Brief history of tourism development. History of international tourism. Briefly about the history of tourism in the world and in Russia. History of tourism development in Russia

Tourism (both national and international) is a product of long historical development. The prerequisites for its appearance lie in ancient times.

As is known in the history of tourism development, we distinguish four stages:

until the beginning of the 19th century- background of tourism;

early 19th century-beginning of the 20th century- elite tourism, the emergence of specialized enterprises for the production of tourism services;

beginning of the 20th century-before the start of World War II- the beginning of the formation of social tourism;

after the second world war-modern stage- mass tourism, the formation of the tourism industry as an intersectoral complex for the production of goods and services for tourism.

This periodization is based on the following criteria: technical and economic prerequisites; social preconditions; target functions of tourism at different stages of development.

Let us briefly consider the features of tourism development at each stage.

The first stage - the background of tourism

Modern tourism is a phenomenon, on the one hand, since it became widespread only after the Second World War; on the other hand, tourism has deep historical roots, for travel has been known to mankind since ancient times. Already in ancient times, the peoples of the Mediterranean had geographical descriptions, which gave general ideas about neighboring territories.

In ancient times, the main motives for travel were trade, educational purposes, pilgrimage, and treatment.

To develop exchange and trade relations, reliable and detailed information about countries, their populations and customs was required. The Phoenicians went to the open sea on large and durable ships. Paving routes to unknown lands, they went beyond the Mediterranean basin and sailed along the western shores of Europe and Africa.

In order to study new territories, ancient Greek scientists went on long journeys (Herodotus - V century BC) and researchers from other countries (Pytheas - IV century BC).

It can be said that in Ancient Greece Sports trips also began: every year thousands of athletes, sports fans and art lovers flocked to the Olympic Games not only from Hellas, but also from other Mediterranean countries. The construction of special large houses, in which athletes and spectators could accommodate and relax, also dates back to this period.

The geographical data accumulated by the beginning of our era about various countries were most fully presented by Strabo (63 BC - 20 AD) and Claudius Ptolemy (90-168 AD).

Great mobility was characteristic of the population of Ancient Rome. Often, for a Roman from a wealthy family, a trip to Greece was associated with the need to supplement his education. During the heyday of the Roman Empire, travel to Greece began to acquire an entertaining nature. Particularly willing to visit places with warm mineral springs. The movement of wealthy travelers required appropriate organization of their vacation.

As early as the first century BC, state inns arose in the Roman Empire, located at a distance of one day's ride on horseback from each other. They were located in cities and on the main roads along which couriers and government officials passed from Rome, all the way to Asia Minor and Gaul.

A huge contribution to the further expansion of human knowledge of the surrounding world also belongs to Arab travelers of the 7th-11th centuries, among whom the most famous merchant from Basra, Suleiman, who visited China, India and other countries.

In the Middle Ages, the religious factor of travel intensified - the worship of the shrines of Christianity and Islam. However, despite the different purposes of hikes and travels, they all objectively expanded human geographical knowledge. The most massive movement of people in Europe was associated with the crusades, which were undertaken by European knights and the merchants who followed them in order to seize other people's wealth and territories. Following them, priests and pilgrims moved to the East, accompanied by countless crowds of vagabonds and the dispossessed.

The Renaissance and Enlightenment era weakened religious motives and strengthened the individual character and educational focus of travel. Representatives of the privileged classes made trips to healing springs. Young nobles often went on a kind of “grand tour” of Europe before entering the field of professional or political activity. In England, for example, the route of such a trip began in London and led to France from long stay in Paris, then to Italy: Genoa, Milan, Florence, Rome. The return route ran through Switzerland, Germany, and the Netherlands. As the social position of the third estate strengthened, its representatives in the 18th century - early 19th century increasingly undertook similar educational tours.

However, despite the different purposes of campaigns and travel, they all objectively expanded the geographical and scientific knowledge of man. The preconditions were created for great geographical discoveries the end of the 15th century - the second half of the 17th century. The number of undiscovered geographical places on the world map has been steadily decreasing. Detailed Descriptions visible rivers, seas, continents and countries were left by Afanasy Nikitin, Marco Polo, Vasco de Gama, Christopher Columbus.

Summary: The distinctive characteristics of travel until the middle of the 19th century were: the primitiveness of the means of transportation; the fact that travel was not a goal, but a necessary condition and a means to achieve the goal itself, such as trade, expanding educational horizons, treatment, pilgrimage. All travelers had in common that they belonged to a minority that occupied a privileged position in society.

People have been engaged in tourism since ancient times: traveling for the purposes of trade, conquest, spreading religious teachings, etc. In 3 thousand BC. e. the ancient Egyptians swam the Nile, the Phoenicians - the Mediterranean Sea to the shores

modern Syria and Lebanon to develop trade. One of the UNWTO experts, Jafar Jafari, in his work “Phenomenology of Tourism,” argues that people have always traveled.

Depending on motivation, method of travel and development Vehicle, the number of travelers and the coverage of different segments of society by tourism, the historical path of development of tourism as an industry can be divided into four stages:

Before 1841 - the initial stage;

From 1841 to 1914 - the stage of formation of tourism as an industry;

From 1914 to 1945 - the stage of formation of the tourism industry;

From 1945 to the present day - monopolization of the tourism industry.

The emergence of prerequisites for organized campaigns and travel is associated with the early periods of human history, when tribes or entire clans were forced to look for optimal conditions for existence, as well as make long journeys. Subsequently, a struggle was waged over the most suitable territory for existence. The acquired skills and abilities of people during long marches to highly accessible places also had important military significance.

Long hikes, there are expeditions, were carried out and carried out for various purposes: to study the flora and fauna of remote areas globe, cultural values ​​of individual nationalities, for the search for minerals, the discovery of new lands and new trade routes.

Almost all major ancient Greek thinkers traveled frequently. In the VI century. BC e. the ancient Greeks and Romans traveled to Egypt, where they were interested in history, culture, nature, and peculiar Egyptian buildings. It is known that the first Greek philosopher, mathematician and astronomer Thales of Miletus studied in Egypt for more than 20 years. The philosopher and mathematician Pythagoras, the Athenian politician and poet Solon visited the Nile Valley in order to gain knowledge. Plato, returning from a long trip, founded a philosophical school. The “father of history” Herodotus and the ancient scientist Strabo traveled a lot. Herodotus was the first to describe his numerous travels. The Roman philosopher and writer Seneca in his “Letters to Lucilius” expressed the most important principle of travel, which has not lost its relevance today. He wrote that when traveling one must “choose places that are healthy not only for the body, but also for nature.”

Travel in Ancient Greece was educational and entertaining: the country hosted the Olympic Games, festivals, etc. Starting from 776 BC. That is, sports and art lovers came to Greece for the Olympic Games. The construction of special large houses in which athletes and spectators lived and rested dates back to this period.

The Roman Empire established an extensive network of inns to accommodate the growing number of travelers. They were in Roman provincial cities, centers of social life and religious festivals, along main roads, in rural populated areas.

The crusades of the 11th-13th centuries can be considered a kind of “tourism”. Tens of thousands of Europeans became acquainted with the East and its culture. Returning home, they talked about foreign countries and regions. This contributed to the rise of trade and hotel business.

During the Middle Ages, religious travel dominated. By the middle of the 15th century. The main type of travel was the pilgrimage of Europeans to holy places: Muslims to Mecca, Christians to Jerusalem and Rome. Most travelers stopped at monasteries, leaving donations there. We can say that the first hotel system was created by the church.

Tourism and local history activities acquired significant development during the Renaissance (XV-XVI centuries) and Enlightenment (XVII centuries). During the Renaissance, not only various industries industry, Agriculture, culture and education, but also various areas of tourism. During this period, the number of people who turn to tourism for educational purposes increases noticeably. “Travel to Study” in the 16th century. are becoming more frequent with the emergence of prestigious universities. The targeted development of tourism as a means of physical development began precisely in this era after centuries-old prohibitions by the church. Hiking as a means of improving human health (physical and spiritual) was practiced even in Jesuit seminaries.

A special role in the development of tourism and local history activities belongs to the geographical discovery of the 15th - early. XVI century Vasco da Gama, Christopher Columbus, Ferdinand Magellan made it possible to get to know new lands, the peoples who inhabited them, their life, way of life, culture, religion.

During the Enlightenment, J.-J. Rousseau and G. Liebly saw in hiking trips a means of patriotic education of youth and health promotion. This is reflected in the teaching “On the need to understand nature and the desire to develop norms of natural circulation.” That is why in the XVII - early. XVIII century in some educational institutions European countries teachers used walking and trips to nearby places. Such trips were called excursions. To solve cognitive problems, in order to study remote, hard-to-reach corners of the globe, long expeditions were carried out.

In the XVII-XVIII centuries. business people appear who left a noticeable mark on the history of travel. One of them is Theophrastus Renault. His establishment, the Golden Rooster, which included a bank, art gallery and a kind of travel agency, offering assistance in preparing and implementing travel for various purposes. In the 18th century In Europe, business activities involving organizing group travel accompanied by a guide are becoming widespread. At the turn of the XVIII-XIX centuries. Giovanni Galignani continued this work. He published a newsletter in which he wrote the column “Diary of Travelers,” and in 1815 he organized a collective trip in Paris mainly for the English public.

The beginning of the second stage of tourism development is considered to be 1841, because then the Englishman Thomas Cook organized the first commercial tourist trip from Leicester to Loughborough, in which 570 members of the temperance society took part. In 1847, he created a tourist society that distributed tickets (vouchers) not only in England, but also abroad. In 1863, a large British trip was organized to Switzerland, and in 1868 to North America.

In the 60-70s of the XIX century. In the countries of Western Europe, the first regional unions (associations) of travel enthusiasts began to be created: tourist clubs, sections. It was from this time that the term “tourism” was used. The first amateur tourism organizations appeared in different countries oh, at about the same time - in the second half of the 19th century. These were alpine clubs and societies. The first such club arose in England (1857), then in Austria (1862), and by the end of the 70s of the XIX century. in France, Russia and other countries. Tourist unions and clubs developed routes tourist trips, determined the criteria for their evaluation, that is, a tourist classification was gradually formed. Gradually, uniform rules for passing routes were developed and established.

With development international resorts in Switzerland, Germany, France, Italy, these countries, along with England, are becoming international tourism centers.

The development of the tourism sector led to the creation in 1898 of the International League of Tourist Associations, headquartered in Luxembourg. The International Tourism Center was created in Vienna in 1908. In 1919, the International Tourism Alliance was created, which included 118 associations.

The growth of tourist activity was interrupted by the First World War. Only after its completion a new stage in development began international tourism- stage of industrialization. Development of tourism in the 20-30s. contributed to the rapid development of new types of transport - automobile and aviation. However, the further development of tourism was slowed down by the global economic crisis of 1929-1933 and the outbreak of World War II.

After the Second World War, social changes and technological progress, the revival of trade, economic, and cultural cooperation between countries significantly accelerated the development of tourism. The main feature of this stage can be considered the monopolization of the tourism industry, i.e. separating it into an independent component of the service sector. This was facilitated by international integration, the expansion of the international division of labor, the opening of borders and providing easier access to other countries, the development of transport and communications, and an increase in the standard of living of the general population.

Tourism in Ukraine has gone through the same stages of development as in European countries.

Since ancient times, the territory of Ukraine has been constantly visited by foreign travelers, which they wrote about in their works (in particular, “Scythia” by Herodotus). Since the 13th century, local history information about Ukraine appears in reports and printed works. European travelers. In the XV-XVI centuries. adventurers who traveled from Western and Southern Europe to the East. These were predominantly Italians, who mainly crossed the Crimea and the Black Sea lands and only occasionally crossed Central Ukraine. The first detailed description of the geography of our country was the book of the German traveler Sigmund Herberstein (1549). There is a lot of information about the nature of Ukraine and the life of its inhabitants, maps of its territory in the work of the French engineer G. de Beauplan “Description of Ukraine”.

History domestic tourism in the modern sense of the word, it is customary to begin with the creation of a circle of nature lovers in Yalta in 1878, mountain sports And Crimean mountains. In 1890, this organization was reorganized into the Crimean Mining Club, the board of which was located in Odessa. Club members organized trips around the Crimea, and later they expanded the boundaries of their activities to the Caucasus. The first guidebooks were published, a network of shelters and marked trails was created. In the 19th century The tourism and local history movement is developing in Ukraine. Among the progressive Ukrainian intelligentsia there is a growing interest in historical, cultural and natural monuments of his homeland. The initiative to organize tourism activities on the territory of Western Ukraine belonged to the leading Ukrainian figures of that time (Ya. Golovatsky, M. Shashkevich, I. Vagilevich, Kripyakevich, etc.). Higher educational institutions and public organizations conducted various excursions. In the second half of the 19th century. The healing potential of Crimea, the Carpathian region and Transcarpathia was investigated.

The growth of tourist activity in Ukraine was interrupted by the First and Second World Wars. During the Great Patriotic War, many tourist bases were destroyed. In the post-war period, a network of tourist bases was created and restored, from which tourists went on so-called planned routes. Thousands of tourists annually go on amateur tourist travel. Stations for young tourists were created in almost every regional center and in many other settlements.

Until 1991, the recreational and tourism sector of Ukraine operated within a single recreational and tourism complex of the Soviet Union. With the adoption by the Verkhovna Rada of Ukraine of the “Law on Tourism” in 1995, a new stage in the development of Ukrainian tourism began. Today it is considered as one of the most promising sectors of the Ukrainian economy. The realities of time force Ukraine to look for its niche in the global tourism industry.

Have you ever wondered when and how tourism originated? Precisely tourism, close to the version we see now? And how did tourism come to the form we see it now? Here are the answers to these questions especially for you.

2000 BC, in India and Mesopotamia

Trade travel has existed since the beginning of civilization. There was trade between the Sumerian civilization and the Indus Valley. The center of this trade was the port of Lothal.

600 BC and later

Early forms of travel can be traced back to the Babylonian and Egyptian empires. Empires attracted travelers with their attractions: the Museum of Historical Antiquities in Babylon and numerous religious holidays in Egypt. Many foreigners went to these cities to see their culture. Many ordinary people and Brahmins traveled for religious purposes.

Greek civilization 500 BC

Athens beckoned with its sights such as the Parthenon. IN sea ​​ports And big cities began to build hotels to provide comfort for travelers. The main entertainment offered in hotels was courtesans.

It was at this time that the first travel notes and road signs were born, showing travelers the locations of hotels.

The Roman Empire

The first roadside hotels appeared and good roads contribute to the growth of travelers. The Romans preferred traveling to Sicily, Troy, Greece and Egypt. It was the Romans who began to evaluate the quality of hotels. In their guidebooks, they wrote down the name of the hotel and marked them with a certain symbol indicating the quality of the hotel.

Middle Ages

During the Middle Ages, traveling anywhere was difficult and dangerous. Most people traveled for fame and fortune, or for trade purposes. Missionaries, etc. traveled to spread the sacred word. A special role was played by the Mughals, who in India laid the foundation for travel for the sake of recreation.

Grand Tour

Since the beginning of the seventeenth century, a new type of tourism has appeared. During the time of Elizabeth I, young people, especially those who wished to become lawyers, were encouraged to go to the Continent and obtain additional education. Later it became common practice for a young man to complete his education by going on the Grand Tour for three or more years with his tutor. During this supposedly educational journey, the young men usually enjoyed life in the countries to which they went. Usually these countries were Paris, Florence, Venice. True, during the Napoleonic wars it was necessary to almost completely abandon such trips as the Grand Tour for about 30 years. The traditions of the Grand Tour were almost completely lost.

History of international tourism

International tourism dates back to the middle of the 19th century, i.e. since the consolidation of the capitalist system in the most developed countries of the world. International tourism develops in close relationship with other parties international life and reacts not only to the general political and economic situation in the world, but also in individual countries. This explains the uneven development of tourism in different years.

Tourism could become an independent, natural and common type of travel only at a certain stage in the development of social relations, on the basis of highly developed and sustainable economic, political and cultural communication between peoples. This coincides with the period of formation of the international market, growth international trade and the emergence of means of transport.

Europe has become the cradle of tourism, accounting for almost 2/3 of foreign tourists, the same share in the world tourist flow is made up of Europeans, who, as a rule, travel little outside the continent.

The growing importance of tourism is characteristic of the 20th - early 21st centuries. Its role comes down not only to influencing the economy, but - most importantly - to recognizing the need to develop ties between the peoples of different countries of the world and for mutual knowledge of their history, culture, and traditions. Tourism has become an ambassador of friendship in international relations.

Modern tourist flows are formed under the influence of factors reaching the history of ancient eras. This is explained by man’s desire to understand the world around him, to establish trade, economic, cultural and other ties with neighboring peoples. The first signs of tourism are observed in ancient times and are closely related to travel as the main means of understanding the environment.

For many centuries the population was static. It was mainly characterized by attachment to land and agriculture. As centuries passed, the need for new territories to live in grew. To search for them, entire tribes went on world travels, meeting little-known peoples who differed in language, culture, and traditions. Some of the travelers described these features, and the materials were then used to strengthen ties between peoples. Among the medieval travelers who described the culture and life, for example, of the peoples of the East, a famous navigator, a Venetian merchant of the 13th century, stood out. Marco Polo. The materials he collected served as the basis for drawing up geographical maps.

The end of the 15th - second half of the 18th century. - the era of great geographical discoveries, which contributed to the further development of trade and navigation. The centralized monarchies of Europe equipped expeditions to conquer new overseas territories. All this marked an increase in the mobility of the world's population. So, travelers for many centuries set out on the road not for pleasure, but to achieve some goal. Traveling for pleasure only became popular when regular Passenger Transportation, food and accommodation facilities were organized, the action of travelers (XVII century), when the elements of obvious risk and everyday obstacles, which for centuries had been the main obstacle on the way of travelers, disappeared.

After the First Industrial Revolution (at the end of the 19th century), travel became more popular, but mainly among the wealthy. However, we note that people were constantly moving. They were associated with wars and other political events, with pilgrimages to holy places, job searches, and education. However, the volume of these trips was insignificant.

The large-scale growth of tourism is associated with further development world economy, market relations and classic components of demand: free time, money and consumer preferences.

Most modern tourism researchers identify four main stages (stages) of its development 1, although their timing may differ slightly. Thus, the English scientists Y. Likorish and K. Jenkins associate the first of the four stages with a long period that covers ancient times up to the 18th century, and Ukrainian researchers. Belikov, L. Ustimenko and I. Afanasyev continue it almost until the middle of the 19th century, or more precisely, until 1841. In our opinion, its upper limit coincides with the period of the development of the First Industrial Revolution, which entailed tangible changes in the social life of mankind - the emergence of the steam engine and its practical application.

So, let's name the four main stages (stages) in the history of tourism development.

First - from ancient times to the end of the 18th - beginning of the 19th centuries. This is the beginning stage of the development of world tourism.

Second - beginning of the 19th century. until the end of the First World War - the period of formation of organized tourism.

Third - from 1918 r. until the end of World War II - the stage of industrialization of tourism.

Fourth - from 1945 to the present day. Associated with the massive development of tourism and the process of globalization.

Many researchers first stage, The stage of the beginning of tourism is most often associated with the development of trade relations between individual cities, countries, and regions 2. The greatest traders of antiquity were the Phoenicians, who successfully used ships to build sea routes to unknown countries, sailing along the western shores of Europe and Africa.

A special period in the history of mankind is associated with the ancient Greek traveler, scientist, father of history Herodotus (around 485 - around 425 AD), who described the countries of the Middle East, the Scythian steppes of the Black Sea region (V century AD .). After Herodotus, Pi-fey made a significant contribution to the knowledge of the world, traveling around the shores of Western and Northern Europe in 330 before the birth of Christ, wrote these countries for the Greeks. For the first time he called England Albion (White Island).

The mobility of the Greeks reached a high level during the heyday of city-states, in particular Athens, Delphi, Epidauri, and Olympia. Starting from 776 AD. That is, every year sports fans and art fans flocked to the Olympic Games not only from Hellas, but also from other European countries. The construction of the first specialized buildings that could accommodate athletes and spectators also dates back to this period. The military campaigns of Alexander the Great in the 4th century were of great importance for understanding the world. to n. e.

The ancient Greek geographer Strabo (63 AD - 20 AD) did a lot to understand the world. His famous “Geography” in 17 books became a noticeable step in understanding the world, countries, and individual peoples. Claudius Ptolemy supplemented previous geographers with new knowledge of the world.

After the Roman conquest of Greece, a direct path opened to places that were already considered the center of world culture in those days. The Romans studied the Greek language, philosophy, recognized cultural monuments, as well as visiting places with warm mineral waters and organized comfort in the regions of Campania and Etruria, Herculaneum. During the Roman Empire, state courts arose along the roads, where couriers and civil servants of Rome were accommodated for rest. During such trips, the Romans already used road guides.

Religious pilgrimage spread in the early Middle Ages. On the way to holy places, pilgrims used monasteries, churches, and inns for rest. The most famous centers of religious tourism in the Holy Land were Jerusalem, Nazareth, Bethlehem, the monasteries of Quelushi, Lourdes, as well as the Muslim shrine - Mecca, etc.

Arab travelers of the UP-11th centuries significantly expanded their knowledge of the world. The most famous was the merchant from Basra - Suleiman, who visited China, India and other countries of the world and left interesting memories.

Marine discoveries in the 8th-9th centuries made a significant contribution to the knowledge of geographical space. northern peoples, in particular the Normans, who during their campaigns simultaneously captured coastal cities, settlements, and captured merchant ships. on our lands they were called Varangians.

During the era of Kievan Rus, the contacts of our ancestors with the countries of Western Europe and Byzantium were especially close, which influenced the fateful decision to adopt Christianity in Rus'-Ukraine. This helped, through the mediation of clergy, translators, and artisans, to maintain close ties with Byzantium and with many other European countries.

In the Middle Ages, mass movements of people were observed during the campaigns of Christ. This made it possible not only to conquer new territories, but also to explore them, expand sales markets, and purchase new goods. Detailed descriptions of these countries and peoples were left as follows: famous travelers, like Afanasii Nikitin and Marco Polo, already mentioned by us.

An important milestone in the development of tourism was the use mineral waters, mud for medicinal purposes, their use since ancient times is evidenced by archaeological excavations, descriptions in the Bible, for example, about the use of the sacred Lake Benares near Jerusalem for medicinal purposes. IN Ancient Egypt medicinal properties Priests used mineral waters, which increased the wealth of local temples. Somewhat later, sacred springs, lakes and even rivers were used for treatment and pilgrimage (India, Ancient China, Persia).

“We can only talk about recreational and tourism activities in the modern sense of the word in Ancient Greece and Ancient Rome. In these countries, special centers with valuable natural recreational resources were formed, which provided a wide range of recreational services: swimming , drinking, hot baths, rubbing, treatment, household services, etc.," 8 Hot springs on the island were especially popular in Ancient Greece. Yevbel, where special buildings were erected for their use. Here their owners rented out houses to newcomers for treatment for an appropriate fee.

In Ancient Rome wonderful places health resorts were Baia, Aqua Albula, the seaside climatic area of ​​Sencio, as well as about. Capri is south of mainland Italy, and to this day is considered one of the most privileged tourist centers in Europe.

In ancient times, popular centers were located on the present-day Beilya Erkulans and Sinjarz Bay in Romania, Aquincula (Budapest) and Lake. Balaton in Hungary, Varajinske Toplice (Croatia), Dobrna (Slovenia), Varna in Bulgaria, Wiesbaden in Germany, Baden in Switzerland, Bath in Great Britain, Aix-les-Bains in France, etc.*

Healing mineral springs and local climatic conditions skillfully used on the American continent, in particular by the Aztecs in Mexico and the Incas in South America. During the era of the Byzantine Empire, some areas on the shores and islands of the Marmara and Aegean Seas, as well as the shores of the Bosphorus Strait, were used for therapeutic and health purposes. In the XII century. Mineral springs in France and Italy gained wide popularity. In the XIV century. The resort of Carlsbad (now Karlovy Vary) arose. At this time, the resort of Baden-Baden in southwestern Germany became popular.

With the birth of resorts, a regime of medical procedures was established. From the middle of the 16th century. Carlsbad introduced a patient tax for the first time. At the beginning of the 17th century. already existed in France resort infrastructure, created to supervise resorts and their operation. Similar institutions arose in Great Britain and Switzerland 5 .

In the same period (late 17th century), the term “tourist” appeared in the French lexicon. They were called representatives of the privileged nobility who, out of curiosity, visited foreign countries. Interest in Italy has especially increased, ancient monuments Rome, Florence and other cities. With the discovery of Pompeii (19th century), Italy became a leading tourist country Europe.

The development of tourism accelerated significantly in the 18th century, when seaside resorts emerged, creating a fashion for swimming in sea water. First large hotels at such resorts were known in Great Britain, and subsequently in France and other countries. First on sea ​​resorts the wealthiest visitors were relaxing. With the growth of prosperity, representatives of the middle class became clients of such establishments. Massive travel for personal pleasure began in the late 18th and early 19th centuries.

So, travel carried out before the end of the 18th century cannot be considered tourism in the modern sense. they should be considered as the beginning stage of modern tourism.

Second stage which is also called the railway era" is associated with the first explosion of great demand for travel and its impact on social habits and the economy of countries. The increase in the speed of travel by steamships and trains, as well as the increase in the population and its financial and economic opportunities, created a noticeable tourism market. travel, and with them - tourist centers with tourist trade, agents, tour operators who offered organized tours, tour packages and even travel literature. At first glance, little has changed today, but the coordination of transport plans and tourism policies was then limited or rather imperfect.

The first passenger railway opened in England in 1830. According to researchers, in particular the English authors Y. Likorish and K. Jenkins, already in 1841 T. Cook introduced railway first package tour, carrying out a mass walk (570 people) from Leicester to Loughborough. He actively started a new line of business. The merit of T. Cook was that he began organizing all components of the trip - transport, accommodation, service at the place of stay, creating a real tourism product and satisfying specific market demand. He invented an essential service - a travel package. The invention of an enterprising Englishman began to be implemented all over the world, but primarily in the 40-50s of the 19th century. - in industrialized European countries.

T. Cook radically changed the attitude towards travel - from necessary, sometimes distant, often associated with finding work or for the purpose of education, to organized entertainment and a new understanding of leisure itself. Contemporaries valued him not only for the science of organizing tourism, but also for his advertising activities, for the travel guides. He was the first to organize international trips (tours) from England to mainland Europe, in particular to the World Exhibition in Paris (1851), and from 1856 to other European countries. From 1865 T. Cook began using ships for cruise trips English tourists to North America, in particular SPIA. In 1882, the first trip around the world was carried out.

In 1867, he took a five-month voyage to the holy places (Palestine) together with Mark Twain, probably the first cruise on Mediterranean Sea. The cost of such a trip for a passenger was $1,200. At that time it was a huge sum, which only representatives of the rich segments of the population could pay 6 .

The expansion of demand for tourism services is associated not only with an increase in the living standards of the population, but also with the development railway transport, shipping, communications, production machinery, distribution of advertising and service.

Organized travel stimulated the construction of large hotels in cities near train stations and at popular resorts. The demand for tourism services stimulated the development of resorts, which were based on the use mineral springs, dirt. This happened until trips to the sea caused rapid growth Mediterranean centers such as Nice, Cannes in France, etc.

Hotel companies at the turn of the 19th and 20th centuries. started construction individual buildings, and hotel chains, providing holidaymakers with organized food, medical services, etc.

The development of tourism was significantly influenced by amateur tourist clubs and societies that appeared in the second half of the 19th century. They developed routes, taking care to provide tourists with the necessary comfort. The first such club arose in Great Britain (1857 p.), subsequently - in Austria (1862 p.), Italy, Switzerland (1863 p.), Germany (1869) and in other countries of Europe and the world. Advertising and marketing activities have contributed to increasing the attractiveness of tourist and health centers. Thus, in Monte Carlo in 1914, a rally was opened to intensify off-season tourism and entertainment activities. In turn, hotel companies organized an exhibition of old brands of cars. This happened primarily in London and Brighton.

Transatlantic travel since the 60s of the 19th century. began to be called Grand Tours, were motivated by knowledge cultural heritage, the curiosity of the population. The number of trips to the American continent gradually increased, in particular to its northern countries. This was the reason for the founding of the new company Wells Fango, Movement of passengers from Great Britain and Europe to America along with migrants in 1910 - 1914 pp. exceeded 1 million people annually 7 .

So, during the second stage of tourism development, serious changes took place in the very essence of travel: traveling for a specific purpose turned into traveling for pleasure or playing sports or hobbies. This new trend has spread to most countries in Europe. High-quality advertising booklets, brochures and guidebooks appeared. Writers who dedicated their works to travel played a positive role.

Actually modern tourism in form and content appeared on the eve of the First World War. Intensive development of tourism in the 19th century. led to the establishment in 1898 of the International League of Tourist Associations, headquartered in Luxembourg, which in 1919 was transformed into an international tourism alliance that still exists and unites more than 140 countries around the world.

Third (interwar) period relatively short; it lasted from 1918 to 1945. It is also called the stage of industrialization of tourism. This period had the most flaw - it was hit by the main world recessions (crises) of the 30s. After the First World War, tourism recovered relatively quickly, although the war did not pass without a trace. It brought the expected changes, which resulted in interest in peace and mutual understanding between peoples, increased activity in the movement for the emancipation of women, and the like. The second important factor in the development of tourism was technological improvements accelerated by wartime needs. Thus, cars and buses became more efficient, thanks to which tour operators could provide more comfortable and cheaper transport for tourist needs. Aviation has become a practical means of delivery. This was the beginning of the era of mobility and communications, which significantly influenced the development of tourism in all countries of the world.

In general, travel was associated mainly with state transport. In the post-war years it grew air service. For example, in 1938, 220 thousand passengers were recorded in Great Britain, of which 95 thousand were sent to mainland Europe. A third of British holidaymakers traveled by coach. The craving for new types of recreation continued. More and more popular in Western Europe camping and traveling by cars with trailers became widespread, youth tourist camps spread, the social aspect of tourism and recreation with the assistance of national states strengthened (recreation itself was still limited in time - from one to two weeks a year). Thus, in 1939 in Great Britain, out of 18 million workers, 11 million enjoyed government support. This was the period of formation of social tourism.

The number of foreign trips involving representatives of the middle class also gradually increased. This is observed in Europe and America. Experts assess the mentioned period of tourism development as a rehearsal for the takeoff of tourism after the Second World War. After all, as already mentioned, the global crisis of the 30s had a decisive impact on limiting the development of tourism and reducing the volume of transatlantic transportation. This was especially evident in Germany and Italy. Among the European countries, they had or did not have the greatest economic difficulties. The events also affected Great Britain. If in 1930 there were 1.8 million people traveling from England to Austria, and almost 1 million in Switzerland, then during the crisis these flows decreased by half or even more. Tourism suffered an even more significant blow during World War II. But the path to revolutionary changes in the development of tourism, despite the global crisis and the Second world war, has already been determined. Travel and recreation for millions of people on the planet have become an integral part of their lives.

The fourth period - the stage of mass travel - begins in 1945 and continues to this day. At this stage, a scientific and technological revolution is being introduced, which was realized by an increase in the well-being of all segments of the population, an increase in income and free time, which influenced the way of life and behavior of people. The scale of these changes turned out to be enormous.

The massive growth in travel began primarily in the developed countries of the world. This was facilitated by the development of communications, transport and other forms of communications, in particular television, which strengthened the economic factors of tourism development, as well as the population’s interest in the attractions of foreign countries. The situation has developed that foreign trips in developed countries outweighed interest in domestic tourism products or recreation at home.

In general, the population of the world's rich countries has become significantly more mobile thanks to an increase in the number of cars - from 100 million in 1970 to 650 million in the first five years of the 21st century. Moreover, private cars account for almost 4/5 ground transport. The private car has become the most important means of travel to vacation spots - 58% of the total number transported 8.

Railway and public transport(bus) at this stage of tourism development, in particular in developed countries, have lost their decisive role, but the transportation of tourists to regular flights by air. Since the second half of the 80s of the XX century. transportation on irregular flights (charter services) appeared. They accounted for up to 1/6 of the total transportation of vacationers by air in the world and more than 50% on European flights 9 .

The rapid and large-scale development of air passenger transport After the war, the revolutionary introduction of multi-seat aircraft and the high efficiency of equipment contributed to the significant reduction in flight times and lower real prices. Charter flights intensively used by tour operators in European countries. The scale of expansion of tourist transport by air, according to the WTO, already in the mid-90s reached almost 600 million people, and in 1960 there were only 69 million. In general, the volume of tourist arrivals from 1950 to 2008 increased almost by 35 times, amounting to 924 million people in 2008. Moreover, the largest share came from Europe, which amounted to 66.4% and 52.8% of the total volume of international arrivals, respectively. With the expansion of the total volume of travel, tourist flows have changed their direction. First, long-distance travel grew faster than short-distance travel. Secondly, they began to be implemented en masse tourist trips northern industrial cities in sunny southern shores. Most tourist flows during the 50s of the XX century. They became specialized in nature. Cultural and educational travel has increased significantly. Sports tourism, trips to visit friends, acquaintances, and relatives (sentimental tourism) have developed.

in the late 80s there was a mass movement from cold northern latitudes to hot southern beaches The Mediterranean has weakened somewhat, particularly in Spain. This happened due to changes in demand. But from southern countries- Spain, Italy and others, a significant share of the increase in tourists in Europe came from travel to cooler northern European countries. At the same time, reliable air traffic in the world has contributed to the redistribution of international flows for the benefit primarily of the Asia-Pacific macroregion. If their share in 1980 of the total number of arrivals in the world was 8.3%, 1990 - 12.8, 2000 - 16.0, 2005 - 19.3, then in 2008 - 20 .3% 10.

The noticeable growth rate of tourist flows could not be achieved without heavy capital investments aimed at developing new tourist areas, mainly in the European Mediterranean, Caribbean region Central America, countries of Eastern and South-East Asia. Some of these recreation and health centers by the sea, built in an urban style, that is, with high-rise buildings, have experienced many problems. First of all, this is a conflict with the quality of the environment and the “green” movement. However, the expansion of business related to business tourism, including conference tourism, indicates an increase in demand for such hotel complexes in the world tourist centers. High efficiency business tourism has made this market segment of services profitable, and therefore stable and promising.

We also note that the development of tourism is directly affected by global recessions. For example, the first so-called energy crisis in the post-war period (1974) influenced a significant decrease in transatlantic travel to Europe. Fortunately, the revival of travel has occurred in a fairly short period. During the second recession (1981), there was a significant economic downturn, which affected overall tourist arrivals. So in 1982, compared to the previous year, the number of international tourists in the world decreased by 1.7 million, and the average annual growth rate in the 80s was more than 3 million people.

The economic crisis of 1991 is associated with the war in Persian Gulf. It significantly affected certain structural changes in the world economy: there was a decline in the manufacturing industry, and this led to an increase in unemployment, therefore, negatively affecting the growth of tourism, in particular in Europe. Overall, the 1990s were a period of stable growth rates, from 439.5 million international tourists in 1990 to 639.6 million in 1999. 11

The global economic crisis, which began in the second half of 2008, does not yet give us reason to consider its consequences, but it is quite clear that its impact on the development of tourism in the world will be negative.

In recent decades, traditional group trips outside the home country in Europe and North America began to be implemented en masse on own cars. This led to a decrease in the duration of travel (to a maximum of five nights), but a new trend emerged - the frequency of outings and trips increased. This improved, that is, benefited, seasonality in tourism. Since then (late 80s of the 20th century), seasonality in many countries that receive tourist flows began to be viewed not as an invincible economic problem, but as a marketing problem.

In general, during the first half of the fourth period of tourism development, there was an extensive increase in recreation, the number of tourism enterprises and the volume of services they provide. Since the 80s, on the one hand, mass conveyor tourism (as V. Saprunova calls it), has been transformed into mass differentiated tourism, which is due to the diversity of needs and motivations of tourists, that is, the spread of highly specialized segments in tourist demand, the variety of services offered, expressed specialization of tourism services 12. With another sides New factors began to influence the development of mass tourism - the quality of services, the economic state of the environment and even the political situation. So, at the last stage of the fourth period of tourism development, there was a transition from the producer market to the consumer market of services, which requires their flexibility to satisfy not only the needs of the elite and middle class, but also the population with low level income.

 

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