Tourist areas and regions. Tourist areas and regions of Europe (outside the CIS). Main types of tourist areas in Russia

List of main tourist and resort areas federal significance in Russia

Tourism development zones of federal significance	Specialization by type of tourism	Cities and areas recommended for tourism development
1. North (Barents Sea, Arkhangelsk, Solovki, Arkhangelsk, Vologda, Murmansk region, Republic of Karelia)	Educational and ecological cruises, hunting, fishing, skiing, hiking, pilgrimage	Vologda, Volga-Balgiy Canal, Petrozavodsk, Kizhi, Valaam, Khibiny
2. North-west (St. Petersburg, Leningrad, Pskov, Novgorod regions)	Educational, business and congress tourism, recreation, cruises, auto tourism	St. Petersburg, Vyborg, Lomonosov, Pavlovsk, Pushkin, Petrodvorets, Pskov, Valdai
3. Baltic coast (Kaliningrad region)	Business tourism, cruises, holidays with treatment	Kaliningrad, Svetlogorsk
4. Moscow and Moscow region	Educational, business, congress tourism, auto tourism	Moscow, Sergiev Posad, Vereya, Kolomna, Istra, Ruza, etc.
5. Golden ring of ancient Russian cities (Vladimir, Ivanovo, Kostroma, Yaroslavl, Tver regions)	Educational, business tourism, recreation with treatment, recreation without active means of transportation, autotourism	Kostroma, Yaroslavl, Pereslavl-Zalessky, Rostov Veliky, Suzdal, Vladimir, Tver, Torzhok, etc.
6. Volga region (Nizhny Novgorod, Astrakhan, Volgograd Ulyanovsk regions, Tatarstan)	Educational, business, recreation with treatment, recreation without active methods of travel, cruises, fishing	Nizhny Novgorod, Bolshoye Boldino, Volgograd, Kazan, Astrakhan
7. North Caucasus
7.1. Caspian coast (Republic of Dagestan)	Rest without active means of transportation, educational tourism	Derbent
7.2. Black Sea and Azov coasts	Rest without active means of transportation, treatment, educational tourism	Anapa, Yeysk, Sochi, Gelendzhik, Azov
7.3. Caucasian Mineral Waters	Rest with treatment, rest without active means of transportation	Kislovodsk, Pyatigorsk, Minvody
7.4. Republic of Kabardino-Balkaria	Skiing	Dombay
8. Siberia
8.1. Mountain Altai	Holidays without active means of transportation, holidays with treatment, alpine skiing, ecotourism, hiking	Lake Teletskoye, Belokurikha
8.2. Mountain Shoria	Holidays with treatment, alpine skiing, ecotourism	Mezhdurechensk, Tash-tagol
8.3. Baikal	Multifunctional area	Irkutsk, Ulan-Ude, Kyakhta
8.4. Yakutia	Educational and business tourism, ecotourism	Yakutsk, r. Lena
9. Far East
9.1. Primorye (Primorsky Krai)	Multifunctional zone	Vladivostok, Nakhodka
9.2. Sakhalin, Kuril Islands	Rest with treatment, educational and business tourism, hunting, fishing, ecotourism	Aniva Bay, Kuril Islands
9.3. Kamchatka, Commanders	Ecotourism, hunting, hiking	Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky, Valley of Geysers, Commander Islands

Tourist zoning of recreational resources in Russia was carried out by A.A. Romanov and R.G. Sahakyants. It is based mainly on physical and geographical characteristics (terrain, climate, flora, fauna, presence of geothermal resources), as well as the presence of cultural and historical potential and the development of tourism infrastructure. As a result, 180 four large regions were identified: Center of Russia, North of Russia, South of Russia, Siberia and the Far East.

The Center of Russia includes the central, western, northwestern regions, the Upper Volga region, the Middle and Southern Urals. The region is characterized by rich recreational potential, stability of the political situation, diversity of cultural heritage, which contributes to the development of tourism. In the North of Russia, only the regions of the European part can be considered promising for the development of tourism: the Karelian-Kola and Russian North. There are both natural recreational resources and various cultural and historical attractions. The south of Russia includes the politically stable, but poorly developed in terms of recreation, Central Black Earth regions, as well as the Caucasus, which is also characterized by explosive political situation and well-developed tourism infrastructure.

Despite political stability, the region of Siberia and Far East characterized by a number of factors that negatively affect the development of tourism: significant distance from the Center, harsh climatic conditions, poor population, poor infrastructure. The tourism exhibition held in Moscow in March 2003 showed that more and more people are showing interest in the development of tourism. more regions. All new areas began to advertise themselves as a tourist attraction.

Tourist opportunities MURMANSK REGION are represented by the following types of recreation and entertainment: you can go on a nuclear icebreaker from Murmansk to North Pole; catch and release the largest salmon in a clear, rapid river; ride on alpine skiing through the snow-capped Khibiny mountains; see the beauty underwater world White and Barents seas; take part in a ski marathon in April.

The Solovetsky Islands, located in the northern part of Onega Bay, may be of great interest to pilgrims and representatives of educational and ecological tourism. White Sea. Here is the famous Solovetsky Monastery (XV century) with a Kremlin, temples and monasteries. The monastery played an important role in protecting the northern borders of Russia, acted as a spiritual and economic organizer, and also as a collector of works of art. From 192 0 on the islands there were forced labor camps where political prisoners and clergy were kept, in particular the philosopher, mathematician, chemist and priest P.A.
Florensky.

SOUTHERN URALS for a long time was a “blank spot” on tourist map. This is due to a number of “closed cities” located in the Chelyabinsk region. However, today the situation 181 is changing. There are a number of interesting attractions here.

The Ilmensky State Mineralogical Reserve was organized in 192 0. near the city of Miass. There is an abundance of minerals here. Numerous rivers belonging to the Kama, Tobol and Ural basins originate within the region. There are more than three thousand lakes in the Chelyabinsk region. Favorable climate, high concentration radon waters, sapropel mud are widely used in the resort network of health institutions.

IN CENTER OF RUSSIA attractive for tourists in Spasskoye-Lutovinovo Oryol region, where I.S. spent his childhood. Turgenev, birthplace of S.A. Yesenin - the village of Konstantinovo in the Ryazan region and the Yasnaya Polyana estate museum in Tula region, where the great Russian writer L.N. lived Tolstoy, and many others.

IN PRIMORSKY REGION V last years Ecotourism has developed. Cruises along the Amur River are practiced, as well as hikes along ecological trails with unique flora and fauna.

Traditionally popular among tourists remains the area of ​​Lake Baikal, which in terms of tourism often called Baikal-Mongolian Asia. Tourists here have the opportunity to visit old Evenki camps, get acquainted with the life of Old Believers and Buddhist monasteries in the national parks of the Baikal region, visit islands with seal rookeries, as well as ancient capital Mongolia Karakoram.

From major cities Russia is most visited by tourists SAINT PETERSBURG. The city itself and its suburbs are the greatest cultural and historical attraction. He became famous for his heroic defense during the Great Patriotic War. The city was under blockade for 900 days and survived. The celebration in 2003 attracted great attention to St. Petersburg from the world community. three hundredth anniversary of the founding of the city. It’s not for nothing that St. Petersburg is often called Northern Venice. It was built in 1703. by the will of Peter I as a port, fortress and capital of the empire. The best architects and fortifiers from Western Europe.

Here, the attention of tourists is primarily attracted by the Winter Palace (architect B. Rastrelli). The building is decorated with columns, sculptures, vases and other architectural details. The interior decoration of the palace is luxurious. The Winter Palace houses the State Hermitage Museum, which is as famous as the Louvre. The Hermitage contains more than 2.7 million paintings, sculptures, drawings, engravings, objects of applied art, furniture, historical costumes, coins, medals, weapons and other objects from all eras of civilization.

The ensembles of St. Petersburg squares are beautiful: Palace Square, Decembrist Square, Arts Square, Field of Mars, etc.

The main square of St. Petersburg is Dvortsovaya. The formation of Palace Square began with the construction Winter Palace. In the center of Palace Square stands the Alexandria Column (height including the base 47.5 m), supported by its own weight. The Alexandria Column symbolizes the victory of the Russian people in the war of 181 2. Nearby is the majestic St. Isaac's Cathedral with a gilded dome. This is the largest Orthodox cathedral in the world. Its height is 102 m, its area is 1 hectare.

The symbol of St. Petersburg “The Bronze Horseman” - the equestrian statue of Peter I by the sculptor Falcone - is located on Decembrist Square (formerly Senate Square).

Other attractions of the city include the Admiralty, the Peter and Paul Fortress, the State Russian Museum with a large collection of paintings and sculptures by Russian and Soviet artists and sculptors, an ensemble of buildings Vasilyevsky Island, Summer garden with a magnificent cast iron fence. Nevsky Prospekt, the main street of the city, is also magnificent.

The surroundings of ST. PETERSBURG also attract tourists, they are wonderful country palaces and parks - world-famous palace and park ensembles - summer residences of the royal family and the capital's nobility. During the Great Patriotic War they were looted and destroyed, but after the war they were restored and again amaze with their splendor. These are the imperial residence of Tsarskoe Selo, Pavlovsk, Peterhof and Oranienbaum.

Oranienbaum palace and park ensemble on the southern bank - Gulf of Finland, opposite the Kronstadt fortress, became summer residence Emperor Peter III, for whom the ensemble of the Peterstadt fortress with a miniature palace by the architect A. Rinaldi was erected. Later, for Empress Catherine II, he built a Chinese palace and a slide with a pavilion. All these monuments are a combination of the elegant Rococo style and the emerging classicism style. The halls of the museum display masterpieces of art from the 18th century. - engravings, graphics, painting, sculpture.

Tsarskoe Selo was created in the middle of the 18th century. The luxurious Bolshoi (Catherine Palace) was built for the wife of Peter I, the future Empress Catherine I (designed by B. Rastrelli). It stands surrounded by other palaces in a magnificent park and is distinguished by an incredible variety of plastic decor. The sky blue façade features white columns with gilded details. The interior decoration of the palace is exquisite, the main decoration of which was the Amber Room, stolen by the German occupiers during the war. The search for her is still ongoing. Currently, through the efforts of restorers, it has been restored. The palace is surrounded by regular and landscape parts with marble sculptures by Italian masters of the late 17th-18th centuries. Perpendicular to the facade of the palace, on a gentle hill rises the Cameron Gallery (architect Charles Cameron, 1787). On the second floor of the gallery there is a collection of bronze sculptures made in 1780-1790. Petersburg masters. The park has a large pond, near which there are beautiful pavilions. Next to the Great (Catherine) Palace is the building of the Tsarskoye Selo Lyceum, where A.S. studied. Pushkin. A monument to the poet was erected in the Lyceum Garden.

2 km from Tsarskoye Selo is Pavlovsk, located on the banks of the beautiful winding Slavyanka river. Catherine II gave these lands to her heir, the future Emperor Paul I.

Architect C. Cameron laid Grand Palace and two pavilions.

Pavlovsky Park- one of the most beautiful and largest landscape parks in Europe. Its area is 600 hectares. The museum displays a magnificent collection of Russian portraits.

Peterhof- one of the most famous monuments of Russian art. Its picturesque gardens and parks, fabulously beautiful palaces and fountains are called the “pearl of art”. In September 2005

Peterhof celebrated its 300th anniversary. The ensemble includes 7 parks, more than 20 palaces and pavilions, as well as 140 fountains. The fountain system is supplied with water from a 22-km gravity pipeline. There are no pumps or water structures in this system. The jet of the largest fountain rises to a height of 22 m. The large cascade of fountains is decorated with 225 gilded sculptures.

Oranienbaum is located 40 km from St. Petersburg, not far from Peterhof. His palace and park ensemble It was almost not damaged during the war, since the city was not occupied. The estate belonged to Peter I's associate A.M. Menshikov.

MOSCOW- the capital of Russia - has a great future for the development of tourism, but it is still held back due to undeveloped infrastructure. One of the most attractive sites for tourists is the Kremlin, where the President's residence is now located. Russian Federation. The Kremlin is called the heart of Moscow; it is a wonderful architectural and historical monument that was created over many centuries. Moscow was first mentioned in the chronicle in 1147, however, as excavations have shown, the place where the Kremlin is now located was inhabited in the second half of the 1st millennium AD. In 1156 under Yuri Dolgoruky, a fortification was built, surrounded by a wooden fence. In 1339 Prince Ivan Kalita built new walls from oak trunks with a diameter of up to 70 cm. A deep ditch was dug on the eastern side.

In 1367 Under Prince Dmitry Donskoy, walls of white stone were erected, so Moscow began to be called white stone. Hence the Russian soldiers in 138 0. went on a campaign that culminated in victory over the Tatar-Mongol army on the Kulikovo field.

The largest construction in the Kremlin was carried out under Ivan III (1462-1505). Moscow became the capital of the Russian centralized state. By the end of the 15th century. Brick Kremlin walls were built and 18 towers were built. Their length was 2235 m.

The height of the Kremlin walls is from 5 to 19 m, thickness from 3.5 to 6.5 m.

They have 1044 teeth with narrow loopholes. Ruby stars were installed on five towers for the 20th anniversary of the October Revolution. Each star weighs about a ton and has a ray span of 3.75 m.

The most beautiful tower Kremlin - Spasskaya, on which in the 19th century. a clock with a dial diameter of 6.12 m was installed. It is driven by three weights weighing up to 224 kg. The weight of the pendulum is 32 kg. Nine bells chime the quarter hour. Each of them weighs 320 kg. One bell chimes the full hour. This bell weighs 2160 kg. The height of the Spasskaya Tower with a star is 71 m. It was built in 149 1. under the leadership of Pietro Antonio Solari from Milano (Italy). The tower received its name in honor of the icon of the Savior placed above its gate. Of the Kremlin towers, three are corner, round (Beklemishevskaya, Corner Arsenalnaya and Vodovzvodnaya), and four are travel towers (Spasskaya, Nikolskaya, Troitskaya and Borovitskaya). From the Trinity Tower, the highest (80 m), central automatic control of the Kremlin stars is carried out.

At the foot of Borovitsky Hill in 149 0. Solari built a pyramidal tower, called Borovitskaya. This tower had a drawbridge. The same bridges used to be at the Konstantino-Eleninskaya, Spasskaya, Nikolskaya and Trinity towers. The Vodovzvodnaya Tower was built in 1488. In it in the 30s of the 17th century. a machine was installed that supplied water from a special well through lead pipes to the Kremlin. The machine was created under the direction of the English master Christopher Galrway.

In the center of the Kremlin, on the white-stone Cathedral Square, there are cathedrals. The largest of them is the Assumption, crowned with five golden domes, built in 1475-1479. Russian masters under the guidance of the Italian architect Aristotle Fioravanti.

The Assumption Cathedral was a place of solemn services. It was where people were crowned kings and important state acts were announced.

The iconostasis of the Assumption Cathedral is a rare collection of Russian icon painting. Another cathedral, the Annunciation Cathedral, erected by Pskov craftsmen in 1484-1489, was the home church of the royal family. It houses an exhibition of about 50 works of Russian painting from the 12th to 16th centuries. The third cathedral is the Arkhangelsk Cathedral, built at the beginning of the 16th century. The walls and pillars of the cathedral are painted with images of princes, whose possessions became part of the Russian centralized state. The Archangel Cathedral was the burial place of great princes and kings.

On Cathedral Square there is the Chamber of Facets. It is named so because its eastern façade is lined with cut stone. In this chamber, built in 1487-1491, celebrations, meetings of Zemsky Sobors, state meetings and receptions of ambassadors took place. On Cathedral Square rises the octagonal bell tower of Ivan the Great, which served as the main watch and signal tower of the ancient city. Its height is 81 m. At the foot of the bell tower there is the largest bell in the world, which is called the Tsar Bell. Its weight is 200 tons, its diameter is 6.6 m, and its height is 6 m. It was cast in the Kremlin by Ivan Motorin and his son Mikhail in 1733-1735.

Not far from the bell stands the Tsar Cannon, cast in 1586. made of bronze by master Andrei Chokhov. Its weight is 40 tons, caliber 89 cm, length 5.35 m.

Not far from the Tsar Cannon are the Church of the Twelve Apostles, the Patriarchal Chambers and the Arsenal building, built in 1702-1736.

Cannons captured from the French in the war of 1812 and guns used during the capture of Kazan are exhibited here.

On the territory of the Kremlin at the end of the 18th century. architect M.F. Kazakov built a three-story building, which housed the Moscow branch of the Senate under Catherine II, and the Council of Ministers of the USSR under Soviet power. Other buildings in the Kremlin include the Grand Kremlin Palace and the Armory, where unique precious jewelry and works of decorative art are collected, as well as samples of firearms from Russian and foreign craftsmen, armor, sabers and other weapons. Among the museum's exhibits are the legendary Monomakh cap, the Great outfit of Tsar Mikhail Romanov, the diamond cap of Peter I, a collection of items by foreign masters, as well as an exhibition of diamonds.

186 Red Square adjoins the Kremlin. On it there is the mausoleum of V.I. Lenin and the uniquely beautiful Intercession Cathedral, also called St. Basil's Cathedral. This cathedral was built in the middle of the 16th century. Russian architects Postnik and Barma in memory of the capture of Kazan and Astrakhan. Near the Intercession Cathedral stands a monument to Kozma Minin and Dmitry Pozharsky - national heroes who headed the city in 1611-1612. the people's militia that liberated Moscow and the country from Polish invaders.

On the opposite side of the square stands a red brick building with turrets and patterns, built according to the design of V.O. Sherwood and AA Semenov in the 70-80s of the 19th century. This building houses the State Historical Museum. The museum's collection includes tools, weapons, precious jewelry, clothing, frescoes, documents, books, paintings, and household items. The iron cage in which Emelyan Pugachev was taken to execution is kept here. The museum's holdings include about four million items. Opposite the Kremlin wall stretch the former Upper Trading Rows, built in late XIX V. according to the project by A.N. Pomerantseva. The State Department Store is now located here.

The landmark of the building is the glass domes made according to the design of V.G. Shukhova.

Red Square has witnessed many historical events.

Here at Lobnoye Place Stepan Razin and Emelyan Pugachev were executed. Revolutionary battles took place on this square in 1917. From here they went to the front in 1941. Soviet regiments. Here in 1945 A Victory Parade took place, in which representatives of all fronts participated. Red Square greeted with jubilation in 1961. the first cosmonaut Yuri Gagarin, and then other cosmonauts.

Around the Kremlin and Red Square there is a Central semiring, which is a chain of streets and squares.

The ends of this chain abut the Moscow River. Many historical monuments and government institutions are concentrated here. In the Middle Ages, Kitai-gorod adjoined the Kremlin from the east. The wall around this city was built in 1535-1538. under the leadership of Petrok Maly. The length of the wall was 2.5 km. It had 12 towers. The remains of this wall can be seen in Kitaisky Proezd on Teatralnaya Square.

Within the Central semicircle there is the Rossiya Hotel with the largest State concert hall, Polytechnic Museum, Bolshoi and Maly Academic Theatres, Russian Academic Youth Theater (Central Children's Theatre), old building of Moscow State University. M.V. Lomonosov, Hall of Columns, Russian State Library and the newly built 187 magnificent Cathedral of Christ the Savior. Built at the end of the 19th century. in honor of Russia's victory over Napoleon, the temple was then demolished in the 30s under Soviet rule. In addition, there are a large number of historical monuments in the central semicircle.

In the city center, outside the central semicircle, there is the Boulevard Ring, which includes 10 boulevards.

Earlier (at the end of the 14th century) a high earthen rampart with a moat was erected along the line of this ring, which was replaced by a stone wall with 9 towers with gates and 30 blind towers. In the 18th century These structures were dismantled, and boulevards were subsequently laid out in their place. In the center boulevard ring Arbat Square is located, where the tower of the same name stood with a gate. In 1439 The Tatar army of Khan Mehmet tried to break through the Arbat Gate into the city. The defense was led by the blind boyar Khovrin. The soldiers under his leadership recaptured the women and children taken prisoner and put the enemy to flight. On the old Arbat there is a theater named after. E.B. Vakhtangov and the house-museum of A.S. Pushkin.

Not far from Arbat Square, on Volkhonka, there is the State Museum fine arts them. AC. Pushkin.

The historic city center surrounds Garden Ring road. Important objects located in the city center and representing great historical as well as cultural value include the State Tretyakov Gallery, where more than five thousand paintings by artists, over three thousand works of ancient Russian art, 900 sculptural works, more than 30 thousand drawings and engravings. Near the Nikitsky Gate Square there is the world famous Conservatory named after. P.I. Tchaikovsky. Having visited Moscow, it is impossible not to visit the Sparrow Hills, where a new building of Moscow State University was erected in the 50s of the last century. M.V. Lomonosov.

The height of the main building with its spire is 385 m. This is the second most high point on the Russian Plain. A new university library was built on Lomonosovsky Prospekt. Co observation deck Near the university there is a magnificent view of the city. On the other bank of the Moscow River you can see the Sports Palace and the Great Sports Arena.

Among the outstanding works of Russian monumental art is the Kolomenskoye architectural complex, located on the high bank of the Moscow River. They were created here in the 16th-17th centuries. architectural monuments, which include the Church of the Ascension, John the Baptist, etc. Russian soldiers returned through Kolomenskoye after the victory on the Kulikovo field and through Kolomenskoye Ivan IV the Terrible led his troops to Kazan. A historical museum has been created in Kolomenskoye.

Truly “music in stone” are two historical and architectural monuments of Moscow - the Novodevichy and Donskoy monasteries. Moscow is home to over 70 museums, over 60 professional theatres, over 80 universities and many other industrial enterprises.

Rich in attractions and MOSCOW REGION. These are mainly former noble estates and memorable places related to the lives of famous figures of literature and art. Not far from Sofrino station there is the Muranovo estate, where a museum named after. F.I. Tyutcheva. The Abramtsevo estate went down in the history of Russian fiction as the cradle of Russian art of the 19th century.

Rich in monuments ancient architecture Kolomna near Moscow.

Among other attractions of the Moscow region, the Arkhangelskoye estate, where A.S. visited, should be noted. Pushkin. The surroundings of Volokolamsk are picturesque. In this ancient city, built by the Novgorodians, there is the Joseph-Volokolamsky Monastery with architectural monuments of the 15th century. The town of Klin near Moscow, where the museum-estate of P.I. is located, also attracts the attention of tourists. Tchaikovsky.

Truly the pearl of the Moscow region is Zvenigorod. The first mention of Zvenigorod in written sources dates back to 1339. (letter of the Moscow Grand Duke Ivan Danilovich Kalita). But it is likely that the city arose much earlier; archaeological finds indicate that already in the 12th-13th centuries. Zvenigorod lived by trade and crafts. There is a beautiful version about the name: they say that Zvenigorod is a city that, with its ringing, let Moscow know about the approach of the enemy. In the XIV century. Moscow princes were engaged in unifying the lands along the Moscow River, and then Zvenigorod had an undeniable strategic importance. Not far from the city there was a “watchman” (a guard post of Moscow governors). At the end of the 14th century. The Savvino-Storozhevsky Monastery was founded in Zvenigorod. The highest point of the monastery is the Nativity Cathedral, built in 1405. The cathedral preserves fragments of fresco painting from the early 15th century, created by artists from Andrei Rublev’s circle, and frescoes from the 17th century.

Among the popular tourist routes refers to the route along GOLDEN RING- ancient Russian cities: Sergiev Posad, Pereyaslavl-Zalessky, Rostov, Kostroma, Ivanov, Suzdal and Vladimir.

Sergiev Posad was formed as a settlement near the Trinity-Sergeevsky Monastery, founded by Sergius of Radonezh in the 14th century. The painting of the Assumption Cathedral in the monastery was carried out by the great Russian artist Andrei Rublev. The monastery is considered one of the main Orthodox shrines.

From Sergiev Posad, on the road to the northeast, on the shore of Lake Pleshcheevo, Pereyaslavl-Zalessky is located. The city was founded in 115 2. at the behest of Yuri Dolgoruky and has preserved to this day historical and architectural monuments dating back to the 12th century. The most famous Pereyaslavl prince was Alexander Nevsky. In Pereyaslavl-Zalessky there is a historical and art museum, the Transfiguration Cathedral, the Vladimir Cathedral, etc. In this city, Peter I built his first boat. From Pereyaslavl-Zalessky you can get to Rostov, located near Lake Nero.

The city was founded in 86 2, i.e. much earlier than Moscow. The Rostov Kremlin of the 15th-17th centuries is magnificent. The city has many architectural monuments from different eras.

From Rostov, moving along the highway to the north, tourists find themselves in the ancient Russian city of Yaroslavl on the Volga River, which was founded at the beginning of the 11th century. Prince Yaroslav the Wise. According to legend, on the site of the future city there was a pagan sanctuary, where the prince hacked to death the sacred bear. And the city's coat of arms depicts a bear. In 1463 the city became part of the Russian state. During the years of turmoil, Yaroslavl played the role of the temporary capital of the country. The militia under the leadership of K. Minin and D. Pozharsky entered here. There are many historical and architectural monuments in Yaroslavl: Spassky Monastery, Elias Church, Tolgsky Monastery, etc.

It is a large university and industrial center.

Kostroma is also located on the Volga. The city was founded in the 12th century, but the exact date of its foundation is unknown. After the annexation of Kazan to Moscow (155 2), Kostroma lost its military-strategic position on the borders of the Russian state, but economic growth began in the city. In the 18th century Kostroma is turning into a large industrial center. The most famous architectural monument of the city is the Ipatiev Monastery, founded in 133 0. In the Ipatiev Monastery in 1613. Mikhail Fedorovich Romanov was announced about his election as Tsar. Since 1958 The monastery is a historical, architectural and art museum-reserve. Its ensemble includes towers built in the 16th-17th centuries, the Trinity Cathedral and belfry (17th century), the Chambers of Roma - 190 new and others. In this monastery N.M. Karamzin discovered an ancient chronicle (early 15th century), called Ipatievskaya.

Founded by the Kyiv prince Vladimir Monomakh in the 12th century. ancient city Vladimir is currently a large industrial and regional center. Numerous monuments testify to the rich historical past of the city: the Golden Gate, the Assumption Cathedral, Dmitrievsky Cathedral, Nativity Monastery.

The ancient Russian city of Suzdal, which was the capital of a vast principality under Yuri Dolgoruky, is located 30 km from Vladimir. Currently it is a quiet provincial tourist town.

Numerous tourists usually visit the central square, where there are excellent examples of church architecture:.

Nativity Cathedral, Assumption Church, Alexander, Spaso-Evfimievsky and Pokrovsky monasteries. An original Suzdal invention is the “medovukha” drink, which is offered to tourists. A remarkable architectural monument of Vladimir-Suzdal Rus' is the white-stone, single-domed Church of the Intercession on the Nerl, located near the village of Bogolyubov.

Not only the most famous and frequently visited places may be of interest to tourists, but also provincial Russia - this is the middle zone, the Non-Black Earth Region, slowly flowing rivers with wide floodplains, water meadows, and magnificent broad-leaved forests. Also picturesque are the KALUGA REGION and its cities - Kaluga, Kozelsk, Borovsk. This historical places past battles, when Russia defended itself from the attacks of nomads, fought against hordes of the Tatar-Mongol horde, against the Polish-Lithuanian intervention, Napoleon’s army, and fascist invaders. Religious monuments have been preserved in the region: there are seven monasteries and over 130 churches. IN Kaluga places there are many estates and museums (the chambers of the merchants Korobovs, the estates of the Goncharovs and the merchant Zolotarev, etc.). Kaluga is famous as the cradle of Russian cosmonautics - K.E. lived here. Tsiolkovsky. IN Kaluga region Optina Monastery is located - a widely known monastery in Russia, which N.V. visited and lived there. Gogol, F.M. Dostoevsky, L.N. Tolstoy. Now it has been restored and has again become a place visited by numerous pilgrims and tourists.

SMOLENSK REGION is located almost in the center of the East European Plain. There are many in the Smolensk region interesting places. The first mention of Smolensk dates back to 863. Located on an important trade route “from the Varangians to the Greeks”, connecting Scandinavia with the Black Sea basin, Smolensk quickly grew and became rich, became largest center development of Slavic culture. And to this day, three stone churches of the 12th century tower over the city: Peter and Paul, Michael the Archangel, and John the Evangelist. Each era left its indelible mark on the Smolensk land. Almost every century, the fire of destructive battles blazed here.

The Smolensk fortress wall is evidence of this.

Dorogobuzh- a city with an honorable age; it has stood on the right bank of the Dnieper for more than eight centuries. It was first mentioned in the charter of the Smolensk prince Rostislav Mstislavovich in 115 0. A few kilometers from Dorogobuzh is the Holy Trinity Gerasimo-Boldinsky monastery, founded in the 16th century. 18 kilometers from Dorogobuzh is the famous village of Aleksino, the architectural buildings of which were designed by the famous Russian architect M.F. Kazakov. Smolensk land gave the world the first cosmonaut on the planet, Yuri Gagarin. Today the city of Gagarin - city-museum. Outstanding artists worked on Smolensk land: N. Roerich, M. Vrubel, K. Korovin, A. Benois, V. Vasnetsov, I. Repin.

South of Yelnya is the village of Novospasskoye - the birthplace of the founder of Russian classical music M.I. Glinka.

A real discovery for nature lovers will be a visit to the Smolensk Poozerie National Park from 35 the most beautiful lakes glacial origin.

Attractive for tourists TVER REGION, one of the largest regions of the European part of Russia, located between two capitals, at the crossroads of ancient waterways that connected many countries and cities of Europe and Asia. Here are cozy ancient towns, each with its own face, Orthodox shrines, noble estates where prominent people of Russia lived and communicated. There are many beautiful landscapes here.

The regional center is the ancient city of Tver, located at the confluence of the Tvertsa and Tmaki rivers into the Volga. The city was first mentioned in chronicles in 1208-1209, but was founded much earlier. Tver had wonderful architects and talented icon painters, masters of the finest metal processing. Icons of the Tver school can be seen in the Tretyakov Gallery and museums of the Moscow Kremlin. Among the attractions of Tver are the Tver Imperial (Travel) Palace, built according to the design of M.F. Kazakov, the building of the Noble Assembly (now the House of Officers), the Museum of M.E. Saltykov-Shchedrin, monuments to Afanasy Nikitin, author of the book “Walking across Three Seas”, A.S. Pushkin and I.A. Krylov. During the Great Patriotic War, the Kalinin Front was formed (Tver was then called Kalinin), which played an important role in the defeat of Nazi troops near Moscow. In memory of those who fell during the Great Patriotic War, an obelisk was erected in the city. The city has many enterprises, several universities, theaters and a winter circus. Tver attracts many tourists from Moscow and other regions. Trips to Tver by boat are popular.

Other cities of the Tver region are also interesting for tourists. In its north-west there is the Bologovo district with the regional center Bologoe. There are more than 300 archaeological monuments in the area - 192. Among the attractions of Bologoe are the estate of Prince P.A. Putyatin, a famous collector-ascetic, archaeologist, anthropologist, active member of many scientific and artistic societies. A famous scientist, artist, writer and poet lived and worked in the estate. The founder of the Red Banner Ensemble lived in Bologoe Soviet army A.V. Alexandrov. The artist A.V. lived and worked at the Berezayka station in the Bologovsky district. Makovsky.

Vyshny Volochek is located in the area of ​​​​an ancient portage. Under Peter I, a water system was created here to ensure the delivery of goods to St. Petersburg. 25 km from the city near Lake Mstino there is the “Academic Dacha” - the House of Artists’ Creativity, where a monument to the artist Venetsianov is erected. AI artists worked here. Kuindzhi, N.K. Roerich and I.E. Repin. IN northwestern part of the region is Kuvshinovo. The Kuvshinovsky district is an area favorable for the development of tourism, both traditional and ecological, local history, religious, as well as water (kayaking). In the area there is the Pryamukhino historical and natural reserve, where the Bakunins’ estate was located. A magnificent park with rare plants and trees has been preserved.

One of the most attractive cities of Tver land for tourists is Torzhok, which since 1968. became part of the Pushkinsky reserve of the region, and from 197 1. - to the Pushkin ring of the Upper Volga region, which has become one of the most popular excursion and tourist routes. Near the city there is the currently operating Boris and Gleb Monastery with the Vvedenskaya Church (1620) and the Boris and Gleb Cathedral (1796).

In the Tver region, Lake Seliger and the city of Ostashkov, which is the birthplace of the famous mathematician L.F., are most often visited by tourists. Magnitsky, as well as many other famous people of our country. The city is increasingly becoming a resort center. On the island of Stolobny there is a monastery of Nilo-Stolobenskaya Pustyn, where the Monk Nil Stolobny, a healer and miracle worker, spent 27 years. The Volga River originates in the Ostashkovsky district. This place is the state reserve “Source of the Volga River”. A chapel was built above the source. On the shore of Lake Seliger there is a recreation center "Seliger", which welcomes guests all year round. There are two more bases.

In the southeast of the Tver region is the Konakovsky district, through which there are Railway and the Moscow - St. Petersburg highway. Scenic Spots area, the beauty of the Ivankovo ​​reservoir, the Volga River, many small rivers, forests and natural resources, the presence of monuments of ancient Russian culture - all this attracts numerous tourists here. On the territory of the district there are about 40 health resorts, boarding houses, tourist centers, holiday homes, and children's health camps. Few people know that on the border of the Konakovsky and Rameshkovsky districts begins “ lost World" His official name- Orshinsky Moss. Impassable swamps make travel through these places extremely dangerous. There are more than 150 lakes untouched by civilization that attract fishermen, water tourists, cranberry collectors and extreme travelers.

Located north of the Tver region VOLOGDA REGION. Its territory is a vast, slightly hilly plain, dissected by wide depressions occupied by numerous basins of karst and glacial lakes and swamps, and shallow river valleys. The city of Vologda, located on the banks of the Sukhona River, delights with the wooden architecture of houses with lace carvings on window frames. Tourists visit the Kremlin of the 16th-17th centuries, the Assumption Cathedral of the 16th century, and numerous ensembles of monasteries. Ancient small towns attract tourists in the Vologda region. Veliky Ustyug, located on the left bank of the Sukhona River, is incredibly beautiful. From the river you can see a beautiful panorama of temple ensembles of the 17th-18th centuries. Architectural masterpieces - the churches of Dmitry Solunsky and Sergius of Radonezh. The central city ensemble is the Cathedral Courtyard with the main temple of the city - the Assumption Cathedral with numerous spiers and domes.

Downstream of the Sukhona rises the ensemble of the Trinity-Glyadensky Monastery. The administration of the Vologda region considers tourism as one of the priority areas of economic activity. Thus, projects related to tourism have become widely known: “Veliky Ustyug - the birthplace of Father Frost”, “Cherepovets - the port of five seas”.

NIZHNY NOVGOROD REGION, located in the middle part of the Volga River basin, is often called the heart of Russia. Regional center - Nizhny Novgorod. The main attraction of old Nizhny Novgorod is the Nizhny Novgorod Kremlin - a unique ensemble that combines the severity of medieval fortress walls and towers and the severity of classical buildings of the 19th century. The city is home to a number of churches and monasteries. The ceremonial building of the Nizhny Novgorod Fair today reminds us of the glorious history of the merchant city. Nizhny Novgorod is the birthplace of the writer Maxim Gorky. With the first inventions in the field of radio engineering and electronics, as well as the unique works of the self-taught writer I.P. You can meet Kulibin at the Nizhny Novgorod Radio Laboratory Museum. A huge collection of cars produced by the plant since the beginning of its foundation is demonstrated by the museum of the Gorky Automobile Plant (GAZ).

194 Arzamas is one of the oldest cities in the Nizhny Novgorod region. It arose among the Mordovian lands as a military fortress to protect the borders of the Moscow state. According to legend, it was founded by Tsar Ivan the Terrible during his campaign against Kazan in 1552.

The name Arzamas comes from the combination of the Mordovian words “Erzya” - the name of the Mordovian tribe and “mazi” - red, beautiful. Thus, Arzamas can be translated as " A nice place Erzya." The majestic five-domed Resurrection Cathedral has become the main decoration of the city. It was built in honor of the victory of the Russian people in the Patriotic War of 181 2. with funds raised by citizens.

70 km from Nizhny Novgorod on the left bank of the Volga is located the most ancient city of the Nizhny Novgorod region - Gorodets. It was founded in 115 2. Prince Yuri Dolgoruky in order to strengthen the eastern borders of the Rostov-Suzdal principality. The path of the Russian army against the Volga Bulgars, who more than once ravaged the Russian lands, ran through Gorodets. The Gorodets land carefully preserves and enhances the traditions of folk arts and crafts. Gorodets painting, gold embroidery, wicker weaving, pottery, honey gingerbread baking, and wood carving are still being developed here. The village of Bolshoye Boldino is famous for its literary traditions. Here, on the family estate, the great poet A.S. worked. Pushkin. For three months of autumn 183 0. More than 30 works were created. The city of Pavlovo is located on the high right bank of the Oka. It is famous for its famous steelworks. “Who doesn’t know Pavlov’s products? - wrote the Russian writer P.I. Melnikov-Pechersky, “almost every one of us dines with a Pavlovian knife and fork...”

The city of Balakhna, founded in 1474, along with Arzamas and Gorodets, has the status of a historical city of Russia. The city is known as the birthplace of the patriot of the Russian land Kozma Minin. The city of Chkalovsk is the birthplace of the famous test pilot V.P. Chkalov, named after him. Promising types of tourism in the Nizhny Novgorod region include: river cruises along the Volga, pilgrimage, health tourism, adventure and ecological tourism (kayaking trips, recreation on lakes), hunting and fishing.

PSKOV REGION- one of the oldest native Russian lands.

Pskov stood at the origins of Russian statehood. In the XIV century. after Moscow and Novgorod, Pskov was the third city in Rus'. In the 15th century Pskov was the largest trading partner of the Hansa - a trade union of Lubeck, Hamburg and other North German cities. On the Pskov land, in Mikhailovskoye, on the family estate, two years of exile passed by A.S. Pushkin. Here the poet felt 195 a “wonderful moment” when he met A.P. Kern. The Pskov region is considered one of the most environmentally friendly in Russia. The cleanliness of the environment is facilitated by the lack of a developed network of industrial enterprises, a variety of natural resources, and a large number of specially protected natural areas. There are more than 3,700 lakes in the region, including Pskov-Chudskoye Lake. The abundance of rivers and lakes, forests with a predominance of pine trees, mineral and mud resources provide the opportunity for relaxation, recovery and recuperation. 80 kilometers from Pskov is one of the oldest water and mud resorts in Russia - Khilovo. The Pskov region is promising for the development of educational, religious, medical and health tourism. TO tourist centers Regions, in addition to Pskov, include Izborsk, Pechory, and Pushkin Mountains.

The Pushkin State Reserve, which brings together places closely associated with the life and work of Alexander Sergeevich Pushkin, includes the villages of Mikhailovskoye, Trigorskoye, Petrovskoye, the Voronin settlement, Savkina Gorka, the Svyatogorsk Monastery, where A.S. is buried. Pushkin. The reserve is located almost in the very center of the Pskov region, 112 km south of the city Pskov.

Currently, the area of ​​the Pushkin Nature Reserve exceeds 700 hectares. The terrain is hilly. On the territory of the reserve there are two beautiful lakes- Kuchane (Petrovskoe) and Malenets, the picturesque Sorot River flows among the meadows, more than half the area is occupied by a pine forest.

Izborsk- one of the oldest Russian cities, mentioned in the “Tale of Bygone Years” under the year 862. The main attractions of the city are the ancient stone fortress, St. Nicholas Cathedral of the 14th century, and the chapel of the Icon of Our Lady of Korsun of the 19th century. The heroic image of the ancient fortress of Izborsk inspired N.K. Roerich to create wonderful paintings dedicated to Ancient Rus' (“Watch”, “Cache”).

KURSK REGION. Kursk region is a land of generous nature and eventful history. Everyone knows the Kursk nightingales, famous for their unique trills, fragrant and juicy apples, the Kursk magnetic anomaly, which gives the country iron ore, and the great Battle of Kursk, which largely determined the outcome of World War II. The beauty of the Kursk region is the beauty of the steppe landscape: the variety of colors of grass, waves of feather grass, birds soaring in the high sky.

The Streletskaya Steppe International Biosphere Reserve united areas of land with virgin nature. More than 900 rivers flow through Kursk, the main one is the Seim River. During the times of Ancient Rus', the Seim was a waterway along which it was possible to reach both the Dnieper and the Volga. Tourists in the Kursk region may be interested in walking, bus, kayaking, cycling routes, and tourism to historical places.

ASTRAKHAN REGION has a unique set of tourist, recreational and sanatorium resources. Here, the delta of the Volga River is divided at the entrance to the Caspian Sea into 800 mouths, creating excellent conditions for fishing and hunting. The state biosphere reserve is unique in its range of unique species of flora and fauna, where there are endless fields of the rarest flower in the world - the lotus - the symbol of the region. There is a unique mud and balneological sanatorium “Tinaki” in the region, located in the area of ​​Lake Tinaki, where healing mud is used to treat many diseases.

Located in the Volga River basin Republic of Tatarstan, whose history goes back many centuries. In the X-XIV centuries. The state of Volga Bulgaria was located on this territory. Later it arose here Khanate of Kazan. Between the Kazan Khanate and the growing Moscow kingdom in the 16th century. There was a fierce struggle for dominance in the Middle Volga region. After taking 155 2g. Kazan by the troops of Ivan the Terrible, the Kazan Khanate became part of Russia.

Now Tatarstan is one of the most economically developed republics of the Russian Federation. The Republic has significant oil deposits, land and water resources.

Tatarstan is also interesting from the point of view of tourism. The main attraction of Kazan, the capital of the republic, is the Kremlin, which has a thousand-year history. After the capture of Kazan, Ivan the Terrible invited Pskov craftsmen here, who erected white stone churches instead of destroyed mosques. The Kremlin is framed by white stone walls about 1800 m long, and along its perimeter eight towers rise above the walls.

There are other historical places in Tatarstan. Bilyar is one of the largest medieval cities, which in the second half of the XII - early XIII centuries. was the capital of the Bulgarian state. Ancient Bilyar retained its flavor eastern city, therefore it still attracts numerous tourists. The history of the city of Sviyazhsk is interesting. Retreating after another unsuccessful campaign against Kazan, the Russian army, led by Ivan the Terrible, stopped on the right steep bank of the Sviyaga River. Here the king took a liking to the forested island towering above the Volga.

The Tsar planned to build a fortress town here, which would help him conquer the capital of the Kazan Khanate. This is how the city of Sviyazhsk arose. In addition to fortifications, the city has many other attractions: temples, churches, shopping arcades, old merchant houses.

The eastern regions of Russia are also interesting for tourism. The problem of developing tourism in these areas with beautiful virgin nature is associated with the underdevelopment of infrastructure, including tourism. At the same time, certain areas Eastern Siberia and the Far East are trying to attract the attention of tourists with specific events and promotions.

One of these places is ALTAI- a vast mountainous area located in the center of Asia at the junction of Russia, Kazakhstan, Mongolia and China, which can be considered as one of the unusual creations of nature. Altai’s location is quite far from the largest industrial centers and transport interchanges, traditional way of life The lives of its inhabitants, engaged in cattle breeding in the center of Asia in an ecologically clean area, have preserved it in its original and inviolable form. Many types of tourism are developing in Altai. Alpine skiing is organized in Belokurikha. Helicopter programs allow you to quickly cover long distances and see unique natural and historical monuments. Famous Antiquities Altai" and "Pearls of Altai". Tourists are offered combined routes, which consist of rafting, scientific and educational excursions, and horseback riding. The beauty and swiftness of Altai mountain rivers annually attract lovers water travel. Special events are organized for hunting enthusiasts. Tourist complexes are being designed in areas with beautiful wild nature and abandoned settlements in Altai. Thus, it is planned to create a tourist complex “Turquoise Katun” on the banks of the Katun River. The central part of the complex is located on the site of the former village of Tavda, the last resident of which left it in 1953. According to the designers, the tourist complex will include a ski complex with lifts, ski and toboggan slopes, an equestrian center with stables, and a hunting base.

Interesting programs are offered in a huge but underdeveloped territory YAKUTIA. One such program is related to extreme tourism and a visit to the “Pole of Cold”. The absolute cold point of the permanent residence of mankind is in Yakutia. The average monthly temperature in January in Oymyakon is minus 50°C, and the lowest temperature - 71.2°C was recorded by academician S. Obruchev in 1926. Tourist programs in Yakutia are also associated with ornithological tours to the Lena River delta, which covers an area of ​​30 thousand square meters. km. It is the largest in size in Russia and the second in the world after the Mississippi Delta. Here is the territory of the Ust-Lena Nature Reserve, the largest in area in Russia, designed to preserve unique natural features for future generations. Far North. White swans, geese, ducks, pied geese, loons, pink gulls, etc. fly to the Lena delta from South and Southeast Asia, Australia, America, Africa and Europe.

Interesting tours PRIMORYE. The Amur River is considered one of the main attractions of the Russian Far East. The river valley in the Khabarovsk Territory is characterized by a wide variety of natural conditions and the presence of archaeological and historical sites. Cruises on the Amur River are practiced. Cruise programs include acquaintance with the river, the cultures and life of the peoples of the Amur region: Nanai, Ulchi. During the excursions, you can get an idea of ​​the national crafts of these peoples, taste various dishes prepared from fresh fish and gifts from the taiga.

For the development of tourism in Primorye, certain priorities may be dominant. So, one of them is inbound tourism from China. Prospects for this tourist destination are associated with a number of factors: the presence of a common land border of great length; the rapid economic development of China and the improvement of the material well-being of the Chinese population; the growth of the cultural level of the Chinese and the formation of tourism needs; China's historical interest in Russian territory. Unlike Japanese Chinese tourist So far, the weak tourism infrastructure of Primorye is satisfactory. It is possible to develop it largely thanks to the activity of Chinese and Russian tourists. And only after this can we probably claim an increase in the flow of tourists from Japan.

The Kamchatka Peninsula is promising for tourism. It is characterized by diverse and unique natural complexes: the famous Valley of Geysers, volcanoes, etc.

Interesting in terms of tourism and SOUTH OF RUSSIA. Here the following tourist resources can be especially noted: the coast of the Azov and Black Seas, the Caucasian Mineral Waters region. Taman, Yeisk, Primorsko-Akhtansk are the youngest and most dynamically developing resorts of the Kuban Riviera. On the Black Sea coast there are famous resorts - Anapa, Gelendzhik, Tuapse, Sochi. In 2002, the Russian State Construction Committee awarded Gelendzhik the status of the most comfortable resort in the country. The first five-star hotel on the Black Sea coast was built here. The quality of Gelendzhik muscats is known throughout the country.

District of Caucasian Mineral Waters (KMV) takes southern part Stavropol Territory and is located on the northern slopes of the Main Caucasian ridge. The KMS region is vast, but the resorts Kislovodsk, Pyatigorsk, Essentuki, and Zheleznovodsk included in it are located quite compactly. Only 60 km separate the Mineralnye Vody railway station from the southernmost resort - Kislovodsk. The resort towns are connected by an electrified railway and highway. Pyatigorsk is a balneological and mud resort. There are over 40 mineral springs here, as well as the healing mud of Lake Tambukan.

Essentuki Resort considered the largest and most popular drinking and balneological resort our country. This is a resort of federal significance. There are more than 20 mineral springs within the resort. Kislovodsk is a balneological and climatic resort, the southernmost in the group of resort towns of the KMS.

Kislovodsk It is considered the most comfortable of the KMS resorts.

Zheleznovodsk- balneological and mud resort, the most picturesque of the four resorts of the KMS. Basic medicinal properties resort - mineral springs, there are over 20 of them.

Sochi city, located in Krasnodar region, stretches for 150 km along the Black Sea coast. The city is the largest balneological and mud resort (Matsesta) and climatic resort.

There are dozens of sanatoriums, the Institute of Balneology and Physiotherapy, an arboretum and a protected yew-boxwood grove.

In the south of Russia there are places suitable not only for entertainment and health tourism, but also for cultural and historical tourism. One of these places is the Republic of Dagestan. Here is the city of Derbent, which has a five-thousand-year history. The very name of the city of Derbent (Darband) translated from Persian, namely the Persians built a fortress here, means “gate junction”. Derbent is known not only for its historical past. This is the economic and cultural center of Southern Dagestan. Ancient industries have been preserved and updated here: carpet weaving, production of grape wines and cognacs. The antiquity of the city and the unique natural conditions make Derbent attractive to tourists. One of the city's attractions is the unique fortress village of Kalakoreis, located on the top of a steep mountain.

Only a small lintel 40 m long and 5 m wide connected the fortress to the outside world, and thus the fortress was impregnable. The artistic silver products of the masters of the Dagestan village of Kuban are famous all over the world.

The process of tourist regionalization. The most fundamental reason for regional formation is the development of territories. These processes are long-term in nature even in the case of determining tourist specialization, which, as a rule, does not play a significant role in the economy and does not dominate even in the recreational areas themselves. According to D.V. Nikolaenko, the process of tourist and recreational area formation in an extremely general form can be described as follows 1.

First stage. The existence of an undeveloped but strategically important territory with potential tourism and recreational resources .

Second phase. The new area begins to grow rapidly. The mass consciousness affirms that its tourist resources are unique. Recreation and tourism attract a large number of people who settle in the new area and remain to live there permanently. Powerful funds are being invested in the region, a specialized tourism and recreational infrastructure is being created, aimed at serving the population of the entire territory.

Third stage. The area reaches a high level of sociocultural development; a period of decline in its tourist popularity begins. A highly specialized tourist and recreational area is being transformed into a multifunctional one. Recreation begins to destroy recreation in it. The region has enough other economic functions, and even the disappearance of recreation and tourism will not destroy its economy. The region is becoming self-sufficient.

Fourth stage. Stabilization and reorientation of the tourist area. Tourist areas very rarely completely lose their original functions, and developing multifunctionality never displaces recreation and tourism. The number of tourists in the area is decreasing, their flows are stabilizing. The preserved tourist specialization reaches a high level of development. The area is becoming a sustainable tourist center.

The peculiarity of tourist and recreational area formation is that it affects both natural and social phenomena and objects. In general, this is an integral process that occurs at their junction: certain prerequisites in the form of favorable natural conditions are superimposed on the corresponding social and economic needs of development, which, under certain conditions, leads to the formation of a tourist and recreational area.

The main factor in this process is determined by the needs of territory development. The development of tourist and recreational areas is significantly influenced by many other factors, for example, the level of economic development of the territory, transport accessibility, a sufficient number of labor resources, and the existence of a settlement system. These are real factors in the specific process of development of a tourist area.

Recreational zoning division of the territory according to the principle of homogeneity of characteristics and the nature of recreational use. Its main features are the level of recreational development of the territory and the structure of recreational functions (therapeutic, health, tourism, excursion). Recreational zoning is a type of private, sectoral zoning that reflects only one aspect (recreation), which can be adequately described on a fundamental basis. Recreational zoning is an important scientific and practical procedure.

Consequently, regional formation is, in its essence, a process that often does not depend on the will and consciousness of man. Zoning, in turn, is a procedure, the nature and purpose of which is determined by the subject from whose position it is carried out. Depending on the tasks set by the researchers, various characteristics can be taken as area-forming characteristics. Their choice also depends on the scale of the territory under study (district, republic, state). However, each of them reflects only the particulars that determine the development of tourism in a particular region.

At the same time, to assess the state of modern tourism and the prospects for its development, a comprehensive analysis of the recreational use of the territory is required, which forms the basis of recreational zoning. In this case, the general geographical principles of zoning must be observed: objectivity, multidimensionality, hierarchy and constructiveness. Objectivity means that area-forming characteristics must reflect specific characteristics. Multidimensionality (complexity of assessment) is due to the variety of types of tourism included in the tourism industry. Hierarchy makes it possible to divide the territory into zones, subzones, districts and subdistricts, which are in clear mutual connection and subordination. Constructiveness is determined by the clarity of the tasks set during zoning.

In contrast to the traditional economic approach, which considers only one function of the area - serving tourists, in recreational zoning the area is defined as a territory that is homogeneous in the nature of recreational use, therefore, it must differ in a set of characteristics. In recreational zoning, the following were chosen as area-forming features: the structure of recreational functions depending on the predominant use recreational resources ; degree of recreational development of the territory (developed, moderately and underdeveloped area); level of openness of the area; development prospects.

In the domestic practice of recreational division of territory, a five-stage system of taxonomic units of recreational zoning is used: zone, region (region, republic, district), district, locality, microdistrict. Recreational areas are allocated depending on the density of concentration of long-term recreation enterprises and developed recreational resources. At the next stage of zoning, attention was paid to the predominance or combination of the leading functions of recreational enterprises: medical, health, tourism, excursion. These formations were called districts. Under recreational area is understood as an integral territory, characterized by a combination of natural conditions favorable for recreation, having recreational facilities and specialization.

Within the districts there are recreational areas, characterized by common features geographical location, homogeneous natural resources and a narrower opportunity for specialization of recreational institutions. They can serve as the necessary base on the basis of which a resort, recreation and tourism area will be formed. Under recreational microdistrict is understood as a set of recreational institutions and various related industries located in a compact territory and interconnected by a system of engineering and household support with centralization and cooperation of service units.

Tourist zoning the process of dividing a territory, in which areas are identified by the presence of special recreational features and tourist areas are distinguished, differing from each other in the set and degree of expression of features. UNWTO celebrates five major tourism regions of the world: Europe, America, South Asia, Southeast Asia and Oceania, Africa, Near and Middle East.

Tourist zoning of a territory is quite an important task, since its solution makes it possible to use certain territories for people’s recreation and the development of their culture with the greatest efficiency, as well as with minimal impact on nature. The development of scientific principles of tourist zoning and their further development make it possible to identify new recreational resources and other prerequisites for the development of tourism in still undeveloped places; identify and create new tourist areas of various types; correctly determine their tourist specialization, transfer the experience of tourism development from one area to another with similar conditions; differentiated treatment of tourist areas with diverse conditions.

Yu. A. Khudenkikh identifies seven basic principles of tourist zoning 2 .

1. Integrity  the tourist area is a single and indivisible natural and public space.

2. Dominance of certain types of tourism activities.

3. Gravity towards the cores  identification of organizing centers of the region.

4. Closedness of tourist routes  the main routes should lie within the boundaries of the region.

5. Hierarchy of tourist territories.

6. Levels of development of tourism infrastructure.

7. Historical community of economic and recreational development.

These principles require some comment. For example, the fourth point is quite difficult to implement in practice, since the most popular tourist routes In Russia, several tourist areas pass through the territory - river cruises on the Volga, the Golden Ring of Russia, etc. According to the authors, when identifying tourist areas, one should first of all be guided by three fundamental provisions.

Firstly, the tourist area must be integral in administrative and territorial terms. If possible, one should strive to ensure that administrative boundaries coincide with the boundaries of tourist areas. This facilitates statistical recording and comparison of regions with each other. The existence of two unrelated territories within one tourist area is completely excluded.

Secondly, tourist areas must have a certain specialization in specific types of tourism activities. It can be either pronounced, which leads to the formation of specialized single-industry areas, or diffuse, which leads to the formation of multi-industry areas. However, in any case, the area should have one or two priority tourism areas. For example, the Central region specializes in the development of educational and business tourism, the North Caucasus - medical tourism, the Mountainous Caucasus - sports tourism, etc.

Thirdly, within the framework of a tourist area, a specific type of its territorial structure is formed - a combination of areal, linear and point elements. The functions of the organizing cores of the region should be performed by tourist centers, since they serve as the basis for planning tourist routes and the formation of hierarchical structures of a higher level.

Consequently, tourist zoning is not an easy task. Its complexity lies in two aspects: the territory of the entire world is considered, that is, very different areas that are not similar to each other; zoning should cover places where there is practically no tourism or it is poorly developed, but there are certain prerequisites for it.

To the number area-forming factors in international tourism include:

 the main features of the geographical location from the point of view of tourism (position in relation to tourist markets and host regions, to politically unstable areas and “hot spots”, relationships with neighboring countries, as well as with those states through whose territory they pass communications used by the majority of tourists);

 the nature of nature, the level of comfort of climatic conditions, the wealth and diversity of recreational resources, the possibility and convenience of their use;

 the saturation of the territory with natural, cultural and historical attractions, their interaction and position in relation to the main zones and centers of tourism;

 degree of attractiveness of natural, cultural and historical attractions for the bulk of tourists and promising clientele;

 level of accessibility of the area in terms of communications;

 level of necessary costs in time to arrive at the destination and return home;

 the general level of financial expenditures by tourists for travel;

 level of development of tourism infrastructure (equipping the territory with accommodation facilities, communications, transport, catering establishments, trade, etc.);

 level of service and qualifications of personnel serving tourists;

 capacity of the territory for receiving tourists;

 stability of the internal political situation;

 level of safety of tourists in terms of crime and environmental situation;

 level of general economic development, provision of labor resources, material resources and financial opportunities for the creation and further development of the tourism and hospitality industry;

 territory from the point of view of its place in the tourism market, i.e. the volume of tourist flows and the prerequisites for the formation of such flows in the future;

 structure of foreign tourist clientele coming to the area;

 main features of tourism in a given area (seasonal rhythms, duration, predominant types of tourism, main purposes of visiting, etc.);

 attitude of authorities and local tourism bodies to tourism problems;

 the economic role of tourism for a given area (amount of budget revenues from tourism, costs for the development of tourism infrastructure, the place of tourism among other sectors of the economy and the relationship with them, the impact of tourism on the employment of the local population, the overall economic effect of tourism);

 prospects for the development of tourism in the area.

The importance of all these factors in the formation of tourist areas is different. Their action manifests itself in a wide variety of combinations. It should be noted that the zoning of many countries from the point of view of domestic tourism usually does not coincide with that in terms of international tourism, since an area that is interesting and accessible to its citizens may be of little interest or difficult to access for foreign tourists. Or, conversely, places that are attractive to tourists do not always arouse interest among the local population due to their everyday life. Therefore, it is always necessary to specify what kind of tourism we are talking about - domestic or international.

Tourist zoning of the foreign world is based on the following system-structural approach: the region is taken as the largest territorial unit, i.e. the following geographical development zones: Western Europe, Eastern Europe, North America, Latin America, the Middle East, South Asia, Southeast Asia, Central and East Asia, Africa, Australia, Oceania. The next unit of tourist zoning is the country. It is necessary to consider each country separately, since we are talking about international tourism, i.e., the exchange of tourists between countries. In addition, all statistics in international tourism are carried out by country. It should also be noted that the impact of tourism on the economy is also considered by country. Due to these factors, the country acts as the most important taxonomic unit when zoning in international tourism.

Quite often, tourist zones are identified in tourism-developed countries rich in tourism resources. This term is used for those areas where tourism is well developed, i.e. most of the territory is intensively visited by tourists. It should be noted that by providing big influence on the level and structure of the economy of both individual territories and entire countries, as well as on their landscape, the way of life of the population, the consumption and protection of recreational resources, etc., tourism seriously affects the appearance of these territories, often changes their specialization, changes their economic connection, and therefore acts as an important area-forming factor.

According to A. Yu. Alexandrova, the most unified requirements for a place of recreation, as well as those directly influencing the development of this industry in any area international tourism, the following:

 natural and climatic attractiveness;

 cultural and historical resources;

 quality standard of hotels and tourist accommodation facilities, catering and all services, compliance with international standards of the tourist infrastructure available in the area, availability of cultural, entertainment and excursion programs ;

 operational transport and information accessibility;

 political stability in the region and guarantee of personal security;

 international fame and prestige of the place (image of the territory).

Currently, when zoning tourists and assessing the degree of development of tourist territories, it is advisable to distinguish three types 3:

1) territories with the most valuable and diverse tourist resources, widely used for organizing recreation during mass holidays;

2) territories with a variety of resources for vacation, vacation and holiday recreation;

3) territories with limited resources, on the basis of which tourism and recreation can develop depending on the existing needs for the organization of recreational facilities, including on the initiative of local authorities in order to accelerate the socio-economic development of the regions.

Zoning, both recreational and tourist, reflects the essence and general patterns of spatial differentiation. IN tourism The concept of “tourist space” is actively discussed, as well as issues of its structuring. Tourist space is the most general concept, including both the concept of a tourist region and tourist sites. His can be viewed from a geographic and economic perspective. According to economics, tourism space is an economic space characterized by a variety of objects and entities specializing in tourism and recreation.

The tourist space from the point of view of tourism covers three main elements: the territory of formation of demand for consumers of tourism and recreational services; territory of service offering (“ tourist destination ", "tourist region", "tourist area") and the connecting territory between them. Thus, the tourist region is part of the tourist space, its constituent element. Consequently, the tourism space in the expanded sense is a set of regions in which demand for tourism products is formed; demand is satisfied; acts as a link between them.

So, any tourist space is formed by elements of three main types:

1) areal (areal) tourist zones and areas;

2) point (discrete) tourist centers and, partly, destinations;

3) linear (continuous) tourist routes.

Tourist region: concept , signs and development cycle.The territory where a range of services is offered does not always have clearly defined boundaries. It can be part of the region, or a tourist center, where there is all the necessary material resources for organizing recreation and accommodating tourists. Such a territory can cover any region, country, or even a group of countries that a tourist chooses as the goal of his trip. There are several approaches to defining a tourist region, related to the answer to the following questions: how to determine the territory that a tourist has chosen to travel, and what size of the territory is perceived by various market segments as the purpose of travel?

UNWTO defines a tourist region as a territory that has a large network of special facilities and services necessary for organizing recreation or recreation. From this definition it follows that a tourist region can be considered independent if it has all the necessary facilities for tourists to stay in it. That is, it is defined as a place that has tourist facilities and services that are selected by a tourist or a group of tourists and that are sold by the service provider. Thus, the tourist region is the purpose of travel and the tourist product at the same time.

L.V. Kovyneva defines a tourist region as a separate territorial unit that is in unity with nature and has certain physical-geographical, ethnic-historical, ecological-economic, political-administrative and legal properties that ensure its functioning. Tourist region is an intranational category that may correspond to an administrative-territorial division (for example, Buryatia), occupy part of an administrative-territorial division (for example, Khabarovsk) or represent a territory located within several administrative-territorial units (Zolote ring, Baikal region) 4.

A slightly different definition is given in the work “Planning for a Tourism Enterprise”: “A tourist region is understood as a separate territorial unit based on a commonality of natural, cultural, historical and architectural resources, united by a common tourist infrastructure and perceived as an integral object” 5 .

A tourist region can be considered taking into account the requirements of the vacationers themselves. With this model, four parameters are identified, based on which the vacationer, having once arrived at the vacation spot, wants to fulfill his tourist motives again. Depending on the experience, motive of the trip and distance from the place of residence, the vacationer identifies the following parameters: housing, location, landscape, excursions.

Yu. D. Dmitrevsky, linking common interpretations of the tourist territory, proposed the concept of “ potential tourist area", which, having certain resources, becomes a truly tourist area only after the creation of the necessary infrastructure. It defines tourist area as a territory with certain characteristics attractiveness and provided with tourism infrastructure and a tourism organization system.

A number of works use the concept “ tourist and recreational area", representing a territory formed by tourist and recreational demand, possessing tourist and recreational resources, conditions, the necessary degree of development of tourist and recreational infrastructure and differing from other areas in its specialization in certain types of tourism and recreation.

In administrative and economic practice, tourist and recreational areas are usually called territorial (regional) tourist and recreational complexes (TTRC), based on the fact that tourism and recreation are based on the integrated use of the economic potential of many sectors of social production, such as trade, transport, healthcare, culture, education.

Under tourist area is understood:

 part of the national territory in which there are two or more centers for receiving tourists with at least 5 thousand places of residence;

 territory with priority development of tourism infrastructure;

 the territory in which display objects that attract tourists, as well as other tourist facilities (hotels, sanatoriums, boarding houses, etc.) are concentrated.

The lowest level in the system of tourist territories is tourist center city, natural object, area of ​​terrain where a complex of tourist and excursion services has been created on the basis of concentrated tourist resources. It consists of tourist accommodation facilities, catering establishments, sports facilities, retail and other service enterprises.

So, tourist area a territory that has certain attributes of attractiveness and is provided with tourist infrastructure and a tourism organization system. Tourist areas are distinguished by the following characteristics:

 time of origin, historical features of formation;

 natural, historical, cultural, socio-economic and population prerequisites for formation;

 level of development of tourism infrastructure;

 tourism specialization.

However, not any region can become a tourist region, but only one that has:

 quality services necessary for receiving tourists ( transfer , accommodation and meals with an appropriate level of service);

 attractions to attract tourists, generating people's interest in the region and creating competition with others;

 information systems  an important means of functioning of the region in the tourism market.

Any tourist region in the process of formation goes through a certain development cycle (Fig. 3.5). Initially, the main motives for people coming to the region are visiting relatives and friends, as well as business trips. Then there is an interest in the natural and cultural attractions of this region. Such needs are easily met by existing services, and visitors leave with a positive experience.

Rice. 3.5. Development cycle of a tourist region

At this stage of tourism development, only a small part of the available infrastructure depends on the number of arrivals and the length of their stay. But gradually information about quality service and attractions is spreading, helping to increase the flow of tourists. This is responded to immediately tourism enterprises , developing specialized services for visitors.

Thus, the region begins to acquire the characteristic features of a tourist region: new accommodation facilities, food and entertainment establishments, etc. appear. Investments bring greater profits, and, naturally, new additional opportunities arise to attract tourists and serve them. In turn, newcomers change their way of life local residents, bringing their traditions and culture. There is a need for management, the main goals of which are to promote the region in the market to attract the required number of tourists to support the tourism business at a high level, as well as to select tools that ensure the development of financially profitable forms and types of tourism. At this stage, the tourism management body makes decisions on what types of services to develop and how to satisfy the constantly changing tastes of visitors.

In addition, there is a constant influx of new labor into the region, resulting in a gradual assimilation of local residents, which often leads to the loss of local culture and the formation of a new, but no longer characteristic of of this region. This is followed by irreversible environmental changes, due to which the region loses its attractiveness, the number of tourists decreases, accommodation facilities are empty, and profits are reduced. It is important to immediately respond to these changes: improve tourism development policies by developing a new program.

The model for the development of tourist territories, developed by Yu. A. Vedenin and supplemented by Yu. A. Khudenkikh, is also widely known (Table 3.2).

Tourist zoning– the process of dividing a territory, in which areas are identified by the presence of special features and tourist areas are distinguished, differing from each other in the set and degree of expression of features. The WTO identifies five major tourism regions of the world: Europe, America, South Asia, Southeast Asia and Oceania, Africa, and the Near and Middle East.

Tourist zoning of a territory is a rather important task, since its solution allows for the greatest efficiency, as well as with minimal impact on nature, to use certain territories for people’s recreation and the development of their culture. The development of scientific principles of tourist zoning and their further development make it possible to identify new tourist resources and other prerequisites for the development of tourism in still undeveloped places; identify and create new tourist areas of various types; correctly determine their tourist specialization; transfer the experience of tourism development from one area to another with similar conditions; differentiated treatment of tourist areas with diverse conditions.

Yu. A. Khudenkikh identifies seven principles of tourist zoning:

1. Integrity - the tourist area is a single and indivisible natural and public space.

2. Dominance of certain types of tourism activities.

3. Gravity towards the cores - identifying the organizing centers of the region.

4. Closedness of tourist routes, which should run within the boundaries of the region.

5. Hierarchy of tourist territories.

6. Level of development of tourism infrastructure.

7. Historical commonality of economic and tourist development.

In the domestic practice of tourist division of a territory, the following system of taxonomic zoning units is used: zone, district, locality, microdistrict, center, object (enterprise). Under tourist area is understood as: a part of the national territory in which there are two or more centers for receiving tourists with at least 5,000 places of residence or a territory in which display objects that attract tourists, as well as other tourist facilities (hotels, sanatoriums, boarding houses, etc.) are concentrated. . In geographical science, the concept of “tourist zone” has a wider scope and represents the largest territorial accounting unit in the field of tourism.

At the next stage of zoning, attention was paid to the predominance or combination of the leading functions of tourist enterprises: medical, health, tourism, excursion. These formations were called districts. Under tourist area is understood as an integral territory, characterized by a combination of natural, historical and cultural resources favorable for tourism, having tourist infrastructure facilities and specialization.

Within the districts there are tourist areas , characterized by common features of geographical location, homogeneous tourism resources and a narrower opportunity for specialization of tourism institutions. Tourist areas can serve as the necessary base on the basis of which a resort, recreation and tourism area will be formed. Under tourist district is understood as a set of tourist establishments and various related industries located in a compact territory and interconnected by a system of engineering and household support with centralization and cooperation of service departments.

A separate group of taxonomic units of tourist zoning consists of tourist centers and objects, as well as their complexes. In modern science tourist center is defined as an area that, in addition to tourist resources, has the appropriate infrastructure (transport, accommodation, catering, service, entertainment) to serve significant tourist contingents, and also attracts tourists due to the presence of specific tourist resources, convenient transport-geographical location and information available to tourists about him. Tourist site should be considered a special urban planning education, focused on providing tourists with a given volume of services and implementing specialized tourism programs.

Quite often, tourist zones are identified in tourism-developed countries rich in tourism resources. This term is used for those areas where tourism is well developed, that is, most of the territory is intensively visited by tourists. It should be noted that, having a great influence on the level and structure of the economy, both individual territories and entire countries, as well as their landscape, the life of the population, consumption and protection of recreational resources, etc., tourism seriously affects the appearance of these territories , often changes their specialization, changes their economic ties, and therefore acts as an important area-forming factor.

The most unified requirements for a holiday destination, as well as those directly influencing the development of this industry in any area of ​​international tourism, are the following: 1) natural and climatic attractiveness; 2) cultural and historical resources; 3) the quality standard of hotels and tourist accommodation facilities, catering and all services, compliance with international standards of the tourist infrastructure available in the area, the availability of cultural, entertainment and excursion programs; 4) prompt transport and information accessibility; 5) political stability in the region and guarantee of personal security; 6) international fame and prestige of the place (image of the territory).

Tourist region: concept, characteristics and development cycle.The territory where a range of services is offered does not always have clearly defined boundaries. It can be part of the region, or a tourist center, where there is all the necessary material resources for organizing recreation and accommodating tourists. Such a territory can cover any region, country, or even a group of countries that a tourist chooses as the destination of his trip.

As Yu. P. Kovalev believes, among the main spatial features of tourism projected onto the specifics of tourist regions, it is necessary first of all to highlight the following:

Ø The tourist space covers three main elements: the territory of formation of demand and recruitment of tourists, the territory of supply of services (“tourist destination”, “tourist region”, “tourist area”) and the connecting territory between them, since the remoteness of the territories of demand and supply leads to the need use of means of transport.

Ø Tourism is a sector of the economy that produces mainly services that are carried out only in the relationship “client - seller of services” and only at the time of implementation of the agreement. This has enormous spatial significance, since the tourist must find himself in a place where tourist values ​​are offered in the form of tourist and recreational services.

Ø There is a strong change in the spatio-temporal and structural flows of travelers. The presence of significant general, cultural, entertainment, health, and relaxation potential at the same time can lead to a variety of positive and negative changes economic conditions, economic and social structure, technical equipment of attractive destinations.

Ø The role of tourism as a factor of change is the most important for territories that are attractive from the point of view of tourism development, which are defined as tourist regions. The genesis of demand territories and connecting territories differs markedly from the genesis of tourist regions, despite the fact that they are necessary integral part spatial tourism system. It is important to identify differences between the external environment and the content of a tourist region, as well as the characteristics of the tourist space as a whole, in which the tourist region is only a constituent element.

Ø Tourist values ​​are heterogeneous. Some of the original tourist values ​​are of a natural nature, the other part is created by man. They have different “geographies”. In the first case, it is determined by the little-changed natural environment, in the second - by the artificial environment. The boundary between these two groups of objects is not sharp, since there is a group of attraction objects that was created as a result of changes in the natural environment by human activity. The localization of initial tourist values ​​determines the formation of territories with tourist specialization.

Ø A characteristic feature of the functioning of the tourist region is strong seasonality. This is explained by uneven opportunities for using natural values ​​throughout the year and strong fluctuations in the use of free time under the influence of natural factors and social organization.

Ø The tourism region is an industrial and functional region. The presence of conditions that could possibly become tourist products (if there is a demand for them) does not mean that the territory will automatically turn into a tourist region. In this case, we can talk about areas of potential tourism development.

Ø The tourist region is tangible, since some of its parameters and features can be measured. Creating an image of a region is impossible if it is impossible to show its differences from others. The smaller the unit used, the more important its use will be in spatial planning, marketing, etc. Conversely, larger units have less practical significance, but their informational role increases.

Ø One of the features of tourism is the existence of specialized tourist regions, which have little importance in spatial planning, but are an important testing ground for the activities of tourist entities. The tourist region as a form of ordering series and spatial classification of tourism has enormous informational and didactic significance. This is its main value for consumers of tourism services.

Let us review the main points of view on the concept of “tourist region” and define it conceptually. WTO determines tourist region as a territory that has a large network of special facilities and services necessary for organizing recreation or recreation. A tourist region, in order to be considered independent, must have all the necessary facilities for tourists to stay in it, that is, a tourist region is defined as a place that has tourist facilities and services that are chosen by a tourist or a group of tourists and that are sold by the service provider. Thus, a tourist region is the purpose of travel and a tourist product at the same time.

L. V. Kovyneva defines tourist region as a separate territorial unit that is in unity with nature and has physical-geographical, ecological-economic, ethnic-historical, political-administrative and legal properties that ensure its functioning. A tourist region is an intranational category that may correspond to an administrative-territorial division (for example, Saratov region, Primorsky Krai), occupy part of an administrative-territorial division (for example, Kirov, Perm) or represent a territory located within several administrative-territorial units (Kuban, Russian North).

Under tourist region often understood as a separate territorial unit based on a commonality of natural, cultural, historical and architectural resources, united by a common tourist infrastructure and perceived as an integral object. A tourist region can be considered taking into account the requirements of the vacationers themselves. With this model, four parameters are identified, based on which the vacationer, having once arrived at a vacation destination, wants to fulfill his tourist motives again. Depending on the experience, motive of the trip and distance from the place of residence, the vacationer identifies the following parameters: housing, location, landscape and excursions.

Yu. D. Dmitrevsky, linking common interpretations of a tourist territory, proposed the concept of a “potential tourist area”, which, having certain resources, becomes a truly tourist area only after the creation of the necessary infrastructure. Tourist area he defines it as a territory that has certain attributes of attractiveness and is provided with tourist infrastructure and a tourism organization system.

In turn, under tourist and recreational area, is understood as a territory formed by tourist and recreational demand, possessing tourist and recreational resources, conditions, the necessary degree of development of tourist and recreational infrastructure and differing from other areas in its specialization in certain types of tourism and recreation.

E. A. Kotlyarov, in development of the views of V. S. Preobrazhensky, developed the concept recreational and tourist complexes, which he defined as a combination of recreational facilities and related infrastructure enterprises, united by close functional and economic ties, as well as the joint use of the geographical location, natural and economic resources of the territory occupied by the complex. In this interpretation, the tourist and recreational complex is considered as the basis for the formation of a special territorial and sectoral formation - a tourist and recreational area.

Tourist areas are distinguished by the following characteristics: a) time of origin, historical features of formation; b) natural, historical, cultural, socio-economic and population prerequisites for formation; c) level of development of tourism infrastructure; d) tourist specialization.

However, not any region is capable of becoming a tourist region, but only one that has: a) the quality services necessary to receive tourists (transfer, accommodation and meals with an appropriate level of service); b) attractions to attract tourists, generating people's interest in the region and creating competition with others; c) information systems, which are an important means of functioning of the region in the tourism market.

Any tourist region in the process of formation goes through a certain development cycle (Fig. 7.5.). Initially, the main motives for people coming to the region are visiting relatives and friends, as well as business trips. Then interest arises in the natural and cultural attractions of the region being visited. These needs are easily met by the existing service sector, and visitors leave with good impressions.

Rice. 7.5. Development cycle of a tourist region

At this stage of tourism development, only a small part of the available infrastructure depends on the number of arrivals and the length of their stay. But gradually information about quality service and attractions is spreading, helping to increase the flow of tourists. Tourism enterprises immediately respond to this by developing specialized services for visitors.

The region is beginning to acquire the characteristic features of a tourist region: new accommodation facilities, catering, entertainment, etc. are appearing. Investments bring greater profits and, naturally, new additional opportunities arise to attract tourists and serve them. Visitors change the way of life of local residents, introducing their traditions and culture. There is a need for management, the main goals of which are to promote the region in the market to attract the required number of tourists to support the tourism business at a high level, as well as to select tools that ensure the development of financially profitable forms and types of tourism. At this stage, the tourism management body makes decisions about what types of services to develop and how to satisfy the constantly changing tastes of visitors.

There is a constant influx of new labor into the region, as a result of which there is a gradual assimilation of local residents in their environment, which often leads to the loss of local culture and the formation of a new one, but no longer characteristic and not characteristic of this region. This is followed by irreversible environmental changes, due to which the region loses its attractiveness, the number of tourists decreases, accommodation facilities are empty, and profits are reduced. It is important to immediately respond to these changes by improving tourism development policies through the development of a new program.

E. V. Loginova divides the development cycle of a tourist region into four stages:

First stage– discovery and initial development. This stage is characterized by slow growth in the number of visitors, weak contact with the local population, lack of facilities and very little pressure on the environment and resources. So-called “wild” and sports tourism can effectively develop here, but this requires the presence of beautiful landscapes, without significant changes by human activity and a minimal presence of socio-economic tourism resources.

Second phase- development. It is distinguished by the rapid growth in the number of visitors, the emergence of special organizations and tourism and recreation services (hotels, bars, parking lots, etc.), increased contacts with the local population, for whom serving tourists is becoming an important source of income. The impact on the environment increases sharply and can become negative.

Third stage– maturity or stagnation. Here the limit of the territory's capacity is reached, the state of the environment becomes unsatisfactory, the local population begins to have a negative attitude towards tourists, the growth in the number of tourists slows down and then stops.

Fourth stage- decline or renewal. This stage occurs depending on whether new resources for entertainment and tourism are discovered or not.

Control questions

s What types of space do you know?

s Which group of spaces does the tourist space belong to?

s What approaches exist to defining the concept of “tourist space”?

s List the most important features and elements of the tourist space.

s Concept and types of tourist areas.

s Describe the model of the evolution of tourist territories by Yu. A. Vedenin.

s What is the essence of the doctrine of territorial recreational systems?

s Draw a schematic model of the recreational system.

s Why has the TPC doctrine been criticized by many scientists lately?

s List and describe the main subsystems of TRS.

s Define the concept of “tourist route”.

s What types of tourist routes do you know? Give examples.

s List the main factors shaping tourist centers.

s What types of tourist centers do you know? Describe one of them.

s Give examples of different types of tourist centers.

s What is a “tourist destination” and what are its characteristic features?

s What types of tourist destinations do you know?

s Identify and characterize the main stages of the destination life cycle.

s List the features and principles of tourist zoning.

s The essence and characteristics of a tourist region.

s Identify and characterize the main stages of development of the tourist region.

A tourist zone is a certain territory that does not have clear boundaries and does not have common specific tourist resources that can arouse sustained interest from a certain category of tourists.

Russia has exclusively huge quantities a variety of natural, climatic, ethnographic and anthropogenic resources that can satisfy the interests and tastes of the most demanding tourists. In accordance with the methodology adopted by the State Statistics Committee of the Russian Federation, there are 13 federal tourist zones in the Russian Federation.

Main types of tourist areas in the Russian Federation

Western tourist area. It includes the Kaliningrad region, where tourist resources are represented by historical monuments, as well as tourism opportunities on the Baltic Sea coast, especially in the area of ​​the Curonian Spit, declared a National Natural Park.

North-West tourist zone. It includes: Mr. Saint Petersburg, Leningrad, Novgorod, Pskov, Vologda regions; Republic of Karelia. Tourist resources are represented by the most interesting cultural and historical monuments in St. Petersburg, Novgorod, Pskov, Vologda, monuments of Valaam and Kizhi, opportunities for cruise travel and ecological tours, treatment at the resort of marcial waters, amateur hunting and fishing. Of particular interest to tourists are the possibilities of organizing this zone winter holiday and entertainment. In this zone, government agencies have been created and are operating nature reserves“Kivach”, “Kostomushkinsky”, “Nizhne-Svirsky”, as well as the Valdai National natural Park.

Central tourist area. It includes: Moscow, Moscow, Vladimir, Kaluga, Ryazan, Smolensk, Tver, Tula, Yaroslavl regions. This zone stands out the most big amount a wide variety of tourist resources, including the cultural and historical values ​​of Moscow, historical monuments of the cities of the Golden Ring, as well as the cities of Smolensk, Ryazan, Kaluga. This area is also rich in natural resources that can satisfy the diverse interests of nature lovers, hunting, and fishing. Just like in the North-West zone, the Central tourist zone has good opportunities for organizing winter species tourism. This zone includes the Oka (biosphere) and Prioksko-Terasny state reserves, National parks: "Meshera" and "Smolensk Poozerie".

South Russian tourist zone. It includes: Belgorod, Bryansk, Voronezh, Kursk, Lipetsk, Oryol, Penza and Tambov regions, as well as the Republic of Mordovia. In past years, insufficient attention has been paid to tourism development in this area. Therefore, many of its historical monuments did not receive much public attention. However, many cities have left a big mark on the history of Russia and therefore can show quite interesting historical and cultural monuments, memorials dedicated to the history of the formation and development of the Russian state, the history of the Second World War. On the territory of the South Russian zone there are quite a few natural conditions and attractions that can interest Russian and foreign tourists. In this zone there are such state nature reserves as: “Bryansky Forest”, “Voroninsky”, “Forest on Vorskla”, “Volga Forest-Steppe”, “Central Chernozemny”, as well as the national natural park “Oryol Polesye”.

Volga tourist zone. It includes: the republics of Kalmykia, Tatarstan, Mari El, Udmurtia, Chuvashia, as well as Astrakhan, Saratov, Ulyanovsk, Samara, Volgograd, Kirov, Kostroma and Nizhny Novgorod region. The main tourist attraction in this area can be considered the great Russian river Volga, with which many historical events of our country are connected. There are many cultural and historical monuments in the cities of the Volga region. For Russian foreign tourists, a visit to the hero city of Volgograd is of particular interest. Tourists can also get acquainted with the ethnographic features, traditions, customs and folklore of local peoples. The rich nature of this zone makes it possible to organize various forms of ecological, adventure tourism, and travel according to specialized programs. In this zone there are such state nature reserves as “Bolshaya Kokshaga” (Mari El), “Volzhsko-Kama” (Tatarstan), “Kerzhensky” (Nizhny Novgorod), “Nurgush” ( Kirov region), as well as national natural parks"Mari Chodra", "Lower Kama", "Khvalynsky", etc.

Ural tourist zone. It includes: the Republic of Bashkortostan, as well as Orenburg, Perm, Sverdlovsk and Chelyabinsk region. Passing through this area Ural ridge, separating Europe and Asia, is in itself an attractive object of tourist interest. This zone is rich in a wide variety of natural and climatic resources, represented by flora, fauna, finds of modern paleontology and geology. There are also good opportunities for organizing eco-tourism and adventure tourism. This zone includes such state nature reserves as Basegi (Perm), Visimsky and Denezhkin Kamen (Sverdlovsk region), Orenburgsky, Shulgan-Tash (Bashkiria).

Priazovskoye - Black Sea tourist zone. It includes: Krasnodar Territory and Rostov Region. The main tourist resources in this area are Black Sea coast, with the most famous resort towns Sochi, Anapa, Gelendzhik, Tuapse, Adler and the Matsesta balneological center, as well as resort places on the coast of the Azov Sea. Mountain region This zone has unique natural resources that can satisfy the most varied interests of nature lovers. This is where the Caucasian State Biosphere Reserve and the Sochi National Natural Park are located. tourist zone industry russia

Caucasian tourist zone. It includes: Stavropol Territory and the Republic of Adygea, Dagestan, Ingushetia, Chechen, Kabardino-Balkarian, Karachay-Cherkessia, North Ossetian. The main tourist resource of this zone is the Caucasian mountain range with exceptionally rich flora and fauna. Numerous national republics included in this zone, representing national traditions, customs, folklore of local peoples attracted and attract large groups Russian and foreign tourists. Of particular importance for this zone are resort centers Caucasian Mineral Waters, which have extremely valuable balneological resources. By territory North Caucasus There are numerous climbing and mountaineering routes. There are such state nature reserves as “Dagestan”, “ Kabardino-Balkarian", "North Ossetian", "Teberdinsky", as well as the Elbrus region national natural park.

Ob-Altai tourist zone. This zone covers the Altai Republic and Altai Territory, as well as Kemerovo. Novosibirsk, Omsk. Kurgan, Tyumen and Tomsk regions. In this zone there are such state nature reserves as “Altaisky” and “Kutunsky” (Altai), “Verkhne-Tazovsky”, “Yugansky” and “Malaya Sosva” (Tyumen), “Kuznetsky Alatau” and “Shorsky” (Kemerovo) . The presence of such reserves and natural parks testifies to the abundance of natural and climatic resources in the Ob-Altai tourist zone, capable of satisfying the interests of travelers for a variety of types of tourism.

Yenisei tourist zone. The territory of this zone covers the republics of Tuva and Khakassia, as well as Krasnoyarsk region. This zone is also distinguished by a large number of natural reserves and parks, including the following reserves: “Azas” (Tuva), “Chazy”, “Maly Abakan” (Khakassia), “Taimyrsky”, “Stolby”, “Sayano-Shushensky”, “ Central Siberian" (Krasnoyarsk).

Baikal tourist zone. It includes the Republic of Buryatia, as well as the Irkutsk and Chita regions. The main tourist attraction of this area is the deepest lake in the world, Lake Baikal, with its extremely unique flora and fauna. Basic natural-climatic The attractions are concentrated in the natural reserves and parks created in this zone: Baikalsky, Barguzinsky, Vitimsky, Daursky, Dzherginsky, Sokhondinsky, Zabaikalsky, etc.

Far Eastern tourist zone. It includes: Primorsky and Khabarovsk territories, Amur and Sakhalin region, Jewish Autonomous Region. In terms of its natural - climatic, ethnographic and anthropogenic resources, this zone is not inferior to other eastern territories of the Russian Federation. The country's largest nature reserves and national parks have also been created and are actively operating here: Bolshekhehtsirsky, Botchinsky, Bureinsky, Dzhugdzhursky (Khabarovsk), Zeysky, Khingansky (Amur), Lazovsky, Sikhote - Alinsky", "Khankaysky" (Primorye), "Poronaysky", "Kurilsky" (Sakhalin). Along with these reserves, this zone has many natural conditions for organizing sports and adventure tourism, amateur hunting and fishing, and getting to know historical monuments, customs and folklore of local peoples.

Russian North. This is the largest tourist area, stretching along the entire northern border of our country. It covers the republics of Komi, Sakha, the autonomous okrugs of Chukotka, Taimyr, Khanty-Mansi, Evenki, Yamal-Nenets, the regions of Arkhangelsk, Murmansk, Kamchatka and Magadan. In this zone, the most interesting state nature reserves and national parks have also been created and operate: “Big Arctic” and “Putoransky”, “Magadansky”, “Kronotsky” (Kamchataka), “Magadansky” and “Wrangel Island” (Magadan), “Pinezhsky” (Arkhangelsk), “Pechero-Ilychsky” and “Yugyd Va” (Komi).

The most developed part of this zone is the European north: Murmansk, Arkhangelsk, which have regular sea communications with the countries of Northern Europe and host foreign cruises. This zone attracts tourists with its natural and climatic features: polar night, northern lights, white nights, exceptional conditions for adventure tourism, winter sports, northern fauna, ethnographic features of local peoples.

Recreational areas are primarily intended for recreation. These are corners of wildlife in the city, both natural and artificially created.

Why are recreation areas needed?

Recreational areas of natural origin - lakes, forest areas, river banks. This is what's left of wildlife, its last islands in the stones of the city. Artificially created recreational areas are all familiar parks and plantings, ponds, gardens and reservoirs. This is nature created by human hands. Places where you can relax, listen to the rustling of leaves and splashing waves, admire the birds, and breathe fresh air. In a word, to touch living nature, which is so scarce in a modern city.

Often such areas are used for sports; usually there are areas specifically designed for active rest. This is especially true for bodies of water. Equipped beaches are the basis for safe recreation on the water.

But the recreational zone exists not only to provide people with a place to relax. This is precisely why specialized recreation areas differ from spontaneous ones.

In such areas, toilets and first aid stations may be located. medical care, local police departments. Often there are kiosks, rental points for various sports equipment, sports equipment and equipped playgrounds for children. In a word, these places are like corners of wild nature, equipped with all the possible benefits of civilization.

Environmental functions of recreational areas

However, these are not the only arguments in favor of creating such territories. The construction of a recreational area is necessary not only because people need convenient and safe place recreation. Nature also needs a break from people. The fact is that city dwellers will somehow find a place to relax; they will go to the forest or to an undeveloped river bank. And the trouble is not that it can be dangerous. Adults themselves are able to determine the acceptable degree of risk. But almost always, after such vacationers, piles of garbage and bottles are left on the grass, which there is no one to clean up in the forest, because there are no wipers there. And in the worst case, it will all end in a fire that breaks out from an unextinguished fire or a cigarette thrown into dry grass.

It can be said that the city's recreational areas protect wildlife from gross human interference. Those who want to sit on the grass and barbecue will simply go to the park. Yes, they will litter there and, perhaps, will not keep an eye on the fire. But the recreational areas are equipped with safety equipment, and firefighters are nearby and will arrive on the first call. And abandoned bottles and plastic food boxes will be removed by beach or park workers.

Often, the creation of a recreational area on the site of a forest or reservoir being absorbed by a city is the only way to save it from destruction. Otherwise, the lake will be drained and filled in, and the forest will be cut down to make way for development. Preserving areas of wildlife in the city is an extremely important task. High real estate prices arouse exceptional work enthusiasm among developers.

Recreation and tourism areas - what are they?

Those who are not interested in parks and alleys can go to tourist and recreational economic zones. These are legally designated areas intended for tourism and only for it.

The corresponding legislative acts were adopted in 2006. The purpose of creating such natural areas there was an increase in the competitiveness of the tourism business. It is expected that special economic and legislative conditions will stimulate the development of tourism business, the creation of new and reconstruction of old health resorts.

Similar zones can be created in individual areas of municipalities. There may be private houses and various infrastructure facilities of any form of ownership. Areas allocated for zones of this type may be part of specially protected areas. This is precisely why the tourist and recreational zone differs from a regular economic zone.

The state offers companies planning to engage in tourism business, obtain resident status of a tourist and recreational zone and take advantage of the associated benefits. Residents can use a special coefficient when calculating depreciation on their own fixed assets. Restrictions on the transfer of losses to subsequent tax periods, amounting to 30% for other business entities, have been lifted for residents. In addition, a lenient income tax rate may be established for them for a certain period.

The problem of protecting wildlife when creating tourist and recreational zones

Metallurgical production, development and extraction of any minerals are strictly prohibited on the territory of such tourist and recreational zones. The exception is mineral waters, therapeutic muds and other balneological tourism objects. It is also impossible to process scrap ferrous, non-ferrous metals, and minerals, except, again, for a spill mineral waters or other use of the balneological resources of the territory. The production and processing of any excisable goods, except motorcycles and cars, is prohibited.

One of the reasons why environmentalists are skeptical about the project is that entrepreneurs are given the right to build tourist facilities in protected areas. It is very likely, environmentalists believe, that this work will be carried out in violation of existing norms and regulations.

Similar experiments took place in Crimea and ended sadly. The construction of facilities planned to be environmentally friendly led to the cutting down of unique relict forests and the destruction of natural coastal formations. With this development of events, it will no longer matter whether the tourist complex continues to function or not, or whether the developer will be punished. After all, the damage has already been done, the damage is irreparable. Such risks must also be taken into account.

That is why environmental organizations are demanding a ban on the construction of tourist complexes in unique protected areas. It is easier to prevent this kind of misfortune than to look for ways to eliminate the consequences. Moreover, they do not exist.

Estimated economic benefit from the project implementation

The creators of this law believe that the development of tourism in Russia is impossible without economic support for entrepreneurs working in this area. According to preliminary calculations, 44.5 billion rubles will be spent on financing such zones by 2026. Representatives of the tourism business are expected to invest more than 270 billion rubles in the creation and development of tourist and recreational zones. Tax revenues from the project should amount to 260 billion rubles. The flow of tourists will more than triple, and the contribution of the tourism business to the country’s GDP will reach 2%. This is not as little as it seems - after all, now state revenues from this area of ​​​​activity are tending to zero. This is what makes the development of tourism in Russia one of the priority areas of business, requiring government support.

The creation of such zones pursues not only economic goals. The result of such a program should be an improvement in the quality of service at Russian resorts and their improvement. Now many people note that it is more pleasant and profitable to relax on the shores of Turkey and Egypt than at home. Since the tourism business brings considerable income to countries with territories that are attractive in this regard, it is obvious that the situation needs to be changed. All conditions must be made to ensure that vacationers want to spend their money on the territory of Russia, and not outside its borders.

What areas for recreation and tourism are currently being created?

Currently, the recreational zones of Russia are represented by the following list:

• recreational area in the Stavropol Territory;
• in the Irkutsk region - “Gateway of Baikal”;
• in Altai - " Altai Valley" and "Turquoise Katun";
• zone in the Itum-Kalinsky district of the Chechen Republic.

Previously, this list was two points longer, but recreational zones in the Krasnodar Territory and the Kaliningrad Region were liquidated by government decision. The zone on the Curonian Spit in the Kaliningrad region ceased to exist, since not a single agreement was concluded with residents and there were no businessmen willing to invest in the development of tourism infrastructure.

The tourist and recreational zone in the Krasnodar Territory ceased to exist for the same reason. But it was supposed to be located on the territory of well-known and beloved resorts: Sochi, Gelendzhik, Anapa, Tuapse. Cities that have always been exclusively touristic.

How could it happen that in the territories traditionally supported by tourism there were no businessmen willing to start creating tourism facilities on a preferential basis and under the auspices of the state? Of the entire list of recreational areas, this point seemed the most promising.

It is obvious that the practical implementation of the project to create tourist and recreational zones will turn out to be much more problematic than it seemed at first. And the above calculations are most likely overly optimistic. Since there were no people willing to start the tourism business in Sochi and Tuapse, this means that the projected income from the project needs to be seriously adjusted. And eliminate the factors leading to such a situation.

Time will tell how economically successful other objects will be.

Tourist complex in Stavropol region

The natural and recreational zone located in the Stavropol Territory is called “Caucasian Mineral Waters”. It is located on the territory of Kislovodsk, Zheleznovodsk, Essentuki, Pyatigorsk, the cities of Mineralnye Vody and Lermontov, Predgorny and Mineralovodsky districts. The potential possibilities of the zone are extensive. Beautiful landscapes, mountain air, unique flavor of the Caucasus. The unique health resorts of the Stavropol Territory were famous back in the days of Tsarist Russia, and the mineral water of Essentuki is one of the best mineral waters in the world.

Basic infrastructure elements are located near the recreational area; access to them is not difficult. In this area, it is planned to develop primarily health and balneological tourism; sports, educational and environmental tourism seem promising.

Tourist complexes "Turquoise Katun" and "Altai Valley"

The tourist and recreational zone "Turquoise Katun" is located on the banks of the Katun River. This area is reminiscent of classical landscapes northern Europe: mountains, alpine meadows and mixed forests. It is sunny and relatively warm here, the average annual temperature is +5 o. A lot of snow falls in these places, the cover height reaches 600 mm. It is planned to create routes for hiking, water, ski and horse tourism. It will be of interest to fishermen and mushroom pickers, climbers and fans of caving tourism, hunters and lovers of rafting on mountain rivers.

Traditional trades and crafts of the inhabitants of Altai, a large number of archaeological and cultural monuments, museums Altai Territory can also attract tourists to the area.

The Altai Valley recreational zone project should cover the territories of two state reserves and four game reserves, and will also include 5 sites from the UNESCO World Heritage List.

The Nizhne-Uimonsky, Nizhnekatunsky, Ursulsky, and Bie-Telitsky districts seem to be the most attractive for tourism. On the territory of the tourist zone there is such a unique natural object as Lake Manzherokskoye. Mount Sinyukha is located nearby. This is the perfect place to create mountain resort, meeting international standards. IN this moment there are no such people in the country. The government of the Altai Republic has repeatedly tried to begin the construction of a tourist complex, but there was always not enough money for this. Perhaps funds will be found within the framework of this project.

One of the significant disadvantages of this territory is the lack of an airport. Getting to the recreation area is very inconvenient. The item “construction of an airport” is included in the project, but it is unlikely to be financed, at least until the benefits from this become obvious. So far, the positive balance of the project is in question.

Tourist complex "Gates of Baikal"

The recreational zone “Gates of Baikal” in Buryatia is supposed to be created next to the lake itself, because it is precisely this that is the goal of tourists coming to the region. This area has everything needed to create a mountain sports and health resort with a balneological focus: mountains, mountain rivers, a warm lake, mineral springs and healing mud.

As part of a large resort facility should include ski resorts, water and mud clinics, trails for ecological and sports tourism. On the shore of Lake Kotokelskoye it is planned to create a water tourism center with a yacht club and an indoor water park.

Ski resort in the Chechen Republic

The recreational zone in the Chechen Republic will be located in the mountains, not far from the city of Grozny. It will be organized as ski resort high class. It is planned to build a huge tourist complex. In addition, cable cars, cross-country ski tracks, 19 ski slopes of varying complexity, equestrian arena and stables. Nearby they plan to create an artificial snowmaking system and a reservoir to feed it.

 

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