Types of tourism in Asia. Tourist resources and centers of southwest asia. What you need to do before traveling to Asian countries

If you want to enjoy more variety, then you will definitely be interested in tourism in Asia. It's really full of wonders and unusual places. From Mongolia to India, from Israel to the Philippines, vast territories stretch, scorching the sun for tourists and local residents.

What is interesting about tourism in Asia?

Many committing tourism in asia, only here will they learn that philosophy, writing and the wheel were invented in the East. It was in the east that religions were born and peoples experienced very different periods of life. Bloodthirsty hordes of nomads, the birth of great civilizations, primitive cruelty and pearls of creativity, the birth of religions and multimillion-dollar wars, fertility and devastation. Today, popular destinations here include: Israel, UAE, Thailand, India, Maldives, Turkey, Oman, Vietnam, South Korea and other countries.

Before heading to the East, we recommend that you have a guidebook. In Russia, for example, there is Ural reference book, thanks to which you can easily familiarize yourself with the geography of the area. Asia is very diverse in terms of culture and way of life, although it has common values. Most people prefer a slow-paced lifestyle, so purchase a map or guide so you can navigate your route without rushing on the spot. It is also best to ensure that you have a guide who will tell you about the life of the country.

Why visit Asia?

First of all, it is worth noting that the climate in Asia is very diverse, ranging from harsh winters to deserts with unbearable heat. Do you want the sea? Then welcome to Israel or the Persian Gulf in the UAE. If you are not good at geography, you probably didn’t know that the famous Everest is located in the eastern part of the continent. And Irkutsk is the center of Asia and bears the proud name “navel”. The East also became famous for its spirituality and religion. Difficult to find in European countries people who would treat religion this way. But unfortunately, this often served as a reason for wars.

Recently, tourism and economy have been actively developing in Asia. A striking example of this is India and China. Thanks to this, modern infrastructure, hotels are being built here and tourist centers. Tours to Turkey have been in incredible demand for a couple of decades, as they offer cheap holidays, bright sun and lots of entertainment.

Southwest Asia includes states of the Near and Middle East with ancient history and predominantly Muslim culture. The exception is Israel, a country of immigration and widespread Judaism with its shrines. Historically, on the territory of Israel there is currently the city of Jerusalem, in which the shrines of three religions are located: Judaism, Christianity, Islam, which, on the one hand, attracts a very large number of tourists, partly pilgrims, and on the other, creates the ground for constant acute conflicts, which also affects the scale of tourism.

In the countries of this zone, the attention of tourists is attracted by the warm sea (especially widely - the Mediterranean, washing the shores of Turkey, Cyprus, Lebanon, Syria, Israel), and the subtropical climate favorable for recreation. Attract lovers educational tourism ancient cities or their ruins, numerous cities with their historical and cultural population. Among them are Istanbul (Turkey), Amman (Jordan), the ancient cities of Lebanon - Baalbek, Saida, as well as the country’s emerging tourist center - its capital Beirut, Nicosia (Cyprus), the Iranian cities of Tehran, Isfahan, Shiraz, Hamadan. There are many interesting historical, cultural and archaeological sites outside these centers.

Certain countries of the Arab East, as well as Türkiye, attract many “shuttles” - participants in shopping tours. Afghanistan has interesting tourism opportunities, but the events of recent decades make it impossible to use them. South-West Asia includes tourist macro-regions: Turkey and Cyprus, Palestine, Arab states (Middle East), Middle East.

Türkiye and Cyprus connected by both their history and modern relations. The fact is that Northern part Cyprus is occupied by Turkish troops: the Turkish Republic of Cyprus is proclaimed there, but not recognized, however, by any state other than Turkey. This northern part of Cyprus is home to Turkish-speaking Muslim Cypriots, while the rest of the island is predominantly Greek-speaking Orthodox. Naturally, the division of Cyprus creates unnecessary tension, but this does not prevent a large number of resort tourists from enjoying the benefits Mediterranean Sea and a favorable Mediterranean climate. In addition to relaxing on coastal beaches, tourists have the opportunity to visit low-lying mountainous areas, take a bath near mineral springs. In the capital of the state, Nicosia, tourists visit the Selima Mosque, St. Sophia Cathedral, a six-meter Venetian column, the ruins of a fortress wall, a museum rich in Bronze Age objects and masterpieces of historical art; in Famagusta and its environs there are ancient ruins; in Paphos - the ruins of the temples of Aphrodite and Apollo; near Limassol - the tower of the Colossus. Cyprus has also been visited by shuttle tourists from the CIS countries.

They are also private visitors to neighboring Turkey. At the same time, the latter also attracts recreational tourists: coastal areas(along the Mediterranean, Aegean, Marmara, Black Seas) are known for their numerous swimming seasons(warm sea, subtropical climate), which contributed to the emergence of famous Mediterranean resorts (Antalya, Alanya, etc.). There are resorts in the interior of Turkey based on the use of mineral springs. For example, the springs near the city of Bursa were used by the Byzantines.

But, of course, Türkiye also attracts tourists with its historical and cultural values. Many of them are concentrated on the shores of the Bosphorus Strait in Istanbul (in the past - Constantinople, in ancient Russian documents - Constantinople). The transformation of the Orthodox Byzantine capital into a Muslim city also led to a change in the appearance of the city: Orthodox churches turned into mosques. There are many of them, therefore there are many minarets. The most famous temple is the Hagia Sophia, an outstanding work of Byzantine architecture. After the capture of Constantinople by the Turks in the 15th century. A large number of new mosques were built, including some outstanding for their architectural merits. There are also museums in Istanbul, including an archaeological museum (with the sarcophagus of Alexander the Great), and monuments of civil architecture. In the 20th century Istanbul is largely Europeanized.

Other centers of educational tourism in Turkey: the capital Ankara (where there are ancient buildings and the mausoleum of the founder modern Turkey Ataturk (Kemal Pasha); Izmir (which is famous for its antiquities and annual fairs); Bursa, Adana, Erzurum (with their ancient monuments and numerous mosques).

Most of Turkey is plateaus and Not high mountains, which in the east of the country pass into high mountainous regions, where the altitudinal zonation is well expressed (up to the nival zone), the Ararat massif, sacred to the Armenians (but located after the 1st World War in Turkey), is located, where, according to biblical legend, Noah completed his journey the ark, the large and very picturesque Lake Van. So in the east of Turkey there are many elements of natural attraction. However, so far this undoubtedly potential resort area has been little developed.

Palestine. This macro-region includes the state of Israel, populated predominantly by Jews (natives and immigrants), and Arab territories, which have been fighting for many decades to create an Arab Palestinian state.

The territory of Palestine has seen many historical events in its lifetime that have left their mark on its ancient monuments. Suffice it to say that in the Jordan Valley “the very first city in the world was discovered - Jericho (“city of dates”), which is seven thousand years old. Archaeological excavations are being carried out on a large hill, which attracts the attention of many tourists.” South of the large city Palestine Jerusalem is the city of Bethlehem, over which, according to legend, a star lit up at the moment when Jesus Christ was born in a modest manger. A grandiose temple was built here.

But, of course, the largest number of tourists is attracted by Jerusalem itself, associated with the relics of the Jewish, Christian, and Muslim religions. This is truly a city of three historical faiths and therefore attracts countless of their representatives, as well as simply curious tourists. Among the historical and cultural monuments, it is enough to name the Jewish Western Wall, Christian shrines - the Chapel of the Holy Sepulcher, Golgotha, where Christ was crucified, the rock where he prayed (and many more places associated with evangelical subjects). According to Islam, the Muslim prophet Muhammad later ascended to heaven from the rock where Christ prayed (the magnificent Omar Mosque was built here). It is no coincidence that during the division of Palestine after World War II, the UN decided on the special status of Jerusalem, which is historically divided into the Old and New City.

Among other cities in the region, the actual capital of Israel is Tel Aviv (although the state leadership considers Jerusalem to be the capital, which is not recognized by most states in the world) with its Haaretz Museum of Mediterranean Art, art gallery. Among the streets of Tel Aviv there are Korolenko, Zola and others. Jaffa has practically merged with Tel Aviv, unlike the very young Tel Aviv, which dates back several centuries of its existence. In this city you can walk along Pushkin Street, Pestalozzi, Michelangelo, M. Gorky, Ozheshko, Dante.

Even more ancient is another city of Israel on the Mediterranean Sea - Haifa. Therefore, in these cities there are also historical and cultural objects of previous centuries. There are seaside resorts on the Mediterranean coast, especially in the area of ​​Netanya and in the Eilat area in the Arabian Gulf of the Red Sea. There are also resorts on the coast below ocean level Dead Sea, the very high salinity of the waters allows swimmers to float freely. An appropriate infrastructure has been created for tourists in Israel.

Arab countries of South-West Asia include almost the entire zone, with the exception of the two regions described above, and the states of the Middle East. In practice, we are talking about the Middle East or most of Western Asia (from Lebanon in the northwest to Yemen in the southeast). These are all Muslim Arab states.

With the exception of its outskirts - Mediterranean Lebanon and partly Syria in the north-west and “happy Arabia” (southern part of Yemen) on the edge of the Arabian Peninsula - all countries in the region are arid desert and semi-desert territories. Therefore, civilization developed there only in areas where it was possible to create irrigation systems using rivers (as in Mesopotamia) or groundwater - in oases. From the middle of the twentieth century. in many countries of the region began to be mined in large quantities oil, and this led to the formation of oases on an “industrial basis” due to the supply of water from deep horizons or the desalination of sea water. During these processes, modern civilization is formed with all its pros and cons. In particular, the centers of this new civilization attract a large number of “shuttle” tourists from the CIS countries to the countries of the region. In some states of the region, modern seaside resorts have appeared on the shores of the seas. There are also mountain resorts in Lebanese cities. All this serves the development recreational tourism. However, we must not forget that in almost all countries of the macroregion there are many historical and cultural attractions - monuments of distant millennia and centuries.

Thus, on the territory of Lebanon there is one of the earliest human settlements - Baalbek, “where the ruins of religious buildings dedicated to Jupiter, statues, sculptures of Venus, Bacchus, rows of columns and sculptures, and stairs are preserved.” One of the ancient settlements in Lebanon is the city of Saida. The capital of the country itself, Beirut, along with the ancient quarters, is also distinguished by completely modern buildings, corresponding to the role of Beirut as a center of finance and culture.

In Syria, the ancient cities of Palmyra and Aleppo with their monuments and Hellenistic art are of great interest to tourists. The capital of the country, Damascus, attracts with objects of Muslim culture, including one of the most famous shrines of Islam - the Umayyad Mosque.

Muslim architecture is typical for most areas of the capital of Iraq - Baghdad. The Nazimiya Mosque, or Golden Mosque, is very famous, decorated with four minarets with gilded domes (which is rare in this kind of structure). The city has many modern buildings and monuments, stylized in the spirit of Muslim traditions. To the side of the capital, located on the banks of the famous Tigris River, there are the ruins of ancient cities, including the famous Babylon. There are also summer high-altitude resorts in Iraq (in the north and north-east of the country). Despite the undoubted tourist attractiveness of Lebanon, Syria and Iraq, the flow of tourists to these countries is limited due to political instability.

Other Arab countries of the Middle East are much less interesting for educational tourism: Jordan, Yemen, Kuwait, Qatar, Bahrain, United United Arab Emirates. The latter, as a rule, attract a large number of shuttle tourists. In these countries, whose economies are based on oil production (Kuwait, Qatar, Oman, Bahrain, United Arab Emirates), modern cities attract attention.

Occupies a special place among the countries of the Middle East Saudi Arabia. It is on its territory that the main places of pilgrimage for Muslims are located - holy cities Mecca (with the black Kaaba stone) and Medina, cities associated with the work of the Prophet Muhammad and the birth of Islam. Hundreds of thousands, and in some years millions of Muslims from all over the world come here as pilgrims. Pilgrimage (Hajj) brings huge income to the country, and pilgrims “attach” themselves to eternal life in Paradise. On the Red Sea coast of the country is the city of Jeddah, through which thousands of pilgrims travel. There are also several historical monuments here, among which, according to legend, is the grave of the first woman, Eve.

Middle Eastern countries– these are Iran and Afghanistan. From a tourism point of view, Iran is especially interesting - a country of very diverse nature and ancient history. Nature lovers will encounter seas and rivers, plains (low-lying and elevated) and high Elbrus mountains with main peak Damavand (in the north of the country), various forests, dry steppes, semi-deserts and deserts, healing mineral springs And healing mud. In Iran there are numerous monuments of Muslim culture (civil and religious buildings) in the capital Tehran, the cities of Isfahan, Tabriz, Mashhad, Qazvin and others. Currently, due to the difficult international situation of Iran (largely due to its isolation), the flow of tourists into the country is very limited, which is facilitated by both external forces and the activity of Islamic fundamentalists.

Tourism to Afghanistan, a multiethnic mountainous country where military operations have been going on for many years, is practically impossible these days. Therefore, and also because of the very low level The development of tourism infrastructure remains unclaimed by the harsh but impressive nature of Afghanistan, and its historical and cultural sites located in the capital Kabul, the cities of Herat, Kandahar and others. One of the most famous tourism sites throughout Asia, Biamine, is also practically inaccessible. In this depression, located at an altitude of more than 2 thousand meters, in the central part of the country there is a rock pitted with hundreds of caves. There are two 50-meter high Buddha statues carved into the rocks, and the Shahar-i-Gulgula fortress is located on the hill. Opportunities are also unclaimed winter resort Jalalabad, and hunting opportunities, and observing local ritual holidays.

Southwest Asia includes the states of the Near and Middle East with an ancient history and predominantly Muslim culture. The exception is Israel, a country of immigration and widespread Judaism with its shrines. Historically, the city of Jerusalem is currently located on the territory of Israel, where the shrines of three religions are located: Judaism, Christianity, and Islam. This, on the one hand, attracts a large number of tourists, partly pilgrims, and on the other, creates the ground for constant conflicts, which also affects the scale of tourism.

In the countries of this zone, the attention of tourists is attracted by the warm sea (especially the Mediterranean, washing the shores of Turkey, Cyprus, Lebanon, Syria, Israel), and the subtropical climate. Lovers of educational tourism are attracted by ancient cities or their ruins, numerous cities with their historical and cultural heritage - Istanbul (Turkey), Amman (Jordan), the ancient cities of Lebanon Baalbek, Saida, as well as the organizing tourist center of Beirut, Nicosia (Cyprus), Iranian cities Tehran, Esfahan, Shiraz, Hamadan, etc.

Certain countries of the Arab East, as well as Türkiye, attract many “shuttles” - participants in shopping tours. Afghanistan has interesting tourism opportunities, but the events of recent decades make it impossible to use them. South-West Asia contains the following tourist macro-regions: Cyprus and Turkey, Palestine, Arab states (Middle East), Middle East.

Cyprus is a state located on island of the same name in the northeastern part of the Mediterranean.

Cyprus first gained independence in 1960, but in 1974 Turkish troops landed on the island. After this, the northern territory of the country went to Turkey. There are no diplomatic relations between the Greek and Turkish parts. Turkish part closed to entry from the Greek side.

The territory of the Greek part of the island (Republic of Cyprus) is 5.9 thousand square meters. km, Turkish part ( Northern Cyprus) - 3.35 thousand sq. km. The coast of the island in the northern part is rugged and rocky, the south of the island is flat, with long sandy beaches. In the center and southwest of the island is the vast old volcanic massif of Troodos ( highest point- Mount Olympos, 1951 m). Between the mountains lies the vast and fertile valley of Mesaoria.

In ancient times, Cyprus was the center of Mediterranean trade, which led to the mixing of cultural monuments of all European civilizations on its land. The capital of the country is Nicosia with the Center for Applied Arts located there, the Archbishop's Square with the Archbishop's Palace, the Gate of Ammochostos and the Statue of Liberty, the Archaeological Museum, the Venetian fortress walls (XVI century) with the Famagusta Gate and the ring of the Municipal Park outside, the Church of Chrysaliniotissa, built in 1450, the Omeriye Mosque , the churches of Trypiotis and Faneromeni, cathedral ev. John, built in 1662.

Limassol It is best known for its beaches, the Medieval Museum, old castles, and wine production. Monuments Larnaca are Larnaca Fortress (1625); Jami Kebir Mosque; church ev. Lazarus; Laiki Getonya (one of the ancient quarters); Church of Angeloktistos; the Hala Sultan Tekke Mosque (1816), one of the main Muslim shrines (since Umm Haram, the aunt of the Prophet Muhammad, is buried here); aqueduct (used for its intended purpose until 1939); Catholic Cathedral Sofia (XIII century); Archaeological Museum; royal chapel ev. Katerina.

Within the resort Pathos interesting Port Fortress, Paphos Mosaics, included in the world register cultural heritage UNESCO, Panayia Limeniotissa, Odeon Theatre, Catacombs. Solomonia, Royal Tombs, Church of Chrysopolites and Column of St. Paul, "House of Theseus", "Villa

Dionysus", Aphrodite beach, Smolensk Bay, the ancient Roman city of Curium with its Greco-Roman theater, Kolossi Castle. Monuments of ancient culture in Salamis are the tomb of St. Catherine, Costello Castle in Famagusta, Gothic Cathedral of St. Nicholas.

Sea resorts Cyprus are Limassol, Protaras, Lara Beach with a breeding station sea ​​turtles, Latchi, Cape Greko, Polis, numerous beach resort complexes southwest coast. The Troodos mountain range, where it is located summer residence President of Cyprus, provides opportunities for mountain tourism.

Türkiye is a state in southeastern Europe and Western Asia with total area 780.6 thousand sq. km and a population of 80 million people. Capital - Ankara. In the north-west it borders with Bulgaria and Greece, in the north-east - with Georgia and Armenia, in the east - with Iran, in the south - with Iraq and Syria. In the north it is washed by the Black and Marmara Seas, in the south by the Mediterranean Sea, and in the west by the Aegean Sea. The European part of Turkey (Eastern Thrace, or Rumelia) is a hilly plateau about 1000 m above sea level. Asian part ( Asia Minor, or Anatolia) is limited mountain ranges The Pontic Mountains in the north and the Taurus system in the south, between which are the Anatolian Highlands (average height up to 1000 m), with river valleys and cones extinct volcanoes in the east.

Turkey attracts recreational tourists: the coastal areas (along the Mediterranean, Aegean, Marmara, Black Seas) are known for their favorable conditions (warm sea, subtropical climate), which contributed to the emergence of the famous resorts of Antalya, Alanya, Kemer, Belek, Side, Izmir, Marmaris and etc. (Fig. 9.1). There are resorts in the interior of Turkey known for their mineral springs. For example, the springs near the city of Bursa were used by the Byzantines. Lovers winter holiday attract modern ski resorts Palandoken, Uludag, etc.

But, of course, Türkiye is also famous for its historical and cultural values. Many of them are concentrated on the shore

Conventional signs Excursion centers ^ Ski resorts A Seaside resorts

Borders of tourism

recreational areas

Tourist and recreational

• 1 Marmara Sea Region
• 2 Aegean Sea region
• 3 Mediterranean region
• 4 Central Anatolia
• 5 Black Sea region
• 6 Eastern Anatolia
• 7 Southeastern Anatolia

Rice. 9.1. Tourist and recreational centers of Turkey

Chapter 9. International tourism in Asia

Bosphorus Strait Istanbul(in the past - the capital of Byzantium, Constantinople, in ancient Russian documents - Constantinople). The transformation of an Orthodox Byzantine city into a Muslim city changed its appearance: Orthodox churches turned into mosques. There are many of them, therefore there are many minarets. The most famous temple is the Hagia Sophia, an outstanding work of Byzantine architecture. There are also museums in Istanbul, including archaeological (with the sarcophagus of Alexander the Great), antiquity, conquerors, Muslim art etc., Church of St. Irene, choral monastery church, church Holy Mother of God, mosques - Ahmed (Blue Mosque), Mikrimakhi, Selim the Conqueror, Bayazid, Suleiman, Eyup, underground palaces-reservoirs, the remains of a Byzantine fortress. In the 20th century Istanbul is largely Europeanized.

Other centers of educational tourism in Turkey: capital Ankara(where ancient buildings and the mausoleum of the founder of modern Turkey Ataturk (Kemal Pasha) are located; the birthplace of Homer Izmir, which is famous for its antiquities and annual fairs; Bursa, Adana, Erzurum with their ancient monuments and numerous mosques. Aspendos is a city created by colonists after the Trojan War , in which there are many beautiful buildings, including the theater-palace of the architect Zeno (2nd century) and the Roman arched aqueduct of Mira - ancient capital Lycia, the “land of bright rays”, famous for its necropolis, carved into the rocks, as well as the church of St. Nicholas, a place of pilgrimage for Christians. There are many in the country nature reserves- Olympos-Beydaglari, Munzur-Vadisi, Koprulu Canyon, etc.

Most of Turkey is made up of plateaus and low mountains, which in the east of the country become highlands. There is the Ararat massif, sacred to the Armenians (but located in Turkey after the First World War), where, according to biblical legend, Noah completed his journey, and the large and picturesque Lake Van. So in the east of Turkey there are many elements of natural attractiveness™. However, so far this undoubtedly potential resort area has been little developed.

Palestine. This macro-region includes the state of Israel, populated predominantly by Jews (natives and immigrants), and Arab territories, which have been fighting for many decades to create an Arab Palestinian state.

The territory of Palestine has seen many historical events in its lifetime. Suffice it to say that the very first city in the world was discovered in the Jordan Valley - Jericho (“city of dates”), which is seven thousand years old.

Jerusalem, the city of three historical faiths (Jewish, Christian and Muslim) attracts the largest number of tourists. Among the historical and cultural monuments, it is enough to name the Jewish Western Wall, Christian shrines - the Chapel of the Holy Sepulcher, Golgotha, where Christ was crucified, the rock where he prayed (and many more places associated with evangelical subjects). According to Islam, the Muslim prophet Muhammad later ascended to heaven from the rock where Christ prayed (the Omar Mosque was built here). It is no coincidence that during the division of Palestine after World War II, the UN decided on the special status of Jerusalem, which is historically divided into the Old and New City.

Located south of Jerusalem Bethlehem, over which, according to legend, a star lit up when Jesus Christ was born. A grandiose temple was built here.

Tel Aviv- the capital of Israel (although the country's leadership considers Jerusalem to be the capital, which is not recognized by most countries in the world) with its Haaretz Museum of Mediterranean Art and art gallery. Among the streets of Tel Aviv there are Korolenko, Zola, etc. streets. It has practically merged with Tel Aviv Jaffa, unlike young Tel Aviv, has several centuries of existence. In this city you can walk along the streets of Pushkin, Pestalozzi, Michelangelo, Gorky, Ozheshko, Dante.

In the city area Haifa And Nathanya There are seaside resorts on the Mediterranean coast, as well as in the Eilat area in the Arabian Gulf of the Red Sea. There are also resorts on the coast of the Dead Sea, located below ocean level, the very high salinity of its waters allows swimmers to float freely. An appropriate infrastructure has been created for tourists in Israel.

The Arab countries of Southwest Asia include virtually the entire area, with the exception of Palestine, Israel and the Middle Eastern states. Essentially we are talking about the Middle East or most of Western Asia (from Lebanon in the northwest to Yemen in the southeast). These are all Muslim Arab states.

With the exception of some outlying areas - Mediterranean Lebanon and partly Syria in the north-west and “happy Arabia” (southern part of Yemen) on the edge of the Arabian Peninsula - all countries in the region are arid desert and semi-desert territories. Therefore, civilization developed only where it was possible to create irrigation systems using rivers (as in Mesopotamia) or groundwater - in oases. From the middle of the 20th century. In many countries in the region, oil is extracted, which leads to the formation of oases on an “industrial basis” due to the supply of water from deep horizons or the desalination of sea water. During these processes, modern civilization is formed with all its pros and cons. In particular, the centers of this new civilization attract a large number of “shuttle” tourists from the CIS countries to the countries of the region. In some states of the region, modern seaside resorts are appearing on the shores of the seas. There are also mountain resorts in Lebanese cities. All this serves the development of recreational tourism.

In almost all countries of the macroregion there are many historical and cultural attractions - monuments of distant millennia and centuries. Yes, on the territory Lebanon one of the earliest human settlements is located - Baalbek, where ruins of religious buildings dedicated to Jupiter, statues, sculptures of Venus, Bacchus, rows of columns and sculptures, and stairs are preserved. One of the ancient settlements in Lebanon is the city of Saida. The capital of the country itself - Beirut - along with the ancient quarters, is also distinguished by completely modern buildings, corresponding to the role of Beirut as a center of finance and culture.

IN Syria The ancient cities of Palmyra and Aleppo with their monuments of Hellenistic art are of great interest to tourists. The capital of the country, Damascus, attracts with objects of Muslim culture, including one of the most famous shrines of Islam - the Umayyad Mosque.

Muslim architecture is typical for most areas of the capital Iraq- Baghdad. The Nazimiya Mosque, or Golden Mosque, is very famous, decorated with four minarets with gilded domes (which is rare in this kind of structure). The city has many modern buildings and monuments, stylized in the spirit of Muslim traditions. To the side of the capital, located on the banks of the Tigris River, are the ruins of ancient cities, including Babylon. There are also summer high-altitude resorts in Iraq (in the north and north-east of the country). Despite the undoubted tourist attractiveness of Lebanon, Syria and Iraq, the flow of tourists to these countries is limited due to political instability.

Others are much less interesting for educational tourism Arab countries of the Middle East: Jordan, Yemen, Kuwait, Qatar, Bahrain. In these countries, whose economies are based on oil production (Kuwait, Qatar, Oman, Bahrain, United Arab Emirates), modern cities attract attention.

Saudi Arabia occupies a special place among the countries of the Middle East. It is on its territory that the main places of pilgrimage for Muslims are located - the holy cities of Mecca (with the black stone of the Kaaba) and Medina, cities associated with the activities of the Prophet Muhammad and the birth of Islam. Hundreds of thousands, and in some years millions of Muslims from all over the world come here as pilgrims. The pilgrimage (Hajj) brings huge income to the country, and pilgrims “incorporate” themselves into eternal life in paradise. The city of Jeddah is located on the country's Red Sea coast, through which thousands of pilgrims travel. There are also several historical monuments here, among which, according to legend, is the grave of the first woman, Eve.

Saudi Arabia covers an area of ​​1.6 - 2.4 million square meters. km (according to various sources). The country's population is over 18 million people, the capital Riyadh.

United Arab Emirates (UAE)- a country with an area of ​​83.6 thousand square meters. km and a population of more than 2 million people - this is a bright sun 360 days a year and a warm, clear sea, desert landscapes with oases and areas of red sand, wadis (dried river mouths) and dunes, the peaks of the Al Hajars massif, numerous key lakes of volcanic origin and color palette of stones.

The coral reefs of Kor Fakan are famous for their flora and fauna underwater world, and the coast Persian Gulf famous for its golden sands and exceptional water clarity. Hotels on the seashore offer tourists swimming pools and comfortable hotel beaches, equipped with everything necessary.

The capital of the UAE is Abu Dhabi. In the city of Dubai - ancient Arab buildings of the Bastakiya district, Dubai historical Museum(Fort Al Fahidi), Jumeirah Mosque, Sheikh Said Palace, historical village museum, Dubai Zoo - the best in the Middle East, Wonderland - one of the largest water parks in Asia. Once a year, Dubai hosts the world's largest shopping festival, attracting more than 2 million visitors. Dubai's Arabian Tower Hotel (Burj Al Arab) is the tallest hotel in the world (height 321 m). Hatta is a mountain resort belonging to the emirate Dubai, located in the center of Khajar mountain range and is a picturesque place surrounded by palm trees, clear lakes and small farms.

In the city of Ajman there is a museum, which is located in a fort built in the late 18th century until the late 1970s. which was the residence of the emir. Its exhibition includes a collection of archaeological finds, ancient manuscripts, weapons, reconstructed traditional Arab rooms and a market.

Emirate Ras Al Khaimah represented by ancient cities (Yulfar - a thriving pearl trading center in the past, Digdaga - the largest Old city Ras al-Khaimah), Hatt hot springs, the Emirate Museum (a huge military fort) with traditional household items, jewelry, archaeological finds, the oldest of which dates back to the 1st millennium BC.

In the emirate Umm al-Quwain(“source of strength”) are located: Falaj Al Muala - a huge date garden surrounded by high dunes; water park "Dreamland" with an artificial volcano 18 m high with imitation fire, lighting effects, numerous water attractions; the city of Fujairah with sandy beaches and mountain headlands is one of best places for scuba diving.

Mereja, which is the “museum treasure of the UAE”, is the oldest district of the emirate Sharjah, where the following are located: one of the largest mosques in the Middle East, the King Faisal Mosque, which can accommodate up to 3,000 worshipers; numerous museums and exhibitions, beaches of the Khalid Lagoon. New but already popular entertainment in the UAE is sand skiing and car rallying in the desert.

The countries of the Middle East are Iran and Afghanistan.

Iran- a country of diverse nature and ancient history. Nature lovers will find in Iran seas and rivers, plains (low-lying and elevated) and high mountains Elbrus with the main peak Damavand (in the north of the country), various forests, dry steppes, semi-deserts and deserts, healing mineral springs and healing mud. There are many monuments of Muslim culture (civil and religious buildings) in Iran - in the capital Tehran, the cities of Isfahan, Tabriz, Mashhad, Qazvin, etc. Currently, due to the difficult international situation of Iran (largely due to its isolation), the flow of tourists into the country very limited.

Afghanistan - multinational Mountain country, where hostilities have been going on for many years. Therefore, and also due to the very low level of development of the tourist infrastructure, the harsh but impressive nature of Afghanistan, and its historical and cultural sites located in the capital Kabul, the cities of Herat, Kandahar, etc., remain unclaimed. One of the most famous tourism sites throughout Asia - Biamin. In this depression, located in the central part of the country at an altitude of more than 2 thousand meters, there are rocks dug by hundreds of caves, and two 50-meter high Buddha statues carved into the rocks. The Shahar-i-Gulgula fortress is located on the hill. The possibilities of the winter resort of Jalalabad, hunting and observing local ritual holidays are also not in demand.

Recreational potential and modern development tourism in Asia. Recreational potential and modern development of tourism in Australia and Oceania. The Asia-Pacific region is the most dynamically developing region in the world. But the flow of tourists here is not yet as great as in the countries of Europe and America. It is expected that in the near future, some countries in this region will take leading positions in terms of the number of tourists visiting them.

2.4.1. Recreational potential and modern development of tourism in Asia

The most popular Asian countries in terms of international tourism demand include Turkey, Cyprus, Israel, the United Arab Emirates, China, Japan, Indonesia, Thailand, India, Sri Lanka, Maldives, Malaysia, Philippines, Singapore, Nepal, Jordan, Lebanon, Mongolia. Relatively recently, tourism began to actively develop in countries such as South Korea, Laos, Cambodia, and Vietnam. In Asia, you can also visit an unrecognized state - the island of Taiwan. Türkiye is one of the most popular tourist routes for Russian tourists. The capital of Turkey is Ankara. Turkey, like Russia, is located in two parts of the world - in Europe (Eastern Thrace) and Asia. Turkey is divided into European and Asian parts by the strategically important Bosporus and Dardanelles straits, as well as the Sea of ​​Marmara. Türkiye is a predominantly mountainous country. In the west of its Asian part is the Asia Minor Plateau. The Anatolian Mountains are located in eastern Turkey. Türkiye is rich in chrome ore, but is experiencing a serious shortage of fuel and energy resources. Continental climate, with sharp changes in winter and summer temperatures, is typical for most of the country. On the Mediterranean coast, where the most popular resorts, temperatures in summer reach more than 40°C. Therefore, it is not recommended to be on the beach during the daytime. Türkiye is a fairly large country in terms of population - about 65 million people. Turkey's serious national problem is the struggle of the Kurdish minority for its sovereignty. However, there is also a layer of wealthy Kurds who own hotels on the coast. And no significant violations of order at resorts associated with terrorism have been observed in the country. On the go modern history Turkey was significantly influenced by the Turkish leader Mustafa Kemal Ataturk (“father of the Turks” in Turkish), who managed to in a period of political and economic decline, to unite the Turkish nation, limit fundamentalist Islamic traditions and turn the country towards European development. This trend continues today. It is expressed in Turkey's persistent attempts to join the EU. Economically, Türkiye is heavily dependent on external raw materials and industrial markets. The basis of its international specialization is the mining, light and food industries, construction, active emigration of labor, small wholesale TRADE with neighboring countries. The absence of a “core” in the economy leads, in particular, to high rates of inflation. The Turkish lira depreciates by an average of 100% annually. Tourism is one of the options for international specialization of the country. Turkey has a large number of ecologically clean resorts, combining in most cases relative cheapness and high-quality service. The development of tourism in Turkey and a comfortable holiday attract tourists from European countries, especially from Germany and Russia. In addition, the Turks have traditionally been considered good traders, and tourists can make profitable and relatively cheap purchases here. This attracts travelers from many countries. The most famous resorts include Antalya, Alanya, Belek, Kemer, Side, Marmaris, Kusadasi, etc. In hotels in Turkish resorts, recreation is often combined with various animation programs, demonstration and sale of various goods. Kemer located on the slopes of the Tarusa Mountains, close to the sea, in the shade of magnificent pine forests, where there is a network of modern HOTELS and clubs. Several decades ago, Kemer was a picturesque fishing village. Now here you can not only relax on the beach, but also ride a yacht. The excursion on a yacht includes fishing in the open sea, lunch, swimming. Not far from Kemer there are the ruins of the ancient city of Olympus, founded in the middle of the 1st millennium BC. Fethiye- a young port city with a developed tourism infrastructure. It is located at the foot of mountains covered with pine and cedar forests. The city is named in memory of the famous Turkish test pilot who died in a plane crash in 1913. Fethiye is located in an area of ​​seismic activity. In its vicinity in 1956 and 1957. two major earthquakes occurred. A popular holiday destination is Kusadasi, which means “bird island” in Turkish. In this tourist area there is the Dilek National Park, home to various species of birds and animals. Kusadasi is a seaport. Not far from the city are the ancient Greek cities of Ephesus, Miletus, Didyma, Priene, and Aphrodisias, discovered after archaeological excavations. Pamukkale translated from Turkish means “cotton castle”. In that picturesque place the action of hot springs containing calcium oxide led to the formation of snow-white calcareous deposits of bizarre shape. Tourists admire the extraordinary view of these white mountains and swim in the “Cleopatra pool”, the water of which contains mineral salts. There are many treatment and health centers here. Side, with its modern tourist complexes and beautiful beaches, is today one of the busiest resorts. Marmaris is located at the junction of the Aegean and Mediterranean Seas and grew locally ancient city Fiskosa. Here, ancient architectural monuments are combined with luxury hotels. Numerous restaurants, bars, discos, music and dancing allow us to call this city a dancing city. Tourists come to Alanya in summer from different countries peace. In winter, famous sports teams hold training camps here. Located south of Turkey CYPRUS- the third largest island in the Mediterranean Sea. The distinctive features of this state are the binational composition of its population (Turks and Greeks). Cyprus has a favorable Mediterranean type of climate and a relatively developed economy: mining, light and food industries, 150 mechanical engineering, production of building materials. Agriculture specializes in the cultivation of grapes and olives. In 1974, the most economically developed areas of the country were occupied by Turkish troops under the pretext of protecting Turkish Cypriots due to an attempt by the Greek military junta to carry out a military coup on the island. This caused certain damage to the country's economy. International tourism has become an important alternative to economic growth in these conditions. offshore business. Since 1975 The country's authorities have taken a course to encourage the influx of foreign investment and development international tourism. A favorable investment climate, low crime rate, combined with excellent recreational opportunities, contribute to the influx of capital invested in real estate, tourism infrastructure and other sectors of the economy. Until 1960, Cyprus was a British colony. Therefore, the official language on the island is English, and the British predominate among tourists. Currently, the country's economy is heavily dependent on income from international tourism. The largest tourist centers of Cyprus are: the capital of the state, Nicosia, located in the center of the island, but divided into two parts along ethnic lines; Limassol wine center; tourist center with international airport Larnaca; the historical capital of the western part of the island is Paphos; youth resort Aia Napa; Famagusta, famous for its beautiful golden beaches. In Cyprus, tourists are offered a number of excursions, in particular to Egypt, Jordan, and Israel. You can take mini-cruises and explore the beautiful shores of the island. You can get acquainted with the rich ancient history of the island by making a trip to Paphos. In Russia, Cyprus - the “island of Aphrodite” - is known primarily as a center of beach and entertainment tourism. But this is a one-sided view. In Cyprus there are numerous monuments of ancient Greek and Roman culture, as well as Christian history, many holy places of Orthodoxy, where pilgrims come, including from Russia. Pilgrimage centers include Kakkos and Limassol. ISRAEL- a small state in the southwestern part of Asia - has a small (about 5.5 million people) predominantly binational population (Jews and Arabs). The basis of Israel's economy is industry, in particular diamond cutting and subtropical agriculture. International tourism is of great importance for Israel, which is developing in the following directions: beach, cultural, historical and health-improving. The most famous tourist centers in Israel include the ancient religious center - Jerusalem, and the health resorts of the Dead Sea, located 395 m below sea level. In 1996 Jerusalem celebrated its 3000th anniversary. Thirty centuries ago, King David moved the capital of his new kingdom here. The stones of Jerusalem preserve the memory of Roman, Byzantine, Arab rule, the rule of the Crusaders and Mamelukes. The status of Jerusalem as a holy city for Jews, Christians and Muslims, the abundance of historical monuments and holy places, and at the same time, the intense life of a modern multifaceted and multilingual mecca of tourism make this city one and only. In the south, Israel has access to the Red Sea. On its coast is the resort city of Eilat. The city of Haifa is also interesting for tourists. Various layers of modern and ancient culture are represented here, among which the most famous attraction is the Bahian Temple. The capital of Israel is Tel Aviv with a large international airport, Bengurion. The Tel Aviv-Yafo resort area is located on the Mediterranean coast. The development of international tourism in Israel is constrained by the Palestinian-Israeli conflict. JORDAN- a state in South-West Asia, the capital is the city of Amman. It is predominantly an agricultural country. On the territory of Jordan there are monuments of ancient culture from the 2nd millennium BC. to 5th century AD IN late XIX V. In the mountains of Southern Jordan, archaeologists discovered the city of Petra - the capital of the Nabatean kingdom of the 2nd century. BC. - I century AD Tourists come here to see temples, theaters, and tombs built from pink stone. Pilgrimage to Jordan is largely associated with religious traditions. Many researchers of Sacred texts directly connect the events described in the Bible with the Jordan Valley. Therefore, more and more religious pilgrims today begin their journey to the East from Jordan, and then continue it in ancient Canaan, in the territory of modern Palestine and Israel. Moving in this way, they seem to pass through time in the footsteps of the Old and New Testaments, again consistently experiencing the entire history of the relationship between God and man from the first pages of the Book of Genesis to the present day. IN biblical history The Salt Sea, now the Dead Sea, is mentioned as a place of religious events. The Dead Sea itself is a world landmark, filled with amazing natural beauty, deep symbolic meaning and truly dramatic charm. Today East Coast The entire length of the Dead Sea is one of the most popular holiday destinations among Jordanian and foreign 152 tourists. Its famous thermal springs can be easily reached from Central and Southern Jordan along any of the many roads equipped with excellent modern surfaces. In the south of Jordan is the Red Sea, also a popular holiday destination. Thus, Jordan can captivate tourists for whom seaside holidays are the main goal. LEBANON- a parliamentary democratic republic occupying a relatively small area (10.4 thousand sq. km) with a population of 2.5 million people. Lebanon borders Israel and Syria. The capital is the city of Beirut. Lebanon is known as a major regional banking center. Banking is one of the main sectors of the country's economy. Its distinctive feature is strict confidentiality. There are more than 80 banks operating in the country. Trade and tourism are also important sectors of the country's economy. The mild Mediterranean climate gives Lebanon a special attractiveness, but unlike most other countries in this region, the unique mountain nature provides everyone with the opportunity to admire the golden rain of leaf fall, snowstorms, the bright sunny palette of spring herbs and the sultry sunsets of endless summer. Lebanon is characterized by the development of the following types of tourism: business, cultural, historical and environmental. Business trips to Lebanon are associated with financial and credit activities and the opportunity to make profitable purchases. A relatively liberal tax system creates favorable conditions for foreign investment and entrepreneurship. Cultural and historical tourism in Lebanon is associated with familiarization with ancient monuments. The country's historical attractions include the ancient cities discovered by archaeologists - Baalbek, Byblos and Anjar. The capital of the country, Beirut, combines the ancient with the modern century. Lovers active rest Numerous routes of quaint mountain trails await you, where next to your fire - who knows, maybe there was a fire of an ancient man. UNITED ARAB EMIRATES (UAE)- a federation of seven Arab states located on the Arabian Peninsula. The history of the UAE goes back a little over 30 years. Behind short term The Emirates have made an unprecedented leap into the future - in place of a waterless desert with few settlements on the seashore, a rich and highly developed country has emerged. Tourists from all over the world strive to come here. Abu Dhabi is the largest emirate with a population of about 900 thousand people, the capital and residence of the president of the federation. Dubai is the second largest city and emirate of the UAE, one of the world centers of business and trade, recreation and entertainment. Sharjah- “cultural capital” of the UAE, the third largest emirate. There are many museums, historical monuments, mosques, and bazaars. Ajman is the smallest of all the emirates, in the past it was known as a place of pearl fishing (now it is famous for its developed fishing industry and the manufacture of single-masted Arabian dhows. Umm Al Qaiwais is an emirate with a developed fishery and a research center for fish breeding. Ras Al Khaimah is an emirate in the northern part of the UAE. Since the 16th century, it has been constantly subjected to capture and therefore received the name, which in translation means “the Emirate of Fujairah”, located in the eastern part of the UAE, it is recommended for recreation for nature and theme lovers. who prefer secluded silence. There are three protected areas in Fujairah: Al-Wuraida waterfalls, An-El-Madhab gardens and Ain-Eyay-Ghamour hot springs. Camel racing takes place in the deserts of the emirate. The UAE is a country with a history of more than two thousand years. developed by Russian tourists, unlike neighboring OMAN. Oman, a country whose economy largely depends on oil production and exports, was closed to tourists until recently. Oil deposits created prosperity for Oman. And its long-term isolation made it possible to preserve the national characteristics of the culture and life of the local population. Therefore, Oman is an amazing country that allows its guests to get acquainted with the way of Arab life and stay in prestigious international hotels. The most common activity in Oman is scuba diving. Oman's climate is desert, dry, with higher levels of humidity on the coast compared to the interior, with an average of several hundred millimeters of precipitation per year. The average temperature in July is plus 32°C, and in January - 21°C. The capital of the country, Muscat, is considered one of the hottest capitals in the world. SAUDI ARABIA, located north of Yemen, occupies most of the world's largest Arabian Peninsula and at the same time, most of the country's territory is occupied by desert: in the north it is part of the Syrian Desert, and in the southeastern part of the country there is the Great Desert (Rub El -Hali). The leading sector of the country's economy is the oil industry. Saudi Arabia accounts for the majority of the world's proven oil reserves (about 20%). Saudi Arabia is a country with orthodox Islamic traditions, which is manifested, in particular, in tourist formalities: the import of alcohol is prohibited; drug trafficking is punishable death penalty; The import of books in Hebrew, as well as goods with Israeli markings, is prohibited; It is advisable for women going out to wear a burqa. The main type of international tourism in the country is religious, carried out in the form of pilgrimage. Pilgrimage to Saudi Arabia is based on the traditions of the Islamic cult. Every Muslim must make a pilgrimage (Hajj) to the holy cities of Mecca and Medina at least once in his life. The city of Mecca is a place of pilgrimage, since, according to legend, the founder of Islam, the Prophet Muhammad, was born here, and the tomb of the Prophet Muhammad is located in Medina. On the territory of South-West Asia there is a state SYRIA- the last stronghold of the crusaders who marched in the Middle Ages under the auspices of the Catholic Church to liberate the Holy Land from Muslims. The impenetrable castles of the Crusaders are reminiscent of the Crusades. The capital of Syria is the city of Damascus - one of the oldest cities in the world. Among the architectural monuments of the city, the colonnade of the Sanctuary of Jupiter of Damascus, the Umayyad Mosque, and the Nur ad-Din Hospital are of interest. There are more than 200 mosques in the capital. Syria has long been known for its handicrafts - the production of edged weapons (“Damascus blades”), copper utensils, and brocade. The length of the coastline of the Mediterranean coast of Syria is about 200 km. In the vicinity of the fourth largest city in Syria and the main seaport- Latakia - the main one is located seaside resort Shatt al Azraq. In Syria there are several modernly equipped mountain resorts, which include Slenfe and Mashta al Helu. The development of international tourism in Syria is hampered by a number of historical circumstances. Syria, like many other Arab countries, does not accept the existence of an independent State of Israel. In 1973 Syria, together with Egypt, started a war against Israel, which ended with the signing of a separate peace. This historical fact has led to tense relations between Syria and Israel. A visa to Syria is not issued to persons with any Israeli markings. And entry into the area along the Syrian-Israeli border is prohibited. In power in Syria is B. Assad, the son of the country's former communist dictator X. Assad. The existence of such a regime gave grounds for the United States to include this country in the so-called “axis of evil” of countries with anti-democratic regimes. The state is located on the territory of South-West Asia IRAN. A significant part of the territory of this country is occupied by mountains and deserts. The center of the country is occupied by the Iranian Plateau and the deserts of Dashte-Kevir (Great Salt Desert) and Dashte Lut. On the territory of Iran, three natural and climatic zones can be distinguished:. the coast of the Persian and Oman Gulfs with a tropical hot climate, the central regions with an arid subtropical hot climate, the central regions with an arid subtropical climate and the mountainous regions with a cool temperate climate. Of Iran's nearly 70 million population, the majority (about 50%) are Persians. Official language is Farsi (Persian), and the predominant religion is Shia Islam. Iran is a country with traditions of Islamic fundamentalism, where the tone is set by spiritual leaders - ayatolls. What regional features should be taken into account when visiting this country? In Iran, there is actually a “prohibition” law - alcohol cannot be purchased in stores or even hotels. The import into the country of all types of alcoholic beverages, video products with erotic and propaganda content, and books in Hebrew is strictly prohibited. If your passport contains any marks from the state of Israel, entry into Iran is prohibited. Also, women in clothes that do not comply with Islamic rules will not be allowed across the border. Due to the existing traditions of Islamic fundamentalism, international tourism in this country is not widespread, and Iran receives its main income from the production and export of oil and gas raw materials. The development of tourism is hampered by a number of other circumstances. Thus, the country lacks a modern hotel base. At the same time, Iran has great potential for the development of international tourism in a number of areas. The cultural and historical direction is associated with visiting ancient cities - Tehran, the capital of the country, Isfahan, Shiraz, Tabriz. Here you can see many historical attractions: medieval mosques, ancient monuments, tombs of Persian scientists and artists. Medical and health tours may also be promising for Iran. On the shores of Lake Urmia, the largest in Iran, there are balneological bathing resorts that use for treatment the properties of salt water, similar in content water of the Dead seas. Medical services such as eye surgery, orthopedics, and treatment of cardiovascular diseases are available in Iran. Tourism for the purpose of entertainment and recreation in Iran is focal. The most famous holiday destination in Iran is the fashionable Iranian resort on Kish Island in the Strait of Hormuz. Shopping tours to Iran are also a promising area of ​​international tourism. There are many oriental bazaars where you can buy famous handmade Persian carpets, as well as beautiful silver items. CHINA located in Central and East Asia, on the western coast of the Pacific Ocean. It is the third largest country in terms of area and the first largest population (about 1.3 billion people) state in the world. China is a multinational country. Of the 56 nationalities, the largest nationality is the Han (over 90% of the country's inhabitants). Therefore, the Chinese often call themselves "Han". Many Chinese live abroad. They are called "huaqiao". The relief of China consists of multi-stage terraces, gradually descending from west to east. Two large rivers flow through China - the Yellow River and the Yangtze. China is very rich in natural resources: hydropower and mineral raw materials (primarily, reserves of non-ferrous metal ores). China has ancient history. China gave the world one of the religious trends - Confucianism, which deifies the power of monarchs and preaches self-improvement. It is no coincidence that the historical tradition of China can trace a change in the reign of monarchical dynasties; the last monarchical dynasty in China was the Qing (1644-1911). During the revolutionary struggle on October 1, 1949. Mao Zedong proclaimed the creation of the People's Republic of China (PRC). Ancient China gave the world four inventions: paper, printing, compass and gunpowder. In Europe, they first learned about China from the books and stories of the legendary Italian traveler Marco Polo. In 1271-1275 he traveled to China, where he lived for about 17 years. The paradox of modern China is a combination of communist ideology and one of the highest rates of economic growth in the world, the economic power of the state and the poverty of the vast majority of the population. China is the world's largest producer of cotton fabrics and the world's third largest producer of cast iron. China is implementing a concept* of territorial development based on attracting foreign investment in free economic zones. China is administratively divided into 22 provinces, five autonomous regions and four central cities: Beijing, Shanghai, Tianjin and Chongqing. China includes two special administrative regions: Hong Kong (Hong Kong) and Macao (Macau). The capital of China is Beijing. According to some estimates, China in the 21st century. will become the world leader in tourist visits. There are many attractions in China. One of the most grandiose architectural monuments - the Great Chinese Wall in Northern China. The total length of the wall is 157 6,700 km. In the II century. BC. Emperor Qin Shi Huang had the idea to protect China from the north from the Mongols, and the wall served as a huge bastion. It was built until 1911, driving a huge number of peasants and soldiers from all over the country for construction. They all died at this construction site, which is why the wall is also called the great cemetery. There are many temples around the Chinese Wall, which are still active today. Now the total preserved length of the wall is 5 thousand km. In China, the following most popular centers of international tourism can be distinguished: Beijing, Shanghai, Guangzhou, Macau, Hong Kong (Hong Kong), Hainan Island, Tibet. The history of the capital of China - Beijing - goes back more than 3 thousand years. There are a large number of cultural and historical attractions here that allow you to comprehend the past, understand the present, and get an idea of ​​the future of this country. Beijing is home to China's largest state museum, Gugong - a former imperial palace, the residence of 24 emperors of the Ming and Qing dynasties. 20 km northwest of the center of Beijing is the Summer Imperial Palace - Yiheyuan Park. 50 km north of the city in the Valley of the Tombs lies the ashes of most of the emperors of the Ming dynasty. On the southern outskirts of Beijing rises the Temple of Heaven (Tian Tan). Here, on the day of the summer solstice, monastic services were held with the participation of the emperor, asking Heaven to send down a good harvest. The famous Yonghegong Lamaist Temple was built in the northeastern part of the Chinese capital. In many cities of China, including Beijing, there are temples of Confucius. Shanghai, located at the mouth of China's largest river, the Yangtze, is better known as a business center. It is one of the largest financial and economic metropolises in Asia. In the past, 158 many Russian emigrants lived here, whose routes lay through this city to the USA, Australia and Canada. The most famous street of Nanjing stretches from the embankment through the entire city for 14 km. The best shops and restaurants in Shanghai are located here. The attractions of Shanghai include Buddhist monastery, Chenghuanmiao and Yufesi temples with a jade statue of Buddha, the five-tier Longhua Pagoda, the Garden of Joy, the TV tower. Guangzhou- a large commercial and industrial agglomeration in southeast China. Guangzhou hosts international exhibitions and fairs that allow Western firms to gain insight into Chinese products. In the immediate vicinity of Guangzhou are the former English and Portuguese enclaves of Hong Kong (Hong Kong) and Macau (Macao). Hong Kong literally means “fragrant harbor” because once upon a time fragrant spices and incense were exported from here. It is now one of the world's largest financial centers. Hong Kong's tourist attractions include the zoological and botanical gardens. Macau is a former Portuguese colony that has now become a tourist mecca with CASINO and gambling houses. Became very popular in last years Hainan Island, located in southern China. Modern HOTELS have been built here, conducive to beach holiday and health improvement. The climate in Hainan is tropical. Tourists have always been attracted by Tibet and the inaccessible peaks of the Himalayas, which climbers are constantly trying to conquer. The administrative center of Tibet is the city of Lhasa (“holy place”), located at an altitude of 3660 m above sea level. The monasteries, centers of Buddhism and Lamanism, where solemn rituals and ceremonies are still held, brought world fame to this place. You can make profitable purchases in China. Here, first of all, you should buy green tea, natural silk and freshwater pearls. Tourists will certainly be taken to a tea ceremony, silk and pearl factories. TAIWAN- a state in East Asia, located on an island in close proximity to mainland China. In 1949, after the victory of the socialist revolution in China, the bourgeois Chinese government led by Chiang Kai-shek fled to Taiwan, declaring Taiwan an independent state and enlisting the support of the United States. Since then, the PRC has laid claim to the island, considering it one of its provinces. Taiwan is a dynamically developing state. In terms of living standards (GDP per capita exceeds $12,000), Taiwan is not comparable to the mainland provinces of China. The capital of this state, not officially recognized by the world community, is Taipei (Taipei). The main attractions are concentrated in the capital. The white marble Chiang Kai-shek memorial with a park is a favorite vacation spot for townspeople. Emigrating from China, Chiang Kai-shek took some of the exhibits from the Imperial Winter Palace (Gugong) in Beijing. These priceless artistic treasures are on display at the National Taiwan Museum in Taipei. Taipei also has a traditional night market where you can try local food, get a massage, and buy a variety of local souvenirs. Russia does not have direct air links with Taiwan. Therefore, the most acceptable option for traveling to the island is to fly through Hong Kong. MONGOLIA- a state in Central Asia. The capital of the country is the city of Ulaanbaatar. The creator of the Mongolian state is Genghis Khan. Under him and his successors in the 13th century. The Mongol Empire was created, which collapsed in the 14th century. to individual states. The economy of Mongolia is of an agrarian and raw materials nature (nomadic cattle breeding, extraction of mineral resources). Mongolia exports a variety of products, including sheep and camel wool, leather goods, carpets, knitwear, and sheepskin and fur coats. Mongolia, like many other countries, encourages the development of tourism. The most promising for this country may be ecological, ethnographic and historical tours. Mongolia, spread over more than 1.5 million square meters. km, is one of the few places in the world that has a rich combination of ecosystems. The Gobi Desert, which occupies more than half of Mongolia, is distinguished by a wide variety of flora and fauna. Here you can find large rocky deserts with sparse vegetation and sand dunes. The most interesting area is the South Gobi, where the main attractions and tourist yurt centers are concentrated. The famous Tea and Silk Roads passed through the territory of Mongolia and since ancient times have connected peoples leading a nomadic and sedentary lifestyle. Mongolia today preserves the way of life, ancient traditions and original culture of nomads. The ancient Mongol Empire stretched from the Pacific Ocean to the shores of the Black Sea. Mongolia is the cradle of the nomadic civilization of Central Asia, the abode of ancient history and culture. Historical tours will allow you to explore ancient burial sites and religious buildings. The history of Mongolia is known thanks to the ancient empire of Genghis Khan. Genghis Khan's treasures have not yet been found. Maybe you will find them in Mongolia... JAPAN- an island state in the Asia-Pacific region with a predominantly monoethnic population of 125 million people. Japan is attractive with its amazingly beautiful nature. The country is located on approximately 6,800 islands in Pacific Ocean. 68% of Japan's territory is mountainous. Mount Fuji, the highest mountain, is the country's national symbol. A distinctive feature of Japan is the poverty of its mineral resource base. TRADE or DIE” - this is the Japanese slogan, stimulating the development of local industry and services. The country occupies one of the first places in the world in shipbuilding, production of radio electronics products, cars and trucks. The production of porcelain, toys and art products remains traditional. The global energy crises of the late 20th century, associated with rising oil prices, not only did not weaken, but even united the Japanese nation, forcing the development of high-tech industries, as well as the financial sector. Japan is now not only one of the world's largest industrial producers, but also the technological brain of the Asia-Pacific region and one of the world's largest financial centers. For a long time (until 1868), Japan was a “closed” state, which determined the originality of Japanese culture. Tokyo is one of the largest metropolises in the world, the capital of Japan. Tokyo's attractions include the Buddhist temples of Kannon, Meiji, Rakanji, the Yasukuni Shinto Shrine, the Imperial Palace, the National Museum, and the Sogetsu Art Center. Osaka is the most Big city in Western Japan. This city is proud of its world's largest Ferris wheel and an aquarium. Nara is the ancient capital of Japan, a city-museum, famous for its architectural monuments and imperial treasury. In the last decade, tourists have been attracted to Japan by numerous sports and entertainment events, in particular the Olympic Games and the FIFA World Cup. Warm climate, presence of many islands and extended coastline make Japan a favorable destination for marine tourism. However, there are practically no coastal resorts here, unlike other countries in the world. The Inland Sea of ​​Japan is no exception, although it is often called the Mediterranean Sea of ​​Japan. To develop tourism in the country, material investments in infrastructure are needed, and the Japanese prefer holidays abroad. INDONESIA located on a huge archipelago comparable in size to Europe. Its largest islands are Sumatra, Java, Kalimantan, Sulawesi. Life on each of the 13 thousand islands follows its own path. Muslims live on one island (Java), Hindus live on the other (Bali), and Christians live on the third (north Sulawesi). The capital of Indonesia is the city of Jakarta. The island of Bali is one of the most important tourist centers in Indonesia. There are ancient Hindu temples here, as well as numerous hotels with magnificent beaches. The handicraft industry is represented by embossed silver items, ceramic and wicker items, and artistic bone carvings, which are in demand among tourists. Indonesia is of interest for eco-tourism. There are a number of national parks and reserves located here. The Gunning Holiday Park on the island of Sumatra is widely known. Tourists are attracted here by the opportunity to trek through mountain forests, as well as visit the orangutan rehabilitation center. THAILAND Its territory is comparable to France, its population is about 60 million people. Thailand still retains its ancient Buddhist culture. The tin-tungsten belt passing through the country provides Thailand with one of the leading places in tin mining. The main crop is rice. Thailand has maintained its political independence throughout the country's centuries-old history. Close ties between Russian and Thai monarchs and friendly relations between Thailand and Russia are known in the past. Currently, Thailand is the tourist mecca of Southeast Asia. Tourists are attracted by the favorable climate and developed tourist infrastructure, historical attractions, including Buddhist temples, and the opportunity for free and relaxed behavior. The most famous tourist centers in Thailand include the capital Bangkok, the cities of Pattaya, Phuket, and Samui. There are about 400 Buddhist temples in Bangkok. Among them, the most interesting are the Temple of Dawn with a tower 104 m high and the Temple of the Emerald Buddha. INDIA is a huge subcontinent located in South Asia. More than a billion people live in India. Given that the country's family planning policy is not as strict as China's, demographers predict that in the medium term this country will become the most populous in the world. In addition, 162 India is considered the most multicultural country in the world. Physiographically, India can be divided into three natural regions: the Himalayas, the Indo-Gangetic Plain and the Deccan Plateau. Economically, India can be characterized as a “key developing country”, which in terms of macroeconomic indicators is comparable to great powers (GNP - about 500 billion dollars in 2002; 11th place in the world), and in terms of per capita income it is one of the poorest countries in the world ($480 per person in 2002; 159th place in the world). The country's agrarian-industrial economy combines the development of basic industries with diversified agriculture. The textile industry has become widespread. The country's subsoil is rich in a variety of minerals (coal, iron ores, diamonds, manganese, etc.). From the point of view of tourism, the largest cities in India are of greatest interest: Delhi - the capital of India, Bombay, Calcutta, Madras, the former Portuguese enclave, and now the 25th state of India - Goa; National parks Corbet, Sariska, the famous Taj Mahal mausoleum. Kolkata is the birthplace of the world famous Indian writer Rabindranath Tagore. The Tagore House is also located here. The most popular Indian resorts are located on the west coast of India, in the state of Goa. Until 1963 there was a Portuguese colony here. This area is considered the most developed in terms of tourism and is very popular among Europeans. Those who prefer a comfortable, relaxing beach holiday with lunch in hotel restaurants will most likely like it here. But Goa is far from the only popular place holidays in India. The state of Kerala is famous - the southernmost state on the west coast and one of the most developed states in India. A classic trip to India is considered a tour of the Golden Triangle with a visit to the world famous Taj Mahal - a monument of Indian architecture, a five-domed structure made of white marble with a mosaic of colored stones, as well as the ancient ghost town of Fatihpur Sikri and the exotic pink city of Rajasthan. India is also a center of religious pilgrimage. The main centers of Hindu communities are located in this country. India attracts ecotourists who dream of conquering mountain peaks. Mountaineering ecotourism is also common in NEPAL, the world's only Hindu kingdom. Until the mid-1950s, Nepal was closed to foreigners and therefore largely retained its originality and national flavor. This is a poor country whose people do not consider themselves poor, have their own human values ​​and live by their own rules. Tourists are attracted here by the world's highest peaks of the Himalayas, pristine jungles in the south, the picturesque Kathmandu Valley with unique pagodas and elegant architecture of residential buildings, bright holidays, as well as the original culture of the population. Another small state of South Asia is located in the spurs of the Eastern Himalayas - BUTANE(translated as “Land of Thunder Dragons”). For many centuries, Bhutan’s connection with Tibet was very close, so Lamaist Buddhism, Tibetan Buddhism, National language and writing. The Kingdom of Bhutan is one of the underdeveloped patriarchal states of the world, forgotten by time. Subsistence farming predominates in the country. The main production sector of the economy is Agriculture. Rice, wheat, and barley are grown here. South of Bhutan, Cherrapunji (India) is the wettest place in the world, receiving over 11,000 mm of rainfall per year. The rainforests of Bhutan are poorly understood and little explored. It has the highest density of elephants per unit area. Bhutan is still a largely closed country for travel. Modern Bhutan is somewhat reminiscent of Tsarist Russia at the beginning of the 19th century, when permission to leave had to be obtained personally from the emperor, and a foreign passport cost 500 silver rubles. A similar situation has developed in modern Bhutan. There are a large number of places where you can only get there after a special permit signed personally by the king. In this case, you should stock up on a significant amount of money, much higher than the official cost of the trip. At the same time, only a true adventure lover can appreciate the exoticism of this country. The main attraction of Bhutan is Buddhist monasteries, the largest of which are located in Thimphu, the capital of the country. To the south of India there are important international tourism destinations: the island of Sri Lanka and the Maldives. Since 1984 the capital SRI LANKA is Colombo. A mixture of cultures and religions, times and peoples have left their mark on the unique appearance of the city: ancient colonial-style mansions coexist with skyscrapers and ancient oriental temples. The largest number of historical and cultural monuments are concentrated in the center of the island and form a “cultural triangle”: Anuradhapura - the first ancient capital of Sri Lanka, Polonnaruwa - the medieval capital of the state, Kandy - the last bastion of the rulers of the independent Sinhala state. Sri Lanka is also famous for its elephant nurseries. Nowadays, the country is considered one of the leading exporters of tea, MALDIVES is an archipelago in the Indian Ocean located southwest of the island of Sri Lanka. The Maldives consists of 1,190 tiny coral islands, of which only 220 are developed. There are hotels ranging from 2 to 5 stars on 77 islands. Maldivians are a mixed race, influenced by emigrants from Sri Lanka, India and Arab countries. The population of the islands is about 240 thousand people, a quarter of whom live in the capital of the country, Male. It has become a well-known center of modern international tourism SINGAPORE, a major financial, industrial and transport center. Singapore has many natural and cultural attractions. The Singapore Zoo, Bird Park, Arts Festival, ethnic neighborhoods (Chinatown, Little India) are the sites that tourists usually visit. A very original open-air memorial museum is the “Tiger Balm Park”, created in Singapore by local Chinese financial magnates from the Au family. Singaporean Chinese businessmen - brothers Au Bin-Hau and Au Bin-Par - became rich in the production of a healing ointment - “tiger balm”, which gained great popularity not only in Singapore, but also in other countries as a treatment for rheumatism, radiculitis and others. diseases. The tiger balm business became a source of enrichment for the Au family, which became one of the largest financial groups in Singapore. In an effort to perpetuate their name, the brothers bought a plot of land on a hillside near the sea and created a park here. The construction of the park was completed in 1937. And it was presented by the brothers Howe and Par as a gift to the city with the condition that after their death this park would become a family memorial. The will of the brothers was fulfilled. Monuments to the brothers were erected on the upper terrace of the hill, and the park was named Tiger Balm Park. In recent years everything more tourists attracts MALAYSIA- a state in Southeast Asia, the western part of which is located in the south of the Malay Peninsula, and the eastern part is located in the north of the island of Kalimantan (Sabah and Sarawak states). Malaysia is distinguished from other countries in the region by its unique combination of exoticism, ancient culture and the highest level of development. Malaysia is divided into 13 states. The capital of the state is the city of Kuala Lumpur. It grew up on the site of the camp of the first tin miners. The most interesting places to visit in the capital of Malaysia are the bird park, where about 5 thousand birds live, the deer park, where unique small “mouse deer” live, and the butterfly park. Malaysia is a dynamically developing “newly industrialized” country in Southeast Asia. In the international division of labor, the country is known as a major producer of tin, rubber, as well as products from a number of manufacturing industries, primarily household appliances, and also as a major rice producer. In recent years, the country has been pursuing a policy of stimulating international tourism as a promising industry of international specialization. Many areas of Malaysia have their own unique characteristics and are attractive to tourists. The state of Kedah, with a population of over one million people, is located in the northwest of Peninsular Malaysia. The state is home to the so-called “Rice Bowl of Malaysia”. The state has many archaeological sites. Not far from the coast of Kedah there is a resort - the island of Langkawi. The island is covered with tropical vegetation, but there are beaches. About 112 km south of Langkawi, off the northwestern coast of Peninsular Malaysia, Penang Island is known as the “Pearl of the Orient”. Beautiful beaches and beautiful landscapes turned the island into a popular holiday destination. The state of Perak, with a population of about 2 million people, is often called the “silver state” due to its large deposits of tin ore. Perak is attractive to tourists due to its numerous attractions, in particular limestone cave-temples. There are a number of resort places in the state: the coastal town of Lamut, Pangkor Island, Pangkor Laut Island. The state of Selangor is located on the west coast of Peninsular Malaysia. It is the most populous state in the country and at the same time the largest industrial center. The state has resorts of Morib, Bagan Lalang, as well as on the islands of Karay, Ketam, Indah and Angsa. The main resorts of the state of Negeri Sembilan ( West Coast Malaysia) are located in a 48-kilometer coastal strip near the port of Dickson. The state of Malacca occupies the southwest of the Malaysian peninsula and is known as a melting pot of many cultures: Indian, Chinese, European and Japanese. Therefore, the state has many historical attractions - temples, mosques, mausoleums, churches. There are also resorts here - Tanjung Bidara, Tanjung Kling, etc. The state of Johor is considered south gate Malaysia. There is a railway line connecting Malaysia with Singapore. The state has historical sites, 166 national parks, and resorts. The state of Pahang on the east coast of Malaysia is the country's largest state by area. There are high mountain resorts, national nature reserves, and picturesque lakes. Tioman Island is classified as a prestigious international resort. The state of Terengganu on the east coast of Peninsular Malaysia is the center of the country's textile industry. Here, painted batik products and copper souvenirs are made, which are bought by tourists. This is one of the most picturesque states in the country. The natural wonders of the state include the high-mountain Lake Kunuir, as well as the Sinaya Falls. Redang Island in the state's marine area is considered one of the best places in Malaysia for snorkeling and scuba diving. The state of Kelantan, located in the northeast, on the border with Thailand, is called the “cradle of Malaysian culture.” Here, on the coast of the South China Sea, there are many resorts with golden sand beaches framed by coconut palms. The state of Sabah is located in East Malaysia, in the northeast of the island of Borneo. mountain state with wild jungle and a long coastline with beaches dotted with coral reefs. The state of Sarawak, which literally means “land of the hornbill,” is the largest of the Malaysian states. Located on Borneo island, this cosmopolitan state is a country of dense jungles rich in resources such as pepper, cocoa, palm oil, timber and petroleum. The state has many national parks that offer safaris. There are beautiful beaches. Labuan State has a dynamically developing port and is one of the international financial centers. Within the state there are a number of islands, off the coast of which lie the remains of sunken ships, which are of interest to diving enthusiasts. Malaysia is also known for its marine reserves. Marine reserves are limited areas of the sea that are considered a closed ecosystem for the purpose of preserving its flora and fauna and coral reefs with the fish and microorganisms living there. Reserves are created to preserve and protect coral zones from the influence of industrialization, protect underwater flora and fauna, and organize recreation for people without causing damage to wildlife. While in marine reserves, certain rules must be followed. For example, underwater photography and swimming are allowed there, but fishing, coral collecting, and speed boat racing are prohibited. Malaysia is also a center of religious tourism. The majority of the country's inhabitants are Muslims. About 30 km from Kuala Lumpur are the Batu Caves. Every year at the end of January - beginning of February, a religious festival takes place here, attracting numerous pilgrims from Malaysia, Singapore and other countries. It is important to note that the country has a number of strict rules. Thus, the illegal import of drugs into Malaysia is punishable by death. On the northwestern coast of the island of Kalimantan lies a thriving microstate of Southeast Asia. BRUNEI. Brunei's prosperity is based on income from oil production. The Sultan of Brunei is considered one of the richest inhabitants of the planet. The capital of Brunei is Bandar Seri Begawan. Here, on a compact territory of 6 thousand square meters. km live about 300 thousand people. The majority of residents are Malays (65% of the total population). The capital has one of the most large mosques in Asia - the Omar Ali Saifuddin Mosque. The country also has national parks and reserves with equatorial flora and fauna. In 1994 The Jerudong theme park has opened in the country. MYANMAR- “the land of golden pagodas” - is known primarily as one of the most powerful enclaves of Buddhist culture in all of Asia. The national symbol of the country is the grand Shwedagon Stupa Pagoda, built 2,500 years ago and located in the capital Yangon. In the country, power belongs to the military junta, which has ruled since 196 2. As a result, Myanmar (formerly Burma) is a poor agricultural country where automobiles are considered a rarity and the population continues to travel by horse and oxen. This state of affairs also hinders the development of international tourism, which, with the exception of pilgrimage and sightseeing of Buddhist culture, is practically undeveloped in the country. However, in Myanmar there is interesting places and attractions. Mandalay is the former capital of the Burmese kings. Here, as in other parts of the country, there are many shrines of Buddhism. An extinct volcano - Mount Popa is considered one of the most mysterious mountains country and has been a place of pilgrimage for many hundreds of years. This place is sacred to the inhabitants of the country. There are exotic floating hotels in Yangon. These are old ships laid up along the banks of the Rangoon River and equipped as hotels. To the northeast of Myanmar is the state of BANGLADESH - one of the poorest and most overpopulated states in the world, formed in 197 1. after separation from Pakistan. Most of the residents are Bengalis who practice Islam. The agricultural economy of Bangladesh specializes in supplying jute to the world market. International tourism in the country is weak, as Bangladesh has a reputation for constant cyclones and floods, as well as omnipresent mosquitoes. At the same time, true travelers will appreciate the sights of this unique country. In the capital of Bangladesh, Dhaka, the greatest interest for tourists is the many mosques, Hindu and Christian temples, the unfinished Labakh Fort, noisy oriental bazaars; it is the capital of rickshaws. Dhaka is also famous for its muslin. Natural attractions worth noting are the evergreen mangrove forests in the southwest of the country, the population of Bengal tigers, herds of elephants and a large number of leopards. Bangladesh is a country of water transport. Common means of transportation are ferries and steamships. The only seaside resort in Bangladesh is Cox's Bazar, located near the border with Myanmar and has a distinct Burmese flavor. The hotel infrastructure here is poorly developed. Tourists are attracted by the huge beaches and clean sea, free of sharks. Islamic moral standards do not allow women to expose their bodies. And they can swim here only by wearing bloomers. Just outside Chittagong, Bangladesh's second largest city, lies the old Portuguese enclave of Patherhat, one of the few areas in the country that remains Christian. PHILIPPINES- a state in Southeast Asia, located on an archipelago consisting of more than seven thousand islands. The capital of the state is Manila. A significant part of the islands is occupied by tropical forests. Numerous national parks (Kanlaon, Mount Apo, Volcano, etc.) make the development of eco-tourism promising in the country. There are a number of significant milestones in Philippine history. In the 16th century F. Magellan landed on the islands with the aim of spreading Christianity here, but in a clash with local residents he was killed. For a long time, the Philippines was a Spanish colony, and then became a dependent state of the United States. In 1946 the country gained sovereignty. The structure of the economy is dominated by the production of industrial and agricultural products. Mining and a number of manufacturing industries are mainly developed. In agriculture, the leading industry is crop production (sugar cane, tobacco, tropical fruits and citrus fruits). In the southeast of the country is the province of Davao, whose population specializes in growing abaca, a unique industrial crop used for making textiles. Tourism in the Philippines is mainly associated with visiting exotic places as well as untouched wilderness areas. The capital Manila is a major industrial, financial and cultural center. The city has preserved the medieval church of San Agustin and buildings from the times of the Spanish conquistadors; available National Museum Philippines, Museum natural history and Archaeology, Museum of Art. SOUTH KOREA . The Korean Peninsula was divided in 1953. after the Korean War into two parts by a demarcation line drawn approximately along the 38th parallel. To the south of the demarcation line is the Republic of Korea, and to the north is the Democratic People's Republic of Korea (DPRK). On the territory of South Korea with an area of ​​about 100 thousand square meters. km are home to about 46 million people. Administratively, the country consists of nine provinces and six metropolitan cities. The capital Seoul is a city with a special status. The last ruling dynasty in Korea was the Lee dynasty (1392-1910), whose ancestor Lee Song Kyo founded the state of Joseon (“Land of Morning Freshness”). In 191 0 the country was annexed by Japan, after its defeat in World War II and the formation of a zone of American military responsibility in 1948. The Republic of Korea was proclaimed. The Republic of Korea is a state with a dynamically developing economy. In terms of GNP - 473 billion dollars per year (200 2nd year) - this small industrial-agrarian country ranks 13th in the world. South Korea occupies one of the leading places in the world in tungsten mining, and is also widely known for the dynamics of development of manufacturing industries: electrical engineering, electronics, chemicals, oil refining, textiles, as well as automotive, shipbuilding, electric power and military industries. Seoul is the center of the country's political, economic and cultural life. Seoul has preserved numerous architectural monuments of the Joseon era: ancient gates, five palaces. Yeouido Island is the center of the financial and business life of the capital. The Korean Stock Exchange and the main offices of companies are located here. The best shopping can be done at Dongdaemun Market. Main products:. textiles, clothing, leather goods. The port city of Incheon is the western gateway of South Korea. Located in the central part of the peninsula, the city of Daejeon is a typical city of science. Yuseong Hot Springs (11 km from the city) are famous throughout the country for their healing properties. The city of Daegu is famous for its apples and textile industry. For several centuries, the city served as the main center for the wholesale trade of medicinal drugs: honey, as well as ginseng, mushrooms, and nuts. The city of Jeongzhou is the center of Korean culture and art. Ulsan is a leading center of such branches of Korean industry as oil refining, automobile manufacturing, petrochemicals, and shipbuilding. Busan is the main international trading port of South Korea. More than 90% of all container cargo turnover passes through this port. Jeju Island is one of the nine provinces of Korea. Due to its isolated position and favorable climate, the island is a popular holiday destination. The southwestern regions of the country are famous for their fertile flooded rice fields. These places are often called the “granary” of Korea. The fields go down to the coast itself, which is indented by numerous small bays. IN southeastern The largest number of tourist attractions are concentrated in the areas of Korea. The main cities in these areas are Gyeongju, Busan and Daegu. Several hotels along the coastline, beaches and mountains make the east coast an ideal holiday destination. There are many historical monuments to be found in the small coastal towns and deep in the densely forested mountains. For lovers of active recreation, ski resorts have been built in the mountains. The central regions of South Korea are a land of wide patches of flooded rice fields set amidst numerous mountains and hills. CAMBODIA. The Kingdom of Cambodia is located in Southeast Asia, in the south of the Indochina Peninsula. Population 12.5 million people (200 0). The state religion is Buddhism. Symbol Cambodia-Angkor-Wat- a unique complex of ancient temples. It is the towers of the temples built in the 12th century that are depicted on the country’s national flag. Cambodia is an agricultural country (the share of agriculture in GPP is 53%, and industry - 5%). The civil war ended relatively recently, which claimed a huge number of lives. For tourists arriving in Phnom Penh, the capital of the Kingdom of Cambodia, a mandatory part of the program is a visit to the “genocide museum”. In one of the four museum buildings from 1975 to 1979, when the country was ruled by the Khmer Rouge, there were torture chambers. As follows from the statistics, Cambodia is perhaps the poorest country in Asia. The per capita income is approximately three hundred US dollars per year. Cambodia's economy is based on revenues from the textile industry and tourism. The textile industry is represented mainly by small factories where windbreakers, trousers, and T-shirts are made for America, Japan, and Western Europe. The small number of tourists (about 400 thousand per year) is explained by instability, backward infrastructure, and high crime rates. Next door to Cambodia VIETNAM tourists visit central cities Ho Chi Minh City and Hanoi. One of the country's most famous landmarks is the Mausoleum of Ho Chi Minh City, the leader of the Communist Party and organizer of the liberation war against the French colonialists. Despite its preserved socialist status, Vietnam is a country with a dynamically developing economy. In the country, in particular in Hanoi, its capital, active hotel construction is underway. In recent years, Vietnam has become a leader in a number of positions, for example, coffee production. The tourism industry is also gaining momentum. There are a number of modern resorts in Vietnam: Nha Trang, Phan Thiet, Danang, Dalat. Nha Trang is the most famous resort in Vietnam, located on the shores of the bay of the same name. The resort is famous not only for its snow-white beaches, but also for its healing springs. Air filled with eucalyptus aroma has a beneficial effect on people suffering from respiratory diseases. Phan Thiet is a famous resort located in the south of the country, with golden beaches and equipped golf courses. Da Nang is a major seaport. In the vicinity of the city there is also a resort area - a place for lovers of seaside recreation. In addition to swimming in the sea, tourists can enjoy sailing, water skiing, and diving here. The alpine resort of Dalat is popular, attracting with the beauty of the local nature: waterfalls, lakes, pine forests, flower beds. Vietnam has many architectural monuments reminiscent of the reign of the Nguyen Emperors. These are tombs, pagodas and the most famous among them is the seven-story Thien My Pagoda. A significant part of the country's territory is occupied by tropical jungles. In Vietnam, an industry of national parks is gradually beginning to take shape, where tourists can enjoy views of pristine forests and exotic animals. Vietnam and Cambodia are countries where Buddhism is the state religion. These countries have numerous Buddhist monasteries, temples and pagodas that are constantly visited

21. Tourism is one of the leading and most dynamic sectors of the economy and for its rapid pace it is recognized as the economic phenomenon of the century. In many countries, tourism plays a significant role in the formation of the Gross Domestic Product, enhancing the foreign trade balance, creating additional jobs and providing employment to the population. Turim has a huge impact on such key sectors of the economy as transport and communications, construction, agriculture, production of consumer goods and others, i.e. acts as a kind of stabilizer of social economic development . In turn, the development of tourism is influenced by various factors: demographic, natural-geographical, socio-economic, historical, religious and political-legal. From an economic point of view, tourism is a special type of consumption by tourists of material goods, services and goods, which is distinguished as a separate sector of the economy, providing tourists with everything they need: vehicles, food, accommodation, cultural and social services, and entertainment events. Thus, in some countries tourism is one of the most promising sectors of the national economy. The purpose of this work is to analyze the problems and prospects for the development of international tourism, and the role of Russia in the international market of tourism services. Achieving this goal required solving the following tasks: - General characteristics of the state of the tourism services market and its main participants - analysis of forms and types of tourism - Analysis of the dynamics and trends in the development of the tourism services market - Familiarization with the history of tourism development in Russia; - Identification of problems and prospects for the development of tourism in Russia. - Review of factors contributing to the development of tourism in the country. The qualifying work consists of two chapters. The first chapter is devoted to the analysis of the economic essence and content of tourism. The chapter examines the concept of tourism, its forms and types, the main market participants, and analyzes the dynamics and trends in the development of the tourism services market. The second chapter examines the problems and tasks of tourism development in the Russian Federation; analysis of the current state of tourism development in Russia; as well as facts and prospects for the development of tourism business in the Russian Federation. In the process of solving the above problems, an analysis of scientific sources, scientific literature, textbooks and manuals, Internet resources, processing of reports of world organizations, analytical reviews of consulting agencies, and statistical data in the field of foreign economic activity was carried out. During the writing, the works of the following authors were used: Papiryan G.A., Zorin Gulyaev V.G., Senin V.S. and others. Relevance of the work. The last decades of the 20th and 21st centuries are characterized by profound changes in the global economy. There is an intensive expansion of trade, cultural, scientific and technical ties and the development of tourism. Economic and social progress in many countries on the planet is leading to an increase in interstate travel for various purposes. All this turns contacts between business people and large groups of the population into a constant factor in economic development. On this basis, statistics show that international tourism is becoming an extremely promising area of ​​economic activity. It has become an economically profitable field of activity. Naturally, on this basis, all forms of planning, organization, control and motivation of tourism management are developed and improved. It reflects the administrative, financial, and strategic activities of travel companies and enterprises.

Since tourism occupies an important place in the economy of many countries, the problems of improving international tourism are relevant. Specialists from all countries are working on these problems. An important role in solving these problems belongs to financial management. Industry development projects involve skillful planning, work organization, increased employee motivation and improved control. Therefore, the achievements of financial management in the field of tourism activities should be studied and disseminated.

Based on the understanding of modern problems of international tourism, the topic of the diploma project was chosen. It provides for the analysis of theoretical problems of tourism development and financial management in this field of activity, the development of promising directions and their use.

Thus, the relevance of the work is expressed in the fact that the project presents the theoretical and production aspect of improving management in tourism organizations in Russia and Uzbekistan.

The purpose of the diploma project is to show the role of international tourism in the economies of the world, the formation of this sector of the economy during the transition to the market in the CIS countries and the need to improve financial management in the work of travel companies.

The objectives of the study are to study the problem of international tourism and financial management in this field of activity, to show the author’s ability to analyze and engage in research work.

The object of the study is to analyze the activities of travel companies in some countries of the world, as well as in Russia and Uzbekistan. For this purpose, materials on this issue published in the open press around the world and especially Uzbekistan are used.

The methodology for writing a project is based on the specific application of the basic principles of economic theory in relation to the problem being studied, namely: the method of analysis, synthesis, scientific abstraction, etc. The descriptive method, comparative analysis method, statistical tables, diagrams, and graphs are used here.

Literature. When preparing the diploma project, textbooks on enterprise economics and management, special monographs, articles on the problem, as well as data from statistical reference books were used.

The practical significance of the diploma lies in the collection and analysis of a large amount of factual material that can be used in a given sector of the economy.

Asia is the largest part of the world. Countries in this region include: United Arab Emirates, Türkiye, Russian Federation, India, China, Indonesia, Cyprus, Maldives, Mongolia, Japan, etc.

Asia attracts a large number of tourists due to the following factors: - a huge, extremely capacious territory for receiving tourists (the largest part of the world); - washing the coast by three oceans and 10 of their seas and bays; - the location of this part of the world in all climatic zones, significant diversity and richness of natural landscapes; - the presence of a huge number of historical and cultural monuments and attractions; - the location of the world's most important shrines and centers of pilgrimage in Asia; - the ethnic diversity of the continent; - the presence in Asia of states with the highest population density: India, China. - rapid pace of economic development in a number of countries: Japan, South Korea, China. However, there are a number of negative factors hindering the development of tourism in Asia:

Unfavorable natural conditions for the development of tourism in vast territories of a number of countries (deserts, highlands); - poor development transport infrastructure a number of countries;

The dominance of ideological interests over economic ones in a number of countries, as a consequence - the economic backwardness of these countries, their unpreparedness to receive tourists, lack of service (Vietnam, Iraq, Cambodia); - lack of internal political and economic stability in a number of countries (Iraq, etc.), and as a result, an unfavorable image of these countries in the eyes of tourists.

The main purpose of tourists visiting these countries is to get acquainted with cultural, historical and natural attractions. Business trips are typical for Japan, South Korea, and Singapore. For the purpose of treatment and pilgrimage - Israel.

External tourist connections are carried out mainly by air transport. Most flights operate international airlines, a smaller part - by airlines, belonging to countries Asia.

Southwest Asia. This region covers a vast and diverse territory. This includes 16 states: Bahrain, Israel, Jordan, Iraq, Iran, Yemen, Qatar, Cyprus, Kuwait, Lebanon, South Africa, Oman, Saudi Arabia, Syria, Turkey, etc. - profitable geographical position some states are combined with the remoteness of others; - favorable climatic conditions for the development of tourism and resort business - with desert and arid areas;

Generally SW Asia can be considered one of the most promising areas in the development of tourism and hospitality. Wide access to many seas and bays of the Atlantic and Indian oceans, the Caspian Sea, geographical location at the junction of three parts of the world, a large number of sunny days, numerous cultural and religious monuments, the presence of a well-developed tourist infrastructure (Turkey, Cyprus, Israeli infrastructure () number of sunny days, numerous cultural and religious monuments, the presence of a well-developed tourist industry) - all these and other factors help attract guests from other countries.

South Asia. This includes Bangladesh, Bhutan, India, the Maldives, Nepal, Pakistan, Sri Lanka, etc. The development of tourism here is facilitated by: - ​​relatively favorable geographical location;

Variety of recreational resources; - large number unique monuments history, culture and religion; - exoticism of states. Negative factors for the development of tourism: - mountainous land borders that isolate this region; - states, due to low socio-economic development, are not suppliers of tourists.

Southeast Asia. Includes Brunei, Vietnam, Indonesia, Cambodia, Laos, Malaysia, Singapore, Thailand, Philippines. In general, tourism in the region is developing at a fairly rapid pace. This is facilitated by: - ​​favorable geographical location on the routes from the Pacific to Indian Oceans, from Eurasia to Australia; - majority major cities located on the coast (for chicken tourism);

Favorable climate; diversity of ethnic composition of the population, etc.

Central and East Asia. Includes Japan, Korea, China, Taiwan, Mongolia, etc. The most developed countries are Japan, South Korea, China. Favorable factors for the development of tourism: - variety of recreational resources; - large areas of the territory are washed by seas and oceans; - attention from the state to the development of tourism in these countries; - rapid rates of economic growth and increased business tourism; - a unique combination of exoticism and modern technical achievements as the basis for the development of tourism infrastructure.

The predominance of domestic tourism. The most popular type of holiday is traveling in a car with a trailer, allowing you to visit the most remote places, swimming, picnics, fishing, canoeing, caving and other types of active tourism.

 

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