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On August 30, 1918, after speaking to the workers of the Mikhelson plant in Moscow, an attempt was made on Vladimir Ilyich Lenin, as a result of which he received seriously injured.
After the end of the rally, Lenin went out into the courtyard of the plant, continuing the conversation with the audience and answering their questions.
According to the recollections of Bonch-Bruevich, with reference to the driver Gil, the latter sat behind the wheel and looked, half-turned, at Lenin as he approached.
Hearing the shot, he immediately turned his head and saw a woman on the left side of the car near the front fender, who was aiming at Lenin’s back.
Then two more shots rang out and Lenin fell.
These memories became the basis of all historical works and were reproduced in the classic assassination scene in the Soviet film “Lenin in 1918”: a brunette woman with a clearly Jewish appearance aims a revolver at the back of the leader of the Russian revolution...
By official version The perpetrator of this terrorist attack was the Socialist Revolutionary Fanny Kaplan (Feiga Khaimovna Roitblat), who was shot on September 3, 1918.
Neither her contemporaries nor historians characterized her otherwise as a “socialist-revolutionary terrorist,” and no doubts arose about her involvement in the assassination attempt on the “leader of the world proletariat.”

However, all the circumstances of this attempt still remain not entirely clear, and even the most superficial acquaintance with the documents shows how contradictory they are and do not give a clear answer to the question of Kaplan’s guilt...
If we look at the documents, it turns out that the time of the assassination attempt was never precisely determined and the discrepancy in time reaches several hours.
The Mossovet's appeal, which was published in the Pravda newspaper, stated that the assassination attempt took place at 7:30 pm, but the chronicle of the same newspaper reported that this event took place around 9 pm.
A very significant amendment in determining the time of the assassination attempt was made by Lenin’s personal driver S. Gil, a punctual man and one of the few real witnesses. In his testimony, which he gave on August 30, 1918, Gil stated: “I arrived with Lenin at about 10 o’clock in the evening at the Michelson plant”...
Based on the fact that, according to Gil, Lenin’s speech at the rally lasted about an hour, the assassination attempt was most likely carried out around 23:00, when it finally got dark and night fell.
Perhaps Gil’s testimony is closest to reality, since the protocol of Fanny Kaplan’s first interrogation clearly records “11:30 pm.”
If we assume that the detention of Kaplan and her delivery to the nearest military commissariat, where the interrogations began, took 30-40 minutes, then the time indicated by Gil should be considered the most correct.
It is difficult to imagine that Fanny Kaplan, the suspect in the assassination attempt, remained unquestioned for more than three hours, if the assassination attempt took place at 19:30.
Where did this discrepancy in time come from? More likely
, the shift in the time of the assassination attempt to a lighter part of the day was quite deliberately made in his memoirs by Vladimir Bonch-Bruevich, the manager of the affairs of the Council of People's Commissars. His memoirs, which became the basis of the textbook story about the assassination attempt on Vladimir Ilyich Lenin, were reproached at the time of their appearance for inaccuracies and omissions, the introduction of insertions and details that the author could not remember...

Bonch-Bruevich claims that he learned about the assassination attempt at 18:00, when he returned home from work for a short break. He needed this to create a false picture of Kaplan’s detention in daylight, since he added clearly fictitious details...
Bonch-Bruevich’s memoirs include the so-called “driver Gil’s story,” which was reported as if personally to the author. This gives the memories the necessary authenticity, and both Soviet and Western historians invariably refer to them in the future. But the “driver’s story” according to Bonch-Bruevich contradicts Gil’s own testimony. He could not see what happened after the assassination attempt, that is, the episode of Kaplan’s detention, since he was near the wounded man
, and then took him to the Kremlin. The details associated with this episode were composed by Bonch-Bruevich and added directly to “Gil’s story” for greater persuasiveness...
During interrogation, Gil gave the following testimony: “I saw... a woman’s hand with a Browning reaching out from behind several people.” Consequently, the only witness Gil did not see the man who shot Lenin, but only noticed the woman’s outstretched hand.
But, unfortunately, this assumption should be discarded. The observant driver made an important amendment to the protocol: “I am correcting myself: after the first shot, I noticed a woman’s hand with a Browning.”
Based on this, there can be no doubt: Gul did not see the woman who was shooting, and the entire scene described by Bonch-Bruevich, which has become canonical, was fictitious...
Commissioner S. Batulin, who detained Fanny Kaplan some time after the assassination attempt, at the time of her exit from the factory was at a distance of 10 - 15 steps from him. Later he changed his initial testimony, indicating that he was 15 to 20 steps away and that: “The man who shot Comrade. I haven’t seen Lenin.”
Thus, it should be considered an established fact that none of the interrogated witnesses present at the scene of the assassination saw the man who shot Lenin in the face and could not identify Fanny Kaplan as the perpetrator of the assassination...

After the shots, the situation developed as follows: the crowd began to scatter, and Gil rushed in the direction from which the shots were fired. What is important: not towards a specific person, but in the direction of the shots. Here's a quote from Gul's own memoirs:
“... The woman who was shooting threw a revolver at my feet and disappeared into the crowd.”
He doesn't give any other details...
The fate of the abandoned weapons is curious. “No one raised this revolver in front of me,” Gul claims. Only on the way, one of the two people accompanying the wounded V.I. Lenin explained to Gul: “I pushed him under the car with my foot.”
The Kaplan revolver was not presented during interrogations, nor did it appear as evidence during the investigation.
Among the questions Kaplan asked about the things found on her (papers and money in her purse, Railway tickets and so on), only one was related to the assassination weapon. Apparently, the chairman of the Moscow Revolutionary Tribunal, A. Dyakonov, who interrogated Fanny Kaplan, did not have a revolver in his hands. He asked only about the weapon system, to which Kaplan replied: “I won’t say which revolver I shot from, I wouldn’t like to give details”...
Most likely, if the revolver had been lying in front of Dyakonov and Kaplan on the table, her answer about her reluctance to go into details would have looked at least ridiculous.
While the missing evidence was being pushed under the car, an eyewitness to the assassination attempt, S. Batulin, shouted: “Hold it, catch it!”
However, later, in the written testimony that Batulin sent to the Lubyanka on September 5, 1918, he delicately corrects his market cry with a more politically literate exclamation: “Stop the murderer, Comrade. Lenin!
With this cry, he ran out of the factory yard onto Serpukhovskaya Street, along which people, frightened by shots and general confusion, were running in groups and alone in various directions.
Batulin explains that with these cries he wanted to stop those people who saw Kaplan shoot at Lenin and attract them to the pursuit of the criminal. But, apparently, no one responded to Batulin’s cries and expressed a desire to help him find the killer.
Such indifference of the working masses was critical for the creators of the legend about the killer Kaplan, which is why Bonch-Bruevich appears with children who were in the yard during the assassination attempt, who seemed to “run in a crowd after the shooter and shouted: “Here she is!” Here she is!" But in the newspaper, which was dedicated to the fifth anniversary of the assassination attempt, the same vigilant Soviet children are already going to play on the street, where they help the worker Ivanov to pick up the trail of the fleeing Kaplan...

But Commissioner Batulin, who twice presented his testimony, did not see any children, and what were the children to do on a gloomy and cold autumn evening on a dark street?..
Having run from the plant to the tram stop on Serpukhovskaya Street, S. Batulin, not seeing anything suspicious, stopped. Only then did he notice a woman behind him near a tree with a briefcase and an umbrella in her hands. The commissioner twice repeated in his testimony on August 30, 1918 a detail that he remembered: he saw a woman not running in front, but standing behind him. He was not catching up with her, and she could not overtake Batulin and come running first or follow him and suddenly stop.
In these short moments of intense attention, he would certainly have noticed a figure running with an absurd umbrella, trying to hide under a tree. In addition, women's clothing in 1918, with a long dress reaching to the toes, hardly allowed a woman to run as fast as a man ran.
And what is important is that at these moments Fanny Kaplan found it difficult not only to run, but also to walk, as it turned out a little later, since she had nails in her shoes that tormented her when walking...
It remains to be assumed that Fanny Kaplan did not run anywhere at all, and perhaps simply stood all the time in one place, on Serpukhovskaya Street, at a sufficiently far distance from the factory yard where the shots were fired.
But there was a strangeness in it that so amazed Batulin. “She had the appearance of a person fleeing persecution, intimidated and hunted,” he concludes...

Commissioner Batulin asks her a simple question: who is she and why did she come here? “To my question,” says Batulin. - she replied: “IT wasn’t me who did it.”
The most striking thing about the answer is its inconsistency with the question. At first glance, it is given simply out of place, but the impression is deceptive: the answer opens your eyes to a lot.
Initially, he refutes the false claim that Fanny Kaplan immediately and voluntarily confessed to the assassination attempt on Lenin. However, the main thing in the answer is its psychological coloring: Fanny is so absorbed in herself that she does not hear the question being asked.

Her first reaction is one of justification, but Kaplan is justified at a time when no one is accusing her. Moreover, her childish answer shows that Kaplan, in essence, does not know the details of what happened. She could not hear the shots and saw only people running, shouting “Catch, hold!”
Therefore, she says in the most general form: “I didn’t do THIS”...
This rather strange answer aroused the suspicion of Batulin, who, having searched her pockets, took her briefcase and umbrella, offering to follow him. He had no evidence of the detainee’s guilt in the assassination attempt, but the very fact of detaining a suspicious person created an atmosphere of a completed task and instilled the illusion that the detention was justified...
However, what further served as the basis for accusing Fanny Kaplan of attempting to assassinate V.I. Lenin does not fit into the legal framework.
“On the road,” continues Batulin, “I asked her, sensing in her the face that had attempted to assassinate Comrade. Lenin: “Why did you shoot comrade. Lenin? , to which she replied: “Why do you need to know this?” which finally convinced me of this woman’s attempt on Comrade’s life. Lenin".
This simple conclusion contains a synthesis of the era: class instinct instead of evidence, conviction of guilt instead of evidence of guilt...
At this time, a crowd of people, stunned by the assassination attempt, began to riot around the detainee: someone volunteered to help Batulin accompany the detainee, someone began to shout that it was she who shot. Later, after newspaper reports about the guilt and execution of Fanny Kaplan, it seemed to Batulin that someone in the crowd recognized this woman as the person who shot Lenin. This unknown “someone,” of course, was not interrogated and did not leave his testimony. However, in the original, most recent testimony, Batulin only claims that there were screams from the crowd and that this woman fired.
By this time the crowd was in a frenzy, angry workers shouting: “Kill! Tear me to pieces!"...
In this atmosphere of mass psychosis of the crowd, which was on the verge of lynching, Kaplan, in response to Batulin’s repeated question: “Did you shoot comrade. Lenin? the detainee unexpectedly answered in the affirmative.
The confirmation of guilt, so undeniable in the eyes of the crowd, caused such a fit of rage that it was necessary to create a chain of armed people in order to prevent lynching and contain the raging mass that demanded the death of the criminal.
Kaplan was brought to the military commissariat of the Zamoskvoretsky district, where she was interrogated for the first time...
During interrogation by security officer Peters, Fanny Kaplan described her short life as follows: “I am Fanya Efimovna Kaplan. She lived under this surname since 1906. In 1906, I was arrested in Kyiv in connection with an explosion. Then she sat as an anarchist. This explosion came from a bomb and I was injured. I had the bomb for a terrorist act. I was tried by the Military Field Court in the city. Kyiv. She was sentenced to eternal hard labor.
She was imprisoned in the Maltsevskaya convict prison, and then in the Akatui prison. After the revolution she was released and moved to Chita. Then in April I came to Moscow. In Moscow, I stayed with a convict friend, Pigit, with whom I had come from Chita. And she stopped at Bolshaya Sadovaya, 10, apt. 5. I lived there for a month, then went to Yevpatoriya to a sanatorium for political amnesties. I stayed in the sanatorium for two months, and then went to Kharkov for surgery. Then she went to Simferopol and lived there until February 1918.
In Akatui I sat with Spiridonova. In prison, my views were formed - I turned from an anarchist into a socialist-revolutionary. I also sat there with Bitsenko, Terentyeva and many others. I changed my views because I became an anarchist very young.
The October Revolution found me in a Kharkov hospital. I was dissatisfied with this revolution and greeted it negatively.
I stood for the Constituent Assembly and now I stand for it. Along the lines of the Socialist Revolutionary Party, I am more aligned with Chernov.
My parents are in America. They left in 1911. I have four brothers and three sisters. They are all workers. My father is a Jewish teacher. I was educated at home. She held a [position] in Simferopol as the head of courses for training workers for volost zemstvos. I received a salary of 150 rubles a month.
I accept the Samara government entirely and stand for an alliance with the allies against Germany. I shot at Lenin. I decided to take this step back in February. This idea matured in me in Simferopol, and since then I began to prepare for this step.”
The identity of the woman detained by Batulin was immediately established, since the protocol of the first interrogation began with the words: “I, Fanya Efimovna Kaplan...”, but this did not prevent the Cheka from making a statement the next day that the shooter and the detained woman refused to give her last name.. .
This message Cheka pointedly hinted at the presence of some data that indicated a connection between the assassination attempt and a certain organization. At the same time, there was a sensational message about the discovery of a grand conspiracy of diplomats who tried to bribe the Latvian riflemen guarding the Kremlin.
The next night, the British consul Bruce Lockhart was arrested, who was indeed in contact with representatives of the Latvian riflemen, who were allegedly opposed to the Soviet regime, but in fact were agents of the Cheka.
Of course, the Cheka did not have any information about the connection between the attempt on Lenin and the so-called “Lockhart conspiracy,” although Peters, who at that moment was replacing F. Dzerzhinsky, who had left for Petrograd to investigate the murder of Uritsky, had a tempting idea to connect the attempt on Lenin and the Lockhart case into one vast conspiracy, uncovered thanks to the resourcefulness of the Cheka...
The first question that was asked to Lockhart, who was arrested and taken to Lubyanka, was this: does he know a woman named Kaplan?
Of course, Lockhart had no idea who Kaplan was...
Against the backdrop of the disclosure of the “Lockhart conspiracy,” Kaplan’s interrogations took place and, accordingly, the nervous atmosphere of these days could not but affect her fate.
Researchers have 6 interrogation protocols of F. Kaplan at their disposal. The first was launched at 11:30 pm on August 30, 1918.
On the night of September 1, Lockhart was arrested, and at 06:00 hours Fanny Kaplan was brought into his cell at Lubyanka. It is likely that Peters promised to spare her life if she pointed to Lockhart as an accomplice in the assassination attempt on Lenin, but Kaplan remained silent and was quickly taken away.
The impressions left by Lockhart from this visit are unique, since they provide the only surviving portrait and psychological description of Fanny Kaplan at the moment when she had already taken her own life. This description deserves to be quoted in its entirety:
“At 6 o’clock in the morning a woman was brought into the room. She was dressed in black. She had black hair, and her eyes, fixed intently and motionlessly, were surrounded by black circles.
Her face was pale. The facial features, typically Jewish, were unattractive.
She could be any age, from 20 to 35 years old. We realized that it was Kaplan. Undoubtedly, the Bolsheviks hoped that she would give us some kind of sign.
Her calm was unnatural. She went to the window and, leaning her chin on her hand, looked through the window at the dawn. So she remained motionless, silent, apparently resigned to her fate, until the sentries came in and took her away.” 4
And this is the last reliable evidence of a person who saw Fanny Kaplan alive...

In her testimony, Kaplan wrote: “My Hebrew name is Feiga. My name was always Fanya Efimovna.”
Until the age of 16, Fanya lived under the surname Roydman, and from 1906 she began to bear the surname Kaplan, but she did not explain the reasons for changing her surname.
She also had another name, Dora, under which Maria Spiridonova, Yegor Sazonov, Steinberg and many others knew her.
Fanny ended up in the royal penal servitude as a very young girl. Her revolutionary views changed greatly in prison, mainly under the influence of famous figures of the Socialist Revolutionary Party with whom she was imprisoned, especially Maria Spiridonova.
“In prison, my views took shape,” Kaplan wrote, “I turned from an anarchist into a socialist-revolutionary.”
But Fanny is talking about formalizing her views, and not about formally joining the Socialist Revolutionary Party, and her official party affiliation remains highly controversial. Fanny Kaplan herself, at the time of her arrest and her first interrogation, stated that she considered herself a socialist, but did not belong to any party. Later she clarified that in the Socialist Revolutionary Party she rather shared the views of Viktor Chernov. This was the only, albeit rather shaky, basis for declaring F. Kaplan to belong to the Right Socialist Revolutionary Party.
During interrogations, Kaplan, without restraining herself, said that she believed a traitor to the revolution and that his continued existence undermines faith in socialism: “The longer he lives, he removes the idea of ​​socialism by decades.”
Its manic aspiration is beyond doubt, as is its complete organizational and technical helplessness.
According to her, in the spring of 1918, she offered her services in the assassination attempt on Lenin to Nil Fomin, a former member of the Constituent Assembly who was later shot by Kolchak’s men, who was then in Moscow. Fomin brought this proposal to the attention of V. Zenzinov, a member of the Central Committee of the Socialist Revolutionary Party, and he conveyed this to the Central Committee.
But since recognizing the possibility of conducting an armed struggle against the Bolsheviks, the Socialist Revolutionary Party had a negative attitude towards terrorist attacks against the Bolshevik leaders, the proposal of N. Fomin and Kaplan was rejected. 6
After this, Kaplan was left alone, but in the summer of 1918, a certain Rudzievsky introduced her to a small group of very motley composition and uncertain ideology, which included: the old convict Socialist Revolutionary Pelevin, not inclined to terrorist activities, and a twenty-year-old girl named Marusya 7 . This was the case, although later attempts were made to portray Kaplan as the creator of a terrorist organization.
This version firmly came into use thanks to the light hand of the leader of the actual combat organization of the Socialist Revolutionaries G. Semenov (Vasiliev).
Before the February Revolution, Semyonov did not show himself in any way; he appeared on the surface of political life in 1917, distinguished by exorbitant ambition and a penchant for adventurism.
At the beginning of 1918, Semenov, together with his partner and friend Lydia Konopleva, organized a flying combat detachment in Petrograd, which included mainly Petrograd workers - former Socialist Revolutionary militants. The detachment committed expropriations and prepared terrorist acts. The first proposals to assassinate Lenin came from Semenov’s group.
In February-March 1918, practical steps were taken in this direction, which did not produce any results, but on June 20, 1918, a member of Semenov’s detachment, worker Sergeev, killed the prominent Bolshevik Moses Volodarsky in Petrograd. Sergeev managed to escape.
Semenov's vigorous activity worried the Central Committee of the Socialist Revolutionary Party. The Socialist Revolutionary Party dissociated itself from the murder of Volodarsky, which was not sanctioned by the Central Committee, and Semenov and his detachment, after sharp clashes with members of the Central Committee, were asked to move to Moscow.
In Moscow, Semenov began preparing attempts simultaneously on Trotsky, which was unsuccessful, and Lenin, which ended with shots fired on August 30, 1918. Semyonov managed to commit several impressive expropriations until he was finally arrested by the Cheka in October 1918. He offered armed resistance during arrest and tried to escape, injuring several Cheka officers.
Semenov was charged with creating a counter-revolutionary organization that set itself the goal of overthrowing Soviet power. Semenov was also accused of providing armed resistance during arrest.
All this pepper was more than enough for inevitable execution, so Semenov’s further fate was not in doubt. But unexpectedly, Semenov, having weighed all the chances, realized that he could only save himself from execution by offering his services to the Cheka.
In 1919, he was released from prison as a member of the RCP(b) with a special assignment to work in the Socialist Revolutionary organization as an informant, which bought amnesty and freedom not only for himself, but also for Konopleva, who remained an active assistant to Semyonov and soon also joined RKP(b).

At the beginning of 1922, Semenov and Konopleva, as if on cue, came out with sensational revelations. At the end of February 1922 in Berlin, Semenov published a brochure about the military and combat work of the Socialist Revolutionaries in 1917-1918.
At the same time, the newspapers published the testimony of Lydia Konopleva sent to the GPU, which was devoted to “exposing” the terrorist activities of the Socialist Revolutionary Party in the same period.
These materials gave the GPU grounds to bring to trial the Socialist Revolutionary Party as a whole and a number of its leading figures, who had been imprisoned for several years in the prison dungeons of the Cheka-GPU.
The trial of the Socialist Revolutionary Party was the first major political trial staged with the help of denunciations, slander and false testimony.

At this trial, we are only interested in information related to the assassination attempt on V.I. Lenin on August 30, 1918 and the name of Fanny Kaplan.
Information sources:
1. Wikipedia website
2. Large encyclopedic dictionary
3. Orlov B. “So who shot Lenin?” (magazine “Source” No. 2 1993)
4. Bruce-Lockhart R. N. Memoires of a British Agent.
5. Bonch-Bruevich V. “Attempt on Lenin”
6. Zenzinov V. “Coup d’etat of Admiral Kolchak in Omsk on November 18, 1918”

7. "Testimony of Pelevin on the npouecce of the right Socialist Revolutionaries." (newspaper “Pravda” dated July 21, 1922 N 161) A. Kuznetsov:

The traditional question: “Was there Fanny?” S. Buntman:

7. "Testimony of Pelevin on the npouecce of the right Socialist Revolutionaries." (newspaper “Pravda” dated July 21, 1922 N 161) Was.

There are two main versions. The official story is that the leadership of the Right Socialist Revolutionary Party has taken the path of betraying the revolution, fighting Soviet power, and that the Socialist Revolutionaries have returned to their old tactics of individual terror. Usually three names are named - three victims of this terror. On June 20, 1918, the prominent Bolshevik Volodarsky was killed, and a little over two months later the well-known double assassination attempt took place. On the morning of August 30 in Petrograd, a terrorist, poet, close friend of Sergei Yesenin, acquaintance of Marina Tsvetaeva, reviewer of one of Anna Akhmatova’s first collections, and generally quite an interesting person, Leonid Kannegiser, killed the chairman of the Petrograd Cheka, Moisei Uritsky, with a revolver shot.

After this tragic incident, in the afternoon, a note arrived at Lenin’s secretariat stating that in the evening the echo of shots in Petrograd would be repeated in Moscow. Despite the message received, no additional security measures were taken in the capital; the speeches of Council of People's Commissar members at factory rallies scheduled for 18:00 the day before were not cancelled. Lenin was supposed to speak at a rally in front of the workers of the Mikhelson plant. (On this day it was already the second rally with the participation of Ilyich; before that he visited the Bread Exchange). And he left for the plant without security, he was accompanied by one single person - his personal driver Stepan Kazimirovich Gil. So what is next…

Confusion begins with time (we'll talk about this a little later), however, in the official version everything looks like this: for about an hour Ilyich spoke at a rally, then, accompanied by a group of factory workers who continued to ask him questions, he went out into the yard and approached car. Gil had already started the engine, opened the door slightly so that Lenin could get in... Almost at the very car, Ilyich’s steward Popova stopped and complained about the injustice of the workers of the barrage detachments on railways. Lenin promised to sort it out. And so, when he took the last step towards the car, grabbed the door handle, the first shot rang out. Then the second, third... Lenin fell. The crowd went numb.

After some time, a suspicious woman was detained at a tram switch on Serpukhovka. In the post-official Soviet version, she was allegedly pointed out by the boys who ran after her from the scene of the assassination attempt with the words: “Here she is, the killer!” The terrorist was taken to the Zamoskvoretsky military commissariat and began to be interrogated. The criminal identified herself as Fanny Efimovna Kaplan and answered the question: “Did you shoot Comrade Lenin?” - answered in the affirmative.

On September 3, 1918, Fanny Kaplan was sentenced to death without trial. In the courtyard of the 1st Automobile Combat Detachment named after the All-Russian Central Executive Committee, the sentence was carried out by the Kremlin commandant, former Baltic sailor Pavel Malkov, to the sound of running cars. After this, Kaplan’s body was pushed into a tar barrel, doused with gasoline and burned.

The details of the assassination attempt, or rather what the Bolshevik authorities decided to report on this matter, became known to the public at the beginning of 1922, when the first open political trial of the leaders of the Socialist Revolutionary Party began. It was they who were charged with preparing this crime. Some of the defendants even confessed... This assassination attempt, in fact, along with other terrorist activities of the Socialist Revolutionaries, became the reason for the dissolution of their party, its ban, and so on.

The traditional question: “Was there Fanny?” This is the official version.

Fanny Kaplan. (wikimedia.org)

7. "Testimony of Pelevin on the npouecce of the right Socialist Revolutionaries." (newspaper “Pravda” dated July 21, 1922 N 161) Yes. The second version, quite marginal, says that Fanny Kaplan was not part of the group led by the Socialist Revolutionary Party, but was a member of an independently formed association of desperate people who felt personal hatred for the leaders of the Soviet state for ideological reasons.

For some time, this version circulated in the literature, but no one seriously considered it.

The traditional question: “Was there Fanny?” Then let's go back to the official version. So, time. When did these unfortunate shots sound?

7. "Testimony of Pelevin on the npouecce of the right Socialist Revolutionaries." (newspaper “Pravda” dated July 21, 1922 N 161) The question seems to be completely simple, but it is extremely difficult to answer. The fact is that the time range is five hours: from 18:00 to 23:00. For example, during interrogation, the aforementioned Stepan Kazimirovich Gil clearly testified that he and Comrade Lenin arrived at the Mikhelson plant at about 10:00 p.m. The rally lasted for about an hour (everyone agrees on this). That is, it turns out that around 23:00 shots were fired.

The traditional question: “Was there Fanny?” Yes.

7. "Testimony of Pelevin on the npouecce of the right Socialist Revolutionaries." (newspaper “Pravda” dated July 21, 1922 N 161) Then a rather interesting situation arises: if the chronology is correct, then at about 23:30 Fanny Kaplan is brought into the building of the military commissariat, at the same time Comrade Sverdlov makes a statement that the right-wing Social Revolutionaries organized an assassination attempt on Vladimir Ilyich.

The traditional question: “Was there Fanny?” Telephone?

7. "Testimony of Pelevin on the npouecce of the right Socialist Revolutionaries." (newspaper “Pravda” dated July 21, 1922 N 161) Yes. But Kaplan was never a member of the Right Social Revolutionary Party.

The traditional question: “Was there Fanny?” But while she was in hard labor, she met the famous revolutionary Maria Spiridonova, who, let’s say, converted her from anarchism to Socialist Revolutionaryism.

7. "Testimony of Pelevin on the npouecce of the right Socialist Revolutionaries." (newspaper “Pravda” dated July 21, 1922 N 161) Left SR. Fanny Kaplan met Maria Spiridonova at hard labor in Akatui. In prison, Spiridonova gave her a shawl, which Kaplan treasured very much. Yes, the women were friendly, however, upon learning that the terrorist brought to the commissariat was Fanny Kaplan, it was impossible to immediately draw the conclusion: “Ah! Well, everything is clear. These are the right-wing Socialist Revolutionaries."

The traditional question: “Was there Fanny?” Certainly.

7. "Testimony of Pelevin on the npouecce of the right Socialist Revolutionaries." (newspaper “Pravda” dated July 21, 1922 N 161) Moreover, practically no one in the leadership of the Socialist Revolutionary Party knew Fanny Kaplan. At that time, she had no family: in 1911, all her relatives emigrated to the USA...

By the way, a few words about the family. There is a rather interesting episode when Gorky came to visit the wounded Lenin, Ilyich, already quite cheerful, told him with a grin that this is how the intelligentsia took revenge on me... However, Fanny Kaplan did not come from an intelligentsia family. Formally, yes: her father was a melamed, that is, a teacher in a cheder. But, apparently, the situation in the family was far from intelligent. The family was very large. All of Fanny’s brothers and sisters were workers, she herself worked as a seamstress...

The traditional question: “Was there Fanny?” But Lenin had to say something.

7. "Testimony of Pelevin on the npouecce of the right Socialist Revolutionaries." (newspaper “Pravda” dated July 21, 1922 N 161) Undoubtedly.

Returning to the question of time. At 23:30 Sverdlov makes a statement. So that it (the statement) did not look, to put it mildly, prepared in advance, the time of the shots was moved earlier. The second reason for this decision is Fanny Kaplan’s vision. The story here is as follows.

In the fall of 1906, a powerful explosion occurred in the Kupecheskaya Hotel in Kyiv - as a result of careless handling, an improvised explosive device went off. A couple ran out of the damaged room: the man managed to escape, and the woman, who received minor injuries and severe concussion in the explosion, was detained by the police. During the search, a Browning revolver loaded with eight live rounds and a passport in the name of Feiga Khaimovna Kaplan were found on her.

The traditional question: “Was there Fanny?” Let's say a few words about the name Kaplan.

7. "Testimony of Pelevin on the npouecce of the right Socialist Revolutionaries." (newspaper “Pravda” dated July 21, 1922 N 161) Of course. At birth, our heroine received the name Feiga, which means “bird” in Yiddish. She didn’t like the name; the name Fanny, “clever girl,” seemed much more elegant to her. And with joining the Southern Group of Anarchist-Communists, Kaplan completely changed her name to the sonorous party nickname Dora.

So, for what she did, Fanny Kaplan was given the death penalty, but as a minor she was pardoned and... sentenced to lifelong hard labor.

The traditional question: “Was there Fanny?” In Akatui prison.

Alexander Gerasimov “Shot at the People.” (wikimedia.org)

7. "Testimony of Pelevin on the npouecce of the right Socialist Revolutionaries." (newspaper “Pravda” dated July 21, 1922 N 161) Yes. On the way to hard labor, she began to have monstrous headaches, then they went away, it became easier, and then Kaplan went blind for the first time. After some time, vision was restored, but then the attack happened again. Since then, Fanny constantly fell into darkness, and when the blindness subsided, blurry outlines of individual objects appeared before her eyes.

After the February Revolution, when Kaplan, like thousands of other revolutionaries, was amnestied, she went to Kharkov, where she underwent surgery to restore her vision at the clinic of the famous Leonard Hirschman.

The traditional question: “Was there Fanny?” And yet she was a visually impaired person.

7. "Testimony of Pelevin on the npouecce of the right Socialist Revolutionaries." (newspaper “Pravda” dated July 21, 1922 N 161) Absolutely right. Therefore, the question of the timing of the shots became one of the key ones. In the daytime, from a distance of three meters, Kaplan could well have hit Lenin, but in the dark...

The traditional question: “Was there Fanny?” Now it’s clear why they began to shift time.

7. "Testimony of Pelevin on the npouecce of the right Socialist Revolutionaries." (newspaper “Pravda” dated July 21, 1922 N 161) We've reached the point of absurdity. In the end, in his memoirs, Gil will remember that the assassination attempt took place at 19:30.

The traditional question: “Was there Fanny?” At the end of August it is still daylight.

7. "Testimony of Pelevin on the npouecce of the right Socialist Revolutionaries." (newspaper “Pravda” dated July 21, 1922 N 161) Certainly. But Bonch-Bruevich in his memoirs generally shifts the time to 18:00.

The traditional question: “Was there Fanny?” Very strange. Another question: did anyone see the shooter?

7. "Testimony of Pelevin on the npouecce of the right Socialist Revolutionaries." (newspaper “Pravda” dated July 21, 1922 N 161) In his memoirs, Gil writes: “When Lenin was already three steps away from the car, I saw that on the side, on the left side of him, at a distance of no more than three steps, a woman’s hand with a Browning was stretched out from behind several people, and there were Three shots were fired, after which I rushed in the direction from where they were shooting..."

The traditional question: “Was there Fanny?” That is, Gil didn’t see the killer, but only noticed “a woman’s hand with a Browning”?

7. "Testimony of Pelevin on the npouecce of the right Socialist Revolutionaries." (newspaper “Pravda” dated July 21, 1922 N 161) Yes. Moreover, a hand “stretched out from behind several people.”

As for the person who detained Fanny Kaplan, he was the assistant military commissar of the Moscow Soviet Infantry Division Stefan Batulin. At the investigation, he testified: “Approaching the car in which Comrade Lenin was supposed to leave, I heard three sharp dry sounds, which I took not for revolver shots, but for ordinary motor sounds. Following these sounds, I saw a crowd of people who had previously been calmly standing near the car, scattering in different directions, and I saw Comrade Lenin behind the carriage of the car, lying motionless with his face to the ground. I realized that an attempt had been made on the life of Comrade Lenin. I did not see the man who shot Comrade Lenin...”

Batulin rushed to run along Serpukhovka, overtaking the frightened people. At the tram switch he saw a woman with a briefcase who was acting strangely. When he asked why she was here and who she was, the woman replied: “I didn’t do this.” Naturally, this answer seemed suspicious to Batulin. He asked her again if she had shot Lenin. The latter answered in the affirmative. Armed Red Army soldiers who surrounded the terrorist and Batulin brought her to the military commissariat of the Zamoskvoretsky district.

Yes, interestingly, Kaplan was wearing a long skirt, and besides, she had poor vision, but from the testimony of eyewitnesses it follows that she managed to overtake the young and athletic Batulin.

The traditional question: “Was there Fanny?” Yes, it's interesting.

7. "Testimony of Pelevin on the npouecce of the right Socialist Revolutionaries." (newspaper “Pravda” dated July 21, 1922 N 161) Another story: when Kaplan was brought to the commissariat, she asked the soldier guarding her for some paper to put in her shoes, lined with nails. He gave her some forms. She folded them several times and put them in her shoes as insoles. And then, during the search, these forms were found on Kaplan and they were almost sewn into the case as pre-prepared forged documents.

Lenin and Sverdlov visiting the monument to Marx and Engels. (wikimedia.org)

The traditional question: “Was there Fanny?” It turns out that there is only one detail that works in favor of Fanny Kaplan - this is the fact that she did not kill Lenin.

7. "Testimony of Pelevin on the npouecce of the right Socialist Revolutionaries." (newspaper “Pravda” dated July 21, 1922 N 161) There is also an interesting story here. A day after the assassination attempt, they began looking for weapons. It was not found on Kaplan during the search. A day later, the Browning gun from which Comrade Lenin was shot was brought to the commissariat by a factory worker. During interrogation, Gil testified: “The woman who shot threw a revolver at my feet and disappeared into the crowd. This revolver lay under my feet. No one raised this revolver in my presence. But, as one of the two accompanying the wounded Lenin explained, he told me: “I pushed him under the car with my foot.”

The traditional question: “Was there Fanny?” That is, the weapon was added to the case the day after the assassination attempt?

7. "Testimony of Pelevin on the npouecce of the right Socialist Revolutionaries." (newspaper “Pravda” dated July 21, 1922 N 161) Yes. Investigators were appointed. The first was a member of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee, Viktor Kingisepp, who was directly subordinate to Sverdlov. The second is Yakov Yurovsky, a fellow countryman of Sverdlov, who shot the royal family on his orders.

An investigation began, during which Kingisepp and Yurovsky conducted a very strange investigative experiment. Why strange? The fact is that the suspect must participate in the experiment, if he is alive (at that time Kaplan had not yet been shot), and the investigator must observe the progress of the experiment and record the testimony. However, this did not happen at the Mikhelson plant on September 2. The picture of the assassination attempt was simulated; Kaplan was not involved in the investigative experiment. A little later, a series of photographs taken by Yurovsky appeared in the case - a falsification of the incident, with the inscriptions “Kaplan shoots”, “An attempt has been made” and so on.

The traditional question: “Was there Fanny?” After this investigative experiment, Fanny Kaplan was unexpectedly transferred from Lubyanka... to the Kremlin.

7. "Testimony of Pelevin on the npouecce of the right Socialist Revolutionaries." (newspaper “Pravda” dated July 21, 1922 N 161) Yes. By the way, there is another interesting plot in this case. On the night of September 1, British Ambassador Bruce Lockhart was arrested, and at 06:00 Fanny Kaplan was brought into his cell at Lubyanka. They probably promised to spare her life if she pointed to Lockhart as an accomplice in the assassination attempt on Lenin, but Kaplan remained silent and was quickly taken away.

Lockhart’s impressions of this visit are unique: “At 6 o’clock in the morning a woman was brought into the room. She was dressed in black. She had black hair, and her eyes, fixed intently and motionlessly, were surrounded by black circles. Her face was pale. The facial features, typically Jewish, were unattractive. She could be any age, from 20 to 35 years old. We guessed it was Kaplan. Undoubtedly, the Bolsheviks hoped that she would give us some kind of sign. Her calm was unnatural. She went to the window and, leaning her chin on her hand, looked through the window at the dawn. So she remained motionless, silent, apparently resigned to her fate, until the sentries came in and took her away.”

Here is the last reliable evidence of a person who saw Fanny Kaplan alive...

The traditional question: “Was there Fanny?” Who shot Lenin after all?

7. "Testimony of Pelevin on the npouecce of the right Socialist Revolutionaries." (newspaper “Pravda” dated July 21, 1922 N 161) At the 1922 trial there will be two categories of defendants. Some will be brought under escort in “black funnels”, while others will come to court themselves on a subpoena. The footage has been preserved. They are in documentary film“Who shot Lenin?” The film shows a chronicle where Grigory Semenov and Lydia Konopleva enter the building of the House of Unions. According to the official version, it was these people who led the group that was preparing the assassination attempt on Vladimir Ilyich.

At the trial of 1922, Konopleva and Semenov openly denounced their alleged party comrades, and the accusation, in fact, was based on their testimony. The main prosecutor at the trial was Anatoly Vasilyevich Lunacharsky, who asked the court to sentence all defendants to death penalty. After him, Nikolai Ivanovich Bukharin rose to the podium. Turning to the court, he appealed to make an exception for those comrades who, having surrendered the traitors, had done something useful for the revolution. Thus, Semenov and Konopleva were released.

The traditional question: “Was there Fanny?” Bullets? Were they really poisoned?

7. "Testimony of Pelevin on the npouecce of the right Socialist Revolutionaries." (newspaper “Pravda” dated July 21, 1922 N 161) Of course not. Although at the trial Semyonov testified that he personally cut the heads of the bullets and smeared curare poison there. Lenin would have died instantly from poisoned bullets. However, he, wounded, got into the car himself, then got out of it, climbed a rather narrow staircase to the third floor to his apartment in the Kremlin. That is, the injury was not serious. Two bullets hit him in the neck and arm, and the third wounded the wardrobe maid Popova.

The traditional question: “Was there Fanny?” Who was behind this assassination attempt? Who benefited from it?

7. "Testimony of Pelevin on the npouecce of the right Socialist Revolutionaries." (newspaper “Pravda” dated July 21, 1922 N 161) Some historians believe that Yakov Mikhailovich Sverdlov was interested in Lenin’s death. So many threads lead to him.

Sverdlov was not the person we are used to seeing in Soviet films. He was, on the one hand, a professional revolutionary, on the other, a real adventurer. Yakov Mikhailovich behaved very strangely these days. Bonch-Bruevich repeatedly recalled this, in whose memoirs one can find a phrase uttered by Sverdlov: “Here Ilyich is wounded, and yet we manage without him. Nothing. We are working."

However, who knows how everything really happened.

Truly interesting trekking routes are not only about the path under your feet, but also rich story, and the culture of the place. National Geographic magazine named the 20 best trekking routes in the Epic Trail category.

Pilgrimage to Mount Kailash, Tibet

Best choice for: yogis and other seekers of spiritual enlightenment. Length: 51 km. Hindus believe that on the top of Kailash, at an altitude of 6680 meters, there is the abode of the god Shiva, where he meditates. According to the Vishnu Purana, the peak is a representation or image of Mount Meru, the cosmic mountain at the center of the Universe. The mountain is also a holy place for Buddhists, Jains (a branch of Hinduism) and followers of the ancient Tibetan religion Bon, who consider it unusual mountain“the heart of the world”, “the axis of the earth”. The top of the mountain remains unconquered, although last years The Chinese government has begun building a road to the sacred pilgrimage route known as kora. Just as the Earth circles around the luminary that gives it life, so Tibetan pilgrims circle around sacred mountain Kailash. Kora (ritual circumambulation) around Kailash. Most pilgrims and pilgrims reach Kailash specifically for the purpose of performing kora. Before starting the tour, make a wish.

Israeli national trail, Israel

Best choice for: Lovers long-distance routes, interested in ancient and modern history. Length: 940 km
The famous route, opened in 1995, provides an opportunity to see sublime beauty wildlife The Middle East and the daily life of modern Israelis, visit biblical sites and the cities of Tel Aviv and Jerusalem. The route allows tourists to see everything that is of great value to Jews and Christians. He's walking through the area Sharon, goes down to the lake Kinneret, runs parallel to the biblical Jordan River and reaches the Khatsbani stream in the very north of the country. The trail consists of 12 small parts, each of which is a self-sufficient route. As a one-day trekking, you can undertake a five-kilometer climb up the mountain Tavor (Tavor), To Basilica of the Transfiguration overlooking the Jezreel Valley, on Carmel Range, Mount Hermon, walks in the Galilee and Golan Heights. The biggest blessing here comes in the form of "trail angels" - volunteers willing to lend a helping hand and offer free lodging and food.

Cinque Terre (Five Lands), Sentiero Azzurro, Italy

Best choice for: families; romance seekers; lovers of Europe; older tourists.Length: 12 km. Travel time is 3-4 hours.
Start/Finish: Riomaggiore(Riomaggiore) – Monterosso(Monterosso al Mare). Both points are accessible by regular train services. No map needed, just follow coastline . Sentiero Azzurro (Azure Path), like beads on a string, strings five towns: Riomaggiore, Manarola, Corniglia, Vernazza and Monterosso al Mare. Bring a bottle of water, sunscreen, a good appetite and a hat.

Yoshida Trail, Mount Fuji, Japan

Best choice for: Those who want to take part in what is Japan's cultural tradition. Distance: There are several trails to Mount Fuji, but the most popular is The Yoshida trail is about 13 km long.
Many tourists would rank climbing Mount Fuji as one of their worst treks because of the crowds that can be encountered. The 3,776-meter volcano is the highest point in Japan, one of the most visited places in the world, more than 300,000 tourists try to reach the top every year. Either way, it will be an unforgettable climb. You can stop for a snack or sit by the fire at huts along the way, and if you want to watch the sunrise at the summit, you'll likely be doing so with over a thousand new friends. Crazy experience? Of course not. But this can only be done once in a lifetime. Just remember what the Japanese say: "A wise man climbs Mount Fuji once in his life, only a fool climbs it twice." Tip: You won't avoid crowds, but there will certainly be fewer people ahead of you on the trail if you take a less traveled route to the summit, such as the Gotemba Trail, which is about 16 km long and has a vertical drop of 1,400 meters.

Drakensberg Mountains, South Africa / Lesotho, Drakensberg Park

This is a big, long backcountry route with no real trail that requires outdoor skills and some familiarity with African backpacking. Many people travel here with guides. Length: Round trip 64 km, from Mont-Aux-Sources to Cathedral Peak. Drakensberg Mountains - mountain system, located in South Africa, Lesotho and Swaziland. Highest point - Mount Thabana Ntlenyana (3482 m) in Lesotho. The Zulus (Zulu tribe) call them “Ukashlamba”, which means “ridge of peaks”. Dizzying cliffs of volcanic basalt rise above ancient sedimentary rocks. Drakensberg Mountains - the highest Mountain chain South Africa, which is crowned by an amphitheater - a stone wall a kilometer high and 5 kilometers long. This mountain range forms the natural border between South Africa and the state of Lesotho.

Laugavegur Route (Fimmvurduhauls Pass), Iceland

Best choice for: volcanologists and hikers who wish to admire the wild beauty of Iceland while spending the night in huts. Length: round trip approx. 80 kilometers. The opportunity to see what remains after a recent volcanic eruption is not the only thing that attracts tourists to these places. A quarter of Iceland's population says they believe in elves and other mythical creatures, and if you walk through the lava fields and mountains that you will encounter along this route, you will probably begin to believe in them too. These intricate landscapes feature the ice caps of two glaciers and the stretching North Atlantic on the horizon. The road goes deep into Thorsmörk, a park where you can find trees rare for these places. The final section of the route leads to the village of Skógar and the gorge, where you can see a cascade of waterfalls, including one of the largest and most beautiful waterfalls in Iceland Skógafoss. Shorter route: You can cover only 20-25 kilometers along the Fimmvurduhauls pass, cross Thorsmörk Park and walk to Skógafoss waterfall. It will take one day.

Way of Saint James (El Camino de Santiago), Spain

Best choice for: pilgrims and tourists who love long walks in Europe. Length: 760 kilometers. The main pilgrimage road, the Way of St. James, leads to the cathedral in the city of Santiago de Compostela in northern Spain, where, according to legend, the greatest relic of Spain is located, relics of the Apostle James, the heavenly patron of the country. During the Roman Empire and the Middle Ages it was a trade route. Due to its popularity and ramifications, the route has had big influence on the dissemination of cultural achievements in the Middle Ages. This route is still popular today and is considered one of the best hiking trails in Europe. Along the way, you can stop in small towns, listen to the stories of pilgrims, and enjoy a glass of local wine. If you're walking at night, be sure to look up at the sky: the Way of St. James runs parallel to the Milky Way. According to legend, the saint painted it in the sky to show Charlemagne the way to the Saracens. Saint James began to be considered the patron saint of travelers. The emblem of this saint is the image shells. Shells were a distinctive sign of pilgrims who entered the Way of St. James, sewn, for example, on clothes. Images of shells decorate buildings and the road along the entire route.

Bigfoot Trail, Bhutan

Best choice for: the most experienced extreme sports enthusiasts. Distance: more 320 kilometers, usually a 25-day trip. You must travel with Bhutan tour guides. The Sasquatch Path is one of the most difficult long treks on the planet. Although it covers just over 200 miles, most of the route lies above the highest points in the continental United States, crossing 11 passes over 4,900 m and climbing Rinchen Zoe La Pass (5,300 m). The track passes through places such as Laya, home of the Layap indigenous people, and village Tanza at 4,200 meters, where guides swap horses for yaks to tackle even more challenging terrain ahead. Here, above the clouds, rise 7000-meter giants such as Zogophu Gamp and Masang Gang. Trek around the soaring peak of Jomolhari(7350m) is a challenging week-long adventure in the high Himalayas. The Dragon Trail takes five days and crosses the highlands between the town of Paro, where international Airport country, and the capital Thimphu, which is famous for its lack of traffic lights. The Bhutanese government has introduced a minimum tariff of $250 per day per stay foreign tourists in Bhutan. Although this price includes accommodations, expect to spend at least $8,000 on the Bigfoot trail. There is no budget options, and you cannot travel on your own.

Bibbulmun Trail, Australia

Best for: Just about everyone - from families to brisk walkers looking for an adventurous experience of south-west Australia. Length: 965 km from Kalamunda to Albany in Perth on south coast. The route is divided into 58 parts. There are 49 shelters along the trail for true hikers. Named after the indigenous peoples of the area, the Bibbulmun Trail offers the wonders of Australia's endemic flora and fauna. Starting in Kalamunda, 45 minutes east of Perth, the trail passes through eucalyptus forests where many snakes are found. Along the way you can also see many rare animals, poisonous cane toads. There is another social aspect to this route that makes it truly Australian. At campsites, you can meet tourists from all over the world and Australians who travel for weeks to test themselves and learn better unique places in which they live.

Copper Canyon, Mexico

Best choice for: those who want both see wildlife and local culture. Length: approx. 65 kilometers with a vertical height difference of 6 thousand meters.
Copper Canyon, about 1500 meters deep, is one of the best places for hiking, especially thanks to thermal springs at its bottom, an ideal opportunity to recuperate during long hiking. The path through the canyon and back lies in places where there are rivers along the way, and requires skills in crossing such obstacles. There are also steep detour areas where ropes will be needed. The Tarahumara inhabited the canyons long before the conquistadors and continue to live there according to an ancient tradition.

The Undiscovered World also organizes trekking through the Copper Canyon in Mexico.

West mountain path(West Highland), Scotland

Best choice for: Anyone who is in decent shape and wants to feel taste of remote mountain regions. Length: 155 kilometers from Milngavie to Fort William.
The trail passes through the Scottish Highlands, which helped the Scottish Highlanders in ancient times to stop the onslaught of the Romans and maintain their independence throughout history. At times the route may seem very long, windswept, but along the way you can admire the rocky peaks and the fabulous Glencoe gorge, climb the Devil's Staircase pass (ascend 700 meters above sea level and descend) and pass by the calm Loch Lomond.

Great Himalayan Way, Nepal

Best choice for: seekers of epic adventures. Length: The Nepalese part of the route covers 1,700 kilometers in the high Himalayas and is divided into ten relatively easy sections. If the weather is good, the entire route can be completed in 4-6 months if everything goes according to plan. Although the concept of the Great Himalayan Route (GHR) is new, the trekking route has been around for a long time. In reality, the VGP is not a track, but a vision that connects the high mountain the path through the Himalayas - through India, Pakistan, Tibet, Nepal, Bhutan and - along existing footpaths and ancient routes of trade and pilgrimage. Although just a concept in other countries, Nepal has made the VGP a reality: a 1,600 km adventure-filled route that includes challenging trails near many of Nepal's 8,000-meter peaks, including Everest, Makalu, Dhaulagiri, Manaslu, Annapurna and Kanchenjunga. . Along the way, the trail passes famous peaks and passes, including a trio of passes Sherpani (6146 m), West Col (6148) and Amfu Labst (5845) between Everest and Makalu

"Unknown World" also organizes on various routes

Shipwreck Cove, Olympic Peninsula, Washington State, USA

Best choice for: Almost any traveler. It's an easy walk in good weather and the perfect family adventure. The route goes mainly along the Pacific coast. Length: 3 2 kilometers from Rialto beach to the forestry on Lake Ozette. It’s not for nothing that the place was dubbed “Shipwreck Bay.” Walking up from Rialto Beach, you'll pass the Norwegian Memorial, erected in honor of the 18 young men who died and were buried here in the 1903 sinking of the sailing ship Prince Arthur, and the Chilean Memorial, burial site of dozens of other sailors who died in the 1920s. m as a result of the wreck of the ship WJ Pirrie. But not everything about this route is sad. The beaches, which are part of the Olympic Coast National Marine Sanctuary, are full of life and change. Spend a few days here and you'll feel as if you've traveled back to a time before America knew Europeans. There are many raccoons along the coast. It is better to hang food items higher at night.

Hayduke Trail, Utah and Arizona, USA

Best Choice: For those who love to hike alone in the wild, red rock lovers. Length: over 1300 kilometers, the path is divided into 14 sections. The trail runs through six national parks Colorado Plateau: Arches, Canyonlands, Capitol Reef, Bryce Canyon, Grand Canyon and Zion. It climbs to an altitude of about 3,480 meters on Mount Ellen near Capitol Reef, and then descends to the bottom of the Grand Canyon at an altitude of 550 meters.
If you can only complete one of them, choose the second one, covering 75 kilometers along the Colorado River and the Needles area national park Canyonlands. The trail crosses numerous highways and dirt roads, providing an opportunity to stock up on food and water.

"Unknown World" organizes

Benton McKay Trail, Georgia, Tennessee, North Carolina, USA

Best choice for: lovers of long hiking routes who want to repeat the founder’s experience Appalachian Trail. Length: 480 kilometers
The lonely, steep, sometimes foggy route starts at Springer Mountain in Georgia and crosses National Park Great Smoky Mountains. Along the way there are eight protected areas, as the embodiment of its founder’s desire to preserve ecosystems without human intervention. This is a route for creative tourists. Because begins and ends on the Appalachian Trail and crosses it before entering the Great Smoky Mountains National Park, forming a Big Eight, this allows hikers to experience different trails.

International Appalachian Trail, USA, Canada, Greenland, Scotland, Spain, Morocco

Best for: Hikers with experience on the Appalachian Trail and looking for new adventures with a love of geology. Length: The modern route is about 3 thousand kilometers long from the terminus of the Appalachian Trail in Maine to where the North American Trail ends at Crown Head (Newfoundland). Appalachian Trail- an attempt to link an ancient mountain range that crossed part of Pangea more than 200 million years ago before splitting into several mountain ranges. What's left of these peaks in North America, has become the famous Appalachian Mountains of the United States, but few who have walked the American Appalachian Trail would be willing to admit that the mountains continue into Canada and would not stop there. The remains of those mountains stretch from Labrador to Greenland and further to the European continent - Scotland, France, Spain, and even through Gibraltar to Morocco. MAT may be symbol of globalism of the new millennium

Trek Santa Cruz, Cordillera Blanca, Peru

Best choice for: Travelers South America and those who are interested Inca experience; lovers of high-mountain hiking routes other than the Himalayas. Length: more 48 km. While the Himalayas get the majority of the attention when it comes to high altitude hiking, Peru's Cordillera Blanca offers big mountain solitude with far less hassle compared to routes in Asia. It is also a less touristy alternative for those going to Machu Picchu The Road of the Incas.

Route Laugavegur, Iceland

Suitable for: volcanologists and hikers who want to admire the wild beauty of Iceland.
Distance: about 80 kilometers. One of Iceland's most popular hiking trails was closed when the Eyjafjallajökull volcano began to erupt in the spring of 2010, blocking all air traffic over the Atlantic and Europe. A quarter of Iceland's population claims to believe in elves and other fairy tale characters, and if you walk through the lava fields and see the mountains along the route, you'll probably start to believe in them too. With the ice caps of two glaciers and the stretch of the North Atlantic on the horizon, these intricate landscapes will blow your mind. The road goes deep into Tormerk, a park where you can find very few trees, which are very rare in these places. Along the way you can find well-equipped huts and many local residents. The final stretch of the route leads to the village of Skógar and the gorge, where you can see one waterfall after another, including the stunning giant waterfall Skógafoss, 60 meters high. If the volcano does erupt, this route will be closed again or changed, so it's worth going to Iceland before it's too late.

Among the most diverse tourist destinations occupy a special place in the world walking routes for those who like to overcome obstacles, stay overnight in tents, stay alone with majestic nature, wander around sacred places and just walk. Find out about the world's most interesting walks and maybe you'll want to try these routes.

1) Mount Kailash, Tibet

Suitable for: Yogis and anyone seeking spiritual enlightenment

Distance: 50 kilometers

Legendary climber Reinhold Messner once received a reward in the form of permission to conquer Kailash, a mountain that is considered sacred in 5 religions. According to Hindus, a beautiful pyramidal mountain with a height of about 6700 meters is located at the place where the god Shiva sits in meditation. This mountain is considered sacred by Buddhists, adherents of Jainism (one of the Indian religions) and the Tibetan Bon religion. Messner decided that it was not worthwhile to conquer the peak and pave the way through holy places where no human had set foot before. When a Spanish climbing team planned the climb in 2001, Messner warned that the summit was too difficult. The peak of Kailash has still remained unconquered, although the Chinese government has begun building a road on the site of the sacred pilgrim path, which is called the kora.

Although the mountain itself is a forbidden place, covering the 50 kilometers around it is considered an important ritual. Although Kailash is a mountain that is inaccessible to climbers, it attracts many pilgrims who come here to find grace. Along the way, you can find ideal sites for meditative practices at waterfalls, the sacred Zutal-Puk cave, and the Dolma-la-Pass pass at an altitude of 5600 meters.

When to go: From April to September. A large number of companies offer tours that can provide travel to Tibet and then to Mount Kailash.

For the initiated: Once you have crossed the kora, take a dip in the waters of the nearby Manasarovar Lake. This lake is one of the highest lakes in the world, located at an altitude of about 4600 meters above sea level. Hindus believe that the lake has the ability to purify bathers; swimming in this lake is the final stage of the sacred journey of pilgrims.

2) Israeli National Route, Israel

Suitable for: Those who love walking long distances visiting ancient and modern historical places.

Distance: 900-1000 kilometers

The Israel National Route (INR) passes through a vast desert, where you can encounter biblical landscapes, as well as get an insight into the daily life of modern Israelis (with stops in cities such as Tel Aviv and Jerusalem). However, in addition to immersing yourself in history, this route will help you connect with what is often lost in descriptions and headlines - the majestic beauty of the untouched places of the Middle East. In the south, the trail intersects with the Negev Desert, where Bedouin nomads still live. Long-horned Nubian goats can also be found here, and in spring the desert is filled with the scent of wild flowers. There isn't much water to be found along the way, although the route passes through many wetter areas.

The route starts from the north of the country to Lake Galilee, then passes to the Mediterranean Sea along the beaches of Tel Aviv and heads across the country south to the city of Eilat on the Red Sea, stopping at many interesting places.

OSI undoubtedly allows tourists to see everything that is of great value to Jews and Christians. Along the way, they will be able to make a real ascent of Mount Tabor to a height of 588 meters. It was at this mountain that Barak, mentioned in the Bible, defeated the army of Sisera, the military commander of the Ashoran king Jabin. The heights of Mount Carmel are sacred to Jews and Christians, as well as Ahmadiyya Muslims and adherents of other religions. More modern ones will also be found here. historical places, for example, the Metsudat Koach memorial, built in honor of the 28 soldiers who defended the fortress during the 1948 Arab-Israeli conflict. This memorial is a reminder of the still-existing tension between Israel and Palestine. The national route still remains safe and is far from military action. Local residents happily welcome tourists to their kibbutzim, demonstrating good hospitality.

When to go: Spring (February to May) – best time to begin the journey. However, it should be remembered that summer in Israel is characterized by particularly hot weather.

Shortcut: The route is divided into 12 smaller sections, each of which includes a lot of interesting things, so if you do not have the opportunity to cover the entire route, you can shorten the route.

For the initiated: The greatest blessing can come in the form of "angels of the path" who offer a helping hand. This real people who are ready to help tourists completely disinterestedly.

3) Drakensberg Mountains, South Africa

Suitable for: Professional travelers. The route along the Drakensberg Mountains ridge requires tourists to be well prepared and familiar with traveling in Africa. Although many non-professionals can use the help of guides.

Distance: 65 kilometers

The African people Zulus call these mountains uKhahlamba, that is "barrier of thorns" Dizzying vertical mountains of volcanic basalt rise above ancient sedimentary rocks. The Drakensberg Mountains are the highest mountain range in South Africa, which is topped by the Amphitheater - a stone wall 1 kilometer high and 5 kilometers long. This mountain range forms the natural border between South Africa and the state of Lesotho, and the Drakensberg Mountains Park is protected by UNESCO as a world heritage site.

The path through these stunning landscapes begins with large upward stairs that allow you to climb to the very top mountain range on the Mount-aux-Sources plateau, where the Tugela River throws its waters from a height of 950 meters and divides into 5 waterfalls, forming the second highest waterfall in the world. The path leads through a plateau, from where a wonderful view opens up and where you can come across the huts of Sotho shepherds. Further along the way you can see many beautiful places, waterfalls and rivers until you reach civilization and the mountain hotel Cathedral Peak Hotel.

The Drakensberg Mountains are also full of caves. One of them is aptly named Rat Hole, as those who suffer from claustrophobia should not go there. Other caves are quite large, such as Cannibal Cave, which was a refuge for Bushmen who were persecuted by the Zulus and white settlers. They left artwork on the walls that illustrates their connection to these unique mountains. The Drakensberg Mountains are one of the most important archaeological sites on the continent. Having visited these caves, you will be able to feel the eternity of these places.

When to go: From March to May.

Shortcut: The path along the Mont-aux-Sources plateau covers 20 kilometers, starting along this route you will have to climb a chain staircase. This journey will take a whole day. The journey to the Tugela River takes another long day, during which you will need to cover a distance of 21 kilometers to reach the second highest waterfall. Cathedral Peak can be reached from the Cathedral Peak Hotel (another 10 kilometers on foot).

For the initiated: The most popular places Campsites attract petty thieves, so you should be careful and it is better to stay at tourist bases or rent huts. Also not the most good idea travel alone.

4) Cinque Terre Park, Blue Trail, Italy

Suitable for: Families (if traveling with children is tiring, you can travel part of the way by train), romance seekers, Europhiles and older travelers.

Distance: Approximately 11 kilometers between 5 towns directly along Sentiero Azzuro ( "Blue Path"). You can lengthen and complicate your journey by sometimes turning off the main route.

Since the author of the Cinque Terre guide, Rick Steves, enthusiastically described the charm of these places, this place has gained great popularity and has become one of the most desirable places in Europe for tourists to visit. Blue trail, also known as Path No. 2, is the most famous route along which thousands of tourists walk. The trail connects 5 picturesque villages and towns - Monterosso al Mare, Vernazza, Corniglia, Manarola, Riomaggiore - which are located on the coast Mediterranean Sea. Despite the huge influx of tourists, the charm of these places has not been lost. These towns have retained their ancient spirit. Vernazza especially resembles a fairytale town, with colorful little buildings clustered along the water's edge.

The Blue Trail runs along the rocky coast of the Ligurian Sea, which in some places is so steep that it can only be walked. The trail passes by vineyards and offers stunning views of the cities and mountains. The sun, the smell of wild herbs, the sound of the sea - all this creates a romantic aura that will touch even the most insensitive cynics.

The Blue Trail has a large number of different branches, small paths that climb up the slopes and where you can hide from the crowds of noisy tourists and see what many do not get to see. You won't waste your time. The secret of this trail is not to enjoy the walk, but to dolce far nient – ​​“delightful idleness”, which you can enjoy when you reach the village and can sit back and relax with a glass of cold white wine from the grapes you saw along the way.

When to go: Spring, but especially autumn, is the best time, as fewer tourists come there and it is not so hot. In summer there is intense heat and unusually large crowds, especially in August.

For the initiated: If you did not make a reservation in advance and decided at the last moment to rent an apartment or hotel room, the city of Corniglia is better suited for an overnight stay, since it is not located near the seashore and there is more free seats. It is also located midway, which is also convenient if you split your trip over 2 days.

5) Yoshida Trail, Mount Fuji, Japan

Suitable for: Anyone who wishes to take part in cultural tradition Japanese.

Distance: There are actually several trails to the top of Mount Fuji, but the most popular, the Yoshida Trail, is 13 kilometers long.

Many travelers who prefer to walk will say that the path to the top of Mount Fuji is one of the easiest trails in the world. Mount Fuji is 3,776 meters above sea level and is the highest point in Japan. Moreover, this mountain is conquered more often than any other in the world. Every year 300 thousand people climb to its peak. Getting there is very easy, as the 4 main stopovers on the way to the summit can be reached by public transport from Tokyo.

On the way to the top, you can stop at a cafe and eat noodles, or sit by the fire in a hut, but if you want to watch the sunrise from the top of the volcano, you will most likely be accompanied by thousands of fellow travelers, of whom only one third are Japanese. Maybe you won't be able to enjoy virgin nature, but at least take a once-in-a-lifetime cultural trip. Remember the Japanese saying: “You will be smart if you climb Mount Fuji once, and a fool if you do it again.”

When to go: Officially, the season lasts from July to August. There are fewer tourists in June and September, but cafes may be closed at this time, and public transport walks much less often. In winter, climbing Mount Fuji requires climbing equipment and special training.

For the initiated: You won't be able to avoid the crowds, but if you take some of the lesser-known trails, there's a good chance you'll find fewer fellow travelers. For example, one of these trails is the Gotemba Trail, which reaches a length of 16 kilometers and allows you to climb to a height of 1440 meters.

6) Santa Cruz Way, Cordillera Blanca Mountains, Peru

Suitable for: Amateur climbers and travelers, those who want to learn more about the Inca roads, as well as for those who dream of climbing to greater heights, but do not want to go to the Himalayas.

Distance: 50 kilometers or more

While the Himalayas attract more attention from those who want to climb as high as possible, the Cordillera Blanca mountains in Peru offer equally exciting trips closer to the sky, while being less boring than the usual Asian routes to mountain peaks. This trip can also be an excellent alternative to a trip to Machu Picchu, where a sea of ​​tourists flock along the Inca roads. The Cordillera Blanca Mountains have one special feature - this range contains the richest collection of giant peaks in the Western Hemisphere. There are 33 peaks reaching a height of 5,500 meters, and 16 - more than 6,000 meters, including Mount Huascaran (6,768 meters), the highest high mountain in Peru. The mountain range reaches a width of 20 kilometers and a length of 180 kilometers.

There are many epic trails that meander between these subtropical icy-capped mountains, but if you follow the Santa Cruz Trail, you can see all of the area's top attractions in just four days. This is the easiest way to climb high into the mountains and experience what high altitude is like.

The journey begins in the lovely city of Huaraz, often called "The Hiking Capital of Peru". Here you can hire a guide, or meet similarly adventurous souls, or learn about some other routes.

When to go: From April to September. At this time, the weather in the mountains is suitable for walking.

Shortcut: There are many day walks that also start in Huaraz. You can reach amazing blue waters mountain lake Laguna Churup, which is located at an altitude of 4450 meters, 10 kilometers from the city.

For the initiated: In Huaraz in a cafe Andino you can drink coffee, meet like-minded people, and get detailed information about the condition of the trail, since recent landslides have closed part of the Santa Cruz Trail.

7) Hayduke Trail, Utah and Arizona, USA

Suitable for: Solitude lovers, dedicated hikers who are willing to be alone in the wild for months, red rock fans who would like to explore this area on short hikes.

Distance: More than 1300 kilometers, divided into 14 sections.

Named after environmentalist author Edward Abbey, the Hayduke Trail traverses six remarkable national parks on the Colorado Plateau: Arches, Canyonlands, Capitol Reef, Bryce Canyon, Grand Canyon, and Zion. The trail climbs 3,480 meters up Mount Ellen near Capitol Reef before diving to the bottom of the Grand Canyon. Along the way you will be surprised by the beauty of the Grand Staircase - nature education, which consists of layers of sandstone and limestone exposed by rivers in the area, which can tell the geological story of ancient oceans and sand dunes.

Along the way, travelers will encounter countless amazing structures created by nature itself: from unforgettable views of the Grand Canyon to the mysterious ruins of the Dark Canyon. Hayduke is called a "trail" only in a figurative sense. Much of this route is unmarked as the route passes through narrow gorges and wild areas.

When to go: Spring and autumn are the best times, as summer is too hot and water supplies are greatly depleted. In winter it will be difficult to walk this path due to the snow.

Shortcut: The entire path is divided into 14 separate sections, which can be completed gradually, or you can choose only one specific section.

For the initiated: This path intersects with big amount highways and dirt roads where you can stock up on provisions.

8) Laugavegur Route, Iceland

Suitable for: Volcanologists and hikers who want to admire the wild beauty of Iceland.

Distance: About 80 kilometers.

One of Iceland's most popular hiking trails was closed when the Eyjafjallajökull volcano began to erupt in the spring of 2010, blocking all air traffic over the Atlantic and Europe. In fact, the first eruption took place in the area between the Eyjafjallajökull glacier and the larger Myrdalsjökull glacier, leaving part of this tourist route, which makes it especially magical, under volcanic lava. When the volcano stopped erupting, the route was changed that same year. New route turned out to be even better: you could visit the new twin craters Magni and Modi, which got their name from the names of the sons of Thor, who skillfully wielded the hammer of the thunder god. However, the chance to see what remains after a recent volcanic eruption is not the only thing that attracts tourists to these places.

A quarter of Iceland's population claims to believe in elves and other fairy tale characters, and if you walk through the lava fields and see the mountains along the route, you'll probably start to believe in them too. With the ice caps of two glaciers and the stretch of the North Atlantic on the horizon, these intricate landscapes will blow your mind. The road goes deep into Tormerk, a park where you can find very few trees, which are very rare in these places. Along the way you can meet well-equipped huts and many local residents. The final stretch of the route leads to the village of Skógar and the gorge, where you can see one waterfall after another, including the stunning giant waterfall Skógafoss, 60 meters high. If the volcano does erupt, this route will be closed again or changed, so it's worth going to Iceland before it's too late.

When to go: From late June to mid-September. According to Icelandic tradition, this route should be taken around the summer solstice, so you will be accompanied by fellow travelers closer to these dates. Indeed, this route became so popular that it was named Laugavegur, after Reykjavik’s main boulevard.

Shortcut: You can travel only 20-25 kilometers, cross Thormerk Park and walk to Skógafoss waterfall. The hike will take about 1 day.

For the initiated: Despite the remote location from major cities, in summer there is regular flights buses from Reykjavik to the starting point of the route.

9) Way of St. James and the Road of the French Kings, Spain

Suitable for: True pilgrims and tourists who want to walk around Europe.

Distance: 760 kilometers

The Way of St. James, or the road to the cathedral in the city of Santiago de Compostela in northern Spain, where according to legend the tomb of St. James is located, was a trade route during the Roman Empire and the Middle Ages. Everyone who walked this road was not necessarily a believer; the path is quite popular today and is considered one of the best hiking trails in Europe.

There are many roads leading to the holy place, many of which are well maintained, but the most popular among tourists is the Road of the French Kings, which begins in France in the city of Saint-Jean-Pied-de-Port, runs through the Pyrenees and leads to the most the heart of Galicia with stops in cities such as Leon and Pamplona. The latter city is famous for hosting the running of the bulls in July.

Since many tourists walk along the road of the French kings, it is included in the list World Heritage UNESCO, it is well supported, and there are even special signs along the way that symbolize the pilgrimage. Many hotels and Free access to provisions allows you to rest along the way and not experience problems with food and water. It is very pleasant to stop in some small town along the way, listen to the stories of pilgrims, and enjoy a glass of local wine. If you walk at night, be sure to look up at the sky: the Way of St. James runs parallel to the Milky Way.

When to go: In spring and autumn, these places are not so hot and fewer tourists come here. It's better not to go hiking in August, when the whole of Europe is on vacation.

Shortcut: The English road is usually chosen by pilgrims who travel to Spain from England and then walk to Santiago de Compostela. This path is much shorter, its length is only 70 kilometers and it starts in port city A-Coruña.

For the initiated: If you really want to make this journey for religious reasons, you should get a pilgrim's passport, which is a kind of discount card, allowing you to pay less for housing and food along the way.

10) Continental Divide Route, Montana, Idaho, Wyoming, Colorado, New Mexico, USA

Suitable for: Dedicated backpackers. You can also choose shortened routes.

Distance: 3650 kilometers, 1340 kilometers not yet completed

The Continental Divide Route runs through the United States along the Rocky Mountains, from New Mexico to Montana. Unlike its eastern cousin, the Appalachian Trail, the Continental Divide is quite challenging and partially unfinished, requiring hikers to trek through forests, muddy roads, and some detours. Unfortunately, the organization that sent volunteers to pave the road and maintain the route closed its doors in December 2011 due to financial problems.

The soul of this route is wild, untouched nature, the path passes through Yellowstone and Glacier National Parks. Some places on the route will take your breath away, especially when high, impassable rocks stand in your way nature reserve Indian Peaks in Colorado and National Park Rocky Mountains. Elsewhere on the route you'll encounter the flat Wyoming Red Desert.

When to go: Choosing the right time to travel is very important in a region where snow can block the route at any time of the year. Most people who hike this route start in New Mexico in the spring with hopes of reaching Canadian border before the storms start.

Shortcut: There are plenty of opportunities to take shorter trips along the Continental Divide route. The most best plots The trails are located in Montana, where the road passes through the Centennial Mountains and Italian Peaks wilderness areas.

For the initiated: In order to avoid tedious detours, the Continental Divide Route community has created its own route, which does not coincide with the official route.

11) Bibbulmun Road, Australia

Suitable for: Anyone from families with children to brisk walkers who want to get to know the people of south-west Australia

Distance: Approximately 1000 kilometers from the town of Kalamunda to Albany on the south coast of Australia.

Unlike the Appalachian Trail in the USA, the Bibbulmun Trail in Australia is relatively new. walking route. It was developed by one of the local travelers, who wanted people from cities to be able to retire to rural areas and enjoy the beauty of wild nature. The route was opened in 1979, but was not fully completed until 1998. However, this route is based on quite old Australian traditions - the walking journeys that Aboriginal Australians still undertake often take months.

Bibbulmun is the name of the Aboriginal people who still live here. The route will allow you to be at one with nature, to see flora and fauna that cannot be found anywhere else in the world.

The route starts in the town of Kalamunda, near Perth and runs through eucalyptus forests, where, however, you can meet snakes - the symbol of Bibbulmun. Snakes such as the Australian spinytail and the tiger snake are often found here, carefree basking in the sun or silently gliding through the forest thicket. Along the way you can also encounter rare creatures such as the numbat or marsupial anteater, which is a cross between a marten and an opossum, and the black-tailed marsupial, a carnivorous marsupial that is threatened by local residents. Along the banks of the Donnelly River, 80-metre tall Karri gum trees are home to colorful loris parakeets that squawk through the treetops.

In addition to the wildlife, there is also a social aspect to this route. The overnight camps offer the opportunity to meet backpackers from all over the world, as well as Australians who want to escape the stuffy cities and spend weeks wandering the continent to better understand themselves and the unique places in which they live.

When to go: From September to November, when spring begins in Australia, or in autumn (from March to May). This is the best time to travel. Those who want to travel from north to south should start in the spring to avoid the summer heat. And for those who want to go from south to north, it is better to go in the fall so as not to encounter winter frosts.

Shortcut: It is easy to start the hike from any section of the Bibbulmun Road. You can walk for 1 day or even less. If you want to choose short trip, the best options are walks along the Donnelly River.

For the initiated: It is worth spending time during your trip to visit the towns that you will meet along the way or are located nearby. For example, Pemberton has been developing wine production since he received the official title wine region in 2006, so it's worth a stop to try south-west Australian Shiraz and Chardonnay.

12) West Highland Path, Scotland

Suitable for: anyone who loves to hike and wants to see the remote areas of the Scottish Highlands.

Distance: 155 kilometers from Milngavie to Fort William.

Opened in 1980 as the first of Scotland's Great Ways, the West Highland Way heads into the heart of some of Scotland's most rugged and romantic landscapes. The road passes through the Scottish Highlands, which helped stop the onslaught of the Romans in ancient times and preserve the special national character of the Scots.

At times this road seems very large, blown by all the winds; along the way you can admire the rocky peaks and narrow mountain valleys, like Glencoe, and climb the Devil's Staircase, which is located in the Aonach Yagah mountains. The route also includes the marshy plain of Rannoch Moor and the beautiful, tranquil Loch Lomond.

Along the way you'll find stops at local villages such as Rowardennan, where travelers can relax and spend the night in a warm bed, take a walk around the lake or dare to try real Scottish haggis with local beer that has a unique taste.

When to go: Scottish weather is notoriously uninviting even in summer, but it's best to go camping in the warmest months.

For the initiated: The path lies near Mount Ben Nevis. Although visiting it is not included in the official part of the route, you can, if you wish, go to this attraction. The mountain is the highest point in Great Britain and has a height of 1344 meters above sea level.

13) Shackleton Route, South Georgia Island, South Atlantic

Suitable for: Explorers, travelers who have already been to the harsh conditions of Antarctica.

Distance: 35 kilometers from King Haakon Bay to the former whaling station of Stromness, including a journey across the glacier.

Trapped in the ice of the Weddell Sea for more than 9 months in 1915, Antarctic explorer Ernest Shackleton and his crew were forced to abandon their ship, the Endurance. Somehow, with the help of drifting ice, the team managed to get to Elephant Island on boats. From this island, part of the team (5 people) went at their own risk for help. They had to overcome about 1,520 kilometers through one of the harshest seas on Earth and reach the whaling base on the island of South Georgia. Because of the storm, their boat washed up on the other side of the island, so the three of them had to go on foot for help, cross the entire island, its glaciers and mountains and finally get to the people. Miraculously, they succeeded.

Today, hikers can make the same route through South Georgia Island. This journey is truly legendary, with unpredictable ice mountains and crevices along the way. Thousands of penguins and elephant seals gather on the black sand coast. This is a bird lover's paradise - countless species can be spotted along the way, including light-mantled clouded albatrosses, southern giant petrels and Arctic terns. The journey around South Georgia Island ends at the same point where Shackleton and his crew reached the rescue at the former whaling station of Stromness, which is now abandoned and where Gentoo penguins can be found.

When to go: The Antarctic summer begins on December 20 and ends on March 20, so this time is best for traveling closer to the south pole. Shackleton was forced to cross the island in May.

Shortcut: You can shorten your route significantly and walk about 5.5 kilometers in about half a day from Fortune Bay to Stromness. This is the last part of Shackleton's journey.

For the initiated: Most likely, you will need the services of an outfitter, since such trips are very dangerous. Staying on the island is very expensive and almost impossible. However, there are so many people willing to follow Shackleton's path that the British government has limited the number of groups to 100 people.

14) Coast of Lost Ships, Olympic Peninsula, Washington State, USA

Suitable for: Almost anyone. It's an easy hike in good weather and an ideal backpacking trip for the whole family, since the "road" is actually mostly the Pacific coast. Along the way there are a large number of ponds left by the tides, and there are also many surprises in the form of debris thrown ashore.

Distance: Approximately 30 kilometers from Rialto beach to the forestry "Lake Ozette". Then the path continues another 25 kilometers to Shi-shi Beach. The entire route can also be covered by commuter train, or by car along a 100-kilometer highway.

The Olympic Coast, which is located in the northwestern United States, remains the same as it was eons ago - windswept, isolated, rugged by the powerful waves of the Pacific Ocean, covered with massive logs and washed ashore seaweed. All this will make your walking trip unforgettable and special; you won’t encounter built-up beaches or noisy resorts along the way.

However, these places are not suitable for scuba diving or wave riding. They are nicknamed the "Coast of Lost Ships" for good reason. If you set off from Rialto Beach, you will soon pass the Norwegian Memorial, which was erected in honor of the 18 young people who died here in the shipwreck Prince Arthur in 1903, and then you'll come across the Chilean Memorial, a cemetery for a dozen other sailors who died in the shipwreck W. J. Pirrie in 1920.

However, overall this walk will not be sad. The beaches are part of the National Marine Sanctuary "Coast Olympic", which is full of life and very changeable: the ebb and flow of the sea creates estuaries full of orange and purple stars, sea ​​urchins, sea anemones and other intercoastal living creatures. Black bears and moose sometimes come onto the beaches. Sea lions and seals make themselves comfortable on the sea columnar cliffs. On the horizon you can see whales emerging from the water. These giant sea mammals are an integral part of the culture of the Mako, an indigenous people who still live in the northern part of the park and have the legal right to hunt whales from their cedar canoes. If you live in these places for a while, you can experience the atmosphere of American life before the Europeans came here.

When to go: You can encounter unfavorable weather here at any time of the year and there is a lot of rainfall here. But in August and September the weather is usually much better than other months.

Shortcut: You can leave your car at one of the transfer points on the beaches of Rialto, Ozette or Shi-shi and walk along the beaches as much as you want.

For the initiated: Raccoons can be ruthless along the way. You may want to consider the best way to hide food at night.

15) GR 20, Corsica, France

Suitable for: Travelers who are not afraid of high altitudes and love to eat delicious food in the evening.

Distance: 180 kilometers

Extraordinarily interesting European hiking route Grande Randonnées or, as it is often called, simply GR 20, is a hiking route around the island of Corsica in the Mediterranean, famous for being the birthplace of Napoleon. The island has very steep mountains, including the 2,706-meter-high Monte Cinto, which rises above the sea. Although many tourists come to this island mainly to soak up the sun on its famous fashionable beaches, many head straight for the dangerous mountain routes.

Although Corsica officially belongs to France, the island has its own language, close to Italian, and its own culture. Local residents often openly oppose the French government. This has led to terrorist attacks and murders for many years. However, there is no place for politics on tourist routes; travelers from all over Europe meet here, they all want to enjoy the beauty of the mountains, try local unique cheeses and chestnuts at the end of each section of the route. Weary travelers can sip local wines and retire to warm beds for the night. All this makes the GR 20 route one of the most “elite” tourist routes in the world.

When to go: In summer. In July and August, be prepared to be crowded, but in June and September, fewer establishments and hotels are open. There is a lot of snow here in winter.

Shortcut: If you don't have time for the whole journey, you can only visit Cirque de la Solitude, where the road is so steep that travelers must hold onto chains in the rocks to avoid falling into the abyss. This is the most interesting part of the journey.

For the initiated: If you want to stay overnight in one of the hotels, you should start your journey early in the morning. But even if you are used to going to bed late, you should not take too much food with you, because there will always be somewhere to snack.

16) Copper Canyon, Mexico

Suitable for: Tourists who like to wander through gorges and canyons who want to enjoy wild nature and get acquainted with the local culture.

Distance: 65 kilometers and altitude 6100 meters.

Copper Canyon includes several canyons in the Chihuahuan Desert region of Mexico that are formed by six rivers that flow into the Rio Fuerte River. Although none of these canyons are longer than the Grand Canyon in the United States, some of them are still deeper. The deepest of them is the Urik Canyon, which has a depth of 1880 meters. Stretching over an area of ​​40 thousand square kilometers, this region is much larger than its northern neighbor. Railroad tracks run through the canyons, and local Tarahumara residents live in villages located in the most inaccessible parts of the canyons.

The Copper Canyon, whose depth is about 1500 meters, is the most the best place For hiking, especially thanks to the thermal springs at its bottom, ideal for relaxation during long hikes. The route runs in places where there are rivers on the way, so you need to have the skills to cross such obstacles. You will also sometimes have to take steep detours and use ropes. You can stay overnight in local villages.

The Tarahumara settled in the canyons long before the arrival of the conquistadors and still continue to live there, observing many ancient traditions. They are also famous for having excellent barefoot running techniques. Tourists, of course, are unlikely to be able to do without good hiking shoes when traveling through the canyons. You should remember to give a small gift as a sign of respect to the locals.

When to go: This hike should be done during the off-season when there are no extreme temperatures - March to April or October to November.

For the initiated: Great depth The canyon provides fluctuating temperatures, so you should dress well. It may be snowing on one side of the canyon and warm weather on the other.

17) Great Himalayan Way, Nepal

Suitable for: Thrill seekers.

Distance: The site, which is in Nepal, extends over 1,600 kilometers in the Himalayas. It is divided into 10 relatively easy sections. The entire route can be completed in 4-6 months if everything goes according to plan and the weather is favorable for travel. If you apply maximum speed, the route can be completed in 50 days.

Although the concept of the Great Himalayan Route (GHR) is new, trekking trails in the mountains have been around for a long time. In fact, the VGP cannot be called a path, it is a representation that covers the highest routes in the Himalayas through India, Pakistan, Tibet, Napal and Bhutan, which follow existing mountain trails and ancient trade and pilgrimage routes. While AIV remains a concept in other countries, in Nepal the concept has become a reality: walking covers 1600 kilometers and includes climbing 8 kilometer peaks, including Everest. This route was first completed by a group of tourists in 162 days in 2009. The grand vision of such a route should promote responsible tourism in this country with such unstable politics.

Along the way you will meet the most famous peaks, but they will only act as a background. The real challenge is going up and down uneven terrain and covering great heights. There are also opportunities to see wildlife such as the endangered snow leopard, herds of blue sheep and Tibetan bulls on the cliffs, and takins and red pandas in the forests. There are many hotel huts, monasteries and tea cafes along the way. Local residents, the Shepras, have lived in these places for centuries, and now thousands of Western tourists come.

When to go: In the high mountainous regions of the Himalayas, the weather is always unpredictable. April and October – best months for a hike. During summer, tourists should avoid the monsoon season.

Shortcut: Each of the 10 sections of the path can be walked separately. Shadowed by giants like Dhaulagiri (8167 meters) and Annapurna I (8091 meters), the Annapurna and Mustang Treks are the most popular treks in Nepal and will take you approximately 3 weeks to complete.

For the initiated: If this route seems too daunting for you, but you would still like to walk in Nepal and the Himalayas, try the Green Route, a parallel, easier version of the VGP, where you will not encounter high altitude trails and where you do not need to have technical mountaineering skills and depend on weather. If something happens, you can easily deviate from the path or go back.

18) Benton McKay Trail, Georgia, Tennessee, North Carolina, USA

Suitable for: Those who like to walk long distances.

Distance: 480 kilometers

It may seem strange that this long walking route, which lies in southern states America, was named after a Harvard graduate, a civil servant from the very north of the country. Benton McKaye, Founder Wildlife Society, was the man who came up with the idea of ​​founding one of the largest hiking routes in America - the Appalachian Trail (AT). The Benton McKaye Trail officially opened in 2005, 20 years after his death, but the route exhibits much of what McKaye envisioned for the AT.

This lonely, steep and sometimes foggy trail starts at Springer Mountain in Georgia and crosses the Great Smoky Mountains National Park, with many nature preserves along the way. On this trail you will not meet crowds of tourists, as, for example, on the Appalachian Trail, but only a couple of like-minded people who want to enjoy the beauty of wild protected places.

When to go: To avoid the summer heat, it is better to travel in spring or autumn.

Shortcut: You can hike just 30 kilometers from Beech Gulch along the Charoala Skyway, visiting Chitico Creek and Joyce Kilmer Slickrock Nature Reserves in Tennessee and North Carolina along the way.

For the initiated: Take fishing rods with you. Along the way, there will be opportunities to fish for native and invasive fish species, including rainbow trout, brook trout and American char, as well as largemouth bass, smallmouth bass and more.

19) Snowman's Path, Bhutan

Suitable for: The biggest fans of extreme sports, sufficiently prepared and wealthy travelers.

Distance: More than 320 kilometers, approximately 25 hiking days. By law you must travel under supervision travel company Bhutan.

The Snowman Path in Bhutan is the most difficult trekking route tourist route on the planet. It has a length of about 320 kilometers, relatively little, but most of the route lies at very high altitudes - more than 5000 meters, and the highest point you can climb along the way is Rinchen Zoe La Pass is located at an altitude of 5300 meters above sea level. At this altitude the weather is very unpredictable and altitude sickness is a big problem. About half of those who start the climb turn back before reaching the finish line. Plus, the road lies in the kingdom of Bhutan - a constitutional monarchy that carefully controls tourists and demands a lot of money for each day of stay.

Despite all the difficulties, this route is one of the most best routes in the world. Thanks to Bhutan's strict tourist policy, you won't encounter as many other tourists along the route as you would in Nepal. Instead, you will find yourself in an Asian kingdom far from Western society, where there is not much traffic and cell phones.

The route passes by beautiful places, the city of Laya, the refuge of local residents - the Layyap people, as well as the village of Tanza at an altitude of 4200 meters, where accompanying persons exchange horses for Tibetan bulls in order to overcome the more difficult part of the route that awaits you ahead. You will climb to the very top of the mountains, hidden behind the clouds, to an altitude of 7 thousand meters above sea level. Today Bhutan hosts more tourists than before.

When to go: The opportunity to come to Bhutan is only available in a short time in October, sometimes in April. At this time, you will be able to avoid snowfalls and rains that block the path of travelers.

Shortcut: Way Around mountain range Jomolhari with a maximum height of 7315 meters – difficult journey which lasts a week. The Drak route takes 5 days, crossing the highlands between the city of Paro, which has an international airport, and the capital Thimphu, which is famous for having no traffic lights.

For the initiated: The Bhutanese government requires each tourist to pay US$250 for each day they stay in the country. This price includes housing and meals. Thus, to overcome the Snowman's Path, you need to prepare at least 8 thousand dollars. Walking around Bhutan on your own without a tour company is prohibited.

20) International Appalachian Trail, USA, Canada, Greenland, Scotland, Spain, Morocco

Suitable for: Those who have already walked the American Appalachian Trail, but want to continue traveling around the planet, as well as avid travelers who have a passion for ancient geology.

Distance: The current hiking route is 3,000 kilometers from the terminus of the Appalachian Trail in Maine to the terminus of the North American Trail at Crown Head on the island of Newfoundland.

The MAT is an attempt to connect a primordial mountain range that crossed part of the supercontinent Pangea more than 200 million years ago before it split into several separate mountain ranges. What remains of those peaks in North America is today called the Appalachian Mountains in the United States. However, travelers know that this mountain range continues into Canada and beyond. The remains of those mountains stretch from Labrador to Greenland, and then further on the European continent - in Scotland, France, Spain and even cross the Strait of Gibraltar into Morocco. This route was conceived by former Maine Governor Joseph Brennan, who wanted to connect cultures that shared a common mountain range.

As a result, hikers can embark on a long trek that takes in the rugged mountains of the Canadian Seacoast, habitat for moose and caribou, as well as beluga whales and other migratory whales in the St. Lawrence River. Along the way you will meet cultures of both continents, places under UNESCO protection, for example, L'Anse aux Meadows on the island of Newfoundland - the first refuge of the Vikings, who reached America 500 years before Columbus. Added to this route Northern part path to the town of Uummannaq, Greenland, and most likely you will have to take a dog sled along this part of the journey. Interestingly, when you get to Morocco, the last country on the route, you will probably need to travel by camel. More than any other walking route, the MAT can perhaps be considered a symbol of the globalism of the new millennium.

When to go: Of course, such a long journey will require travelers to travel for many months, but it is best to break it up into parts and try to get on the route in the warmest time of the year - in the summer.

Shortcut: An interesting part of the journey awaits you along the Gaspé Peninsula, where one of the Canadian national parks is located. The route passes through the Chik-chok mountains, where travelers can rise above the valley of the St. Lawrence River and walk through wild forests east coast Canada.

For the initiated: In the Chik-Chok Mountains, which are located in the Canadian province of Quebec, there are great places for relaxation, where you can spend the night and rest. There are even hotels with hot tubs and saunas.

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