Briefly about travelers and their discoveries. Five of the most ancient travelers who changed the world
AMUNDSEN Rual
Travel routes
1903-1906 - Arctic expedition on the ship "Joa". R. Amundsen was the first to travel through the Northwest Passage from Greenland to Alaska and determined the exact position of the North Magnetic Pole at that time.
1910-1912 - Antarctic expedition on the ship "Fram".
On December 14, 1911, a Norwegian traveler with four companions on a dog sled reached the South Pole of the earth, ahead of the expedition of the Englishman Robert Scott by a month.
1918-1920 - on the ship “Maud” R. Amundsen sailed across the Arctic Ocean along the coast of Eurasia.
1926 - together with the American Lincoln Ellsworth and the Italian Umberto Nobile R. Amundsen flew on the airship "Norway" along the Spitsbergen route - North Pole- Alaska.
1928 - during the search for the missing expedition of U. Nobile Amundsen in the Barents Sea, he died.
Name on geographical map
A sea in the Pacific Ocean, a mountain in East Antarctica, a bay near the coast of Canada and a basin in the Arctic Ocean are named after the Norwegian explorer.
The US Antarctic research station is named after the pioneers: the Amundsen-Scott Pole.
Amundsen R. My life. - M.: Geographgiz, 1959. - 166 p.: ill. - (Travel; Adventure; Science Fiction).
Amundsen R. South Pole: Per. from norwegian - M.: Armada, 2002. - 384 p.: ill. - (Green Series: Around the World).
Bouman-Larsen T. Amundsen: Trans. from norwegian - M.: Mol. Guard, 2005. - 520 pp.: ill. - (Life is remarkable. People).
The chapter dedicated to Amundsen was titled by Y. Golovanov “Travel gave me the happiness of friendship...” (pp. 12-16).
Davydov Yu.V. Captains are looking for a way: Tales. - M.: Det. lit., 1989. - 542 pp.: ill.
Pasetsky V.M., Blinov S.A. Roald Amundsen, 1872-1928. - M.: Nauka, 1997. - 201 p. - (Scientific-biography ser.).
Treshnikov A.F. Roald Amundsen. - L.: Gidrometeoizdat, 1976. - 62 p.: ill.
Tsentkevich A., Tsentkevich Ch. The Man Whom the Sea Called: The Tale of R. Amundsen: Trans. with est. - Tallinn: Eesti Raamat, 1988. - 244 p.: ill.
Yakovlev A.S. Through the Ice: The Tale of a Polar Explorer. - M.: Mol. Guard, 1967. - 191 p.: ill. - (Pioneer means first).
Bellingshausen Faddey Faddeevich
Travel routes
1803-1806 - F.F. Bellingshausen took part in the first Russian circumnavigation under the command of I.F. Kruzenshtern on the ship “Nadezhda”. All the maps that were later included in the “Atlas for Captain Krusenstern’s trip around the world” were compiled by him.
1819-1821 - F.F. Bellingshausen led a round-the-world expedition to the South Pole.
On January 28, 1820, on the sloops “Vostok” (under the command of F.F. Bellingshausen) and “Mirny” (under the command of M.P. Lazarev), Russian sailors were the first to reach the shores of Antarctica.
Name on geographical map
The sea in the Pacific Ocean, a cape on Southern Sakhalin, an island in the Tuamotu archipelago, an ice shelf and basin in Antarctica.
A Russian Antarctic research station bears the name of the Russian navigator.
Moroz V. Antarctica: History of discovery / Artistic. E. Orlov. - M.: White City, 2001. - 47 p.: ill. - (History of Russia).
Fedorovsky E.P. Bellingshausen: East. novel. - M.: AST: Astrel, 2001. - 541 p.: ill. - (Golden library of the historical novel).
BERING Vitus Jonassen
Danish navigator and explorer in Russian service
Travel routes
1725-1730 - V. Bering led the 1st Kamchatka expedition, the purpose of which was to search for a land isthmus between Asia and America (there was no exact information about the voyage of S. Dezhnev and F. Popov, who actually discovered the strait between the continents in 1648). The expedition on the ship "St. Gabriel" rounded the shores of Kamchatka and Chukotka, discovered the island of St. Lawrence and the Strait (now the Bering Strait).
1733-1741 - 2nd Kamchatka, or Great Northern Expedition. On the ship "St. Peter" Bering crossed the Pacific Ocean, reached Alaska, explored and mapped its shores. On the way back, during the winter on one of the islands (now the Commander Islands), Bering, like many members of his team, died.
Name on geographical map
In addition to the strait between Eurasia and North America, islands, the sea in the Pacific Ocean, and a cape on the coast are named after Vitus Bering Sea of Okhotsk and one of the largest glaciers in southern Alaska.
Konyaev N.M. Revision of Commander Bering. - M.: Terra-Kn. club, 2001. - 286 p. - (Fatherland).
Orlov O.P. To unknown shores: A story about the Kamchatka expeditions undertaken by Russian navigators in the 18th century under the leadership of V. Bering / Fig. V. Yudina. - M.: Malysh, 1987. - 23 p.: ill. - (Pages of the history of our Motherland).
Pasetsky V.M. Vitus Bering: 1681-1741. - M.: Nauka, 1982. - 174 p.: ill. - (Scientific-biography ser.).
The last expedition of Vitus Bering: Sat. - M.: Progress: Pangea, 1992. - 188 p.: ill.
Sopotsko A.A. The history of V. Bering’s voyage on the boat “St. Gabriel" to the Arctic Ocean. - M.: Nauka, 1983. - 247 p.: ill.
Chekurov M.V. Mysterious expeditions. - Ed. 2nd, revised, additional - M.: Nauka, 1991. - 152 p.: ill. - (Man and the environment).
Chukovsky N.K. Bering. - M.: Mol. Guard, 1961. - 127 p.: ill. - (Life is remarkable. People).
VAMBERY Arminius (Herman)
Hungarian orientalist
Travel routes
1863 - A. Vamberi's journey under the guise of a dervish across Central Asia from Tehran through the Turkmen desert along the eastern shore of the Caspian Sea to Khiva, Mashhad, Herat, Samarkand and Bukhara.
Vambery A. Traveling through Central Asia: Trans. with him. - M.: Institute of Oriental Studies RAS, 2003. - 320 p. - (Stories about Eastern countries).
Vamberi A. Bukhara, or History of Mavarounnahr: Excerpts from the book. - Tashkent: Literary Publishing House. and isk-va, 1990. - 91 p.
Tikhonov N.S. Vambery. - Ed. 14th. - M.: Mysl, 1974. - 45 p.: ill. - (Notable geographers and travelers).
VANCOUVER George
English navigator
Travel routes
1772-1775, 1776-1780 - J. Vancouver, as a cabin boy and midshipman, participated in the second and third voyages around the world by J. Cook.
1790-1795 - a round-the-world expedition under the command of J. Vancouver explored the north west coast North America. It was determined that the proposed waterway connecting the Pacific Ocean and Hudson Bay did not exist.
Name on geographical map
Several hundred are named after J. Vancouver geographical objects, including island, bay, city, river, ridge (Canada), lake, cape, mountain, city (USA), bay (New Zealand).
Malakhovsky K.V. In the new Albion. - M.: Nauka, 1990. - 123 p.: ill. - (Stories about Eastern countries).
GAMA Vasco yes
Portuguese navigator
Travel routes
1497-1499 - Vasco da Gama led an expedition that opened a sea route for Europeans to India around the African continent.
1502 - second expedition to India.
1524 - the third expedition of Vasco da Gama, already as Viceroy of India. He died during the expedition.
Vyazov E.I. Vasco da Gama: Discoverer of the sea route to India. - M.: Geographizdat, 1956. - 39 p.: ill. - (Notable geographers and travelers).
Camões L., de. Sonnets; Lusiads: Transl. from Portugal - M.: EKSMO-Press, 1999. - 477 p.: ill. - (Home library of poetry).
Read the poem "The Lusiads".
Kent L.E. They walked with Vasco da Gama: A Tale / Trans. from English Z. Bobyr // Fingaret S.I. Great Benin; Kent L.E. They walked with Vasco da Gama; Zweig S. Magellan's feat: East. stories. - M.: TERRA: UNICUM, 1999. - P. 194-412.
Kunin K.I. Vasco da Gama. - M.: Mol. Guard, 1947. - 322 pp.: ill. - (Life is remarkable. People).
Khazanov A.M. The Mystery of Vasco da Gama. - M.: Institute of Oriental Studies RAS, 2000. - 152 p.: ill.
Hart G. The sea route to India: A story about the voyages and exploits of Portuguese sailors, as well as about the life and times of Vasco da Gama, admiral, viceroy of India and Count Vidigueira: Trans. from English - M.: Geographizdat, 1959. - 349 p.: ill.
GOLOVNIN Vasily Mikhailovich
Russian navigator
Travel routes
1807-1811 - V.M. Golovnin leads the circumnavigation of the world on the sloop “Diana”.
1811 - V.M. Golovnin conducts research on the Kuril and Shantar Islands, the Tatar Strait.
1817-1819 - circumnavigation of the world on the sloop "Kamchatka", during which a description of part of the Aleutian ridge and the Commander Islands was made.
Name on geographical map
Several bays, a strait and an underwater mountain are named after the Russian navigator, as well as a city in Alaska and a volcano on the island of Kunashir.
Golovnin V.M. Notes from the fleet of Captain Golovnin about his adventures in captivity of the Japanese in 1811, 1812 and 1813, including his comments about the Japanese state and people. - Khabarovsk: Book. publishing house, 1972. - 525 pp.: ill.
Golovnin V.M. A voyage around the world made on the sloop of war "Kamchatka" in 1817, 1818 and 1819 by Captain Golovnin. - M.: Mysl, 1965. - 384 p.: ill.
Golovnin V.M. A voyage on the sloop "Diana" from Kronstadt to Kamchatka, made under the command of the fleet of Lieutenant Golovnin in 1807-1811. - M.: Geographizdat, 1961. - 480 pp.: ill.
Golovanov Ya. Sketches about scientists. - M.: Mol. Guard, 1983. - 415 pp.: ill.
The chapter dedicated to Golovnin is called “I feel a lot...” (pp. 73-79).
Davydov Yu.V. Evenings in Kolmovo: The Tale of G. Uspensky; And before your eyes...: An experience in the biography of a marine marine painter: [About V.M. Golovnin]. - M.: Book, 1989. - 332 pp.: ill. - (Writers about writers).
Davydov Yu.V. Golovnin. - M.: Mol. Guard, 1968. - 206 pp.: ill. - (Life is remarkable. People).
Davydov Yu.V. Three admirals: [About D.N. Senyavin, V.M. Golovnin, P.S. Nakhimov]. - M.: Izvestia, 1996. - 446 p.: ill.
Divin V.A. The story of a glorious navigator. - M.: Mysl, 1976. - 111 p.: ill. - (Notable geographers and travelers).
Lebedenko A.G. The sails of ships rustle: A novel. - Odessa: Mayak, 1989. - 229 p.: ill. - (Sea b-ka).
Firsov I.I. Twice Captured: East. novel. - M.: AST: Astrel, 2002. - 469 p.: ill. - (Golden library of the historical novel: Russian travelers).
HUMBOLDT Alexander, background
German natural scientist, geographer, traveler
Travel routes
1799-1804 - expedition to Central and South America.
1829 - travel across Russia: the Urals, Altai, Caspian Sea.
Name on geographical map
Ranges in Central Asia and North America, mountain on an island New Caledonia, glacier in Greenland, cold current in the Pacific Ocean, river, lake and row settlements in the USA.
A number of plants, minerals and even a crater on the Moon are named after the German scientist.
The university in Berlin is named after the brothers Alexander and Wilhelm Humboldt.
Zabelin I.M. Return to descendants: A novel-study of the life and work of A. Humboldt. - M.: Mysl, 1988. - 331 p.: ill.
Safonov V.A. Alexander Humboldt. - M.: Mol. Guard, 1959. - 191 p.: ill. - (Life is remarkable. People).
Skurla G. Alexander Humboldt / Abbr. lane with him. G. Shevchenko. - M.: Mol. Guard, 1985. - 239 pp.: ill. - (Life is remarkable. People).
DEZHNEV Semyon Ivanovich
(c. 1605-1673)
Russian explorer, navigator
Travel routes
1638-1648 - S.I. Dezhnev took part in river and land campaigns in the area of the Yana River, Oymyakon and Kolyma.
1648 - a fishing expedition led by S.I. Dezhnev and F.A. Popov circled the Chukotka Peninsula and reached the Gulf of Anadyr. This is how the strait was opened between the two continents, which was later named the Bering Strait.
Name on geographical map
A cape on the northeastern tip of Asia, a ridge in Chukotka and a bay in the Bering Strait are named after Dezhnev.
Bakhrevsky V.A. Semyon Dezhnev / Fig. L. Khailova. - M.: Malysh, 1984. - 24 p.: ill. - (Pages of the history of our Motherland).
Bakhrevsky V.A. Walking towards the sun: East. story. - Novosibirsk: Book. publishing house, 1986. - 190 pp.: ill. - (Fates connected with Siberia).
Belov M. The feat of Semyon Dezhnev. - M.: Mysl, 1973. - 223 p.: ill.
Demin L.M. Semyon Dezhnev - pioneer: East. novel. - M.: AST: Astrel, 2002. - 444 p.: ill. - (Golden library of the historical novel: Russian travelers).
Demin L.M. Semyon Dezhnev. - M.: Mol. Guard, 1990. - 334 pp.: ill. - (Life is remarkable. People).
Kedrov V.N. To the ends of the world: East. story. - L.: Lenizdat, 1986. - 285 p.: ill.
Markov S.N. Tamo-rus Maclay: Stories. - M.: Sov. writer, 1975. - 208 pp.: ill.
Read the story “Dezhnev’s Feat.”
Nikitin N.I. Explorer Semyon Dezhnev and his time. - M.: Rosspan, 1999. - 190 pp.: ill.
DRAKE Francis
English navigator and pirate
Travel routes
1567 - F. Drake took part in J. Hawkins' expedition to the West Indies.
Since 1570 - annual pirate raids in the Caribbean Sea.
1577-1580 - F. Drake led the second European voyage around the world after Magellan.
Name on geographical map
The widest strait on the globe, connecting the Atlantic and Pacific oceans, is named after the brave navigator.
Francis Drake / Retelling by D. Berkhin; Artist L.Durasov. - M.: White City, 1996. - 62 p.: ill. - (History of piracy).
Malakhovsky K.V. Round-the-world run of the "Golden Hind". - M.: Nauka, 1980. - 168 p.: ill. - (Countries and peoples).
The same story can be found in K. Malakhovsky’s collection “Five Captains”.
Mason F. van W. The Golden Admiral: Novel: Trans. from English - M.: Armada, 1998. - 474 p.: ill. - (Great pirates in novels).
Muller V.K. Queen Elizabeth's Pirate: Trans. from English - St. Petersburg: LENKO: Gangut, 1993. - 254 p.: ill.
DUMONT-DURVILLE Jules Sebastien Cesar
French navigator and oceanographer
Travel routes
1826-1828 - circumnavigation of the world on the ship "Astrolabe", as a result of which part of the coasts of New Zealand and New Guinea were mapped and examined island groups in the Pacific Ocean. On the island of Vanikoro, Dumont-D'Urville discovered traces of the lost expedition of J. La Perouse.
1837-1840 - Antarctic expedition.
Name on geographical map
The sea in the Indian Ocean off the coast of Antarctica is named after the navigator.
The French Antarctic scientific station is named after Dumont-D'Urville.
Varshavsky A.S. Travel of Dumont-D'Urville. - M.: Mysl, 1977. - 59 p.: ill. - (Notable geographers and travelers).
The fifth part of the book is called “Captain Dumont D'Urville and his belated discovery” (pp. 483-504).
IBN BATTUTA Abu Abdallah Muhammad
Ibn al-Lawati at-Tanji
Arab traveler, wandering merchant
Travel routes
1325-1349 - Having set off from Morocco on a hajj (pilgrimage), Ibn Battuta visited Egypt, Arabia, Iran, Syria, Crimea, reached the Volga and lived for some time in the Golden Horde. Then, through Central Asia and Afghanistan, he arrived in India, visited Indonesia and China.
1349-1352 - travel to Muslim Spain.
1352-1353 - travel through Western and Central Sudan.
At the request of the ruler of Morocco, Ibn Battuta, together with a scientist named Juzai, wrote the book “Rihla”, where he summarized the information about the Muslim world that he collected during his travels.
Ibragimov N. Ibn Battuta and his travels in Central Asia. - M.: Nauka, 1988. - 126 p.: ill.
Miloslavsky G. Ibn Battuta. - M.: Mysl, 1974. - 78 p.: ill. - (Notable geographers and travelers).
Timofeev I. Ibn Battuta. - M.: Mol. Guard, 1983. - 230 pp.: ill. - (Life is remarkable. People).
COLUMBUS Christopher
Portuguese and Spanish navigator
Travel routes
1492-1493 - H. Columbus led the Spanish expedition, the purpose of which was to find the shortest sea route from Europe to India. During the voyage on three caravels “Santa Maria”, “Pinta” and “Nina” the Sargasso Sea was discovered, Bahamas, Cuba and Haiti.
October 12, 1492, when Columbus reached the island of Samana, is recognized as the official day of the discovery of America by Europeans.
During three subsequent expeditions across the Atlantic (1493-1496, 1498-1500, 1502-1504), Columbus discovered the Greater Antilles, part of the Lesser Antilles, the coasts of the South and Central America and the Caribbean Sea.
Until the end of his life, Columbus was confident that he had reached India.
Name on geographical map
A state in South America, mountains and plateaus in North America, a glacier in Alaska, a river in Canada and several cities in the USA are named after Christopher Columbus.
In the United States of America there is Columbia University.
Travels of Christopher Columbus: Diaries, letters, documents / Transl. from Spanish and comment. Ya. Sveta. - M.: Geographizdat, 1961. - 515 p.: ill.
Blasco Ibañez V. In Search of the Great Khan: A Novel: Trans. from Spanish - Kaliningrad: Book. publishing house, 1987. - 558 pp.: ill. - (Sea novel).
Verlinden C. Christopher Columbus: Mirage and Perseverance: Trans. with him. // Conquerors of America. - Rostov-on-Don: Phoenix, 1997. - P. 3-144.
Irving V. History of the life and travels of Christopher Columbus: Trans. from English // Irving V. Collection. cit.: In 5 vols.: T. 3, 4. - M.: Terra - Book. club, 2002-2003.
Clients A.E. Christopher Columbus / Artist. A. Chauzov. - M.: White City, 2003. - 63 p.: ill. - (Historical novel).
Kovalevskaya O.T. The admiral's brilliant mistake: How Christopher Columbus, without knowing it, discovered New World, which was later called America / Lit. processing by T. Pesotskaya; Artist N. Koshkin, G. Alexandrova, A. Skorikov. - M.: Interbook, 1997. - 18 p.: ill. - (The greatest journeys).
Columbus; Livingston; Stanley; A. Humboldt; Przhevalsky: Biogr. narratives. - Chelyabinsk: Ural LTD, 2000. - 415 p.: ill. - (Life of remarkable people: Biography of the library of F. Pavlenkov).
Cooper J.F. Mercedes from Castile, or Journey to Cathay: Trans. from English - M.: Patriot, 1992. - 407 p.: ill.
Lange P.V. The Great Wanderer: The Life of Christopher Columbus: Trans. with him. - M.: Mysl, 1984. - 224 p.: ill.
Magidovich I.P. Christopher Columbus. - M.: Geographizdat, 1956. - 35 p.: ill. - (Notable geographers and travelers).
Reifman L. From the harbor of hopes to the seas of anxiety: The life and times of Christopher Columbus: East. chronicles. - St. Petersburg: Lyceum: Soyuztheater, 1992. - 302 p.: ill.
Rzhonsnitsky V.B. Discovery of America by Columbus. - St. Petersburg: St. Petersburg Publishing House. University, 1994. - 92 p.: ill.
Sabatini R. Columbus: Novel: Trans. from English - M.: Republic, 1992. - 286 p.
Svet Ya.M. Columbus. - M.: Mol. Guard, 1973. - 368 pp.: ill. - (Life is remarkable. People).
Subbotin V.A. Great discoveries: Columbus; Vasco da Gama; Magellan. - M.: Publishing house URAO, 1998. - 269 p.: ill.
Chronicles of the Discovery of America: New Spain: Book. 1: East. documents: Per. from Spanish - M.: Academic project, 2000. - 496 p.: ill. - (B-Latin America).
Shishova Z.K. The Great Voyage: East. novel. - M.: Det. lit., 1972. - 336 pp.: ill.
Edberg R. Letters to Columbus; Spirit of the Valley / Transl. with Swedish L. Zhdanova. - M.: Progress, 1986. - 361 p.: ill.
KRASHENINNIKOV Stepan Petrovich
Russian scientist-naturalist, first explorer of Kamchatka
Travel routes
1733-1743 - S.P. Krasheninnikov took part in the 2nd Kamchatka expedition. First, under the guidance of academicians G.F. Miller and I.G. Gmelin, he studied Altai and Transbaikalia. In October 1737, Krasheninnikov independently went to Kamchatka, where until June 1741 he conducted research, based on the materials of which he subsequently compiled the first “Description of the Land of Kamchatka” (vols. 1-2, ed. 1756).
Name on geographical map
An island near Kamchatka, a cape on Karaginsky Island and a mountain near Lake Kronotskoye are named after S.P. Krasheninnikov.
Krasheninnikov S.P. Description of the land of Kamchatka: In 2 volumes - Reprint. ed. - St. Petersburg: Science; Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky: Kamshat, 1994.
Varshavsky A.S. Sons of the Fatherland. - M.: Det. lit., 1987. - 303 pp.: ill.
Mixon I.L. The man who...: East. story. - L.: Det. lit., 1989. - 208 pp.: ill.
Fradkin N.G. S.P. Krasheninnikov. - M.: Mysl, 1974. - 60 p.: ill. - (Notable geographers and travelers).
Eidelman N.Ya. What is there beyond the sea-ocean?: A story about the Russian scientist S.P. Krasheninnikov, the discoverer of Kamchatka. - M.: Malysh, 1984. - 28 p.: ill. - (Pages of the history of our Motherland).
KRUZENSHTERN Ivan Fedorovich
Russian navigator, admiral
Travel routes
1803-1806 - I.F. Kruzenshtern led the first Russian round-the-world expedition on the ships “Nadezhda” and “Neva”. I.F. Kruzenshtern - author of the Atlas South Sea"(vols. 1-2, 1823-1826)
Name on geographical map
The strait in the northern part bears the name of I.F. Kruzenshtern Kuril Islands, two atolls in the Pacific Ocean and the southeastern passage of the Korea Strait.
Krusenstern I.F. Voyages around the world in 1803, 1804, 1805 and 1806 on the ships Nadezhda and Neva. - Vladivostok: Dalnevost. book publishing house, 1976. - 392 pp.: ill. - (Far Eastern history library).
Zabolotskikh B.V. In honor of the Russian flag: The Tale of I.F. Kruzenshtern, who led the first voyage of Russians around the world in 1803-1806, and O.E. Kotzebue, who made an unprecedented voyage on the brig “Rurik” in 1815-1818. - M.: Autopan, 1996. - 285 p.: ill.
Zabolotskikh B.V. Petrovsky Fleet: East. essays; In honor of the Russian flag: A Tale; The second journey of Kruzenshtern: A Tale. - M.: Classics, 2002. - 367 pp.: ill.
Pasetsky V.M. Ivan Fedorovich Krusenstern. - M.: Nauka, 1974. - 176 p.: ill.
Firsov I.I. Russian Columbus: History round the world expedition I. Kruzenshtern and Y. Lisyansky. - M.: Tsentrpoligraf, 2001. - 426 p.: ill. - (Great geographical discoveries).
Chukovsky N.K. Captain Kruzenshtern: A Tale. - M.: Bustard, 2002. - 165 p.: ill. - (Honor and courage).
Steinberg E.L. Glorious sailors Ivan Krusenstern and Yuri Lisyansky. - M.: Detgiz, 1954. - 224 p.: ill.
COOK James
English navigator
Travel routes
1768-1771 - round-the-world expedition on the frigate Endeavor under the command of J. Cook. The island position of New Zealand has been determined, the Great barrier reef and the east coast of Australia.
1772-1775 - the goal of the second expedition headed by Cook on the Resolution ship (to find and map the Southern Continent) was not achieved. As a result of the search, the South Sandwich Islands, New Caledonia, Norfolk, and South Georgia were discovered.
1776-1779 - Cook's third round-the-world expedition on the ships "Resolution" and "Discovery" was aimed at finding the Northwest Passage connecting the Atlantic and Pacific oceans. The passage was not found, but they were open Hawaiian Islands and part of the Alaskan coast. On the way back, J. Cook was killed on one of the islands by the aborigines.
Name on geographical map
The most are named after the English navigator. high mountain New Zealand, a bay in the Pacific Ocean, islands in Polynesia and the strait between the North and Southern Islands New Zealand.
James Cook's first circumnavigation of the world: Sailing on the ship Endeavor in 1768-1771. / J. Cook. - M.: Geographizdat, 1960. - 504 p.: ill.
James Cook's second voyage: Voyage to the South Pole and around the world in 1772-1775. / J. Cook. - M.: Mysl, 1964. - 624 p.: ill. - (Geographical ser.).
James Cook's third voyage around the world: Navigation in the Pacific Ocean 1776-1780. / J. Cook. - M.: Mysl, 1971. - 636 p.: ill.
Vladimirov V.I. Cook. - M.: Iskra revolution, 1933. - 168 p.: ill. - (Life is remarkable. People).
McLean A. Captain Cook: History of Geography. discoveries of the great navigator: Trans. from English - M.: Tsentrpoligraf, 2001. - 155 p.: ill. - (Great geographical discoveries).
Middleton H. Captain Cook: The famous navigator: Trans. from English / Ill. A. Marx. - M.: AsCON, 1998. - 31 p.: ill. - (Great names).
Svet Ya.M. James Cook. - M.: Mysl, 1979. - 110 p.: ill. - (Notable geographers and travelers).
Chukovsky N.K. Frigate Drivers: A Book about Great Navigators. - M.: ROSMEN, 2001. - 509 p. - (Golden Triangle).
The first part of the book is titled “Captain James Cook and his three voyages around the world” (p. 7-111).
LAZAREV Mikhail Petrovich
Russian naval commander and navigator
Travel routes
1813-1816 - circumnavigation of the world on the ship "Suvorov" from Kronstadt to the shores of Alaska and back.
1819-1821 - commanding the sloop “Mirny”, M.P. Lazarev participated in a round-the-world expedition under the leadership of F.F. Bellingshausen.
1822-1824 - M.P. Lazarev led a round-the-world expedition on the frigate “Cruiser”.
Name on geographical map
A sea in the Atlantic Ocean, an ice shelf and an underwater trench in East Antarctica, and a village on the Black Sea coast are named after M.P. Lazarev.
The Russian Antarctic scientific station also bears the name of M.P. Lazarev.
Ostrovsky B.G. Lazarev. - M.: Mol. Guard, 1966. - 176 pp.: ill. - (Life is remarkable. People).
Firsov I.I. Half a century under sail. - M.: Mysl, 1988. - 238 p.: ill.
Firsov I.I. Antarctica and Navarin: A Novel. - M.: Armada, 1998. - 417 p.: ill. - (Russian generals).
LIVINGSTON David
English explorer of Africa
Travel routes
Since 1841 - numerous travels through the interior regions of South and Central Africa.
1849-1851 - studies of the Lake Ngami area.
1851-1856 - research of the Zambezi River. D. Livingston discovered the Victoria Falls and was the first European to cross the African continent.
1858-1864 - exploration of the Zambezi River, lakes Chilwa and Nyasa.
1866-1873 - several expeditions in search of the sources of the Nile.
Name on geographical map
Waterfalls on the Congo River and a city on the Zambezi River are named after the English traveler.
Livingston D. Travels around South Africa: Per. from English / Ill. author. - M.: EKSMO-Press, 2002. - 475 p.: ill. - (Compass Rose: Epochs; Continents; Events; Seas; Discoveries).
Livingston D., Livingston C. Travel along the Zambezi, 1858-1864: Trans. from English - M.: Tsentrpoligraf, 2001. - 460 pp.: ill.
Adamovich M.P. Livingston. - M.: Mol. Guard, 1938. - 376 pp.: ill. - (Life is remarkable. People).
Votte G. David Livingston: The Life of an African Explorer: Trans. with him. - M.: Mysl, 1984. - 271 p.: ill.
Columbus; Livingston; Stanley; A. Humboldt; Przhevalsky: Biogr. narratives. - Chelyabinsk: Ural LTD, 2000. - 415 p.: ill. - (Life of remarkable people: Biography of the library of F. Pavlenkov).
MAGELLAN Fernand
(c. 1480-1521)
Portuguese navigator
Travel routes
1519-1521 - F. Magellan led the first circumnavigation in the history of mankind. Magellan's expedition discovered the coast of South America south of La Plata, circled the continent, crossed the strait, which was later named after the navigator, then crossed the Pacific Ocean and reached Philippine Islands. On one of them, Magellan was killed. After his death, the expedition was led by J.S. Elcano, thanks to whom only one of the ships (Victoria) and the last eighteen sailors (out of two hundred and sixty-five crew members) were able to reach the shores of Spain.
Name on geographical map
The Strait of Magellan is located between the mainland South America and archipelago Tierra del Fuego, connects the Atlantic and Pacific oceans.
Boytsov M.A. Magellan's Path / Artist. S. Boyko. - M.: Malysh, 1991. - 19 p.: ill.
Kunin K.I. Magellan. - M.: Mol. Guard, 1940. - 304 p.: ill. - (Life is remarkable. People).
Lange P.V. Like the sun: The life of F. Magellan and the first circumnavigation of the world: Trans. with him. - M.: Progress, 1988. - 237 p.: ill.
Pigafetta A. Magellan's Journey: Trans. with it.; Mitchell M. El Cano - the first circumnavigator: Trans. from English - M.: Mysl, 2000. - 302 p.: ill. - (Travel and travelers).
Subbotin V.A. Great discoveries: Columbus; Vasco da Gama; Magellan. - M.: Publishing house URAO, 1998. - 269 p.: ill.
Travinsky V.M. Navigator's Star: Magellan: East. story. - M.: Mol. Guard, 1969. - 191 p.: ill.
Khvilevitskaya E.M. How the earth turned out to be a ball / Artist. A. Ostromentsky. - M.: Interbook, 1997. - 18 p.: ill. - (The greatest journeys).
Zweig S. Magellan; Amerigo: Transl. with him. - M.: AST, 2001. - 317 p.: ill. - (World classics).
MIKLOUKHO-MACLAY Nikolai Nikolaevich
Russian scientist, explorer of Oceania and New Guinea
Travel routes
1866-1867 - travel to Canary Islands and in Morocco.
1871-1886 - study of indigenous peoples Southeast Asia, Australia and Oceania, including the Papuans of the North-Eastern coast of New Guinea.
Name on geographical map
The Miklouho-Maclay coast is located in New Guinea.
Also named after Nikolai Nikolaevich Miklouho-Maclay is the Institute of Ethnology and Anthropology of the Russian Academy of Sciences.
Man from the Moon: Diaries, articles, letters of N.N. Miklouho-Maclay. - M.: Mol. Guard, 1982. - 336 pp.: ill. - (Arrow).
Balandin R.K. N.N. Miklouho-Maclay: Book. for students / Fig. author. - M.: Education, 1985. - 96 p.: ill. - (People of science).
Golovanov Ya. Sketches about scientists. - M.: Mol. Guard, 1983. - 415 pp.: ill.
The chapter dedicated to Miklouho-Maclay is entitled “I foresee no end to my travels...” (pp. 233-236).
Greenop F.S. About the one who wandered alone: Trans. from English - M.: Nauka, 1986. - 260 pp.: ill.
Kolesnikov M.S. Miklouho-Maclay. - M.: Mol. Guard, 1965. - 272 pp.: ill. - (Life is remarkable. People).
Markov S.N. Tamo - rus Maklay: Stories. - M.: Sov. writer, 1975. - 208 pp.: ill.
Orlov O.P. Come back to us, Maclay!: A story. - M.: Det. lit., 1987. - 48 p.: ill.
Putilov B.N. N.N. Miklouho-Maclay: Traveler, scientist, humanist. - M.: Progress, 1985. - 280 pp.: ill.
Tynyanova L.N. Friend from Afar: A Tale. - M.: Det. lit., 1976. - 332 pp.: ill.
NANSEN Fridtjof
Norwegian polar explorer
Travel routes
1888 - F. Nansen made the first ski crossing in history across Greenland.
1893-1896 - Nansen on the ship "Fram" drifted across the Arctic Ocean from the New Siberian Islands to the Spitsbergen archipelago. As a result of the expedition, extensive oceanographic and meteorological material was collected, but Nansen was unable to reach the North Pole.
1900 - expedition to study the currents of the Arctic Ocean.
Name on geographical map
An underwater basin and an underwater ridge in the Arctic Ocean, as well as a number of geographical features in the Arctic and Antarctic, are named after Nansen.
Nansen F. To the Land of the Future: The Great Northern Route from Europe to Siberia through the Kara Sea / Authorized. lane from norwegian A. and P. Hansen. - Krasnoyarsk: Book. publishing house, 1982. - 335 pp.: ill.
Nansen F. Through the eyes of a friend: Chapters from the book “Through the Caucasus to the Volga”: Trans. with him. - Makhachkala: Dagestan book. publishing house, 1981. - 54 p.: ill.
Nansen F. “Fram” in the Polar Sea: At 2 o’clock: Per. from norwegian - M.: Geographizdat, 1956.
Kublitsky G.I. Fridtjof Nansen: His life and extraordinary adventures. - M.: Det. lit., 1981. - 287 pp.: ill.
Nansen-Heyer L. Book about the father: Trans. from norwegian - L.: Gidrometeoizdat, 1986. - 512 p.: ill.
Pasetsky V.M. Fridtjof Nansen, 1861-1930. - M.: Nauka, 1986. - 335 pp.: ill. - (Scientific-biography ser.).
Sannes T.B. "Fram": Adventures of Polar Expeditions: Trans. with him. - L.: Shipbuilding, 1991. - 271 p.: ill. - (Note the ships).
Talanov A. Nansen. - M.: Mol. Guard, 1960. - 304 p.: ill. - (Life is remarkable. People).
Holt K. Competition: [About the expeditions of R.F. Scott and R. Amundsen]; Wandering: [About the expedition of F. Nansen and J. Johansen] / Trans. from norwegian L. Zhdanova. - M.: Physical culture and sport, 1987. - 301 p.: ill. - (Unusual travels).
Please note that this book (in the appendix) contains an essay famous traveler Thor Heyerdahl's Fridtjof Nansen: A Warm Heart in a Cold World.
Tsentkevich A., Tsentkevich Ch. Who will you become, Fridtjof: [Tales of F. Nansen and R. Amundsen]. - Kyiv: Dnipro, 1982. - 502 p.: ill.
Shackleton E. Fridtjof Nansen - researcher: Trans. from English - M.: Progress, 1986. - 206 p.: ill.
NIKITIN Afanasy
(? - 1472 or 1473)
Russian merchant, traveler in Asia
Travel routes
1466-1472 - A. Nikitin’s journey through the countries of the Middle East and India. On the way back, stopping at a Cafe (Feodosia), Afanasy Nikitin wrote a description of his travels and adventures - “Walking across the Three Seas.”
Nikitin A. Walking beyond the three seas of Afanasy Nikitin. - L.: Nauka, 1986. - 212 p.: ill. - (Lit. monuments).
Nikitin A. Walking beyond three seas: 1466-1472. - Kaliningrad: Amber Tale, 2004. - 118 p.: ill.
Varzhapetyan V.V. The Tale of a Merchant, a Piebald Horse and a Talking Bird / Fig. N.Nepomniachtchi. - M.: Det. lit., 1990. - 95 p.: ill.
Vitashevskaya M.N. The wanderings of Afanasy Nikitin. - M.: Mysl, 1972. - 118 p.: ill. - (Notable geographers and travelers).
All peoples are one: [Sb.]. - M.: Sirin, B.g. - 466 pp.: ill. - (History of the Fatherland in novels, stories, documents).
The collection includes V. Pribytkov’s story “The Tver Guest” and the book by Afanasy Nikitin himself “Walking across Three Seas”.
Grimberg F.I. Seven songs of a Russian foreigner: Nikitin: Ist. novel. - M.: AST: Astrel, 2003. - 424 p.: ill. - (Golden library of the historical novel: Russian travelers).
Kachaev Yu.G. Far away / Fig. M. Romadina. - M.: Malysh, 1982. - 24 p.: ill.
Kunin K.I. Beyond Three Seas: The Journey of the Tver Merchant Afanasy Nikitin: Ist. story. - Kaliningrad: Amber Tale, 2002. - 199 p.: ill. - (Treasured pages).
Murashova K. Afanasy Nikitin: The Tale of the Tver Merchant / Artist. A. Chauzov. - M.: White City, 2005. - 63 p.: ill. - (Historical novel).
Semenov L.S. Travel of Afanasy Nikitin. - M.: Nauka, 1980. - 145 p.: ill. - (History of science and technology).
Soloviev A.P. Walking beyond three seas: a novel. - M.: Terra, 1999. - 477 p. - (Fatherland).
Tager E.M. The story of Afanasy Nikitin. - L.: Det. lit., 1966. - 104 p.: ill.
PIRI Robert Edwin
American polar explorer
Travel routes
1892 and 1895 - two trips through Greenland.
From 1902 to 1905 - several unsuccessful attempts to conquer the North Pole.
Finally, R. Peary announced that he had reached the North Pole on April 6, 1909. However, seventy years after the death of the traveler, when, according to his will, the expedition diaries were declassified, it turned out that Piri was actually unable to reach the Pole; he stopped at 89˚55΄ N.
Name on geographical map
The peninsula in the far north of Greenland is called Peary Land.
Pirie R. North Pole; Amundsen R. South Pole. - M.: Mysl, 1981. - 599 p.: ill.
Pay attention to the article by F. Treshnikov “Robert Peary and the conquest of the North Pole” (p. 225-242).
Piri R. North Pole / Transl. from English L.Petkevichiute. - Vilnius: Vituris, 1988. - 239 p.: ill. - (World of Discovery).
Karpov G.V. Robert Peary. - M.: Geographizdat, 1956. - 39 p.: ill. - (Notable geographers and travelers).
POLO Marco
(c. 1254-1324)
Venetian merchant, traveler
Travel routes
1271-1295 - M. Polo’s journey through the countries of Central and East Asia.
The Venetian’s memories of his wanderings in the East compiled the famous “Book of Marco Polo” (1298), which for almost 600 years remained the most important source of information about China and other Asian countries for the West.
Polo M. Book about the diversity of the world / Trans. with old French I.P. Minaeva; Preface J.L. Borges. - St. Petersburg: Amphora, 1999. - 381 p.: ill. - (Personal library of Borges).
Polo M. Book of Wonders: Excerpt from the “Book of Wonders of the World” from the National. libraries of France: Transl. from fr. - M.: White City, 2003. - 223 p.: ill.
Davidson E., Davis G. Son of Heaven: The Wanderings of Marco Polo / Trans. from English M. Kondratieva. - St. Petersburg: ABC: Terra - Book. club, 1997. - 397 p. - ( New Earth: Fantasy).
A fantasy novel on the theme of the travels of a Venetian merchant.
Maink V. The Amazing Adventures of Marco Polo: [Hist. story] / Abbr. lane with him. L. Lungina. - St. Petersburg: Brask: Epoch, 1993. - 303 p.: ill. - (Version).
Pesotskaya T.E. Treasures of a Venetian merchant: How Marco Polo a quarter of a century ago wandered around the East and wrote a famous book about various miracles that no one wanted to believe in / Artist. I. Oleinikov. - M.: Interbook, 1997. - 18 p.: ill. - (The greatest journeys).
Pronin V. Life of the great Venetian traveler Messer Marco Polo / Artist. Yu.Saevich. - M.: Kron-Press, 1993. - 159 p.: ill.
Tolstikov A.Ya. Marco Polo: The Venetian Wanderer / Artist. A. Chauzov. - M.: White City, 2004. - 63 p.: ill. - (Historical novel).
Hart G. The Venetian Marco Polo: Trans. from English - M.: TERRA-Kn. club, 1999. - 303 p. - (Portraits).
Shklovsky V.B. Earth scout - Marco Polo: East. story. - M.: Mol. Guard, 1969. - 223 pp.: ill. - (Pioneer means first).
Ers J. Marco Polo: Trans. from fr. - Rostov-on-Don: Phoenix, 1998. - 348 pp.: ill. - (Trace in history).
PRZHEVALSKY Nikolai Mikhailovich
Russian geographer, explorer of Central Asia
Travel routes
1867-1868 - research expeditions to the Amur region and the Ussuri region.
1870-1885 - 4 expeditions to Central Asia.
N.M. Przhevalsky presented the scientific results of the expeditions in a number of books, giving a detailed description of the relief, climate, vegetation and fauna of the studied territories.
Name on geographical map
A ridge in Central Asia and a city in the southeastern part of the Issyk-Kul region (Kyrgyzstan) bear the name of the Russian geographer.
The wild horse, first described by scientists, is called Przewalski's horse.
Przhevalsky N.M. Travel in the Ussuri region, 1867-1869. - Vladivostok: Dalnevost. book publishing house, 1990. - 328 pp.: ill.
Przhevalsky N.M. Traveling around Asia. - M.: Armada-press, 2001. - 343 p.: ill. - (Green Series: Around the World).
Gavrilenkov V.M. Russian traveler N.M. Przhevalsky. - Smolensk: Moscow. worker: Smolensk department, 1989. - 143 p.: ill.
Golovanov Ya. Sketches about scientists. - M.: Mol. Guard, 1983. - 415 pp.: ill.
The chapter dedicated to Przhevalsky is called “The exclusive good is freedom...” (pp. 272-275).
Grimailo Y.V. The Great Ranger: A Tale. - Ed. 2nd, revised and additional - Kyiv: Molod, 1989. - 314 p.: ill.
Kozlov I.V. Great traveler: The life and work of N.M. Przhevalsky, the first explorer of the nature of Central Asia. - M.: Mysl, 1985. - 144 p.: ill. - (Notable geographers and travelers).
Columbus; Livingston; Stanley; A. Humboldt; Przhevalsky: Biogr. narratives. - Chelyabinsk: Ural LTD, 2000. - 415 p.: ill. - (Life of remarkable people: Biography of the library of F. Pavlenkov).
Acceleration L.E. “Ascetics are needed like the sun...” // Acceleration L.E. Seven lives. - M.: Det. lit., 1992. - pp. 35-72.
Repin L.B. “And again I return...”: Przhevalsky: Pages of Life. - M.: Mol. Guard, 1983. - 175 pp.: ill. - (Pioneer means first).
Khmelnitsky S.I. Przhevalsky. - M.: Mol. Guard, 1950. - 175 pp.: ill. - (Life is remarkable. People).
Yusov B.V. N.M. Przhevalsky: Book. for students. - M.: Education, 1985. - 95 p.: ill. - (People of science).
PRONCHISHCHEV Vasily Vasilievich
Russian navigator
Travel routes
1735-1736 - V.V. Pronchishchev took part in the 2nd Kamchatka expedition. A detachment under his command explored the coast of the Arctic Ocean from the mouth of the Lena to Cape Thaddeus (Taimyr).
Name on geographical map
The name of V.V. Pronchishchev is part of eastern shore the Taimyr Peninsula, a ridge (hill) in the north-west of Yakutia and a bay in the Laptev Sea.
Golubev G.N. “Descendants for news...”: Historical document. stories. - M.: Det. lit., 1986. - 255 pp.: ill.
Krutogorov Yu.A. Where Neptune leads: East. story. - M.: Det. lit., 1990. - 270 pp.: ill.
SEMENOV-TIAN-SHANSKY Petr Petrovich
(until 1906 - Semenov)
Russian scientist, explorer of Asia
Travel routes
1856-1857 - expedition to the Tien Shan.
1888 - expedition to Turkestan and the Trans-Caspian region.
Name on geographical map
A ridge in Nanshan, a glacier and a peak in the Tien Shan, and mountains in Alaska and Spitsbergen are named after Semenov-Tian-Shansky.
Semenov-Tyan-Shansky P.P. Travel to Tien Shan: 1856-1857. - M.: Geographgiz, 1958. - 277 p.: ill.
Aldan-Semenov A.I. For you, Russia: Stories. - M.: Sovremennik, 1983. - 320 pp.: ill.
Aldan-Semenov A.I. Semenov-Tyan-Shansky. - M.: Mol. Guard, 1965. - 304 pp.: ill. - (Life is remarkable. People).
Antoshko Y., Soloviev A. At the origins of Yaxartes. - M.: Mysl, 1977. - 128 p.: ill. - (Notable geographers and travelers).
Dyadyuchenko L.B. A pearl in the barracks wall: A chronicle novel. - Frunze: Mektep, 1986. - 218 p.: ill.
Kozlov I.V. Petr Petrovich Semenov-Tyan-Shansky. - M.: Education, 1983. - 96 p.: ill. - (People of science).
Kozlov I.V., Kozlova A.V. Petr Petrovich Semenov-Tyan-Shansky: 1827-1914. - M.: Nauka, 1991. - 267 p.: ill. - (Scientific-biography ser.).
Acceleration L.E. Tian-Shansky // Acceleration L.E. Seven lives. - M.: Det. lit., 1992. - pp. 9-34.
SCOTT Robert Falcon
English explorer of Antarctica
Travel routes
1901-1904 - Antarctic expedition on the Discovery ship. As a result of this expedition, King Edward VII Land, the Transantarctic Mountains, the Ross Ice Shelf were discovered, and Victoria Land was explored.
1910-1912 - R. Scott's expedition to Antarctica on the ship "Terra-Nova".
On January 18, 1912 (33 days later than R. Amundsen), Scott and four of his companions reached the South Pole. On the way back, all the travelers died.
Name on geographical map
An island and two glaciers off the coast of Antarctica, part of the western coast of Victoria Land (Scott Coast) and mountains on Enderby Land are named in honor of Robert Scott.
The US Antarctic research station is named after the first conquerors of the South Pole - the Amundsen-Scott Pole.
The New Zealand scientific station on the Ross Sea coast in Antarctica and the Polar Research Institute in Cambridge also bear the name of the polar explorer.
R. Scott's last expedition: Personal diaries of Captain R. Scott, which he kept during the expedition to the South Pole. - M.: Geographizdat, 1955. - 408 p.: ill.
Golovanov Ya. Sketches about scientists. - M.: Mol. Guard, 1983. - 415 pp.: ill.
The chapter dedicated to Scott is called “Fight to the last cracker...” (pp. 290-293).
Ludlem G. Captain Scott: Trans. from English - Ed. 2nd, rev. - L.: Gidrometeoizdat, 1989. - 287 p.: ill.
Priestley R. Antarctic Odyssey: The Northern Party of the R. Scott Expedition: Trans. from English - L.: Gidrometeoizdat, 1985. - 360 pp.: ill.
Holt K. Competition; Wandering: Transl. from norwegian - M.: Physical culture and sport, 1987. - 301 p.: ill. - (Unusual travels).
Cherry-Garrard E. The Most Terrible Journey: Trans. from English - L.: Gidrometeoizdat, 1991. - 551 p.: ill.
STANLEY (STANLEY) Henry Morton
(real name and surname - John Rowland)
journalist, researcher of Africa
Travel routes
1871-1872 - G.M. Stanley, as a correspondent for the New York Herald newspaper, participated in the search for the missing D. Livingston. The expedition was successful: great explorer Africa was found near Lake Tanganyika.
1874-1877 - G.M. Stanley crosses the African continent twice. Explores Lake Victoria, the Congo River, and searches for the sources of the Nile.
1887-1889 - G.M. Stanley leads an English expedition that crosses Africa from West to East, and explores the Aruvimi River.
Name on geographical map
Waterfalls in the upper reaches of the Congo River are named in honor of G.M. Stanley.
Stanley G.M. In the wilds of Africa: Trans. from English - M.: Geographizdat, 1958. - 446 p.: ill.
Karpov G.V. Henry Stanley. - M.: Geographgiz, 1958. - 56 p.: ill. - (Notable geographers and travelers).
Columbus; Livingston; Stanley; A. Humboldt; Przhevalsky: Biogr. narratives. - Chelyabinsk: Ural LTD, 2000. - 415 p.: ill. - (Life of remarkable people: Biography of the library of F. Pavlenkov).
KHABAROV Erofey Pavlovich
(c. 1603, according to other data, c. 1610 - after 1667, according to other data, after 1671)
Russian explorer and navigator, explorer of the Amur region
Travel routes
1649-1653 - E.P. Khabarov made a number of campaigns in the Amur region, compiled a “Drawing of the Amur River”.
Name on geographical map
A city and region in the Far East, as well as the Erofei Pavlovich railway station on the Trans-Siberian Railway, are named after the Russian explorer.
Leontyeva G.A. Explorer Erofey Pavlovich Khabarov: Book. for students. - M.: Education, 1991. - 143 p.: ill.
Romanenko D.I. Erofey Khabarov: Novel. - Khabarovsk: Book. publishing house, 1990. - 301 p.: ill. - (Far Eastern library).
Safronov F.G. Erofey Khabarov. - Khabarovsk: Book. publishing house, 1983. - 32 p.
SCHMIDT Otto Yulievich
Russian mathematician, geophysicist, Arctic explorer
Travel routes
1929-1930 - O.Yu. Schmidt equipped and led the expedition on the ship “Georgy Sedov” to Severnaya Zemlya.
1932 - an expedition led by O.Yu. Schmidt on the icebreaker Sibiryakov managed for the first time to sail from Arkhangelsk to Kamchatka in one navigation.
1933-1934 - O.Yu. Schmidt led the northern expedition on the steamship “Chelyuskin”. The ship, caught in ice, was crushed by ice and sank. The expedition members, who had been drifting on ice floes for several months, were rescued by pilots.
Name on geographical map
An island in the Kara Sea, a cape on the coast of the Chukchi Sea, the peninsula of Novaya Zemlya, one of the peaks and a pass in the Pamirs, and a plain in Antarctica are named after O.Yu. Schmidt.
Voskoboynikov V.M. On an ice trek. - M.: Malysh, 1989. - 39 p.: ill. - (Legendary heroes).
Voskoboynikov V.M. Call of the Arctic: Heroic. Chronicle: Academician Schmidt. - M.: Mol. Guard, 1975. - 192 pp.: ill. - (Pioneer means first).
Duel I.I. Life line: Document. story. - M.: Politizdat, 1977. - 128 p.: ill. - (Heroes of the Soviet Motherland).
Nikitenko N.F. O.Yu.Schmidt: Book. for students. - M.: Education, 1992. - 158 p.: ill. - (People of science).
Otto Yulievich Schmidt: Life and work: Sat. - M.: Publishing House of the USSR Academy of Sciences, 1959. - 470 p.: ill.
Matveeva L.V. Otto Yulievich Schmidt: 1891-1956. - M.: Nauka, 1993. - 202 p.: ill. - (Scientific-biography ser.).
Without Russian discoverers, the world map would be completely different. Our compatriots - travelers and sailors - made discoveries that enriched world science. The eight most notable ones are covered in our material.
Bellingshausen's first Antarctic expedition
In 1819, the navigator, captain of the 2nd rank, Thaddeus Bellingshausen led the first round-the-world Antarctic expedition. The purpose of the voyage was to explore the waters of the Pacific, Atlantic and Indian oceans, as well as to prove or disprove the existence of the sixth continent - Antarctica. Having equipped two sloops - "Mirny" and "Vostok" (under the command of Mikhail Lazarev), Bellingshausen's detachment went to sea.
The expedition lasted 751 days and wrote many bright pages in history. geographical discoveries. The main one - the discovery of Antarctica - was made on January 28, 1820.
By the way, attempts to open the white continent had been made before, but did not bring the desired success: a little luck was missing, and perhaps Russian perseverance.
Thus, the navigator James Cook, summing up the results of his second voyage around the world, wrote: “I went around the ocean of the southern hemisphere in high latitudes and rejected the possibility of the existence of a continent, which, if it could be discovered, would only be near the pole in places inaccessible to navigation.”
During Bellingshausen's Antarctic expedition, more than 20 islands were discovered and mapped, sketches of Antarctic species and the animals living there were made, and the navigator himself went down in history as a great discoverer.
“The name of Bellingshausen can be directly placed alongside the names of Columbus and Magellan, with the names of those people who did not retreat in the face of difficulties and imaginary impossibilities created by their predecessors, with the names of people who followed their own independently, and therefore were destroyers of barriers to discovery that mark eras,” wrote the German geographer August Petermann.
Discoveries of Semenov Tien-Shansky
Central Asia at the beginning of the 19th century was one of the least studied areas globe. An undeniable contribution to the study of the “unknown land” - as geographers called Central Asia - was made by Pyotr Semenov.
In 1856, the researcher’s main dream came true - he went on an expedition to the Tien Shan.
“My work on Asian geography led me to a thorough acquaintance with everything that was known about inner Asia. I was especially attracted to the most central of the Asian mountain ranges - the Tien Shan, on which I had not yet set foot. European traveler and which was known only from scanty Chinese sources.”
Semenov's research in Central Asia lasted two years. During this time, the sources of the Chu, Syr Darya and Sary-Jaz rivers, the peaks of Khan Tengri and others were mapped.
The traveler established the location of the Tien Shan ridges, the height of the snow line in this area and discovered the huge Tien Shan glaciers.
In 1906, by decree of the emperor, for the merits of the discoverer, the prefix began to be added to his surname - Tien Shan.
Asia Przhevalsky
In the 70-80s. XIX century Nikolai Przhevalsky led four expeditions to Central Asia. This little-studied area has always attracted the researcher, and traveling to Central Asia has been his long-time dream.
Over the years of research have been studied mountain systems Kun-Lun , ridges of Northern Tibet, sources of the Yellow River and Yangtze, basins Kuku-nora and Lob-nora.
Przhevalsky was the second person after Marco Polo to reach lakes-swamps Lob-nora!
In addition, the traveler discovered dozens of species of plants and animals that are named after him.
“Happy fate made it possible to make a feasible exploration of the least known and most inaccessible countries of inner Asia,” Nikolai Przhevalsky wrote in his diary.
Kruzenshtern's circumnavigation
The names of Ivan Kruzenshtern and Yuri Lisyansky became known after the first Russian round-the-world expedition.
For three years, from 1803 to 1806. - that’s how long the first circumnavigation of the world lasted - the ships “Nadezhda” and “Neva”, having passed through Atlantic Ocean, rounded Cape Horn, and then through the waters Pacific Ocean We reached Kamchatka, the Kuril Islands and Sakhalin. The expedition clarified the map of the Pacific Ocean and collected information about the nature and inhabitants of Kamchatka and the Kuril Islands.
During the voyage, Russian sailors crossed the equator for the first time. This event was celebrated, according to tradition, with the participation of Neptune.
The sailor, dressed as the lord of the seas, asked Krusenstern why he came here with his ships, because the Russian flag had not been seen in these places before. To which the expedition commander replied: “For the glory of science and our fatherland!”
Nevelsky Expedition
Admiral Gennady Nevelskoy is rightfully considered one of the outstanding navigators of the 19th century. In 1849, on the transport ship "Baikal" he went on an expedition to Far East.
The Amur expedition lasted until 1855, during which time Nevelskoy made several major discoveries in the lower reaches of the Amur and northern shores Sea of Japan, annexed the vast expanses of the Amur and Primorye regions to Russia.
Thanks to the navigator, it became known that Sakhalin is an island that is separated by the navigable Tatar Strait, and the mouth of the Amur is accessible for ships to enter from the sea.
In 1850, Nevelsky’s detachment founded the Nikolaev post, which today is known as Nikolaevsk-on-Amur.
“The discoveries made by Nevelsky are invaluable for Russia,” wrote Count Nikolai Muravyov-Amursky “Many previous expeditions to these regions could have achieved European glory, but none of them achieved domestic benefit, at least to the extent that Nevelskoy accomplished this.”
North of Vilkitsky
The purpose of the hydrographic expedition of the Arctic Ocean in 1910-1915. was the development of the Northern Sea Route. By chance, captain 2nd rank Boris Vilkitsky took over the duties of the voyage leader. Icebreaking steamships "Taimyr" and "Vaigach" went to sea.
Vilkitsky moved through the northern waters from east to west, and during his voyage he was able to compile a true description of the northern coast Eastern Siberia and many islands, received essential information about currents and climate, and also became the first to make a through voyage from Vladivostok to Arkhangelsk.
The expedition members discovered the Land of Emperor Nicholas II, known today as Novaya Zemlya - this discovery is considered the last of the significant ones on the globe.
In addition, thanks to Vilkitsky, the islands of Maly Taimyr, Starokadomsky and Zhokhov were put on the map.
At the end of the expedition the First world war. The traveler Roald Amundsen, having learned about the success of Vilkitsky’s voyage, could not resist exclaiming to him:
"IN peacetime this expedition would excite the whole world!”
Kamchatka campaign of Bering and Chirikov
The second quarter of the 18th century was rich in geographical discoveries. All of them were made during the First and Second Kamchatka expeditions, which immortalized the names of Vitus Bering and Alexei Chirikov.
During the First Kamchatka Campaign, Bering, the leader of the expedition, and his assistant Chirikov explored and mapped the Pacific coast of Kamchatka and Northeast Asia. Two peninsulas were discovered - Kamchatsky and Ozerny, Kamchatka Bay, Karaginsky Bay, Cross Bay, Providence Bay and St. Lawrence Island, as well as the strait, which today bears the name of Vitus Bering.
Companions - Bering and Chirikov - also led the Second Kamchatka Expedition. The goal of the campaign was to find a route to North America and explore the Pacific Islands.
In Avachinskaya Bay, the expedition members founded the Petropavlovsk fort - in honor of the ships "St. Peter" and "St. Paul" - which was later renamed Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky.
When the ships set sail to the shores of America, by the will of an evil fate, Bering and Chirikov began to act alone - due to fog, their ships lost each other.
"St. Peter" under the command of Bering reached the west coast of America.
And on the way back, the members of the expedition, who had had to endure many difficulties, were washed up by a storm. small island. This is where Vitus Bering’s life ended, and the island where the expedition members stopped for the winter was named after Bering.
Chirikov’s “Saint Paul” also reached the shores of America, but for him the voyage ended more happily - on the way back he discovered a number of islands of the Aleutian ridge and safely returned to the Peter and Paul prison.
“Unclear Earthlings” by Ivan Moskvitin
Little is known about the life of Ivan Moskvitin, but this man nevertheless went down in history, and the reason for this was the new lands he discovered.
In 1639, Moskvitin, leading a detachment of Cossacks, set sail to the Far East. The main goal of the travelers was to “find new unknown lands” and collect furs and fish. The Cossacks crossed the Aldan, Mayu and Yudoma rivers, discovered the Dzhugdzhur ridge, separating the rivers of the Lena basin from the rivers flowing into the sea, and along the Ulya River they reached the “Lamskoye”, or Sea of Okhotsk. Having explored the coast, the Cossacks discovered the Taui Bay and entered the Sakhalin Bay, rounding the Shantar Islands.
One of the Cossacks reported that the rivers in open lands“sable, there are a lot of all kinds of animals, and fish, and the fish are big, there is no such thing in Siberia... there are so many of them - just throw a net and you can’t drag it out with the fish...”.
1. FAMOUS TRAVELERS OF ANCIENT BPEMEH
Hanno (505) - Herodotus (484) - Pytheas (340) - Eudoxus (146) - Strabo (63)
Hanno of Carthage - Fortunate (Canary) Islands, Evening Horn, Southern Horn, Rio de Oro Bay - Herodotus visits Egypt, Libya, Ethiopia, Phenicia, Arabia, Babylonia, Persia, Media, Colchis, Caspian Sea, Scythia and Thrace - Pytheas explores the shores of Iberia and Celtish, the English Channel, the island of Albion, the Orcadian (Orkney) Islands, the land of Thule - Nearchus travels around the Asian coast from the Indus to Persian Gulf- Eudoxus gets acquainted with the western coast of Africa - Strabo travels through Inner Asia, Egypt, Greece and Italy
The first traveler mentioned in historical sources was Hanno, sent by the Carthaginian 1 (figures - see note at the end) Senate to colonize new territories on the west coast of Africa. The account of this expedition was written in Punic 2 and translated into Greek; it is known as “Hanno’s Sea Voyage Around the World.” What era did this explorer live in? Historians have different opinions. But the most reliable version is considered to be the one according to which his visit to the African shores dates back to 505 BC 3 .
Map of the Argonauts' voyage
The Southern Horn was, without a doubt, the final point reached by the Punic expedition. Some historians claim that the Carthaginian fleet did not go further than Cape Bojador, located two degrees north of the tropics, but the first point of view seems to us more likely.
Having reached the Southern Horn, Hanno began to lack food supplies. Then he turned north and returned to Carthage, where, by his order, a marble slab with a description of the journey “around the world” was placed in the temple of Baal Moloch.
After the Carthaginian navigator, the most famous of the ancient travelers in historical times was the Greek scientist Herodotus, nicknamed "the father of history." For our purpose we will separate the traveler from the historian and follow him to the countries he visited.
Greek galley. 500 BC
Herodotus born around 484 BC 9 in the Asia Minor city of Halicarnassus. He came from a wealthy and noble family with extensive trade connections, which may have contributed to the development of the instincts of a traveler and explorer awakened in the boy.
At that time, there was no consensus regarding the shape of the Earth. The Pythagorean school had already begun to spread the doctrine that the Earth was spherical. But Herodotus did not take any part in these disputes that worried the scientists of his time. In his early youth, he left his homeland with the intention of carefully studying distant countries, about which very scanty and contradictory information was received.
In 464, at the age of twenty, he left Halicarnassus. Apparently, Herodotus first went to Egypt, where he visited the cities of Memphis, Heliopolis and Thebes. During the trip, he managed to obtain a lot of valuable information about the Nile floods. In his notes he gives various opinions regarding the sources of this great river, which the Egyptians revered as a deity.
“When the Nile floods,” says Herodotus, “nothing is visible except cities; they appear to be built on top of water and resemble the islands of the Aegean Sea.”
Herodotus talks about the religious rites of the Egyptians, how they make sacrifices to their gods and how they solemnly celebrate holidays in honor of the goddess Isis in the city of Busiris, the ruins of which are still visible today. Herodotus also reports how the Egyptians revered wild and domestic animals, considering them sacred, and gave them funeral honors. With the precision of a true naturalist, he describes the Nile crocodile and its habits; describes the methods by which crocodiles are caught. We find out what other animals there are and what the Egyptian hippopotamus, ibis bird, and various snakes are like.
Herodotus depicts the home life of the Egyptians, their customs, games, and talks about the art of embalming the dead, which the Egyptians mastered to perfection. Next, he reports what structures were erected under Pharaoh Cheops: a labyrinth built near Lake Merisa, the remains of which were discovered in 1799; Lake Meris, created by human hands, and two pyramids that rose above the surface of its waters; Herodotus speaks with surprise about the temples erected in Memphis, about the famous colossus made of solid stone, on the transportation of which two thousand people worked for three years from Elephantine 10 to Sais.
Having carefully studied Egypt, Herodotus headed to other countries of Libya, that is, Africa, but the young traveler did not even imagine that Africa extended far to the south, beyond the Tropic of Cancer; he believed that the Phoenicians could go around this continent and return to Egypt through the Strait of Gibraltar 11.
Egyptian ship. 1600 BC
Enumerating the peoples living in Libya, Herodotus mentions the shepherd tribes wandering along the coast of Africa, and also names the Ammonians, who live in the interior of the country, in places abounding in predatory animals. The Ammonians built the famous temple of Zeus of Ammon, the ruins of which were discovered in the northeast of the Libyan Desert, 500 kilometers from the city of Cairo 12. He also describes in detail the customs and morals of the Libyans and reports what animals are found in this country: snakes of terrible size, lions, elephants, horned donkeys (probably rhinoceroses), baboon monkeys - “headless animals with eyes on their chests”, foxes , hyenas, porcupines, wild sheep, panthers, etc.
According to Herodotus, Libya is inhabited by two peoples: Libyans and Ethiopians. But did he really travel through this country? Historians doubt this. Most likely, he wrote down many of the details from the words of the Egyptians. But there is no doubt that he really sailed to the city of Tyre, in Phenicia, since here he gives quite accurate descriptions. In addition, Herodotus collected information from which he compiled brief description Syria and Palestine.
Following this, Herodotus descends to the south - to Arabia, a country he calls Asian Ethiopia, that is, to that part of Southern Arabia, which he considers the last inhabited land. The Arabs living on the Arabian Peninsula, according to him, are strictly religious people. In their country valuable plants grow in abundance, from which frankincense and myrrh are obtained. The traveler provides interesting details about how fragrant substances are extracted from these plants.
Then we meet Herodotus in the countries he vaguely calls either Assyria or Babylonia. He begins the story of these countries with a careful description of Babylon, in which the kings lived since the destruction ancient capital Nineveh. The ruins of Nineveh have survived to this day, in the form of mounds scattered along both banks of the Euphrates, at a distance of 78 kilometers southeast of Baghdad. The large, fast and deep Euphrates River then divided the city of Nineveh into two parts. In one towered a fortified royal palace, in the other - the temple of Zeus. Next, Herodotus speaks of the two queens of Babylon - Semiramis and Nitocris; then he goes on to describe crafts and agriculture, telling how wheat, barley, millet, sesame, grapes, fig trees and palm trees are cultivated in this country.
Having studied Babylon, Herodotus went to Persia and, since the purpose of his trip was to collect accurate information about the long Greco-Persian wars, he visited the places where these wars took place in order to obtain on the spot all the details he needed. Herodotus begins this part of his history with a description of the customs of the Persians. They, unlike other peoples, did not give their gods a human form, did not erect either temples or altars in their honor, content with performing religious rites on the tops of the mountains.
Next, Herodotus speaks about the life and morals of the Persians. They have an aversion to meat, a love of fruit, and a passion for wine; they show interest in foreign customs, love pleasure, value military valor, take raising children seriously, respect the right to life of everyone, even a slave; they hate lies and debts, and they despise lepers. The disease of leprosy serves as proof for them that “the unfortunate person has sinned against the Sun.”
The marriage was accompanied by nationwide publicity
Herodotus's India, according to Vivien de Saint-Martin 13 , is limited to the countries irrigated by the five tributaries of the present Panjnad, and to the territory of Afghanistan. The young traveler headed there, leaving the Persian kingdom 14. The Indians, in his opinion, are the most numerous of the known peoples. Some of them lead a sedentary lifestyle, others are constantly nomadic. The tribes living in the east of this country, as Herodotus claims, not only kill the sick and old people, but allegedly even eat them. The tribes living in the north are distinguished by their courage and skill in crafts. Their land is rich in golden sand.
Herodotus believes that India is the last inhabited country in the East. It maintains the same fertile climate at all times of the year as in Greece, located on the opposite end of the earth.
Then the indefatigable Herodotus went to Media, 15 where he compiled the history of the Medes, the first people to overthrow the yoke of the Assyrians. The Medes founded huge city Ecbatana (Hamadan), which was surrounded by seven rows of walls. Having crossed the mountains that separated Media from Colchis, the Greek traveler entered the country famous for the exploits of Jason 16 and studied its customs and customs with his characteristic conscientiousness.
Athenian merchant ship. 500 BC
Herodotus, apparently, was well acquainted with the contours of the Caspian Sea. He says that "this sea is itself, and has no communication with another." The Caspian Sea, according to him, is limited in the west Caucasus mountains, and in the east by a vast plain inhabited by the Massagetae, who probably belonged to the Scythian tribe. The Massagetae worshiped the sun and sacrificed horses to it. Herodotus also speaks of the great river Arak, which flows into the Caspian Sea.
Then the traveler ends up in Scythia. Scythians - according to Herodotus' definition - various tribes inhabiting the vast space between the Danube and Don, that is, a significant part European Russia. Herodotus calls the tribe of “princely Scythians” who occupied the banks of the Tanais (Don) river the most numerous and powerful. In addition, Herodotus mentions the tribes of Scythian nomads and Scythian farmers.
Although Herodotus lists various Scythian tribes, it is not known whether he personally visited the countries located north of Pontus Euxine 17. He describes in detail the customs of these tribes and comes into sincere delight from the Pontus Euxine - this “hospitable sea”. Herodotus determines the dimensions of the Black Sea, Bosphorus, Propontis 18 and Sea of Azov, and his definitions are almost correct. He lists big rivers, flowing into the Black Sea: Ister, or Danube; Borysthenes, or Dnieper; Tanais, or Don.
The traveler conveys many myths about the origin of the Scythian people; in these myths, a large role is given to Hercules. He ends his description of Scythia with a story about the marriages of Scythians with warlike women from the Amazon tribe, which, in his opinion, can explain the Scythian custom that a girl cannot get married until she kills an enemy.
From Scythia, Herodotus arrived in Thrace. There he learned about the Hets - the most courageous people who inhabited this country 19. He then traveled to Greece, where he wanted to collect the missing information for his history. He visited areas where the main events of the Greco-Persian wars took place, including the Passage of Thermopylae, the Field of Marathon and Plataea. Then he returned to Asia Minor and traveled around its coast, exploring the numerous colonies founded there by the Greeks.
Returning at the age of 28 to his homeland, Halicarnassus, the famous traveler took part in the popular movement against the tyrant Lygdamis and contributed to his overthrow. In 444 BC, Herodotus attended the Panathenaic festivals and read excerpts from the description of his travels there, arousing general enthusiasm. At the end of his life, he retired to Italy, to Turium, where he died in 426 BC, leaving behind him the fame of a famous traveler and an even more famous historian.
After Herodotus, we will step a century and a half later, mentioning a doctor by name Ctesias, a contemporary of Xenophon 20. Ctesias wrote an account of his journey through India, although there is no reliable information that he actually completed it.
In chronological order, let us now move on to Pytheas from Massilia - to a traveler, geographer and astronomer, one of the most learned men of his time. In 340 BC, Pytheas ventured to sail the Atlantic Ocean on a single ship. Instead of following the coast of Africa to the south, as his Carthaginian predecessors usually did, Pytheas went north, where he began exploring the coast of the Iberian Peninsula 21 and the coast of the Celtic country, right up to the granite Cape Finisterre. Then Pytheas entered the English Channel and landed on the island of Albion 22. He met the inhabitants of this island, who, according to him, were distinguished by good nature, honesty, moderation and ingenuity. They traded in tin, for which traders from distant countries came here.
Continuing north, Pytheas passed the Orkney Islands, located at the northern tip of Scotland, and rose to a latitude where “in summer the night did not exceed two hours.” After a six-day voyage across the North Sea, Pytheas reached the land known since then as Ultima Thule. Apparently, this was the Scandinavian peninsula. But Pytheas was no longer able to move further north. “Further,” he says, “there was no sea, no land, no air.”
Pytheas was forced to turn back, but his journey did not end there: he sailed east and arrived at the mouth of the Rhine, where the Ostions lived, and even further the Germans. From there he sailed to the mouth big river, which he calls Thais (probably it was Elba), and then sailed back to Massilia and returned to his hometown a year after he left.
The remarkable traveler Pytheas was no less a remarkable scientist; He was the first to prove the influence of the Moon on the ebb and flow of the sea and noticed that the North Star does not occupy a point in celestial space that is located above the earth’s pole, which was subsequently confirmed by science.
A few years after Pytheas, around 326 BC, another Greek traveler became famous for his research - Nearchs islands of Crete. As commander of the fleet of Alexander the Great, he was ordered to travel around the entire coast of Asia from the Indus to the Euphrates.
Nearchus sailors scare the whales
The idea of such an expedition was prompted by the need to establish communications between India and Egypt, in which Alexander was extremely interested, being at that time with his army 800 miles from the coast, in the upper reaches of the Indus. The commander equipped a fleet for Nearchus, consisting of thirty-three double-decker galleys and large number transport ships that accommodated two thousand people. While Nearchus sailed with his fleet down the Indus, Alexander's army followed him on both banks. Having reached the Indian Ocean four months later, Nearchus sailed along the coast that now forms the border of Balochistan.
Nearchus set out to sea on the second of October, without waiting for the winter monsoon, which could have been favorable for his voyage. Therefore, in forty days of travel, Nearchus barely managed to swim 80 miles to the west. His first sites were made in Stura and Koreistis; these names do not correspond to any of the current villages located in those places. Then he sailed to the island of Krokala, which lies near the modern Karantian Bay. The fleet, destroyed by storms, took refuge in a natural harbor, which Nearchus was forced to strengthen “to protect against the attack of savages.”
Twenty-four days later, the naval commander of Alexander the Great again raised the sails and set off to sea. Violent storms forced him to make frequent stops at various places on the coast and defend himself from attacks by the Arabites, whom Eastern historians characterized as “a barbarous people wearing long hair, growing beards and resembling fauns or bears.”
After many adventures and skirmishes with coastal tribes, Nearchus landed on the land of the Orites, which in modern geography bears the name: Cape Moran. “In this area,” notes Nearchus, describing his journey, “the sun at noon illuminated all objects vertically, and they did not cast shadows.” But Nearchus is apparently mistaken, since at this time of year the daylight was in the southern hemisphere, on the Tropic of Capricorn, and not in the northern hemisphere; in addition, the ships of Nearchus always sailed at a distance of several degrees from the Tropic of Cancer; therefore, even in summer in these areas, the sun at noon could not illuminate objects vertically.
When the northeast monsoon set in, sailing continued under favorable conditions. Nearchus followed the coast of the country of ichthyophages, that is, “people who eat fish” - a rather pitiful tribe who, due to a lack of pasture, were forced to feed their sheep with seafood. Here Nearchus's fleet began to lack food supplies. Having rounded Cape Posmi, Nearchus took a native helmsman into his galley. Driven by coastal winds, Nearchus' ships successfully moved forward. The coast became less barren. There were trees here and there. Nearchus landed at a city of ichthyophages, the name of which he does not indicate, and, suddenly attacking the inhabitants, forcibly seized from them the supplies that his fleet so needed.
Then the ships arrived in Kanazida, in other words, the city of Churbar. The ruins of this city can still be seen near the bay of the same name. By that time, the Macedonians were already running out of bread. It was in vain that Nearchus stopped in Kanata, in Troy and in Dagazir - he was unable to obtain anything from these poor peoples. The sailors had no more meat or bread, and yet they did not dare to eat turtles, which abound in these countries.
Almost at the entrance to the Persian Gulf, the fleet encountered a large herd of whales. The frightened sailors wanted to turn the galleys back, but Nearchus boldly went forward on his ship to meet sea monsters, which we managed to disperse.
Having reached Carmania 23, the ships diverted to the northwest. The banks here were fertile; Everywhere there were grain fields, vast pastures, and fruit trees. Nearchus dropped anchor at Badis, present-day Iask. Then, having rounded Cape Macet or Mussendon, the sailors found themselves at the entrance to the Persian Gulf, to which Nearchus, like the Arab geographers, gives the unusual name of the Red Sea.
In the harbor of Harmosia (Ormuz), Nearchus learned that Alexander's army was five days' journey away. Having landed on the shore, he hastened to join the conqueror. Alexander, having not received any news about his fleet for twenty-one weeks, no longer hoped to see it. One can imagine the commander’s joy when Nearchus, emaciated beyond recognition, appeared before him safe and sound! To celebrate his return, Alexander ordered gymnastic games to be held and abundant sacrifices to be made to the gods. Nearchus then went again to Harmosia, where he left his fleet to sail from there to the mouth of the Euphrates.
Sailing along the Persian Gulf, the Macedonian fleet landed on many islands, and then, rounding Cape Bestion, sailed to the island of Keisho, on the border of Carmania. Then Persia began. Nearchus' ships, following along the Persian coast, stopped in different places to stock up on bread, which Alexander sent here.
After several days of sailing, Nearchus arrived at the mouth of the Endiana River, then reached the river flowing from the large fish-infested lake Kataderbis, and finally dropped anchor near the Babylonian village of Degela, not far from the mouth of the Euphrates, thus sailing along the entire Persian coast. Here Nearchus again united with the army of Alexander the Great, who generously rewarded him and appointed him commander of his entire fleet. Alexander also wanted to explore the Arab coast of the Persian Gulf, right up to the Red Sea, and establish a sea route from Persia and Babylon to Egypt, but death prevented him from carrying out this plan.
Nearchus compiled a description of his journey, which, unfortunately, has not survived. A detailed account of his voyages is contained in the book of the Greek historian Flavius Arrian 24 “History of India”, which has come down to us in fragments.
Nearchus is believed to have been killed at the Battle of Ipsus. He left behind the glory of a skilled navigator, and his journey constitutes an important event in the history of navigation.
Now we should also mention the bold enterprise of the Greek geographer Eudoxa, who lived in the 2nd century BC. Having visited Egypt and the shores of India, this brave traveler had the intention of circumnavigating Africa, which was actually accomplished only sixteen centuries later by the Portuguese navigator Vasco da Gama.
Eudox hired big ship and two longboats and set off across the unfamiliar waters of the Atlantic Ocean. How far did he take his ships? It's difficult to determine. Be that as it may, having met the natives, whom he mistook for Ethiopians, he returned to Mauritania, and from there crossed over to Iberia and began preparations for a new extensive journey around Africa. Was this journey made? Doubtful. It must be said that this Eudoxus, an undoubtedly brave man, does not deserve much trust. In any case, scientists do not take him seriously.
Roman galley. 110 BC
Among the ancient travelers it remains for us to mention the names of Caesar and Strabo. Julius Caesar 26, born in 100 BC, was primarily a conqueror and did not set out to explore new countries. Let us only recall that in 58 BC he began to conquer Gaul and ten years later he brought his legions to the shores of Great Britain, which was inhabited by peoples of Germanic origin.
As for , born in Cappadocia 27 around 63 AD, he is known more as a geographer than a traveler. However, he traveled through Asia Minor, Egypt, Greece, Italy and lived for a long time in Rome, where he died in recent years reign of Tiberius. Strabo left a Geography divided into seventeen books, most of which have survived to this day. This work, together with the works of Ptolemy, constitutes the most important monument of ancient Greek geography.
NOTES
1Carthage was founded by the Phoenicians around 850 BC on the northern coast of Africa, in the Gulf of Tunis.
2 The Romans called the Carthaginians Punes; hence the name of the language - Punic.
3 The exact date of the expedition Hanno impossible to install. Modern scholars date it to the 5th or 6th century BC. The description of this voyage has come to us in the form of an “adventure novel”, in which reliable facts are intertwined with fictional ones. However geographical description the western coast of Africa, the story of steppe fires inside the country leaves no doubt about the authenticity of the journey, which was subsequently overgrown with various fables.
Hanno was the first navigator to visit the west coast of Africa. He sailed along this coast from the Strait of Gibraltar to the south for about 4,500 kilometers. Nineteen centuries later, it took Portuguese navigators fifty years to explore the coastline that Hanno had bypassed.
4 Pillars of Hercules- two mountains on the European and African shores of the Strait of Gibraltar, allegedly erected by the mythical hero Hercules. According to the ancient Greeks, the Pillars of Hercules were the western edge of the known world.
5 Probably the Senegal River.
6 Cymbals- ancient musical instrument in the form of copper plates. Tambourine- a percussion musical instrument resembling a tambourine.
7 Southern Horn- now Sherborough Bay in the state of Sierra Leone (formerly an English colony), located on the shores of the Gulf of Guinea.
8 We must assume that these were not gorillas, but chimpanzees.
9 Biographical information about Herodotus is extremely scarce. The exact years of his life are not known; he is believed to have been born around 484 BC and died in 424 or 426 BC. Herodotus is the author of the first major historical work that has come down to us - the famous “History”, in which he included rich geographical material collected during his long travels. It is impossible to say exactly which countries Herodotus visited during his travels. There is no doubt that he visited Egypt and the northern coast of the Black Sea. In the east it probably reached Babylon. Herodotus also speaks of a journey to India, but this description has no historical basis.
10 Island Elephantine(Ivory) is located on the Nile River, at the first rapids, on the border of Egypt and Sudan.
11 Here the author refers to the story of Herodotus, which he heard in Egypt, about the journey Phoenician sailors around Africa, undertaken by order of the Egyptian pharaoh Necho around 600 BC. This enterprise has no equal in the history of geographical discoveries, so we will give the entire short story of Herodotus: “Libya, it turns out, is surrounded by water all around, with the exception of the part where it borders on Asia; the first to prove it, as far as we know, egyptian pharaoh Nehao. Having suspended the digging of a canal from the Nile to the Arabian Gulf [Red Sea], he sent the Phoenicians on ships to the sea with orders to sail back through the Pillars of Hercules [Strait of Gibraltar] until they entered the North [Mediterranean] Sea and arrived in Egypt.
The Phoenicians sailed from the Erythraean [Red] Sea and entered the South Sea [ Indian Ocean]. When autumn came, they landed on the shore and, no matter where they landed in Libya, sowed the land and waited for the harvest; After harvesting the grain, they sailed on. So two years passed in the voyage, and only in the third year they rounded the Pillars of Hercules and returned to Egypt.
They also said, which I don’t believe, but someone else might believe, that while sailing around Libya, the Phoenicians had the sun on the right side. This is how Libya became known for the first time.”
12 Ammon(Siwa) is an oasis in the Libyan desert.
13 Vivienne de Saint-Martin(1802–1897) - French geographer, author of the famous work “Essay on General Geography” and other works.
14 Herodotus did not travel through Afghanistan and India; He collected information about these countries in Babylon.
15 Mussel was located south of the Caspian Sea. Under the Persian king Cyrus (c. 558–529 BC) it became part of Persia. Main city- Ecbatana.
16 Jason- in Greek mythology, the leader of the Argonauts' campaign for the Golden Fleece. According to one version of the myth, he died under the wreckage of the Argo ship; according to another, he committed suicide. The myth of the Argonauts who sailed from Greece to Colchis (the eastern coast of the Black Sea) is a reflection of the history of early Greek colonization (8th–7th centuries BC).
17 The ancient Greeks originally called the Black Sea Pont Aksinsky(inhospitable) due to strong and frequent storms. Subsequently, when the Greeks colonized the Black Sea shores, the sea was renamed Pont Euxine (hospitable).
18 Propontis(literally: “lying in front of Pontus”) – Sea of Marmara.
19 Thrace- a country located in the north Balkan Peninsula; its shores were washed by the Black Sea from the east, and the Aegean from the south.
20 Xenophon- Greek historian of the late 5th - first half of the 4th century BC, author of “Greek History”, “Anabasis” and other works.
21 Iberia- the ancient name of Spain.
22 Albion- the ancient name of the island of Great Britain, which translated means “White Island” (the name was given by Pytheas because of the chalk cliffs towering over the English Channel).
23 Karmania– region in the south of Iran; according to the ancients, it was inhabited by nomads who fed on fish (ichthyophages).
24 Arrian Flavius(c. 95–175 AD) was a Roman-period Greek writer, historian and geographer. The main works: “Anabasis of Alexander” (History of the campaigns of Alexander the Great) and “History of India”.
25 Mauritania- an area on the northwestern coast of Africa. At the beginning of the 1st century AD it became a Roman province.
26 Caesar Julius(full name Gaius Julius Caesar) - Roman emperor,
27 Cappadocia– the name of an area located in the southeastern part of the Asia Minor peninsula.
Russian navigators, along with European ones, are the most famous pioneers who discovered new continents, sections of mountain ranges and vast water areas.
They became discoverers of significant geographical objects, took the first steps in the development of hard-to-reach territories, and traveled around the world. So who are they, the conquerors of the seas, and what exactly did the world learn about thanks to them?
Afanasy Nikitin - the very first Russian traveler
Afanasy Nikitin is rightfully considered the first Russian traveler who managed to visit India and Persia (1468-1474, according to other sources 1466-1472). On the way back he visited Somalia, Turkey, and Muscat. Based on his travels, Afanasy compiled the notes “Walking across the Three Seas,” which became popular and unique historical and literary aids. These notes became the first book in Russian history not written in the format of a story about a pilgrimage, but describing the political, economic and cultural features of the territories.
Afanasy Nikitin
He was able to prove that even being a member of a poor peasant family you can become famous researcher and traveler. Streets and embankments in several places are named after him. Russian cities, motor ship, passenger train and airflight.
Semyon Dezhnev, who founded the Anadyr fortress
Cossack ataman Semyon Dezhnev was an Arctic navigator who became the discoverer of a number of geographical objects. Wherever Semyon Ivanovich served, everywhere he sought to study new and previously unknown things. He was even able to cross the East Siberian Sea on a homemade kocha, going from Indigirka to Alazeya.
In 1643, as part of a detachment of explorers, Semyon Ivanovich discovered Kolyma, where he and his associates founded the city of Srednekolymsk. A year later, Semyon Dezhnev continued his expedition, walked along the Bering Strait (which did not yet have this name) and discovered the most eastern point continent, later called Cape Dezhnev. An island, a peninsula, a bay, and a village also bear his name.
Semyon Dezhnev
In 1648, Dezhnev hit the road again. His ship was wrecked in the waters located in the southern part of the Anadyr River. Having arrived on skis, the sailors went up the river and stayed there for the winter. Subsequently, this place appeared on geographical maps and received the name Anadyr fort. As a result of the expedition, the traveler was able to do detailed descriptions, make a map of those places.
Vitus Jonassen Bering, who organized expeditions to Kamchatka
Two Kamchatka expeditions inscribed the names of Vitus Bering and his associate Alexei Chirikov into the history of marine discoveries. During the first voyage, the navigators conducted research and were able to supplement the geographical atlas with objects located in Northeast Asia and on the Pacific coast of Kamchatka.
The discovery of the Kamchatka and Ozerny peninsulas, the Kamchatka, Krest, Karaginsky bays, Provedeniya Bay, and St. Lawrence Island is also the merit of Bering and Chirikov. At the same time, another strait was found and described, which later became known as the Bering Strait.
Vitus Bering
The second expedition was undertaken by them with the aim of finding a way to North America and studying Pacific Islands. On this journey, Bering and Chirikov founded the Peter and Paul fort. It took its name from the combined names of their ships (“St. Peter” and “St. Paul”) and subsequently became the city of Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky.
On the approach to the shores of America, the ships of like-minded people lost sight of each other, due to heavy fog. "St. Peter", controlled by Bering, sailed to the west coast of America, but was caught in a severe storm on the way back - the ship was thrown onto an island. The last minutes of Vitus Bering’s life passed on it, and the island subsequently began to bear his name. Chirikov also reached America on his ship, but completed his voyage safely, having discovered several islands of the Aleutian ridge on the way back.
Khariton and Dmitry Laptev and their “name” sea
Cousins Khariton and Dmitry Laptev were like-minded people and assistants to Vitus Bering. It was he who appointed Dmitry as commander of the ship “Irkutsk”, and his double boat “Yakutsk” was led by Khariton. They took part in the Great Northern Expedition, the purpose of which was to study, accurately describe and map the Russian shores of the ocean, from the Yugorsky Shar to Kamchatka.
Each of the brothers made a significant contribution to the development of new territories. Dmitry became the first navigator to take photographs of the coast from the mouth of the Lena to the mouth of the Kolyma. He compiled detailed maps of these places, using mathematical calculations and astronomical data as a basis.
Khariton and Dmitry Laptev
Khariton Laptev and his associates conducted research on the northernmost section of the Siberian coast. It was he who determined the dimensions and outlines of the huge Taimyr Peninsula - he carried out a survey of its eastern coast, was able to identify exact coordinates coastal islands. The expedition took place in difficult conditions - a large amount of ice, snowstorms, scurvy, ice captivity - Khariton Laptev’s team had to endure a lot. But they continued the work they had started. On this expedition, Laptev's assistant Chelyuskin discovered a cape, which was later named in his honor.
Noting the great contribution of the Laptevs to the development of new territories, members of the Russian Geographical Society decided to name one of them after them. largest seas Arctic. Also, the strait between the mainland and the island of Bolshoy Lyakhovsky is named in honor of Dmitry, and the western coast of the island of Taimyr is named after Khariton.
Krusenstern and Lisyansky - organizers of the first Russian circumnavigation
Ivan Kruzenshtern and Yuri Lisyansky are the first Russian navigators to circumnavigate the world. Their expedition lasted three years (began in 1803 and ended in 1806). They and their teams set off on two ships, which were named “Nadezhda” and “Neva”. The travelers passed through the Atlantic Ocean and entered the waters of the Pacific Ocean. The sailors used them to reach the Kuril Islands, Kamchatka and Sakhalin.
Ivan Krusenstern
This trip allowed me to collect important information. Based on data obtained by seafarers, a detailed map Pacific Ocean. Another important result of the first Russian round-the-world expedition was the data obtained on the flora and fauna of the Kuril Islands and Kamchatka, local residents, their customs and cultural traditions.
During their journey, the sailors crossed the equator and, according to maritime traditions, could not leave this event without a well-known ritual - a sailor dressed as Neptune greeted Kruzenshtern and asked why his ship had arrived where the Russian flag had never been. To which I received the answer that they are here solely for the glory and development of domestic science.
Vasily Golovnin - the first navigator who was rescued from Japanese captivity
Russian navigator Vasily Golovnin led two expeditions around the world. In 1806, he, being in the rank of lieutenant, received a new appointment and became commander of the sloop "Diana". Interestingly, this is the only case in the history of the Russian fleet when a lieutenant was entrusted with the control of a ship.
The leadership set the goal of the round-the-world expedition to study the northern part of the Pacific Ocean, with special attention to that part of it that is located within the borders of their native country. Diana's path was not easy. The sloop passed the island of Tristan da Cunha, passed the Cape of Hope and entered a port owned by the British. Here the ship was detained by the authorities. The British informed Golovnin about the outbreak of war between the two countries. The Russian ship was not declared captured, but the crew was not allowed to leave the bay. Having spent more than a year in this situation, in mid-May 1809 the Diana, led by Golovnin, tried to escape, which the sailors successfully succeeded in doing - the ship arrived in Kamchatka.
Vasily Golovin
Golovnin received his next important task in 1811 - he was supposed to compile descriptions of the Shantar and Kuril Islands, the shores of the Tatar Strait. During his journey, he was accused of not adhering to the principles of sakoku and was captured by the Japanese for more than 2 years. It was possible to rescue the team from captivity only thanks to the good relations between one of the Russian naval officers and an influential Japanese merchant, who was able to convince his government of the harmless intentions of the Russians. It is worth noting that before this, no one in history had ever returned from Japanese captivity.
In 1817-1819, Vasily Mikhailovich made another trip around the world on the Kamchatka ship, specially built for this purpose.
Thaddeus Bellingshausen and Mikhail Lazarev - discoverers of Antarctica
Captain of the second rank Thaddeus Bellingshausen was determined to find the truth in the question of the existence of the sixth continent. In 1819, he went out to the open sea, carefully preparing two sloops - Mirny and Vostok. The latter was commanded by his like-minded friend Mikhail Lazarev. The first round-the-world Antarctic expedition set itself other tasks. In addition to finding irrefutable facts confirming or refuting the existence of Antarctica, the travelers planned to explore the waters of three oceans - the Pacific, Atlantic and Indian.
Thaddeus Bellingshausen
The results of this expedition exceeded all expectations. During the 751 days that it lasted, Bellingshausen and Lazarev were able to make several significant geographical discoveries. Of course, the most important of them is the existence of Antarctica, this historical event occurred on January 28, 1820. Also, during the trip, about two dozen islands were found and mapped, sketches of Antarctic views, and images of representatives of the Antarctic fauna were created.
Mikhail Lazarev
Interestingly, attempts to discover Antarctica were made more than once, but none of them were successful. European navigators believed that either it did not exist, or it was located in places that were simply impossible to reach by sea. But the Russian travelers had enough perseverance and determination, so the names of Bellingshausen and Lazarev were included in the lists greatest navigators peace.
They are always attracted by the horizon line, an endless strip stretching into the distance. Their faithful friends are ribbons of roads leading to the unknown, mysterious and mysterious. They were the first to push the boundaries, opening new lands to humanity and amazing beauty metrics. These people are the most famous travelers.
Travelers who made the most important discoveries
Christopher Columbus. He was a red-haired guy with a strong build and slightly above average height. Since childhood, he was smart, practical, and very proud. He had a dream - to go on a journey and find a treasure of gold coins. And he made his dreams come true. He found a treasure - a huge continent - America.Three quarters of Columbus's life was spent sailing. He traveled on Portuguese ships, managed to live in Lisbon and on British Isles. Stopping briefly in a foreign land, he constantly drew geographical maps, made new travel plans.
It still remains a mystery how he managed to draw up a plan for the shortest route from Europe to India. His calculations were based on the discoveries of the 15th century and the fact that the Earth is spherical.
Having gathered 90 volunteers in 1492-1493, he set off on a journey across the Atlantic Ocean on three ships. He became the discoverer of the central part of the Bahamas archipelago, the Greater and Lesser Antilles. He is responsible for the discovery of the northeastern coast of Cuba.
The second expedition, which lasted from 1493 to 1496, already consisted of 17 ships and 2.5 thousand people. He discovered the islands of Dominica, Small Antilles, island of Puerto Rico. After 40 days of sailing, arriving in Castile, he notified the government of the opening of a new route to Asia.
After 3 years, having collected 6 ships, he led an expedition across the Atlantic. In Haiti, because of an envious denunciation of his successes, Columbus was arrested and shackled. He received release, but kept the shackles all his life, as a symbol of betrayal.
He was the discoverer of America. Until the end of his life, he mistakenly believed that it was connected to Asia by a thin isthmus. He believed that the sea route to India was opened by him, although history later showed the fallacy of his delusions.
Vasco da Gama. He was lucky enough to live during the era of great geographical discoveries. Perhaps that is why he dreamed of traveling and dreamed of becoming a discoverer of uncharted lands.
He was a nobleman. The family was not the most noble, but had ancient roots. As a young man, he became interested in mathematics, navigation and astronomy. Since childhood, he hated secular society, playing the piano and French, which noble nobles tried to “show off” with.
Determination and organizational skills made Vasco da Gama close to the emperor Charles VIII, who, having decided to create an expedition to open a sea route to India, appointed him in charge.
Four new ships, specially built for the journey, were placed at his disposal. Vasco da Gama was equipped with the latest navigational instruments and provided naval artillery.
A year later, the expedition reached the shores of India, stopping in the first city of Calicut (Kozhikode). Despite the cold reception of the natives and even military clashes, the goal was achieved. Vasco da Gama became the discoverer of the sea route to India.
They discovered the mountainous and desert regions of Asia, made daring expeditions to Far North, they “wrote” history, glorifying the Russian land.
Great Russian travelers
Miklouho-Maclay was born into a noble family, but experienced poverty at the age of 11 when his father died. He was always a rebel. At the age of 15, he was arrested for participating in a student demonstration and imprisoned for three days in Peter and Paul Fortress. For participating in student unrest, he was expelled from the gymnasium and further prohibited from entering any higher institution. Having left for Germany, he received his education there. 
The famous naturalist Ernst Haeckel became interested in the 19-year-old boy, inviting him to his expedition to study marine fauna.
In 1869, returning to St. Petersburg, he enlisted the support of the Russian Geographical Society and went to study New Guinea. It took a year to prepare the expedition. He sailed to the shore of the Coral Sea, and when he set foot on land he had no idea that his descendants would name this place after him.
Having lived for more than a year in New Guinea, he not only discovered new lands, but also taught the natives to grow corn, pumpkins, beans and fruit trees. He studied the life of the natives on the island of Java, the Louisiades and Solomon Islands. He spent 3 years in Australia.
He died at 42. Doctors diagnosed him with severe deterioration of the body.
Afanasy Nikitin is the first Russian traveler to visit India and Persia. Returning back, he visited Somalia, Turkey and Muscat. His notes “Walking across the Three Seas” became valuable historical and literary aids. He described medieval India simply and truthfully in his notes.
Coming from a peasant family, he proved that even a poor person can travel to India. The main thing is to set a goal.
The world has not revealed all its secrets to man. There are still people who dream of lifting the veil of unknown worlds.
Famous modern travelers
He is 60, but his soul is still full of thirst for new adventures. At the age of 58, he climbed to the top of Everest and conquered 7 of the greatest peaks together with climbers. He is fearless, purposeful, open to the unknown. His name is Fedor Konyukhov.And may the era of great discoveries be long behind us. It doesn't matter that the Earth has been photographed thousands of times from space. Let travelers and discoverers discover all the places on the globe. He, like a child, believes that there is still a lot of unknown in the world.
He has 40 expeditions and ascents to his credit. He crossed seas and oceans, was at the North and South Poles, made 4 circumnavigation of the world, crossed the Atlantic 15 times. Of these, one time was on a rowing boat. He made most of his travels alone.
Everyone knows his name. His programs had a television audience of millions. He is the one great man who gave this world unusual beauty nature, hidden from view in the bottomless depths. Fedor Konyukhov visited different places on our planet, including the hottest place in Russia, which is located in Kalmykia. On the website there is Jacques-Yves Cousteau, perhaps the most famous traveler in the world
Even during the war, he continued his experiments and research into the underwater world. He decided to dedicate his first film to sunken ships. And the Germans, who occupied France, allowed him to engage in research and filming.
He dreamed of a ship that would be equipped with modern technology for filming and observation. He was helped by a complete stranger who gave Cousteau a small military minesweeper. After renovation work, it became the famous ship "Calypso".
The ship's crew included researchers: a journalist, a navigator, a geologist, and a volcanologist. His wife was his assistant and companion. Later, 2 of his sons took part in all expeditions.
Cousteau is recognized as the best specialist in underwater research. He received an offer to head the famous Oceanographic Museum in Monaco. He not only studied underwater world, but was also involved in activities to protect marine and ocean habitats.
Subscribe to our channel in Yandex.Zen
It might be useful to read:
- How to get on an excursion to Antarctica?;
- Czech Republic Troy Castle. Troja Castle in Prague. Ancient winery and museum;
- Böcklin and his “island of the dead” A cultural phenomenon of its time;
- Air tickets to Crimea Air tickets to Crimea will become cheaper;
- What you can and cannot take with you;
- Open left menu Heviz How to get from Budapest to Lake Heviz;
- Cable car in Nha Trang (Vinpearl) The longest cable car in the world Vietnam;
- Kamenets-Podolsk fortress - a historical monument of Ukraine Life outside the walls of the Kamenets-Podolsk fortress;