraine, and of course, did not satisfy the demands of even such an unassuming and small market. Thus, until 1914 there were very few tourists in our territories. However, the first attempts organized trips initiated in creative and cultural circles for sports, ethnographic and recreational purposes. A student excursion to Crimea in 1876, travels of clubs of local historians and nature lovers, mountain sports clubs, a huge contribution to the development of tourist practice was made by Ivan Franko, who organized student excursions during his work at Lviv University in the 1880s.

The First World War is over. In 1924, the tourist and local history societies “Plai” and “Chornohora” began operating in Lviv. The influence of the Polish tourist movement is felt. But the repressions of 1939 again killed everything in the bud. And soon the Second World War breaks out. However, the war allowed the Russians to honestly take away from the Germans a couple of large ships, which were later renamed “Victory” and “Georgia” and were used by the tourist organization “Intourist” as cruise ships. Thus, today’s most luxurious type of tourism began to develop in an organized manner almost earlier than all the others. Cruises from Leningrad and Odessa around Europe were very popular. The 1950s saw another boom in the tourism industry.

In Ukraine, the highest demand was still for travel to the Carpathians, Crimea, Bukovina and Transcarpathia, as well as river cruises along the banks of the Dnieper, cruises along the Black and Sea of ​​Azov, auto tours to the main cultural centers - Kyiv, Lviv, Kharkov, Odessa - and weekend trips. Trains were sometimes used as land cruise ships. During the day, passengers explored the city, and in the evening they returned to their compartments and went to bed, only to wake up in the morning at their next destination.

Established in 1962 Central Council Tourism, and in the 70s and 80s, Soviet tourism flourished again. The Soviets wanted to dispel the terrible myths about their totalitarian regime on the other side of the Iron Curtain, and Foreign tourists became frequent guests in the Soviet Union. However, the government of that time, which did not disdain to resort to primitive censorship measures, was not friendly to all countries. in terms of tourism, and with great difficulty released its residents to certain countries.

Happy ending cold war and the collapse of the Union, many previously forbidden things opened up for Ukrainians tourist destinations. At first, the number of tourists wishing to visit Ukraine decreased sharply, but over time the situation stabilized, and tourism organizations began to confidently increase in number. Now the main priority in the tourism business is timeliness - both in the provision of services and in following the latest global trends. Modern tourism has become more active, dynamic, flexible and intelligent, and with Internet integration its capabilities have increased significantly. The next item on the to-do list of Ukrainian tourism is space travel, and don’t grin so much, not so long ago the color display of a push-button telephone was an exceptional technological innovation.

Tourism– these are temporary trips of people from 24 hours to 6 months to another country or city and visit entertainment, sports or educational events. There are many types of tourism. Let's consider three main types of tourism.

MAIN TYPES OF TOURISM

Outbound tourism is the departure of people from the country beyond its borders.

Domestic tourism is the movement of people for tourism purposes within one country.

Inbound tourism– entry foreign citizens to the territory of the state. There are also other classification categories, but they are not so popular.

BRIEF HISTORY OF TOURISM

Tourism originated in ancient times. In ancient times, people went on various journeys to explore the world, discover new territories for various religious purposes. Of course, when people arrived, they had to be accommodated somewhere and food had to be organized for them. Naturally, they came to help local residents. For that time popular places taverns and brothels became.

In ancient times, the purpose of tourism was mainly trade relations and the Olympic Games. With the development of trade, the infrastructure of cities and towns developed. It was necessary to build roads, inns, and taverns. The most popular taverns in those days were not inferior in luxury to the palaces of the richest people in the country.

In the east they traveled on camels. Travelers spent the night in tents and caravanserais. True, the level of services and maintenance was much higher than in Europe. This is primarily due to the fact that trade in the east was more developed than in Europe.

In the Middle Ages, the strongest impetus for the development of tourism was given by pilgrims who flocked to Christian and Muslim shrines. The young population of countries has always been looking for the best place for life in Europe before plunging into the profession in his homeland. European rich people loved to travel and relax in resorts in Austria, Germany, Greece and Italy.

Mass tourism gave impetus to the development of industry. At that time, people began to be given paid vacations. In addition to all that has been said, mass tourism has given a huge impetus to the development of roads and transport. Such types of transport as the steamboat and locomotive began to appear.

The first high-paying hotels appeared in Switzerland and Germany, and already in the second half of the 20th century, travel agencies were created. Travel agencies organized tourist trips around Europe and sold them to consumers. At the same time, sports tourism and mass recreation were developing in Germany and the USSR.

The military actions of the 40s brought about changes in the development of European tourism. A new stage of development has begun. Since the 50s, travel companies have been “growing like mushrooms,” and mass construction of hotels and entertainment venues has begun. Basically, Europeans focused on the American tourist, and since the 70s, outbound tourism in Europe.

In the 80s, tourism was a lifestyle for people. The range of services is expanding, so-called individual tours, ecological tourism.

HISTORY OF TOURISM IN THE USSR

In the USSR, only domestic tourism developed, since only a narrow circle of people could travel outside the country. Domestic tourism developed with the help of resort institutions, children's seasonal and medical institutions. But despite this, tourism in the USSR occupied one of the leading places in the world.

In general, it can be noted that tourism in our country has contributed to the development of both the state itself and the nation as a whole. Tourism developed the physical culture movement, increased the social activity of people, and developed it in the spirit of sociological internationalism and patriotism.

Sports tourism is a journey through wildlife, in a natural environment along a specific route.

For mountain tourism The route includes peaks and passes, for the water route there are various canyons and river rapids, and so on. A distinctive feature of sports tourism from ordinary tourism is that overcoming obstacles is assessed according to difficulty categories. IN last years Such types of sports tourism as extreme tourism, adventure tourism, hitchhiking and even sex tourism.

In order for tourism to develop in the country, several factors are necessary: ​​1) A stable political situation in the country 2) Development of transport and infrastructure 3) development of communications and information 4) development hotel business 5) improving the well-being of the population.

Three factors can serve as obstacles to the development of tourism: 1) Various wars 2) economic crises 3) “Closedness” of countries.

Currently, tourism in our country is developing at incredible speed. This was facilitated by the Olympic Games in Sochi and other international sports tournaments (world championships, etc.).

Tourism (both national and international) is a product of long historical development. The prerequisites for its appearance lie in ancient times.

As is known in the history of tourism development, we distinguish four stages:

until the beginning of the 19th century- background of tourism;

early 19th century-early 20th century- elite tourism, the emergence of specialized enterprises for the production of tourism services;

early 20th century-before the start of World War II- the beginning of the formation of social tourism;

after the second world war-modern stage- mass tourism, the formation of the tourism industry as an intersectoral complex for the production of goods and services for tourism.

This periodization is based on the following criteria: technical and economic prerequisites; social preconditions; target functions of tourism at different stages of development.

Let us briefly consider the features of tourism development at each stage.

The first stage - the background of tourism

Modern tourism is a phenomenon, on the one hand, since it became widespread only after the Second World War; on the other hand, tourism has deep historical roots, because travel has been known to mankind since ancient times. Already in ancient times, the peoples of the Mediterranean had geographical descriptions, which gave general ideas about neighboring territories.

In ancient times, the main motives for travel were trade, educational purposes, pilgrimage, and treatment.

To develop exchange and trade relations, reliable and detailed information about countries, their populations and customs was required. The Phoenicians went to the open sea on large and durable ships. Paving paths to unknown lands, they went beyond the pool Mediterranean Sea, sailed along the western coasts of Europe and Africa.

In order to study new territories, ancient Greek scientists went on long journeys (Herodotus - V century BC) and researchers from other countries (Pytheas - IV century BC).

We can say that sports trips also originated in Ancient Greece: every year thousands of athletes, sports fans and art lovers flocked to the Olympic Games not only from Hellas, but also from other Mediterranean countries. The construction of special large houses, in which athletes and spectators could accommodate and relax, also dates back to this period.

The geographical data accumulated by the beginning of our era about various countries was most fully presented by Strabo (63 BC - 20 AD) and Claudius Ptolemy (90-168 AD).

Great mobility was characteristic of the population Ancient Rome. Often, for a Roman from a wealthy family, a trip to Greece was associated with the need to supplement his education. During the heyday of the Roman Empire, travel to Greece began to acquire an entertaining nature. Particularly willing to visit places with warm mineral springs. The movement of wealthy travelers required appropriate organization of their vacation.

As early as the first century BC, state inns arose in the Roman Empire, located at a distance of one day's ride on horseback from each other. They were located in cities and on the main roads along which couriers and government officials passed from Rome, all the way to Asia Minor and Gaul.

A huge contribution to the further expansion of human knowledge of the surrounding world also belongs to Arab travelers of the 7th-11th centuries, among whom the most famous merchant from Basra, Suleiman, who visited China, India and other countries.

In the Middle Ages, the religious factor of travel intensified - the worship of the shrines of Christianity and Islam. However, despite the different purposes of hikes and travels, they all objectively expanded human geographical knowledge. The most massive movement of people in Europe was associated with the crusades, which were undertaken by European knights and the merchants who followed them in order to seize other people's wealth and territories. Following them, priests and pilgrims moved to the East, accompanied by countless crowds of vagabonds and the dispossessed.

The era of the Renaissance and Enlightenment weakens religious motives and strengthens the individual character and educational focus of travel. Representatives of the privileged classes made trips to healing springs. Young nobles often went on a kind of “grand tour” of Europe before entering the field of professional or political activity. In England, for example, the route of such a trip began in London and led to France from long stay in Paris, then to Italy: Genoa, Milan, Florence, Rome. The return route ran through Switzerland, Germany, and the Netherlands. As the social position of the third estate strengthened, its representatives in the 18th century - early 19th century increasingly undertook similar educational tours.

However, despite the different purposes of campaigns and travel, they all objectively expanded the geographical and scientific knowledge of man. The preconditions were created for great geographical discoveries of the late 15th century - the second half of the 17th century. The number of undiscovered geographical places on the world map has been steadily decreasing. Detailed descriptions of visible rivers, seas, continents and countries were left by Afanasy Nikitin, Marco Polo, Vasco de Gama, and Christopher Columbus.

Summary: The distinctive characteristics of travel until the middle of the 19th century were: the primitiveness of the means of transportation; the fact that travel was not a goal, but a necessary condition and a means to achieve the goal itself, such as: trading, expanding educational horizons, treatment, pilgrimage. All travelers had in common that they belonged to a minority that occupied a privileged position in society.

 

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